Article(id=1320884353014546940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040107, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744128000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852970603, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852970603, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852970603, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852970603, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=470, endPage=480, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884353228456445, articleId=1320884353014546940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Production Technology and Application of N-Acetylglucosamine, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a crucial structural component of biologically important polysaccharides across species, such as hyaluronic acid in humans, chitin in animals, and peptidoglycan in bacteria. As a reducing functional monosaccharide, GlcNAc exhibits multiple bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-aging, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties. Recent years have witnessed significant progress in GlcNAc production via chemical hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, and microbial biosynthesis. Notably, microbial biosynthesis technology has garnered significant attention due to its environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and efficient advantages. Currently, this approach has initially enabled the efficient biosynthesis of GlcNAc through the metabolic regulation and optimization of various microbial chassis. As preparation technologies advance and production efficiencies improve, the applications of GlcNAc in food fields are expanding rapidly. This article provides a comprehensive review of the principal methods for GlcNAc production, with a focus on the latest advancements in microbial synthesis. In addition, it explores the multifunctional applications of GlcNAc in food material development, nutritional function optimization, preservation and quality control. Furthermore, by integrating recent breakthroughs in biotechnology, coupled with innovation strategies driven by artificial intelligence, the sustainable production and future applications of GlcNAc are prospected, aiming to offer a scientific foundation for its industrial development and large-scale commercialization.

, authors=Zhiheng ZHANG1, Na GUO2, *, Jian'an SUN2, authorsList=Zhiheng ZHANG, Na GUO, Jian'an SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Na GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884354075705860, articleId=1320884353014546940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖的制备及应用研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖(N-acetylglucosamine,GlcNAc)是各种生物细胞重要结构性多糖(如人体的透明质酸、动物的甲壳素、细菌的肽聚糖等)的重要组成成分。作为一种还原性功能单糖,GlcNAc兼具抗氧化、抗衰老、抑菌及免疫调节等多重生物活性。近年来,围绕GlcNAc的化学水解、酶解和微生物合成技术研究已取得了一定进展。其中微生物合成技术,凭借绿色、经济、高效的优势成为研究焦点。目前,GlcNAc的生物合成技术通过不同微生物底盘的代谢调控及优化,已经初步实现GlcNAc的高效生产;伴随着制备技术的进步和生产效率的提升,GlcNAc在食品等领域的应用也在持续拓展。本文系统综述了目前GlcNAc的主要制备方式,聚焦微生物合成的最新研究进展,并概述了其在食品原料开发、营养功能优化、保藏与质量控制等方面的多功能应用。并结合生物技术突破和人工智能驱动的创新策略,对GlcNAc的可持续生产及未来应用进行展望,以期为其工业化发展和大规模应用提供科学依据。

, authors=张之恒1, 郭娜2, *, 孙建安2, authorsList=张之恒, 郭娜, 孙建安, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭娜, authorNote=

张之恒(2004−),男,大学本科,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
郭娜(1992−),女,博士,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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Food and Fermentation Industries, 2020, 46(1): 274−279.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884371163300520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884353014546940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=81, rfOrder=118, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NIU Tengfei, LI Jianghua, DU Guocheng, et al. Research progress on microbiological synthesis of N-acetylglucosamine and its derivatives[J]. Food and Fermentation Industries, 2020, 46(1): 274−279., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884371222020777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884353014546940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=82, rfOrder=119, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SAYO T, SAKAI S, INOUE S. Synergistic effect of N-acetylglucosamine and retinoids on hyaluronan production in human keratinocytes[J]. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 2004, 17(2): 77−83., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884371289129642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884353014546940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=83, rfOrder=120, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN R H, HSU C N, CHUNG M Y, et al. Effect of different concentrations of collagen, ceramides, N-acetyl glucosamine, or their mixture on enhancing the proliferation of keratinocytes, fibroblasts and the secretion of colagen and/or the expression of mRNA of type I collagen[J]. 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Wuxi: Jiangnan University, 2016.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884371419153068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884353014546940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=84, rfOrder=122, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHI Yabin. Culture conditions optimization and control for N-acetylglucosamine production by Bacillus subtilis[D]. Wuxi: Jiangnan University, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884371473679021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884353014546940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=85, rfOrder=123, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=秦志杰, 岳秋林, 刘新利. 产N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖的工程菌构建、发酵及应用研究进展[J]. 中国酿造, 2018, 37(6): 6−9. [QIN Zhijie, YUE Qiulin, LIU Xinli. Research progress on construction, fermentation and application of engineered bacteria for N-acetylglucosamine production[J]. China Brewing, 2018, 37(6): 6−9.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884371540787886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884353014546940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=85, rfOrder=124, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIN Zhijie, YUE Qiulin, LIU Xinli. Research progress on construction, fermentation and application of engineered bacteria for N-acetylglucosamine production[J]. China Brewing, 2018, 37(6): 6−9., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884371595313839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884353014546940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=86, rfOrder=125, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄伊宁. N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖提高酵母Rhodosporidium paludigenum生防效力的机制研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2021. [HUANG Yining. N-acetylglucosamine as a booster: Inducing Rhodosporidium paludigenum to enhance the inhibition of Penicillium expansum[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2021.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884371658228400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884353014546940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=86, rfOrder=126, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG Yining. N-acetylglucosamine as a booster: Inducing Rhodosporidium paludigenum to enhance the inhibition of Penicillium expansum[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884371725337265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884353014546940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=87, rfOrder=127, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Yalan, GAO Yufang, ZHENG Xiaodong, et al. Enhancement of biocontrol efficacy of Kluyveromyces marxianus induced by N-acetylglucosamine against Penicillium expansum[J]. Food Chemistry, 2023, 404(B): 134658., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884371800834738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884353014546940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=88, rfOrder=128, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙金芝, 付路静, 岳田利, 等. 基于牛乳非蛋白生物标志物定量检测山羊乳中掺加的牛乳[J]. 食品科学, 2021, 42(8): 288−293. [SUN Jinzhi, FU Lujing, YUE Tianli, et al. Quantitative detection of cow milk adulteration in goat milk based on a non-protein biomarker present in cow milk[J]. Food Science, 2021, 42(8): 288−293.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884371876332211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884353014546940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=88, rfOrder=129, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN Jinzhi, FU Lujing, YUE Tianli, et al. Quantitative detection of cow milk adulteration in goat milk based on a non-protein biomarker present in cow milk[J]. Food Science, 2021, 42(8): 288−293., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884371956023988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884353014546940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=89, rfOrder=130, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Jingyan, GE Qian, LIU Bin, et al. Quantification of cow milk in adulterated goat milk by HPLC-MS/MS using N-acetylglucosamine as a reliable biomarker of cow milk[J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2023, 123: 105583., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884372027327157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884353014546940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=90, rfOrder=131, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SONG Erqun, LI Jingrong, WEI Hong, et al. One-step facile synthesis of N-acetylglucosamine-functionalized gold nanoparticles for direct visual and light-scattering detection of lectin from wheat germ[J]. 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Comparison of GlcNAc biosynthesis in representative microbial systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物种类代表菌株改造策略产量参考文献
大肠杆菌GLA点突变关键限速酶基因93.2 g/L(摇瓶),179.7 g/L(5 L罐)[41]
大肠杆菌MG1655敲除代谢途径关键基因和转移基因,以降低消耗GlcNAc7.74 g/L(摇瓶)[28]
大肠杆菌ATCC25947(DE3)阻断GlcNAc逆转运至菌体内,强化菌体合成GlcNAc的能力180 g/L(30 L罐)[47]
枯草芽孢杆菌BSGN6-PxylA-glmS异源表达秀丽隐杆线虫来源的GlcNAc高产基因7.31 g/L(摇瓶),24.23 g/L(5 L罐)[50]
枯草芽孢杆菌S3053敲除转移基因以增加积累量5.537 g/L(摇瓶)[26]
枯草芽孢杆菌BNZR2.06R-Gb2y将ScrABBLE装置集成到平台菌株中,产生大量基因组合
组装进而筛选最佳菌株
183.9 g/L(15 L罐)[52]
枯草芽孢杆菌FMIP34过表达YwpJ并敲除murQ、glcR,提高磷酸糖去磷酸化并阻断降解26.1 g/L(摇瓶),87.5 g/L(5 L罐)[53]
枯草芽孢杆菌BSGN6-Y1SAY增加并改造细胞功能膜微域8.30 g/L(摇瓶),18.57 g/L(3 L罐)[42]
谷氨酸棒杆菌C. g3-Pec-BsS-CeA-B阻断GlcNAc消耗途径,打通转运途径;优化菌株密度18.18 g/L(摇瓶),83.0 g/L (3 L罐)[61]
谷氨酸棒杆菌C. g10-Pec-BsS-HACeA-B-asfba1增强碳通量,阻断GlcNAc逆转运途径,并弱化EMP途径,阻断前体物消耗36.3 g/L(摇瓶),112 g/L(5 L罐)[62]
谷氨酸棒杆菌CGGN5mdhM7-GNA1-CgglmS-RamAM定点突变工程菌内MDH,降低NADH浓度,维持胞内氧化代谢平衡104.9 g/L(5 L罐)[63]
黑曲霉菌S2629以GlcNAc吸收缺陷型菌株为底盘,进一步增强
合成途径,削弱代谢途径
4.61 g/L(摇瓶),10.8 g/L(3 L罐)[38]
酿酒酵母菌BY4741敲除葡萄糖分解途径基因,双拷贝表达果糖-6-磷酸合成基因1.11 g/L(3 L罐)[65]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884356449681963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884353014546940, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微生物底盘菌合成 GlcNAc 的研究案例对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物种类代表菌株改造策略产量参考文献
大肠杆菌GLA点突变关键限速酶基因93.2 g/L(摇瓶),179.7 g/L(5 L罐)[41]
大肠杆菌MG1655敲除代谢途径关键基因和转移基因,以降低消耗GlcNAc7.74 g/L(摇瓶)[28]
大肠杆菌ATCC25947(DE3)阻断GlcNAc逆转运至菌体内,强化菌体合成GlcNAc的能力180 g/L(30 L罐)[47]
枯草芽孢杆菌BSGN6-PxylA-glmS异源表达秀丽隐杆线虫来源的GlcNAc高产基因7.31 g/L(摇瓶),24.23 g/L(5 L罐)[50]
枯草芽孢杆菌S3053敲除转移基因以增加积累量5.537 g/L(摇瓶)[26]
枯草芽孢杆菌BNZR2.06R-Gb2y将ScrABBLE装置集成到平台菌株中,产生大量基因组合
组装进而筛选最佳菌株
183.9 g/L(15 L罐)[52]
枯草芽孢杆菌FMIP34过表达YwpJ并敲除murQ、glcR,提高磷酸糖去磷酸化并阻断降解26.1 g/L(摇瓶),87.5 g/L(5 L罐)[53]
枯草芽孢杆菌BSGN6-Y1SAY增加并改造细胞功能膜微域8.30 g/L(摇瓶),18.57 g/L(3 L罐)[42]
谷氨酸棒杆菌C. g3-Pec-BsS-CeA-B阻断GlcNAc消耗途径,打通转运途径;优化菌株密度18.18 g/L(摇瓶),83.0 g/L (3 L罐)[61]
谷氨酸棒杆菌C. g10-Pec-BsS-HACeA-B-asfba1增强碳通量,阻断GlcNAc逆转运途径,并弱化EMP途径,阻断前体物消耗36.3 g/L(摇瓶),112 g/L(5 L罐)[62]
谷氨酸棒杆菌CGGN5mdhM7-GNA1-CgglmS-RamAM定点突变工程菌内MDH,降低NADH浓度,维持胞内氧化代谢平衡104.9 g/L(5 L罐)[63]
黑曲霉菌S2629以GlcNAc吸收缺陷型菌株为底盘,进一步增强
合成途径,削弱代谢途径
4.61 g/L(摇瓶),10.8 g/L(3 L罐)[38]
酿酒酵母菌BY4741敲除葡萄糖分解途径基因,双拷贝表达果糖-6-磷酸合成基因1.11 g/L(3 L罐)[65]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884356525179436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884353014546940, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Major production method of GlcNAc

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制备方法主要原料具体流程优点局限性参考文献
化学水解法甲壳素、强酸利用虾蟹壳中提取的甲壳素,以强酸
进行水解,从而提取GlcNAc
原理简单,产量高原料依赖甲壳类水产,易引起
过敏反应,造成环境污染
[4,26–27,66]
酶水解法甲壳素、甲壳素酶利用虾蟹壳中提取的甲壳素,以甲壳素酶水解条件温和,无环境污染原料依赖甲壳类水产,易引起过敏
反应,无法控制产物聚合度,成本高
[24–25,66]
微生物
合成法
碳氮源、工程微生物利用葡萄糖等碳源,使用改造过的
大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、谷氨酸
棒杆菌、霉菌等代谢生产GlcNAc
不受原料限制,生产效
率高,污染小,产物纯度高
目前产量仍有限,还未实现大规模生产[6,36,67]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884356600676909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884353014546940, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

GlcNAc的主要制备方式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制备方法主要原料具体流程优点局限性参考文献
化学水解法甲壳素、强酸利用虾蟹壳中提取的甲壳素,以强酸
进行水解,从而提取GlcNAc
原理简单,产量高原料依赖甲壳类水产,易引起
过敏反应,造成环境污染
[4,26–27,66]
酶水解法甲壳素、甲壳素酶利用虾蟹壳中提取的甲壳素,以甲壳素酶水解条件温和,无环境污染原料依赖甲壳类水产,易引起过敏
反应,无法控制产物聚合度,成本高
[24–25,66]
微生物
合成法
碳氮源、工程微生物利用葡萄糖等碳源,使用改造过的
大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、谷氨酸
棒杆菌、霉菌等代谢生产GlcNAc
不受原料限制,生产效
率高,污染小,产物纯度高
目前产量仍有限,还未实现大规模生产[6,36,67]
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N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖的制备及应用研究进展
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张之恒 1 , 郭娜 2, * , 孙建安 2
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(7): 470-480
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (7) : 470 -480
N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖的制备及应用研究进展
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张之恒(2004−),男,大学本科,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

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张之恒(2004−),男,大学本科,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

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张之恒1 , 郭娜2, * , 孙建安2
作者信息
  • 1中国海洋大学海德学院,山东青岛 266100
  • 2中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,海洋食品加工与安全控制全国重点实验室,山东青岛 266404
通讯作者:
郭娜(1992−),女,博士,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张之恒(2004−),男,大学本科,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

Research Progress on Production Technology and Application of N-Acetylglucosamine
Zhiheng ZHANG1 , Na GUO2, * , Jian'an SUN2
Affiliations
  • 1Haide College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Qingdao 266404, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040107
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N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖(N-acetylglucosamine,GlcNAc)是各种生物细胞重要结构性多糖(如人体的透明质酸、动物的甲壳素、细菌的肽聚糖等)的重要组成成分。作为一种还原性功能单糖,GlcNAc兼具抗氧化、抗衰老、抑菌及免疫调节等多重生物活性。近年来,围绕GlcNAc的化学水解、酶解和微生物合成技术研究已取得了一定进展。其中微生物合成技术,凭借绿色、经济、高效的优势成为研究焦点。目前,GlcNAc的生物合成技术通过不同微生物底盘的代谢调控及优化,已经初步实现GlcNAc的高效生产;伴随着制备技术的进步和生产效率的提升,GlcNAc在食品等领域的应用也在持续拓展。本文系统综述了目前GlcNAc的主要制备方式,聚焦微生物合成的最新研究进展,并概述了其在食品原料开发、营养功能优化、保藏与质量控制等方面的多功能应用。并结合生物技术突破和人工智能驱动的创新策略,对GlcNAc的可持续生产及未来应用进行展望,以期为其工业化发展和大规模应用提供科学依据。

N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖  /  酶解  /  生物合成  /  代谢调控  /  多功能应用

N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a crucial structural component of biologically important polysaccharides across species, such as hyaluronic acid in humans, chitin in animals, and peptidoglycan in bacteria. As a reducing functional monosaccharide, GlcNAc exhibits multiple bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-aging, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties. Recent years have witnessed significant progress in GlcNAc production via chemical hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, and microbial biosynthesis. Notably, microbial biosynthesis technology has garnered significant attention due to its environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and efficient advantages. Currently, this approach has initially enabled the efficient biosynthesis of GlcNAc through the metabolic regulation and optimization of various microbial chassis. As preparation technologies advance and production efficiencies improve, the applications of GlcNAc in food fields are expanding rapidly. This article provides a comprehensive review of the principal methods for GlcNAc production, with a focus on the latest advancements in microbial synthesis. In addition, it explores the multifunctional applications of GlcNAc in food material development, nutritional function optimization, preservation and quality control. Furthermore, by integrating recent breakthroughs in biotechnology, coupled with innovation strategies driven by artificial intelligence, the sustainable production and future applications of GlcNAc are prospected, aiming to offer a scientific foundation for its industrial development and large-scale commercialization.

N-acetylglucosamine  /  enzymatic hydrolysis  /  biosynthesis  /  metabolic regulation  /  multifunctional application
张之恒, 郭娜, 孙建安. N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖的制备及应用研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 470 -480 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040107
Zhiheng ZHANG, Na GUO, Jian'an SUN. Research Progress on Production Technology and Application of N-Acetylglucosamine[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 470 -480 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040107
N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖(GlcNAc,化学式为C8H15NO6,分子量为221.2 Da),为易溶于水的白色或浅黄色粉末,熔点为210 ℃[1]。GlcNAc是糖胺聚糖(如透明质酸、硫酸软骨素、硫酸皮肤素等)的核心单体成分之一,这些多糖常与蛋白质结合形成糖蛋白,在人体中参与细胞间信号传递、组织支持和润滑等重要生理功能[2]。此外,GlcNAc还广泛存在于自然界,是甲壳素(自然界仅次于纤维素的第二大天然多糖)的单体结构,常见于甲壳类动物外壳、真菌细胞壁及昆虫表皮等生物体系中[3−5]。通常,上述生物利用葡萄糖转化为GlcNAc,在甲壳素合酶(Chitin Synthase)的催化下通过β-1,4-糖苷键聚合形成甲壳素的长链(图1)。
随着GlcNAc的抗氧化、抗衰老、抑菌等重要活性功能被逐步发现,其制备技术及在食品领域的应用研究近年来取得了较大的进展。化学水解法是最早用于制备GlcNAc的方法,具有操作简单的优势,但存在致敏风险与环境污染等问题[6]。酶水解法相较化学水解法,反应条件更为温和、绿色,但产物分离纯化难度大,酶制剂生产成本高的问题制约了其工业化应用[7–8]。微生物合成法凭借生产效率高、绿色环保、成本较为低廉的优势[6,9],成为目前的研究焦点,然而大规模的市场化推广仍需突破代谢改造及发酵技术的瓶颈。在应用探索方面,GlcNAc在食品领域的功能价值也不断被开发,其应用场景已涵盖新食品原料开发、功能食品创新及保藏技术与质量控制等方向[10−18]。然而,当前GlcNAc的绿色高效规模化制备技术尚不成熟,高附加值应用拓展方面也处于起步阶段。
因此,本文通过对近年来GlcNAc的制备及研究进展进行综述,以期为该领域研究人员提供系统的技术总结;同时,梳理当前GlcNAc在食品领域的应用现状,旨在启发研究者充分扩展GlcNAc的应用场景,推动GlcNAc的高效工业化大规模生产及多元化应用。
通过化学法处理断裂甲壳素的β-1, 4-糖苷键是最早用于制备GlcNAc的方法之一。虾、蟹壳等作为甲壳素的天然原料,也是制备GlcNAc的良好来源。化学水解法的主要流程是:先脱除虾、蟹壳中的蛋白质、脂类和灰分杂质,获得甲壳素,随后再用强酸或强氧化剂水解甲壳素从而得到GlcNAc单体[4]。例如,石国宗[19]采用70%硫酸,按照甲壳素和硫酸的质量-体积比1:2,在50 ℃下水解甲壳素7 h,经提纯后GlcNAc的产率为68.57%,纯度达到95.8%。
天然甲壳素因其较高的分子量、结晶度以及致密的氢键网络结构,导致水溶性较差,进而影响其水解效率[20]。因此,近年来研究人员试验了多种溶剂作为甲壳素的预处理或反应介质,以提升水解效率,并进一步提高GlcNAc的制备效率。卢健行等[21]提出了一种利用甲壳素和六氟异丙醇、甘氨酸氯乙酸盐、硫酸、氢氧化钙等试剂制备GlcNAc的方法,将六氟异丙醇、甘氨酸氯乙酸盐与甲壳素混合溶解制成母液,产率高达85%。此外,为了更彻底地水解甲壳素并缩短反应时间,部分研究者利用熔盐作为反应基,提升了生产效率。例如,Wang等[22]设计了一种氯化钙-溴化锌熔盐用于甲壳素处理,在393 K下反应1 h,便获得了66.8%的产量。Gözaydın等[23]则在酸化溴化锂熔盐水合物中,利用沸石作为催化剂水解甲壳素,借助沸石中的氢离子与熔盐中的阳离子交换的原理,成功在2 h内获得约60%的GlcNAc,并且催化剂在多次使用后仍保持良好的结构和催化活性,具有一定的商业化应用潜能。
针对化学水解法制备GlcNAc粗品中存在一定量的中间产物氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐(Glucosamine Hydrochloride,GAH)的问题,房文杰[24]对GlcNAc的分离和纯化工艺进行了深入的研究,运用自动电位滴定法精确测定了GAH含量,并通过静态法分别测定了GAH和GlcNAc在水、水-乙醇和水-丙酮混合溶剂中的溶解度。研究结果表明,以水为溶剂并结合部分溶解法更有利于GAH与GlcNAc的分离,最终获得了纯度为99%的GlcNAc。
化学水解法通过将虾壳、蟹壳等不可食用的加工副产物转化为更高附加值的产物,展现了较为显著的经济效益。然而,该方法在工业化应用中仍面临多种挑战。首先,虾壳、蟹壳等原料的供应受季节和地理条件限制,稳定获取难度较大,且原料冷链保存成本较高;其次,甲壳类动物源性成分具有致敏性,如果杂质去除不彻底,产物可能携带致敏原,甚至引发致命过敏反应[25],因此难以满足食品安全性标准;此外,采用酸法水解甲壳素过程中需消耗大量无机酸和水资源,导致生产成本高、能耗大,并产生严重的环境污染[26–27];同时,产物在化学处理过程中,易存在水解不充分或分子结构破坏等现象,造成产品质量不稳定,限制了其在高端食品、材料等领域的应用。因此,开发更为绿色环保、产物均一的GlcNAc制备技术成为重要的研究方向。
近年来,酶法在GlcNAc制备方面展现出重要的潜力,该技术主要是借助甲壳素酶(Chitinase)、甲壳二糖外切酶(Chitobiosidase)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(exo-β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase)等生物酶,水解甲壳素而获得GlcNAc及其低聚物[28]。研究人员不断从微生物中分离、构建新型甲壳素酶,以投入GlcNAc的生产。例如,Zhao等[29]发现Chitinilyticum sp. C8来源的新型甲壳素酶ChiC8-1,在最适条件pH6.0、50 ℃下,反应6 h后,可使底物甲壳素转化率达91.8%~95.4%,产物为GlcNAc和(GlcNAc)2的混合物,其中GlcNAc含量最高可达14.77%。从Chitiniphilus eburneus YS-30分离出的Ce0303,在最适条件50 ℃和pH为5.0下酶活为 6.41 U/mg,催化胶体甲壳素,虽以生成(GlcNAc)2低聚物为主,但GlcNAc转化率为21.0% [30]。
与化学水解法类似,酶水解法需要通过底物预处理提升反应效率。Gao等[31]通过超声波处理结合超微量研磨技术对甲壳素原料进行了预处理,使用Chitinibacter sp. GC72中分离纯化的甲壳素酶进行了GlcNAc的制备,发现在36 h的酶解后,GlcNAc的产率从36.38%提高到72.25%。离子液体法凭借易分离、高纯度和绿色环保的特点,也常被用于甲壳素的预处理过程。Husson等[32]运用室温离子液体[C2mim][OAc]预处理甲壳素,联合了Trichoderma viride和Streptomyces griseus来源的几丁质酶水解甲壳素,实现760.0±0.1 mg/g甲壳素的GlcNAc产量。
针对酶解产物为混合物的问题,多酶级联反应策略取得了一定的进展。吴昊[33]在已有的甲壳素酶(ChiA)基础上,引入了β-N-乙酰基己糖胺酶(HJ5N),构建了双酶协同催化体系,通过HJ5N将ChiA的产物(GlcNAc)2水解为GlcNAc单体,消除了产物积累对ChiA的抑制作用。经优化发现,在30 ℃,pH6.0,ChiA、HJ5N添加量分别为35、17.5 U/mL,底物浓度9%的最优条件下,反应12 h可使产物GlcNAc转化率达到60%,浓度达18 g/L。此外,Wang等[34]组合里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)来源的甲壳素酶Chi46和β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶Nag1,实现了91.83%的GlcNAc转化率。Li等[35]将具有高底物特异性的β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶SvNag2557与内切甲壳素酶SaChiA4协同联合作用胶体甲壳素,使目标产物GlcNAc转化率达到80.2%,纯度达99.7%。
相较化学水解法,酶水解法无需使用强酸强碱,更为绿色安全。然而,该技术仍存在局限性。一方面,由于同样需要甲壳类动物作为原材料,此法同样受甲壳素原材料的影响,存在致敏风险[25];另一方面,酶解的最终产物多为不同聚合度的GlcNAc混合物[7],需严格控制反应条件并结合β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶等其他酶的协同作用以提升产物纯度;此外,游离酶的稳定性差、活性易受干扰,保持酶制剂活性并持续高效生产所需的成本较高,难以实现工业化循环使用[7]。 因此,上述挑战制约着酶水解法在GlcNAc大规模制备中的应用。
微生物合成法是利用天然或经遗传改造的微生物,以葡萄糖等碳源为底物,通过发酵来生产GlcNAc[27,36]。利用微生物合成法合成目标产物不受原料限制,生产效率高、污染小,不会产生过敏反应,更为绿色、环保[6],因此该工艺越来越受到研究人员的关注。
构建安全且高效生产GlcNAc的基因工程菌是微生物合成法研究的重点之一,目前常用的微生物底盘包括细菌(如大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和谷氨酸棒状杆菌)以及真菌(霉菌和酵母)等[37]。针对这些底盘的代谢改造策略主要通过多维度优化提升合成效率,具体涵盖:强化合成路径基因表达[38]、提高关键酶催化效率[39]、抑制产物积累和降解[40]、阻断竞争性副产物途径[41],以及全局代谢网络调控[42]等。
大肠杆菌,又名大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli,简称E. coli),是一种兼性厌氧、无芽孢的杆状革兰氏阴性菌[43]。作为人类研究最为透彻的底盘细菌之一,E. coli在生物合成方面作为底盘细胞进行细胞工厂构建发挥了至关重要的作用[44]。基于E. coli细胞内本身就有GlcN的合成通路,E. coli也被改造并应用于GlcNAc的合成。
在E. coli工程菌中,GlcNAc的合成过程如图2所示[45]。葡萄糖在转运到E. coli细胞内后,经磷酸化形成葡萄糖-6-磷酸,之后分别由葡萄糖-6-磷酸异构酶、果糖-6-磷酸转氨酶和葡萄糖胺-6-磷酸乙酰转移酶催化,并最终形成6-磷酸-氨基葡萄糖(GlcN-6-P)。通过异源表达乙酰氨基葡萄糖合成酶(Gna1),使反应进一步进行,合成6-磷酸-乙酰氨基葡萄糖(GlcNAc-6-P),最终通过去磷酸化反应形成GlcNAc并排出胞外[46]。
研究人员通过合成路径关键基因过表达策略,强化细胞内GlcNAc代谢通路,从而提高E. coli的GlcNAc合成效率。Wang等[45]通过引入氨基葡萄糖合成酶(GlmS)、Gna1和GlcNAc-6-磷酸磷酸酶,构建了葡萄糖向GlcNAc的高效转化通路,使GlcNAc产率达到0.64 mol/mol葡萄糖。孙全伟[41]针对合成路径中的甘油利用途径限速步骤展开了改造:通过对关键限速酶甘油激酶编码基因glpK进行点突变,结合5 L发酵罐中甘油/葡萄糖质量比为1:8优化,经70 h发酵后总碳源转化率为0.458,GlcNAc产量为179.7 g/L,生产强度达2.57 g/L/h。该策略不仅提高了甘油利用率,还突破了GlcNAc合成速率瓶颈,有效加快了目标产物的合成速率。刘龙等[47]开发的重组大肠杆菌则采用了“合成路径过表达-副产物途径敲除”联合策略,在阻断GlcNAc的利用,并敲除副产物乙酸、乳酸生成相关基因的基础上,过表达了Gna1和GlmS,使最终葡萄糖转化率达56%,胞外GlcNAc浓度突破180 g/L,相关技术已获授权使用。
由于合成GlcNAc的底物(如葡萄糖)同时也是维持细菌自身代谢的重要物质,因此研究如何抑制底物在代谢过程中的分流,促进其更大程度转化为目标产物,成为提高转化率的关键方向。具体策略一般包括通过敲除6-磷酸果糖激酶编码基因pfkA、pfkB抑制糖酵解途径(Glycolysis Pathway,EMP),以及敲除葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶编码基因zwf抑制磷酸戊糖途径(Pentose Phosphate Pathway,PPP)。孙全伟团队[41]以GlcNAc生产菌株E. coli GLA为底盘,借助pfkA、pfkB单基因及双基因敲除对照实验,发现在各条件下,GlcNAc产量均提升了10%以上。此外,以葡萄糖-甘油复合碳源发酵时,敲除pfkA的菌株能更高效且持久地合成GlcNAc,产量达到67.09 g/L。
此外,GlcNAc自身可被大肠杆菌作为碳源利用,因此减少GlcNAc在发酵中的内源性损耗同样可以提高合成效率。吉瑞阳等[28]通过敲除E. coli中的GlcNAc分解代谢途径的关键基因nagB、nagA、甘露糖-磷酸转移酶系统操纵子manXYZ和nagE,发现GlcNAc的产量相较敲除前提升了21.6倍;结合发酵条件优化后,最终产量提升到7.74 g/L。上述研究为通过调控代谢流向、降低产物损耗策略实现GlcNAc高效合成提供了重要的理论支撑。
尽管对E. coli的研究取得了重要的进展,但其在食品工业中的应用仍受限于内毒素残留风险、食品加工环境中的稳定性问题,因而在实际应用推广中面临诸多挑战[48]。
枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,简称B. subtilis)是一种革兰氏阳性菌,广泛用于基础研究和工业应用[49]。在B. subtilis中,GlcNAc的合成途径与其他细菌相似,涉及一系列酶反应[46]。
随着对B. subtilis的GlcNAc代谢途径的深入了解,研究人员试图通过增强合成途径中的关键酶活性,以提高GlcNAc的生产效率。徐小芳等[50]在前期构建的产GlcNAc的B. subtilis工程菌基础上,研究了多种氨基葡萄糖-6-磷酸乙酰基转移酶(Cegna1)对GlcNAc合成的影响,发现秀丽隐杆线虫来源的Cegna1积累GlcNAc能力最强,在B. subtilis工程菌中异源表达,使摇瓶发酵产量增加到7.31 g/L。
类似地,在B. subtilis的代谢调控中,抑制前体物质分流及GlcNAc本身的降解也是提高GlcNAc产量的核心手段。该菌存在三个竞争碳源的主要代谢途径:糖酵解途径、磷酸戊糖途径和肽聚糖合成途径(Peptidoglycan Synthesis Pathway)[51]。由于这些代谢途径是B. subtilis维持正常生理活动所必需的,故需要通过精准调控而非完全阻断实现代谢流重组。Wu等[52]建立了一种“设计-构建-测试-学习”框架,构建整合两个基因调节回路与一个生物传感器信号放大电路的平台菌株,并引入“合成CRISPR RNA的阵列混合”(ScrABBLE)装置,实现了对zwf(磷酸戊糖途径)、pfkA(糖酵解途径)和磷酸葡萄糖胺变位酶基因glmM三个基因表达水平的随机组合调控,经5184个组合筛选后,获得的最佳菌株BNZR2.06R-Gb2y在15 L的反应器中实现183.9 g/L的GlcNAc产量。牛腾飞[53]则通过敲除胞壁酸6-磷酸醚酶基因murQ、转录因子基因glcR,以进一步消除中间前体物磷酸糖的降解,使重组菌株FMIP34的GlcNAc摇瓶产量达到26.1 g/L,在30 L发酵罐中恒定pH补料分批发酵产量87.5 g/L,为B. subtilis合成GlcNAc提供了有力的支撑。谢娅娅[40]则聚焦于GlcNAc的自身降解抑制的研究,通过敲除B. subtilis的磷酸转移酶系统(PTS)中特异性转运蛋白基因nagP、nagA和nagB,减少GlcNAc的胞内分解代谢,使得最终GlcNAc摇瓶产量达到5.537 g/L。
此外,工程菌的全局代谢调控也是改善GlcNAc生产效率的有效方式。中间产物GlcNAc-6-P在工程菌中的过量积累会影响细胞生长和正常生理功能。研究发现高浓度GlcR会抑制磷酸酶(YwpJ)的表达,从而加剧磷酸糖的积累,因此敲除了glcR与自身启动子PglcR的结合区域,使工程菌内GlcNAc-6-P浓度降低46.62%,有效消除了这一因素的影响[54]。研究人员还过表达YwpJ,通过将胞内的GlcNAc-6-P去磷酸化而转化为GlcNAc,解除高浓度磷酸糖对工程菌的毒性,从而使得GlcNAc产量由11.5 g/L提高到21.1 g/L[53]。这些研究通过削弱底物分流、保护中间代谢物、抑制产物分解及代谢毒性解除等策略,为B. subtilis的GlcNAc高效合成提供范例。
谷氨酸棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum,简称C. glutamicum)属于放线菌目棒状杆菌属,是一种非孢子繁殖的兼性好氧性革兰氏阳性菌,在显微镜下观察,为两端钝圆的短杆状菌体[55–56]。C. glutamicum生长快,不产生芽孢[44],不产生内毒素,是一种公认的安全性生产菌株[57]。20世纪50年代以来,C. glutamicum被发现、研究并广泛运用于发酵工业[58–59]。
由于在天然C. glutamicum中没有固有的GlcNAc合成路径,因此需要先构筑合成通路。Li等[60]尝试在工程菌中构建与E. coli相似的合成路径,发现该路径中缺失内源gna1基因,通过引入并过表达酿酒酵母来源的gna1基因,成功构建了可以合成GlcNAc的C. glutamicum,产量为230.26 mg/L。同时,强化前体物供应是谷氨酸棒状杆菌高效合成GlcNAc的重要手段。黄生权等[17]通过多维度代谢工程策略,针对前体物合成瓶颈,敲除谷氨酸运输蛋白编码基因并增强谷氨酰胺合成酶的蛋白表达,有效增加了胞内谷氨酸浓度,从而强化GlcNAc的合成前体物谷氨酰胺的供应能力。最终,工程菌株在50 L发酵罐中培养72 h,GlcNAc含量达143.6 g/L,生产强度为1.99 g/(L·h)。
类似地,阻断GlcNAc在代谢过程中的降解这项关键策略也在C. glutamicum合成GlcNAc中被采用。研究人员以C. glutamicum ATCC13032为底盘菌株,首先阻断C. glutamicum中GlcNAc的消耗途径并激活GlcNAc的转运途径,促进GlcNAc的积累;随后筛选获得最佳底盘菌株C. g3-Pec-BsS-CeA-B,通过强化底物供给和高密度发酵策略,在5 L发酵罐中实现了GlcNAc浓度达83.0 g/L[61]。刘慧[62]针对GlcNAc特异性转运蛋白基因cgl2642,系统探究并筛选出最佳阻断方案(△nagA/B-△ldh-△Cgl2642-△zwf),并借助反义RNA(asRNA)技术弱化EMP途径,最终工程菌在5 L发酵罐中经120 h发酵,GlcNAc的浓度提升至112 g/L。
除此之外,抑制副产物合成也是提升C. glutamicum合成GlcNAc效率的关键。研究发现乳酸脱氢酶基因ldh会引起副产物乳酸的合成,与GlcNAc合成竞争底物,还会抑制工程菌的繁殖[61]。Deng等[57]通过敲除ldh,阻断乳酸的合成,将GlcNAc产量进一步提高到5.4 g/L,增幅达约12.5%。
研究人员还借助了辅因子工程等手段提升GlcNAc的合成效率。针对胞内NADH积累导致氧化还原代谢失衡,限制产量提高的关键问题,邓琛[63]采用修饰反应相关酶辅因子特异性的策略,通过定点突变工程菌内苹果酸脱氢酶(Mdh),改变其对NAD+的依赖性,以此降低胞内NADH浓度。优化后的重组C. glutamicum工程菌在50 L发酵罐中实现了104.9 g/L的GlcNAc产量。
上述研究借助产物自身代谢途径阻断、副产物合成抑制、辅酶工程改造及发酵代谢调控等不同维度策略,为革兰氏阳性菌的 GlcNAc 高效合成提供了系统解决方案,为工业菌株的理性设计提供了思路。
除了E. coli、B. subtilis、C. glutamicum等常见的模式细菌底盘,真菌黑曲霉菌、酵母菌等因其独特的氨基糖代谢网络,成为GlcNAc合成的新兴底盘,为突破细菌底盘的代谢限制提供了新的思路[64]。
张小茹等[38]以黑曲霉GlcNAc吸收利用缺陷型菌株为底盘,构建多模块改造体系:过表达E. coli来源的果糖-1-磷酸磷酸酶yqaB、内源氨基葡萄糖-6-磷酸合成酶基因gfaA和氨基葡萄糖-6-磷酸乙酰转移酶基因gnaA;抑制代谢途径中nagA、nagB基因及竞争途径中的pfkA表达。最终在2 L发酵罐分批发酵中GlcNAc的浓度提高至10.8 g/L。马倩等[65]则利用酿酒酵母作为底盘细胞,通过敲除糖酵解关键基因pfk26、pfk27和pfk1基因,阻断葡萄糖向丙酮酸的分流,并借助双拷贝表达了谷氨酰胺-果糖-6-磷酸转氨酶基因gfa1、gna1以及yqaB,以强化GlcNAc的合成前体物果糖-6-磷酸的供给。最终工程菌株在3 L发酵罐经120 h发酵,GlcNAc含量为1.11 g/L,生产强度为9.25 mg/(L·h)。
总体来说,近年来利用真菌合成GlcNAc的研究还相对较少,且相对其他微生物底盘产量也较低。其主要限制因素包括:真菌遗传操作难度大,基因编辑效率低;菌体生长缓慢,生物量密度不足;部分工程菌存在内毒素污染风险,影响下游应用安全性。仍需创新技术手段突破上述瓶颈[9]。
表1归纳了当前部分基于微生物底盘菌合成GlcNAc的研究案例。
综合多种底盘微生物的系统性研究结果可以发现,微生物合成法具备高效产能、绿色环保以及产物GlcNAc结构单一等显著优势,已经成为当前GlcNAc制备的重要研究方向。然而,该技术的工业化推广还面临一定的技术瓶颈,包括现有的微生物底盘的可塑性较为有限,代谢改造的深度与广度仍不充足,以及大规模发酵过程控制策略尚不成熟,导致GlcNAc的合成效率难以突破。这些问题制约着微生物合成GlcNAc技术的规模化应用,亟需开展更多的协同创新研究。表2从原料利用率、反应条件可控性、产物分离难度等维度,系统梳理并对比了化学水解法、酶水解法及微生物合成法的技术特性,为GlcNAc绿色高效制备技术的选择及优化提供重要参考。
GlcNAc作为一种还原性功能单糖[68],不仅是构成关节软骨、结缔组织及关节液的重要修复物质,还在氨基聚糖合成代谢[69]、肠道菌群调节和人体肌肤透明质酸含量提升[70]等生理过程中发挥关键的作用。基于其独特的生理学功能,GlcNAc展现出了抗氧化、抗衰老、抑菌、免疫调节、保湿、抗炎症、美白等多元活性。近年来,随着对其功能活性及作用机制研究的不断深入,其在食品领域的应用潜能也得到了积极开发。
GlcNAc在食品领域可以作为新型功能食品原料、膳食补充剂,也能作为抗氧化剂、防腐剂等材料用于食品加工[68]和保藏,此外还可作为标志物进行食品检验以辅助实现食品检验与质量控制等(图3)。
近年来的研究逐渐揭示,补充GlcNAc能对肠道微生物群落的组成产生积极影响[71]。其通过选择性促进双歧杆菌和乳酸菌等有益细菌的生长,增强短链脂肪酸的生成以改善肠道屏障功能;同时还能抑制梭状芽孢杆菌等有害细菌的增殖[72]。Choi等[73]证实GlcNAc可以通过增强肠道屏障功能改善小鼠结肠炎中的炎症。临床研究亦显示每日补充3~6 g GlcNAc可以改善儿童的难治性炎症性肠病(IBD)症状[74]。此外,GlcNAc不仅有助于调整肠道菌群、促进营养吸收,还因其温和的甜味特性,可作为天然甜味剂替代部分传统糖类,可以增甜并充当风味物质[15,75]。
基于GlcNAc的上述功能,其已在美国、日本、韩国、加拿大等国家获批用于食品添加,目前在婴幼儿食品、乳制品等品类中均有应用[76]。2024年8月,国家卫健委发布了《关于阿拉伯木聚糖等8种“三新食品”的公告》,将GlcNAc正式批准为新食品原料,其应用范围涵盖乳及乳制品、饮料、果冻、糖果及糕点五大类别[77],标志了其作为新食品原料在国内食品工业中的应用开启了新的阶段。
GlcNAc作为人体糖胺聚糖的核心结构单元,其生物学功能包括细胞间信号传递、组织支撑与润滑等生理过程。GlcNAc在骨健康、肺健康和皮肤管理等关键功能食品领域体现出重要的应用潜能。
GlcNAc作为软骨基质合成的关键前体物质,在骨关节炎等退行性关节疾病的营养干预中展现出明确价值[10]。借助大鼠模型的研究显示,GlcNAc可以抑制关节软骨的Ⅱ型胶原降解、调节炎症因子和软骨保护分子的表达,从而发挥抑制软骨的降解与促修复的双重作用,对软骨起到保护作用[78]。常艺锦[79]开发的PF127水凝胶载药体系通过缓释20%浓度GlcNAc,实现了外源氨糖的持久释放,有效增强软骨修复效果。
GlcNAc的抗纤维化与免疫调节特性使其在呼吸系统健康管理中逐渐受到关注。李金玉[11]使用博来霉素诱导小鼠肺纤维化的模型进行了GlcNAc对肺脏保护作用的探究,发现GlcNAc通过减少ARG1+巨噬细胞及抑制能影响成纤维细胞转分化的DRT8+ADI细胞活性,以减轻肺组织胶原沉积与炎性损伤。Marchetti等[80]则发现,以纳米颗粒形式存在的GlcNAc在抑制呼吸道感染方面有显著效果,其在应对甲型流感病毒和腺病毒时可以抵消病毒复制,减轻炎症。
此外,GlcNAc作为一种天然的保湿、抗氧化剂,能够通过促进皮肤细胞外基质的生成,增强并维持皮肤弹性和紧致度。透明质酸是皮肤中存在的主要糖胺聚糖,是一种能将角质层和真皮水分保留的成分[76]。GlcNAc作为透明质酸单体,是维持皮肤水分和弹性中发挥关键作用的糖胺聚糖和蛋白多糖的重要组成部分[81],而且具有分子量较小、容易吸收的优点[82–83]。它在细胞功能维护和代谢调控方面的重要作用,也使之可以运用于抗衰老。GlcNAc还能抑制黑色素的生成,减少色素沉着,具有美白和改善肤色不均的效果。Bissett等[12]通过临床试验证明,2% GlcNAc对色素沉着过度具有显著影响,而2% GlcNAc和4%烟酰胺复配组合的效果更佳,它对不同人种的面部色素沉积均表现出了抑制效果,且人面部对GlcNAc的耐受性更为优异,是改善色素沉积的有效成分。
GlcNAc独特的生理学活性与功能特性,为开发关节健康、呼吸道防护及抗衰老、美白等多元化功能性食品提供了科学支撑和新方向。
近几年来,GlcNAc因其抑制微生物生长[84]以及抗氧化方面的特性,被用于开发新型天然、无毒副作用的食品保鲜剂和防腐剂,并在果蔬保鲜、肉类防腐等领域展现出了良好的应用潜力[85]。在果实采后病害防治方面,黄伊宁[86]以提高海洋红冬孢酵母(Rhodosporidium paludigenum)的生物防治能力为研究点,探究了GlcNAc对其生物防治效能的提升作用。结果发现与普通合成培养基相比,添加0.1% GlcNAc培养的海洋红冬孢酵母对病原真菌扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)表现出了更强的拮抗效果,且在不利条件下细胞活力更佳。类似地,Wu等[87]研究表明,添加0.5%的GlcNAc可显著增强马克斯克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces marxianus)对葡萄采摘后P. expansum侵染的抑制效果。此外,经0.5% GlcNAc诱导的马克斯克鲁维酵母在逆境条件下也表现出更强的胁迫抗性,进一步证实了GlcNAc与拮抗酵母联用对采后水果病害防控的有效性,为开发新型食品级保鲜剂、防腐剂提供了科学依据。
研究人员还开发出以GlcNAc作为特征标志物进行食品检验及质量控制的方法。针对山羊乳掺杂牛乳的检测问题,由于GlcNAc仅存在于牛乳中,且其在牛乳中的质量浓度波动较小且热稳定性良好,在加热前后含量无显著差异,研究人员通过高效液相色谱法分析山羊乳样品中是否有GlcNAc的吸收峰特征,以判断是否掺入牛乳并精准地确定掺入量[88–90]。该方法利用GlcNAc在牛乳中含量稳定这一特点,可实现对山羊乳中牛乳掺杂的准确检测及定量分析。基于金纳米颗粒(AuNP)的传感器也在食品质量与安全控制方面展现出显著的潜力。Song等[90]开发出了一种新型GlcNAc功能化的金纳米颗粒(GlcNAc-AuNP)比色法传感器,该传感器具有简单、经济、高灵敏度和高选择性等特点。研究团队基于比色法和共振光散射(RLS)信号检测,成功将该传感器应用于小麦胚芽凝集素(WGA)高效定量分析。该研究也为GlcNAc在食品检测领域提供了新思路。
GlcNAc凭借其多元功能特性,在食品领域展现出广泛的应用潜力与实践价值。随着国内外对其安全性的认可,并被纳入新食品原料范畴,GlcNAc在食品工业中的应用边界将持续拓展,为满足消费者多元化的饮食需求提供创新解决方案。
自GlcNAc被发现以来,其理化性质、合成方法和应用已得到了较为深入的研究。目前GlcNAc的制备主要包括化学水解法、酶水解法、微生物合成法,其中酶水解法和微生物合成法因环境友好、绿色可持续等特性,成为近年来合成研究与生产领域的重要发展方向。随着制备技术日趋成熟,GlcNAc在食品等领域的应用潜力也备受关注,其应用正拓展至食品原料创新、功能性食品开发、食品保藏与质量控制等领域。然而当前制备技术中,酶法存在成本高、底物纯度低的问题,微生物合成法面临合成效率有限的瓶颈,这些不足制约了两种技术的工业化进程,需进一步采用现代生物技术推动技术创新和突破。随着人工智能(Artificial Intelligence,简称AI)技术取得的显著发展,其与生物技术的深度融合已成为推动科学突破的关键驱动力。在酶水解法方面,AI在酶功能预测、酶活性分析及酶分子改造及理性设计等方面展现出广泛的应用潜力,有望实现新型酶的高效设计与反应条件优化,加速酶解法技术革新。在GlcNAc的生物合成领域,AI技术在底盘细胞筛选、微生物代谢途径解析、计算机辅助逆合成、关键基因及调控元件优化等环节发挥着重要的指导作用,为提升合成效率与产量提供了新的技术路径。与此同时,基因编辑与蛋白表达技术的创新发展也为GlcNAc生物合成提供了有力支撑。新型基因编辑技术可为精准调控生物合成途径奠定了基础;而基于数字微流控的模块化无细胞蛋白表达技术,则可显著提升蛋白表达效率与可控性。这些技术与AI算法的深度融合,有望突破传统GlcNAc合成工艺的瓶颈,为其绿色高效制备开辟创新性解决方案。
随着AI技术与生物技术的协同创新持续发展,GlcNAc生产工艺将向智能化、高效化方向加速迭代,其绿色可持续制备及多功能应用前景也将更为广阔。同时,在食品与健康产业融合发展的大趋势下,GlcNAc凭借其独特的活性与多功能特性,有望在精准营养与个性化健康管理领域开拓全新应用场景。通过整合基因数据、肠道菌群特征及代谢组学信息,结合AI驱动的营养需求预测模型,可开发针对特定人群的GlcNAc强化型功能食品,实现从“通用型营养补充”到“精准化健康干预”的转变。此外,依托其在骨健康、肠道微生态调节及皮肤健康维护等多方面的协同功效,GlcNAc将成为贯通食品工业与大健康产业的重要功能因子,为产业创新与升级注入新的动能。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040107
  • 接收时间:2025-04-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-09
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    1中国海洋大学海德学院,山东青岛 266100
    2中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,海洋食品加工与安全控制全国重点实验室,山东青岛 266404

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郭娜(1992−),女,博士,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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