Article(id=1320884340918174034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030367, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743091200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852967719, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852967719, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852967719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852967719, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=452, endPage=460, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884341102723411, articleId=1320884340918174034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Preparation Method, Structure and Application of Phosphatidylserine Liposomes, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Phosphatidylserine is an important cell membrane component, especially in animal brain nerve cells. It has many biological activities such as improving nerve cell function, regulating nerve impulse conduction and enhancing memory. Phosphatidylserine liposome is a liposome constructed with phosphatidylserine as the main component. Which is a delivery carrier with amphiphilic characteristics. It can effectively encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic active substances, significantly improve its bioavailability, while also having good biocompatibility and degradability. In this paper, the preparation methods, structure, influencing factors and applications of phosphatidylserine liposomes are summarized. The development potential in the future research direction is prospected, which provides a reference for the further development and product application of phosphatidylserine liposomes.

, authors=Feilong SHI1, Fangbing WU1, Jiayan WANG1, Yu PAN1, Yao ZHANG1, Chengxiang AO1, Yuanyong TIAN1, 2, Xuefeng LU1, 2, Hui ZHAO1, 2, Hang LU1, 2, *, authorsList=Feilong SHI, Fangbing WU, Jiayan WANG, Yu PAN, Yao ZHANG, Chengxiang AO, Yuanyong TIAN, Xuefeng LU, Hui ZHAO, Hang LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hang LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884342314877276, articleId=1320884340918174034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=磷脂酰丝氨酸脂质体的制备方法、结构及应用研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

磷脂酰丝氨酸是一种重要的细胞膜成分,尤其在动物脑神经细胞中含量较高,具有改善神经细胞功能、调节神经冲动传导以及增强记忆力等多种生物活性。磷脂酰丝氨酸脂质体是以磷脂酰丝氨酸为主要成分构建的脂质体,是一种具备双亲特性的递送载体,能够有效包载亲水性和疏水性的活性物质,显著提高其生物利用度,同时具备良好的生物相容性和可降解性。本文对磷脂酰丝氨酸脂质体的制备方法、结构及其影响因素和应用等方面进行了总结。并展望了其在未来研究方向中的发展潜力,为磷脂酰丝氨酸脂质体的进一步开发与产品应用研究提供参考。

, authors=石飞龙1, 武芳冰1, 王佳焱1, 潘宇1, 张瑶1, 敖成翔1, 田元勇1, 2, 鲁雪峰1, 2, 赵慧1, 2, 卢航1, 2, *, authorsList=石飞龙, 武芳冰, 王佳焱, 潘宇, 张瑶, 敖成翔, 田元勇, 鲁雪峰, 赵慧, 卢航, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=卢航, authorNote=

石飞龙(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品副产物加工利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
卢航(1982−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:水产品副产物加工利用,E-mail:。
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Advantages and disadvantages of different preparation methods of phospholipid liposomes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制备方法优点缺点
薄膜水化法简便易行、适用性广粒径大小不均、有机溶剂残留
冻融法包埋率较高、效率高次数过多易破坏脂质体结构、不适用于所有活性物质
挤压法均匀性和稳定性、尺寸可调性对设备及操作要求高、影响脂质体稳定性
凝胶过滤法操作简便、分离效果较好分离时间较长、柱子成本较高
超临界CO2法低溶剂残留、粒径小且均匀设备成本较高、操作复杂
乙醇注入法操作简便、快速安全包埋率低、不好控制挤出力度
), ArticleFig(id=1320884346358186407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884340918174034, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

磷脂脂质体不同制备方法优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制备方法优点缺点
薄膜水化法简便易行、适用性广粒径大小不均、有机溶剂残留
冻融法包埋率较高、效率高次数过多易破坏脂质体结构、不适用于所有活性物质
挤压法均匀性和稳定性、尺寸可调性对设备及操作要求高、影响脂质体稳定性
凝胶过滤法操作简便、分离效果较好分离时间较长、柱子成本较高
超临界CO2法低溶剂残留、粒径小且均匀设备成本较高、操作复杂
乙醇注入法操作简便、快速安全包埋率低、不好控制挤出力度
), ArticleFig(id=1320884346425295272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884340918174034, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Properties of PSLs with different apertures

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名称结构直径大小(nm)核心优势包埋物质
SUV20~100穿透性强、尺寸小刺痛抑制剂
C-176[37]
LUV100~1000载药量大硝唑尼特[38]、EGCG[39]
MLV1000~5000稳定性高α-突触核蛋白[40]、米替福新[41]
MVV5000~10000缓释周期长氧化麻黄碱[42]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884346488209833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884340918174034, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同孔径PSLs属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称结构直径大小(nm)核心优势包埋物质
SUV20~100穿透性强、尺寸小刺痛抑制剂
C-176[37]
LUV100~1000载药量大硝唑尼特[38]、EGCG[39]
MLV1000~5000稳定性高α-突触核蛋白[40]、米替福新[41]
MVV5000~10000缓释周期长氧化麻黄碱[42]
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磷脂酰丝氨酸脂质体的制备方法、结构及应用研究进展
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石飞龙 1 , 武芳冰 1 , 王佳焱 1 , 潘宇 1 , 张瑶 1 , 敖成翔 1 , 田元勇 1, 2 , 鲁雪峰 1, 2 , 赵慧 1, 2 , 卢航 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(7): 452-460
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (7) : 452 -460
磷脂酰丝氨酸脂质体的制备方法、结构及应用研究进展
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石飞龙(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品副产物加工利用,E-mail:

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石飞龙1 , 武芳冰1, 王佳焱1, 潘宇1, 张瑶1, 敖成翔1, 田元勇1, 2, 鲁雪峰1, 2, 赵慧1, 2, 卢航1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1大连海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,辽宁大连 116023
  • 2辽宁省水产品加工及综合利用重点实验室,辽宁大连 116023
通讯作者:
卢航(1982−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:水产品副产物加工利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

石飞龙(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品副产物加工利用,E-mail:

Research Progress on Preparation Method, Structure and Application of Phosphatidylserine Liposomes
Feilong SHI1 , Fangbing WU1, Jiayan WANG1, Yu PAN1, Yao ZHANG1, Chengxiang AO1, Yuanyong TIAN1, 2, Xuefeng LU1, 2, Hui ZHAO1, 2, Hang LU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Comprehensive Utilization of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030367
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磷脂酰丝氨酸是一种重要的细胞膜成分,尤其在动物脑神经细胞中含量较高,具有改善神经细胞功能、调节神经冲动传导以及增强记忆力等多种生物活性。磷脂酰丝氨酸脂质体是以磷脂酰丝氨酸为主要成分构建的脂质体,是一种具备双亲特性的递送载体,能够有效包载亲水性和疏水性的活性物质,显著提高其生物利用度,同时具备良好的生物相容性和可降解性。本文对磷脂酰丝氨酸脂质体的制备方法、结构及其影响因素和应用等方面进行了总结。并展望了其在未来研究方向中的发展潜力,为磷脂酰丝氨酸脂质体的进一步开发与产品应用研究提供参考。

磷脂酰丝氨酸  /  脂质体  /  纳米载体  /  递送作用  /  生物利用度

Phosphatidylserine is an important cell membrane component, especially in animal brain nerve cells. It has many biological activities such as improving nerve cell function, regulating nerve impulse conduction and enhancing memory. Phosphatidylserine liposome is a liposome constructed with phosphatidylserine as the main component. Which is a delivery carrier with amphiphilic characteristics. It can effectively encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic active substances, significantly improve its bioavailability, while also having good biocompatibility and degradability. In this paper, the preparation methods, structure, influencing factors and applications of phosphatidylserine liposomes are summarized. The development potential in the future research direction is prospected, which provides a reference for the further development and product application of phosphatidylserine liposomes.

phosphatidylserine  /  liposomes  /  nanocarriers  /  delivery effects  /  biocompatibility
石飞龙, 武芳冰, 王佳焱, 潘宇, 张瑶, 敖成翔, 田元勇, 鲁雪峰, 赵慧, 卢航. 磷脂酰丝氨酸脂质体的制备方法、结构及应用研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 452 -460 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030367
Feilong SHI, Fangbing WU, Jiayan WANG, Yu PAN, Yao ZHANG, Chengxiang AO, Yuanyong TIAN, Xuefeng LU, Hui ZHAO, Hang LU. Research Progress on Preparation Method, Structure and Application of Phosphatidylserine Liposomes[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 452 -460 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030367
磷脂酰丝氨酸(Phosphatidylserine,PS)是一种天然存在的细胞膜磷脂组成成分,属于带负电荷的磷脂分子[1],它普遍存在于细菌、酵母、植物和哺乳动物细胞中,在动物大脑细胞中含量尤为丰富[2]。PS具有多种生物学功能,包括调节神经递质释放、促进突触可塑性、改善记忆能力等。因其具有较强的亲脂性,能够快速通过血脑屏障进入大脑,起到舒缓血管平滑肌细胞、增强脑部供血的作用[3]。除此之外,PS还是凋亡细胞上的一种特殊“食我”凋亡信号,该信号主要通过PS暴露和PS依赖性凋亡这两种方式传递[4]。
脂质体(Liposomes)在1964年由Bangham和Horne通过阴性染色剂结合电子显微镜技术首次发现,是一种能够在体外特定环境中进行自我组装的封闭囊泡,同时也是一种新型的载体材料,主要以磷脂酰胆碱(Phosphatidylcholine,PC)、PS、胆固醇(Cholesterol,Chol)等原料构成(如图1),其结构兼具亲水区和疏水区[5−6]。由于脂质体具有双亲性(亲水性和亲脂性)、无毒性和生物降解性等特性,被广泛用作食品化学和生物医学中活性物质的载体[7],其结构与细胞囊泡相类似,能够与细胞快速融合使活性物质进入细胞发挥功效或者促使细胞发生内吞作用,将包埋的活性物质转运至细胞内部并实现有效的释放[8],从而提高活性物质的稳定性和生物利用度。磷脂酰丝氨酸脂质体(Phosphatidylserine liposomes,PSLs)比PC脂质体(Phosphatidylcholine liposomes,PCLs)具有更显著的优势[9],PSLs也称为凋亡细胞模拟体,可以发出一种“食我”凋亡信号,并且具有靶向性,能够实现活性物质的精确递送[10]。此外,PSLs还能在细胞中发挥PS的生物学功能[11],如改善神经细胞功能、调节神经脉冲的传导、增进大脑记忆功能等作用。
基于PSLs的众多优势,本文对PSLs制备方法、结构及其影响因素、递送作用及其应用进行概述,并且对未来在各领域的应用进行了展望,以期为PSLs的开发和应用提供参考。
磷脂脂质体的制备方法包括薄膜水化法、冻融法、挤压法、凝胶过滤法、超临界CO2辅助法和乙醇注入法等方法。
薄膜水化法是Bangham和Horne发现脂质体时首次所使用的方法,故又称Bangham法[5]。该方法基于磷脂的双亲性,先在有机相中溶解后利用分子间作用力在水相中自发形成脂质体。Budavári等[12]采用该法制备含皮质类激素(泼尼松龙、布地奈德)的PSLs,发现此类PSLs可在室温下的磷酸盐缓冲溶液(Phosphate buffer saline,PBS)中储存半年左右。具体操作是将适量的PS、Chol和皮质类激素溶解在氯仿中,通过纯氮气流旋转蒸发除去氯仿,得到脂质薄膜,然后放在干燥器中干燥12~24 h,将PBS溶液分多次加入到脂质薄膜中,使用656型Block-Therm加热至50 ℃保持1 min,再经旋涡处理10 s,最终得到PSLs悬浮液。薄膜水化法虽可以快速地获得PSLs,但存在产物粒径不均匀的问题,因此需要通过超声处理或者其他辅助方法对粒径大小进行均匀化处理,以便更好地发挥活性物质或药物的生物功能。
冻融法可改变脂质体的类型,原理是基于冷冻过程中形成的冰晶会使脂质体膜破裂,使活性物质或药物进入脂质体,在缓慢融化的过程中破碎的脂质体膜会重新聚合形成脂质体,通过重复冻融过程,不仅可以提高活性物质或药物的包埋率,而且还能优化脂质体的结构形成更稳定的脂质体。如Ducis等[13]先采用薄膜水化法制备了负载刷状边界膜蛋白PCLs、磷脂酰乙醇胺脂质体以及PSLs,随后采用冻融法进行多次冻融循环(液氮冻结-室温解冻)。将所得的脂质体用于模拟肾脏中Na+/D-葡萄糖协同转运作用,结果显示PSLs实现了Na+/D-葡萄糖的高效共转运。推测其机制为:PSLs属于带负电荷脂质体,而PCLs以及磷脂酰乙醇胺脂质体属于中性脂质体,PSLs在经过冻融后重新聚合形成的结构极性更强;经过反复冻融,可以有效地减少脂质体亲水区中的少量水分,提高脂质体的稳定性。
挤压法作为目前获得粒径大小均匀的脂质体最常用方法之一,其原理是通过外部的挤压动力,使脂质体样品通过特定大小的聚碳酸酯膜,大粒径或多层脂质体在反复挤压的过程中,会因膜孔的剪切破裂后迅速重新聚合成粒径更小的脂质体。Tian等[14]首先利用薄膜水化法制备含瑞喹莫特的PSLs悬浮液,随后通过100 nm聚碳酸酯膜挤出处理(重复四次),获得纳米PSLs,研究含瑞喹莫特的PSLs靶向巨噬细胞以减少慢性骨髓炎复发的效果。挤压法具有操作简单、精确控制粒径、适用范围广等优点,并且通过挤压法处理还能改善脂质体的包埋性能,提高药物的包埋率。然而,挤压法操作简单,但需要高质量的聚碳酸酯膜、挤压器以及控制挤压力度,而这些设备的成本往往相对较高且操作繁琐;同时,需要挤压多次才能得到理想的粒径和分散指数以及在挤压过程中可能会造成磷脂的氧化、降解等。
凝胶过滤法主要用于PSLs的纯化,原理是利用凝胶介质Sephadex G-50或G-100等的多孔结构只允许小分子进入孔内的特点,而大分子(如脂质体)直接通过凝胶颗粒间隙被洗脱,从而实现分离纯化。该方法不仅可以对未被包埋的活性物质进行分离,而且还能对脂质体粒径进行控制。Munekane等[15]将1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油-3-磷脂酰丝氨酸(DSPS)和Chol按照摩尔比(2:1)与氯仿混合并在减压下干燥得到脂质膜。将脂质膜在50 mmol/L 4-羟基-乙基哌嗪乙磺酸(HEPES)/5%甘露醇缓冲液中用10 mmol/L二乙烯-三胺-五乙酸(DTPA)水合,随后超声处理3 min,通过Sephadex G-50色谱柱去除未包埋的DTPA,得到含DTPA的DSPS脂质体。与离心法相比,该方法能更有效去除脂质体中游离的活性物质,从而提高脂质体的包埋率和稳定性,同时实现脂质体分离和纯化。但该操作相对复杂,过滤过程中可能会出现脂质体损坏等问题。
超临界CO2辅助法是制备PSLs的方法之一,可用于制备亚微米尺寸的脂质体。其原理是:将活性物质或药物和脂质体原料溶于超临界CO2中,通过超临界CO2的快速膨胀得到脂质体前体,经水化后得到载活性物质脂质体或载药脂质体。Santo等[16]在充满PS、乙醇和CO2组成的膨胀液体混合物的高压容器中,通过雾化技术成功制备出含CO2的乳液,当它们落入底部的水中时,CO2溶于水,剩余乳液在水中自行组装形成PSLs。超临界CO2作为惰性介质,可替代氯仿、甲醇等有机溶剂,避免了有机溶剂残留对包埋物质安全性和稳定性的影响,该方法有高效、绿色环保与低溶剂残留等特点,适用于热敏性的活性物质或药物,能有效提高活性物质的包埋率。但该方法对设备、操作技术等方面要求较高且需要注意在制备过程中气体产生高压爆炸等情况发生。
乙醇注入法是1973年Batzri等[17]首次报道的制备脂质体的方法,相较于薄膜水化法,具有更高的安全性,因此成为代替薄膜水化法制备脂质体的方法之一。原理是将含有脂质的乙醇溶液注入水相中,乙醇在水相中稀释导致脂质分子析出并自组装成脂质体。Komeili等[18]利用乙醇注入法制备PSLs,将50 mg的PS溶于2 mL的无水乙醇中搅拌均匀缓慢注入到10 mL温热的生理盐水中,生成PSLs悬浮液,然后蒸发溶于生理盐水的无水乙醇,蒸发损失体积用生理盐水补充,最后通过低频率的超声处理PSLs悬浮液以获得均匀的PSLs。此方法与薄膜水化法相比,制备的脂质体粒径较均匀,可通过挤压法或超声处理对粒径进行精确的控制,效率更高,且使用的乙醇相较于氯仿更加安全。
PSLs的制备技术路线多样且各具特色(表1),但单一方法仍存在局限性,复合工艺策略为PSLs制备开辟了新路径。研究证实,将薄膜水化法与其他技术联用可有效克服单一方法带来的固有缺陷,Olimpieri等[19]通过薄膜水化法并结合挤压法制备粒径均一化的PSLs;Gruzdys等[20]则是先采用薄膜水化法制备PSLs,随后冻融循环先对PSLs的粒径进行初步减小,最后用挤压法进行PSLs粒径均匀化,制备的PSLs的粒径大小约为130 nm。复合工艺不仅有效解决单一方法所带来的局限性,更通过方法组合赋予制备工艺更强的适应性,例如可通过调整挤压次数、超声功率或均质压力等参数实现粒径调控。此外,复合方法的优化方向正朝着绿色化与智能化发展,如将乙醇注入法与微流控技术[21]结合,或开发连续化挤压生产系统,这些创新有望在保证粒径均匀性的同时,进一步提升工艺效率和产品批次稳定性,为功能化PSLs的精准制备提供技术支撑。
PSLs与PCLs的结构差异主要在于两方面:其一是头部基团化学特性。PS头部含丝氨酸残基,其羧酸基团在最适pH下电离呈负电荷,而PC则通过磷酸酯键连接胆碱季铵盐,正负电荷中和,使整体呈电中性。这种电荷差异直接导致PSLs表面显负电性,PCLs则接近中性[22]。因此,PSLs更容易与带正电生物分子(如肌动蛋白[23])相互作用,而PCLs因电中性表现出不同亲和力[24]。如Tagaeva等[25]分析热休克蛋白70(Heat shock protein 70,Hsp70)与脂质体的相互作用,结果表明Hsp70对带负电荷的PSLs具有显著的亲和力,而对中性PCLs的亲和力较弱。这是由于PSLs的负电荷与Hsp70表面正电荷区域通过静电吸引直接结合,而中性PCLs缺乏此类作用。此外,PSLs利用其表面的负电荷所产生的静电排斥效应,能够有效抑制脂质双分子层的过度收缩,从而扩大了包埋活性物质的空间,提升了包埋效率。如Mureşan等[26]分别制备了PSLs与PCLs,并用于包埋槲皮素和何首乌提取物。结果表明,PSLs对槲皮素和何首乌提取物的包埋率为88.4%、81%,而PCLs对槲皮素和何首乌提取物的包埋率为85%、79%。由此可见,PSLs对两种活性物质的包埋能力均优于PCLs;其二是头部基团生物特性。PC广泛分布于细胞膜双侧,主要维持细胞膜流动性[27],而PS通常位于细胞膜内侧。当细胞发生凋亡时,PS在外翻酶的作用下暴露于细胞膜外侧,发出“食我”的凋亡信号,并被吞噬细胞特异性识别,实现天然靶向作用。这一生物特性使PSLs具备靶向递送能力,而PCLs则不具备此类能力。例如,Bai等[28]制备丹参素-PSLs,用于将丹参素特异性递送至星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞,以治疗脑缺血性损伤。结果表明,与PCLs相比,PSLs能够更高效地靶向星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞,并与表面的PS特异性受体结合;而PC则缺乏此类特异性受体,从而增强这两种细胞对PSLs的摄取能力,这种靶向递送作用主要是通过对吞噬细胞内基因表达进行调控,促使细胞表型发生转化,从而实现相应的效果。
PSLs根据大小及其双分子层数可分为四种类型,且每种类型根据其优势应用方面也有所不同:
a.小单层囊泡(Small unilamellar vesicles,SUV)用于靶向肿瘤递送、核酸疫苗载体等方面,具有直径小、穿透性强等特点[29−30]。
b.大单层囊泡(Large unilamellar vesicles,LUV)用于大分子药物包埋、基因编辑工具递送等方面,具有腔体大、载药量高等特点[31−32]。
c.多层囊泡(Multilamellar vesicles,MLV)用于疫苗佐剂、抗菌光动力疗法等方面。具有多层磷脂膜结构稳定,可缓释活性物质或药物等特点[33]。
d.多囊泡(Multivesicular vesicles,MVV)用于长效镇痛、联合化疗等。内部多囊结构可实现分阶段药物释放[34]。
随着制备方法的不断精进,不同类型的脂质体可相互转换。如多层或多囊泡可通过高压或超声处理产生的剪切力转换为单层囊泡[35]、单层囊泡通过蛋白质(表皮生长因子)诱导可形成多层囊泡[36],四种类型的PSLs结构及直径大小可参考表2。
PSLs在制备以及应用过程中,易受酸碱度、温度、阳离子等外界因素的影响,导致PSLs的膜刚性以及粒径大小发生改变。Mitkova等[43]在研究pH以及温度对PSLs膜刚性的影响时发现,在固定离子强度的HCl水溶液中,pH≤5且温度低于30 ℃的情况下PSLs的膜刚性显著增加。原理可能是由于HCl在温度升高时会加快挥发导致水溶液中的离子强度降低,而PSLs为阴离子脂质体,可通过静电相互作用与水溶液中的阳离子结合,使PSLs表面的电荷数增加,进而引起膜刚性增加。这表明PSLs的电荷-环境相互作用机制复杂,需综合考虑离子强度与温度协同效应。
此外,二价阳离子以及镧系金属会引起PSLs膜刚性增加[44]、聚集[45]、相分离以及通透性增强等。Sule等[46]研究发现锰离子(Mn2+)、钙离子(Ca2+)、镁离子(Mg2+)均会对PSLs表面造成不同程度的膜硬化,导致PSLs表面的流动性减弱,且这三种金属离子影响程度表现为Mn2+=Ca2+>Mg2+。这些金属离子还会造成PSLs的直径增加,并且两种不同的金属离子混合会加剧膜刚化程度,进一步导致直径增加。除二价阳离子的影响外,其他阳离子也会对PSLs造成影响,Farzi等[47]研究镧系元素金属钆(Gd)对PSLs流体动力学的影响时发现,Gd更易与PSLs结合改变其粒径,并且Gd3+比Gd2+更显著的提高PSLs的膜刚性,降低膜的流动性,且脂质头部基团和酰基结构都介导了Gd诱导的膜刚性变化。Pašalić等[48]采用热分析与光谱技术,研究了作为精氨酸和赖氨酸主要组成部分的胍离子(Gdm+)和铵根离子(NH4+)与PSLs的结合能力,分子动力学模拟结果表明,PSLs结合Gdm+的能力强于NH4+,且两种离子结合后均会使用过PSLs粒径出现一定程度的增大。
综上,阳离子主要通过电荷中和改变PSLs表面静电平衡,促使脂质层排列致密化,从而引发膜刚性增强、流动性下降及结构膨胀等现象,可通过改变环境参数定向优化PSLs的机械性能与尺寸分布,这对设计智能响应型药物载体系统(如靶向递送、穿透生物屏障)具有重要指导价值。
PSLs作为一种新型的递送载体,由于其结构上的差异以及双亲性,可以有效提高活性物质生物利用度、增强靶向性和改善药物性能等,因此被有效用于活性物质/药物包埋,实现了在临床、食品领域的应用。
PSLs是临床领域中应用最广泛的载体,其通过与吞噬细胞特异性靶向作用,能够显著提升药物的靶向治疗效果。以自身免疫性疾病为例,目前主要依赖抗炎和免疫抑制剂进行治疗;而富含PS的脂质体则可通过诱导免疫耐受,为开发新型抗原特异性疗法提供可能,其核心机制在于,PSLs可模拟凋亡细胞与吞噬细胞相互作用,并调控其表型功能。例如Toita等[49]通过将PSLs逐层包被在胶原蛋白贴剂上,研究其对吞噬细胞表型可塑性的影响,结果表明,PSLs-胶原蛋白贴剂可促使吞噬细胞由促炎性的M1表型转变为具有抗炎和促修复功能的M2表型。然而,仅依靠PSLs本身在治疗自身免疫性疾病方面仍存在一定局限,难以达到理想的治疗效果,因此,通过精准调控PSLs所包埋抗原的类型(如肿瘤特异性抗原/过敏原)或剂量(如采用梯度浓度优化策略),可显著增强其免疫激活能力或靶向特异性,已有研究表明,该策略在治疗1型糖尿病[50]、改善脑出血[51]、增强免疫抑制作用[52]和预防和治疗骨质疏松症[53]等方面展现出良好的潜力。综合多项研究发现,与不含PS的脂质体相比,PSLs表现出更高的吞噬细胞摄取效率,从而显著提升了抗原的生物利用度。
PSLs作为一种新型载体形式,在食品领域的应用研究主要集中于提升食品功能成分的稳定性、生物利用度及实现功能成分的定向释放等方面。乳铁蛋白[54]、抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽[55]等常被添加于食品中,用于提高食品安全性、品质、营养价值以及保质期。然而,由于这些成分本身稳定性较差,往往导致其生物利用度降低,而PSLs的引入为解决这一问题提供了有效策略[56]。如Huang等[57]分别制备负载抗坏血酸和维生素E的PSLs,体外消化试验结果显示PSLs比传统脂质体在体外消化试验中释放得更加缓慢,细胞摄取试验进一步证实了PSLs的细胞摄取效率显著高于传统脂质体,PSLs具有更高的体外消化稳定性,可有效提高抗坏血酸和维生素E的生物利用度。Partoazar等[58]采用PSLs包埋姜黄素,并研究了姜黄素-PSLs对葡萄糖皮质激素诱导的大鼠骨质疏松模型的干预作用。结果显示,与未包埋的姜黄素相比,姜黄素-PSLs能显著的改善大鼠的骨骼强度。其作用机制为姜黄素-PSLs通过与破骨细胞相互作用,调控破骨细胞中OPG/RANK/RANKL信号通路的表达,从而改善骨骼强度。Lee等[59]利用PSLs将游离抗菌脂肪酸(如亚油酸、油酸)递送到牙龈卟啉单胞菌中并研究其抗菌活性,结果表明PSLs能够高效地将抗菌脂肪酸从水介质传递到牙龈卟啉单胞菌中,即使牛奶和替代奶制品中存在乳脂球和蛋白质微胶块,也不会受到影响。此外,PSLs几乎不会对口腔益生菌在内的革兰氏阳性细菌的生长有抑制作用,因此,可成为复杂食品系统中多功能游离脂肪酸的纳米级递送载体。
PSLs由磷脂分子自组装形成紧密排列的球形囊泡,凭借其疏水双分子层与亲水内核的结构特点,可实现对不同性质活性物质的高效包埋,减少温度、酸碱度等外界因素对活性物质的影响,提高活性物质稳定性,进而提高生物利用度,为功能性食品的开发提供了可靠的载体支撑。
乳化技术已广泛应用于食品工业,用于开发多种产品,如均质牛奶、奶油、蘸酱和调味品等[60]。在乳液制备过程中,通常会添加稳定剂以防止因重力沉降、絮凝等因素引发的相分离,从而保持体系的稳定性并延长保质期。目前,常用的稳定剂包括明胶[61]、黄原胶[62]、蔗糖酯[63]、改性淀粉[64]及钙盐[65]等。然而,这些稳定剂易受温度、水解作用以及pH等因素的影响,会导致乳液稳定性下降。近期研究发现,PSLs兼具疏水性和亲水性,可用作乳液稳定剂。如Pu等[66]对PSLs作为稳定剂在稳定黄原胶/乳清分离蛋白乳液中的应用进行了研究。结果表明,随着PSLs的浓度增加,脂滴界面处PSLs可形成完整液滴,使乳液在中性和弱碱性条件下表现出良好的稳定性及优异的储存性能,显示出其作为水溶性活性物质稳定剂的安全性与可靠性。此外,具有双亲性的PSLs相较于环糊精包合物等单亲性的稳定剂,具有更高的利用价值[67]。
食品抗菌剂是一类通过化学合成或天然提取获得的添加剂,主要用于抑制或杀灭食品中的细菌、霉菌等微生物,从而延长食品保质期、保障食品安全并维持其品质[68]。广泛应用于肉制品、乳制品、饮料及烘焙食品等领域,在食品的加工、储存和包装过程中发挥着关键作用。常见的抗菌剂包括季铵盐[69]、锌离子[70]、壳聚糖[71]和植物精油[72]等。然而,由于传统抗菌剂存在耐热性差、易变色等问题,限制了其应用效果。PSLs作为一种新型抗菌剂,不仅通过其结构可大幅提高抗菌成分的热稳定性,突破传统抗菌剂在受热时易失活的技术瓶颈,还可通过脂质体保护层能够有效隔离敏感物质,防止加工和储存过程中常见的变色及不良化学反应,从而保持产品的外观与性能稳定。如Wu等[73]构建了姜黄素纳米脂质体(PSLs),该制剂可特异性靶向食源性致病菌(如金黄色葡萄球菌),通过破坏细菌细胞壁完整性引发溶菌效应,其抗菌机制主要依赖于PSLs与细菌毒素的相互作用,导致细胞膜穿孔及结构崩解。值得注意的是,该纳米制剂在家禽感染模型中展现出显著抗菌活性,为未来新型抗菌剂在食品保存中的开发提供参考。
PSLs在保健食品中首先作为递送系统包埋稳定性较差的活性物质,如提高抗氧化活性[74]。其次,PSLs还可补充脑部神经细胞膜的所需成分PS,支持大脑的健康和功能[75]。PSLs在保健食品中发挥的功效主要包括以下几个方面:
a.改善记忆和认知能力:PS是大脑神经递质的重要成分,对于记忆和认知功能的正常运作至关重要。PSLs能够提供充足的PS,帮助改善记忆力和认知能力,尤其对于老年人或记忆力减退的人群可能具有显著效果[76]。Xu 等[77]研究了 DHA-PSLs 和 EPA-PSLs 对阿尔茨海默病(AD)干预作用。结果表明,两者均可减轻β-淀粉样蛋白诱导的海马神经元毒性,其机制主要通过抑制线粒体依赖性凋亡通路、降低JNK/p38蛋白磷酸化水平,并促进神经突触生成,同时调节神经元可塑性,从而发挥神经保护作用,为膳食干预预防AD及开发神经保护保健食品提供了理论依据。
b.缓解压力和焦虑:PS具有下调应激激素水平的作用,能够缓解压力和焦虑情绪。PSLs在保健品中的应用,有助于提高人们的生活质量,减轻压力对身心健康的不良影响[78]。如Partoazar等[79]通过探讨PSLs对小鼠脑卒中后神经炎症和抑郁的保护作用。通过小鼠游泳试验和悬尾试验发现,PSLs可通过调控海马体促炎细胞因子表达通路,下调TNF-α并调节IL-10细胞因子来减轻神经炎症微环境,从而发挥抗焦虑的效果,降低抑郁症的发病风险。
c.促进神经细胞的修复和再生:PS是神经细胞膜的重要成分,具有促进神经细胞修复和再生的作用。PSLs可能对神经系统疾病有改善作用。如Wang等[80]通过研究PSLs对氧化损伤的神经保护功能以及在原代海马神经元中的作用机制,发现PSLs可以显著改善细胞形态,促进神经网络结构的恢复,并显著增加p-TrkB和p-CREB蛋白的表达,进而发挥神经保护作用,这些结果在神经退行性疾病治疗中的应用提供了科学依据,也为相关功能食品的开发提供了参考。
PSLs作为一种新型的活性物质递送系统,在临床领域、食品领域等领域展现出提高活性物质稳定性、高效的活性物质释放和靶向递送等特点,具有广泛地开发应用前景,并在神经性退行性疾病、免疫调节及食品功能强化中展现出发展潜力。然而,其规模化生产瓶颈、体内代谢复杂性以及长期安全性仍需深入探索。随着社会和科技的不断进步,未来PSLs的研究方向包括利用纳米技术发展更绿色的制备工艺,以进一步提升PSLs的粒径、稳定性及活性物质包埋率,并减少有机溶剂残留,从而实现在脑部疾病和神经退行性疾病等领域的精准治疗,改善患者生存质量;也可着眼于调控PSLs的酰基链饱和度,优化膜流动性以改善细胞内释放效率;建立PSLs的长期毒性评价体系,明确其在脑部的累积风险至关重要。随着技术突破与市场拓展,PSLs在医药、食品等众多领域具有广阔的应用前景,将发挥越来越重要的作用。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030367
  • 接收时间:2025-03-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-28
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    1大连海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,辽宁大连 116023
    2辽宁省水产品加工及综合利用重点实验室,辽宁大连 116023

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卢航(1982−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:水产品副产物加工利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
Number of
genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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