Article(id=1320884325650907318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040081, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744128000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852964078, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852964078, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852964078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852964078, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=367, endPage=376, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884327425097911, articleId=1320884325650907318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Curcumin on the Quality Change of Ready-to-Eat Sea Cucumber during Cold Storage, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate whether curcumin as a polyphenol can delay the quality deterioration of ready-to-eat sea cucumber during cold storage, and the impact of adding curcumin on the ready-to-eat sea cucumber, sea cucumber was used as raw material, the weight loss rate and volume loss rate of sea cucumber during the hot processing process were determined, and the moisture content, texture characteristics, microstructure, free hydroxyproline content, free ammonia nitrogen content, soluble protein content and SDS-PAGE of ready-to-eat sea cucumber during the cold storage were measured. The secondary structure of ready-to-eat sea cucumber protein was observed by infrared spectroscopy. At the same time, the volatile substances and sensory flavor were analyzed to explore the effects of adding curcumin on the quality and flavor of ready-to-eat sea cucumber. The results showed that the addition of curcumin during thermal processing had no significant effect on the weight loss rate and volume loss rate of ready-to-eat sea cucumber. After cross-linking with curcumin, the hardness of ready-to-eat sea cucumber increased by 53.92%, the chewiness increased by 64.03%, and the moisture content decreased by 5.14%. The 35 kDa band disappeared from the protein relative molecular mass, increasing to 100, 48 kDa bands. The vibration band of secondary structure amide Ⅰ band and amide Ⅱ band shifted from 1654.1 cm−1 and 1549.5 cm−1 to 1657.6 cm−1 and 1549 cm−1, increase of β-folding, decrease of random coil, decrease of α-helix, increase of β-turn. During cold storage, the protein degradation indexes such as free hydroxyproline content, free ammonia nitrogen content and soluble protein content of ready-to-eat sea cucumber showed a significant upward trend, but after curcumin cross-linking treatment, the protein degradation rate of ready-to-eat sea cucumber was significantly slowed down. When cold storage for 40 days, the ready-to-eat sea cucumber treated with curcumin had a relative increase in volatile substances such as caramel, fruity, and smoky flavors, and the relative content of volatile substances with antibacterial and antioxidant properties increased. In conclusion, curcumin can interact with the body wall protein of sea cucumbers, thereby delaying the degradation of the body wall during refrigeration and improving its flavor.

, authors=Jingchun FEI1, Jiahui YU1, Hailin ZHAO1, Shiqi YUAN1, Yanxia QI1, 2, 3, *, Qiancheng ZHAO1, 2, 3, authorsList=Jingchun FEI, Jiahui YU, Hailin ZHAO, Shiqi YUAN, Yanxia QI, Qiancheng ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanxia QI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884329333506252, articleId=1320884325650907318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=姜黄素对即食海参冷藏过程中品质变化的影响, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了探究姜黄素作为多酚是否可以延缓即食海参在冷藏过程中的品质劣化,以及添加姜黄素后对即食海参的影响,本文以海参为原料,通过测定海参在热加工过程中的重量损失率、体积损失率,并对即食海参在冷藏过程中水分含量、质构特性、微观结构、游离羟脯氨酸含量、游离氨氮含量和可溶性蛋白含量、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳进行测定,通过红外光谱分析即食海参蛋白二级结构,同时对其挥发性物质及感官风味进行分析,探究添加姜黄素对即食海参品质和风味的影响。结果表明:热加工过程中添加姜黄素对即食海参重量损失率与体积损失率并没有明显影响。在经姜黄素处理后,即食海参硬度提高了53.92%,咀嚼性提高了64.03%,水分含量降低了5.14%,蛋白质相对分子质量中35 kDa条带消失,增加至100、48 kDa条带,蛋白质二级结构酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带的振动带由1654.1 cm−1和1549.5 cm−1发生偏移至1657.6 cm−1和1549 cm−1,β-折叠增加,无规则卷曲减少,α-螺旋减少,β-转角增加。在冷藏期间,即食海参游离羟脯氨酸含量、游离氨氮含量、可溶性蛋白含量等蛋白质降解指标都呈显著上升趋势,但经姜黄素处理后,即食海参的蛋白质降解速率明显减缓。冷藏40 d时,经姜黄素处理后的即食海参中,具有焦糖味、果味、烟熏味等令人愉快的挥发性物质相对含量增加,且具有抗菌、抗氧化特性的挥发性物质相对含量增加。综上,姜黄素可以与海参体壁蛋白相互作用从而延缓其在冷藏期间体壁降解,且能改善其风味。

, authors=费靖淳1, 于佳卉1, 赵海琳1, 袁诗淇1, 祁艳霞1, 2, 3, *, 赵前程1, 2, 3, authorsList=费靖淳, 于佳卉, 赵海琳, 袁诗淇, 祁艳霞, 赵前程, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=祁艳霞, authorNote=

费靖淳(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品蛋白质组学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
祁艳霞(1982−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品蛋白质组学,E-mail:。
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费靖淳(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品蛋白质组学,E-mail:

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费靖淳(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品蛋白质组学,E-mail:

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2Liaoning Provincial Aquatic Products Analyzing, Testing and Processing Technology Scientific Service Centre, Dalian 116023, China
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2辽宁省水产品分析检验及加工技术科技服务中心,辽宁大连 116023
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注:图中各点从左到右依次表示在60 ℃ 3 min、100 ℃ 8 min、60 ℃ 30 min、40 ℃ 2 h、100 ℃ 3 min热处理后的重量损失率、体积损失率,*表示在该时间段温度加热后两组之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=gUJt2pNbO8RlzNVFqbVE3w==, figureFileBig=FmH1Pu3b24zirOmrVazZJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884333825605892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884325650907318, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Moisture content of ready-to-eat sea cucumber during cold storage, figureFileSmall=RY7vu6spK49Lkw8wSnzL0A==, figureFileBig=bPRs1mvQFbpi4Hu3X/56/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884333888520453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884325650907318, language=CN, label=图2, caption=即食海参在冷藏过程中水分含量

注:不同大写字母表示各组内具有显著性差异,不同小写字母表示各组之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05);图3、图5、图6同。

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注:对照组第0 d(A);姜黄素组第0 d(B);对照组第40 d(C);姜黄素组第40 d(D)。

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注:第0 d(A),第40 d(B);不同小写字母表示各组之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=3jewaXwMb5CE7IidJJLtrg==, figureFileBig=IHWACyRbubXVJaQzP6EMKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884336048587028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884325650907318, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Radar chart of sensory flavor compounds in control group and curcumin group on the 40 d of cold storage, figureFileSmall=yu44GnHI6CvgBh+QoIHhmw==, figureFileBig=lp3PHvAk7DFrMHe3FpzZhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884336107307285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884325650907318, language=CN, label=图10, caption=对照组与姜黄素组冷藏第40 d时感官风味物质雷达图

注:*表示该气味两组之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=yu44GnHI6CvgBh+QoIHhmw==, figureFileBig=lp3PHvAk7DFrMHe3FpzZhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884336161833238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884325650907318, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Relative content of volatile substances in the control group and the curcumin group on the 40 d of cold storage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挥发性物质对照组(%)姜黄素组(%)
醇类18.3018.41
烃类14.9114.71
酮类12.8212.77
酯类12.7412.48
杂环化合物11.9611.87
醛类9.229.39
酚类5.486.14
醚类3.563.49
萜类2.412.24
酸类1.241.27
其他类7.387.21
), ArticleFig(id=1320884336233136407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884325650907318, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

对照组与姜黄素组冷藏第40 d时挥发性物质相对含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挥发性物质对照组(%)姜黄素组(%)
醇类18.3018.41
烃类14.9114.71
酮类12.8212.77
酯类12.7412.48
杂环化合物11.9611.87
醛类9.229.39
酚类5.486.14
醚类3.563.49
萜类2.412.24
酸类1.241.27
其他类7.387.21
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姜黄素对即食海参冷藏过程中品质变化的影响
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费靖淳 1 , 于佳卉 1 , 赵海琳 1 , 袁诗淇 1 , 祁艳霞 1, 2, 3, * , 赵前程 1, 2, 3
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(7): 367-376
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (7) : 367 -376
姜黄素对即食海参冷藏过程中品质变化的影响
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费靖淳1 , 于佳卉1, 赵海琳1, 袁诗淇1, 祁艳霞1, 2, 3, * , 赵前程1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1大连海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,辽宁大连 116023
  • 2辽宁省水产品分析检验及加工技术科技服务中心,辽宁大连 116023
  • 3辽宁省海洋健康食品工程研究中心,辽宁大连 116023
通讯作者:
祁艳霞(1982−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品蛋白质组学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

费靖淳(1999−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品蛋白质组学,E-mail:

Effect of Curcumin on the Quality Change of Ready-to-Eat Sea Cucumber during Cold Storage
Jingchun FEI1 , Jiahui YU1, Hailin ZHAO1, Shiqi YUAN1, Yanxia QI1, 2, 3, * , Qiancheng ZHAO1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
  • 2Liaoning Provincial Aquatic Products Analyzing, Testing and Processing Technology Scientific Service Centre, Dalian 116023, China
  • 3Liaoning Marine Health Food Engineering Research Center, Dalian 116023, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040081
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为了探究姜黄素作为多酚是否可以延缓即食海参在冷藏过程中的品质劣化,以及添加姜黄素后对即食海参的影响,本文以海参为原料,通过测定海参在热加工过程中的重量损失率、体积损失率,并对即食海参在冷藏过程中水分含量、质构特性、微观结构、游离羟脯氨酸含量、游离氨氮含量和可溶性蛋白含量、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳进行测定,通过红外光谱分析即食海参蛋白二级结构,同时对其挥发性物质及感官风味进行分析,探究添加姜黄素对即食海参品质和风味的影响。结果表明:热加工过程中添加姜黄素对即食海参重量损失率与体积损失率并没有明显影响。在经姜黄素处理后,即食海参硬度提高了53.92%,咀嚼性提高了64.03%,水分含量降低了5.14%,蛋白质相对分子质量中35 kDa条带消失,增加至100、48 kDa条带,蛋白质二级结构酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带的振动带由1654.1 cm−1和1549.5 cm−1发生偏移至1657.6 cm−1和1549 cm−1,β-折叠增加,无规则卷曲减少,α-螺旋减少,β-转角增加。在冷藏期间,即食海参游离羟脯氨酸含量、游离氨氮含量、可溶性蛋白含量等蛋白质降解指标都呈显著上升趋势,但经姜黄素处理后,即食海参的蛋白质降解速率明显减缓。冷藏40 d时,经姜黄素处理后的即食海参中,具有焦糖味、果味、烟熏味等令人愉快的挥发性物质相对含量增加,且具有抗菌、抗氧化特性的挥发性物质相对含量增加。综上,姜黄素可以与海参体壁蛋白相互作用从而延缓其在冷藏期间体壁降解,且能改善其风味。

即食海参  /  姜黄素  /  冷藏  /  蛋白质  /  品质

To investigate whether curcumin as a polyphenol can delay the quality deterioration of ready-to-eat sea cucumber during cold storage, and the impact of adding curcumin on the ready-to-eat sea cucumber, sea cucumber was used as raw material, the weight loss rate and volume loss rate of sea cucumber during the hot processing process were determined, and the moisture content, texture characteristics, microstructure, free hydroxyproline content, free ammonia nitrogen content, soluble protein content and SDS-PAGE of ready-to-eat sea cucumber during the cold storage were measured. The secondary structure of ready-to-eat sea cucumber protein was observed by infrared spectroscopy. At the same time, the volatile substances and sensory flavor were analyzed to explore the effects of adding curcumin on the quality and flavor of ready-to-eat sea cucumber. The results showed that the addition of curcumin during thermal processing had no significant effect on the weight loss rate and volume loss rate of ready-to-eat sea cucumber. After cross-linking with curcumin, the hardness of ready-to-eat sea cucumber increased by 53.92%, the chewiness increased by 64.03%, and the moisture content decreased by 5.14%. The 35 kDa band disappeared from the protein relative molecular mass, increasing to 100, 48 kDa bands. The vibration band of secondary structure amide Ⅰ band and amide Ⅱ band shifted from 1654.1 cm−1 and 1549.5 cm−1 to 1657.6 cm−1 and 1549 cm−1, increase of β-folding, decrease of random coil, decrease of α-helix, increase of β-turn. During cold storage, the protein degradation indexes such as free hydroxyproline content, free ammonia nitrogen content and soluble protein content of ready-to-eat sea cucumber showed a significant upward trend, but after curcumin cross-linking treatment, the protein degradation rate of ready-to-eat sea cucumber was significantly slowed down. When cold storage for 40 days, the ready-to-eat sea cucumber treated with curcumin had a relative increase in volatile substances such as caramel, fruity, and smoky flavors, and the relative content of volatile substances with antibacterial and antioxidant properties increased. In conclusion, curcumin can interact with the body wall protein of sea cucumbers, thereby delaying the degradation of the body wall during refrigeration and improving its flavor.

ready-to-eat sea cucumber  /  curcumin  /  cold storage  /  protein  /  quality
费靖淳, 于佳卉, 赵海琳, 袁诗淇, 祁艳霞, 赵前程. 姜黄素对即食海参冷藏过程中品质变化的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 367 -376 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040081
Jingchun FEI, Jiahui YU, Hailin ZHAO, Shiqi YUAN, Yanxia QI, Qiancheng ZHAO. Effect of Curcumin on the Quality Change of Ready-to-Eat Sea Cucumber during Cold Storage[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 367 -376 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040081
海参(Stichopus japonicus)是棘皮动物门海参纲的一种珍贵的海洋生物[1]。对于海参的记载,最早可以追溯到明代的《食物本草》《五杂俎》和《本草纲目》等书籍,故一直以来海参被认为是上等的补药。海参具有滋养血液、补肾益气、滋益五脏六腑的功能[2]。海参的功效源于其体内各种生物活性化合物,主要有多肽、三萜糖苷、糖蛋白和硫酸化脱氧半乳聚糖[3−5]。2023年全国海参产量规模29万吨,第一产业值将近300亿元,随着食品技术工艺成熟,即食海参开始占据比较核心的地位[6]。即食海参可采用低温、常温或高温处理制备,在4 ℃储藏期间,其品质的变化主要是由于体壁的破坏引起的[7]。即使酶和微生物被灭活,即食海参在储存时也会发生变质[8]。
香辛料提取物是天然的抗氧化剂来源,不仅能赋予水产品一定风味,还可以有效抑制蛋白质和脂质氧化,抑制微生物生长繁殖,从而延缓水产品腐败变质的过程,保持水产品品质,延长其保鲜期[9]。天然香辛料富含多酚类抗氧化成分,可作为抗氧化活性物质[10]。姜黄素是一种具有多个酚羟基的化合物[11],其特有的共轭结构为其提供了有效的抗氧化作用,可作为高效的酚类抗氧化剂,是一种天然的食品保鲜剂。现已被广泛应用在食品加工、果蔬保鲜、肉制品保鲜、水产品保鲜等领域。在其抗氧化过程中,姜黄素的β-二酮基或者酚羟基会解离出质子氢,可有效清除活性氧[12]。Mugahi等[13]在研究中发现姜黄、肉桂、柠檬提取物可有效延长鲤鱼鱼片的货架期,且发现多酚类物质具有抗真菌、抗氧化、抗突变和抑制脂质过氧化作用,在增强海产品的抗氧化和抗微生物稳定性方面具有重要意义。班雨函[14]在低盐虾酱发酵过程中添加肉桂、生姜、紫苏香辛料粉末,发现微生物相关指标都得到明显改善且赋予了虾酱更多清新香气和烘烤香气。邹欣洋等[15]探究了不同浓度配比桂皮、生姜、八角茴香复合香辛料提取物对冷藏期间猪肉糜氧化稳定性及品质的影响,发现香辛料中的酚类物质能与蛋白质的官能团相互作用,从而改善其微观结构,延缓其品质的劣变。Wu等[16]利用多酚与蛋白相互作用原理,将肌原纤维蛋白和姜黄素结合制备的纳米复合物可以有效降低生、熟鸡肉的硫代巴比妥酸反应物和羰基值。多酚与蛋白质的相互作用提高了蛋白质的抗氧化活性,拓宽了多酚的应用领域。姜黄素在改善食品的稳定性和感官品质方面具有潜在的优势。
本文通过在即食海参的加工过程中加入一定浓度的姜黄素,使姜黄素与海参体壁相互作用。并对海参热加工过程中的重量损失率与体积损失率进行了测定,通过观察即食海参在冷藏过程中质构特性与微观结构的变化探究其结构特性、水分含量、游离羟脯氨酸含量、游离氨氮含量、可溶性蛋白含量、SDS-PAGE的变化探究其降解程度,探究其蛋白二级结构和挥发性物质及感官风味,研究姜黄素对即食海参品质改善的影响。该研究可为冷藏即食海参的加工工艺和品质控制提供技术支撑。
新鲜海参(刺参,重150~160 g/只,共计40只) 大连新长兴海鲜市场;姜黄素(含量≥98%) 陕西宇洲生物科技有限公司;耐高温湿热灭菌袋(30×40 cm) 比克曼生物试剂企业店;4%的多聚甲醛溶液固定液 上海源叶生物技术有限公司;羟脯氨酸试剂盒、彩虹245光谱蛋白Marker 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;甘氨酸、乙二醇甲醚、氢氧化钠 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;水合茚三酮 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;抗坏血酸 天津市大茂化学试剂厂;乙酸、五水硫酸铜、酒石酸钾钠、溴化钾(光谱纯) 天津科密欧化学试剂有限公司;无水乙醇 西陇科学股份有限公司;牛血清白蛋白 上海书吉生物科技有限公司;SDS-PAGE预制胶(Tris-Gly,10%,12孔)、SDS-PAGE电泳液、SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液(5×) 碧云天生物技术有限公司;考马斯亮蓝R250 天津市光复精细化工研究所;所有有机溶剂均为分析纯。
SJ-S012低温慢煮机 GUDAC公司;AR224CN电子天平 奥豪斯仪器(常州)有限公司;HH-ZK4数显恒温水浴锅 巩义市予华仪器有限责任公司;GZX-GF101-1-BS-II电热恒温鼓风干燥箱 淮安龙跃实验仪器设备有限公司;TMS-PRO质构仪 北京盈盛恒泰科技有限责任公司;SCIENTZ-18 ND冷冻干燥机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;SUPRATM 55扫描电子显微镜 卡尔蔡司股份公司;HH300-18G HH系列高速分散机 上海慧依仪器仪表有限公司;SynergyH1/H1M酶标仪 美国博腾仪器有限公司;F-2700荧光分光光度计 日本日立高科技公司;H1750台式高速离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;DYY-6C型电泳仪 北京六一生物科技有限公司;FW-5A 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 美国PE公司;Orbitrap Exploris GC气相色谱质谱联用仪 Thermo公司;VF-WAXms毛细管柱(25 m×0.25 mm×0.2 μm) 安捷伦科技有限公司。
制备方法参考Zhu等[17]并加以修改,将新鲜海参宰杀、清洗后,每组20只海参分别在60 ℃下煮制3 min后100 ℃煮制8 min,然后用2 L浓度为5 mg/mL的姜黄素水溶液在60 ℃下处理30 min,40 ℃下处理2 h后于100 ℃下处理3 min,使之相互作用。将样品放入耐高温湿热灭菌袋中排气密封和高压灭菌(121 ℃,15 min)后冷却,储存在4 ℃冰箱中。使用蒸馏水代替交联剂作为对照组。每10 d测定一次即食海参水分含量、质构特性、游离羟脯氨酸和游离氨氮含量、可溶性蛋白含量等指标,测定40 d内样品变化。
准确称取海参的重量。在每个温度加热结束后,再次称量同一只海参的重量,根据下列公式计算重量损失率。
$ \text{M}({\text{%}})=\frac{{\text{m}}_{\text{0}}-{\text{m}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{m}}_{\text{0}}}\times 100 $
式中:M表示即食海参重量损失率,%;m0为即食海参热处理前的重量,g;m1为即食海参热处理后的重量,g。
将海参浸入含有一定量蒸馏水的量筒中并记录体积。在每个温度加热结束后再次记录同一只海参的体积。根据下列公式计算体积损失率。
$ \text{W}({\text{%}})=\frac{{\text{V}}_{\text{0}}-{\text{V}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{V}}_{\text{0}}}\times 100 $
式中:W表示即食海参体积损失率,%;V0为即食海参热处理前的体积,mL;V1为即食海参热处理后的体积,mL。
参考GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》进行测定。
采用TMS-PRO质构仪测定即食海参TPA特性,取1.0 cm×1.0 cm×1.0 cm海参体壁肉,力量感应元量程1000 N,形变量70%,检测速度60 mm/min,起始力1.5 N,测定其硬度、咀嚼性[18]。
将样品切成5 mm×1 mm×1 mm的小块,用体积分数为4%的多聚甲醛溶液固定24 h,分别在30%、50%、80%和100%乙醇溶液中梯度脱水15 min,重复3次。样品经冷冻干燥后保存在密封容器内,干燥,喷金,用扫描电子显微镜观察样品微观结构及照相,放大倍数2000倍,加速电压5 kV[19]。
参考Li等[20]并加以修改,将样品在蒸馏水中均质化(1:5,m/v),并在4 ℃条件下,6500 r/min离心10 min。
使用羟脯氨酸试剂盒测定上清液中的游离羟脯氨酸含量。在560 nm处测定吸光度。标准曲线y=0.0224x+0.0045(R2=0.9990),其中x为羟脯氨酸质量浓度,y为吸光度。
通过茚三酮比色法[8]测定上清液在570 nm处的吸光度,根据甘氨酸标准曲线计算游离氨氮含量。标准曲线y=1.063x−0.001(R2=0.9974),其中x为甘氨酸摩尔浓度,y为吸光度。
通过双缩脲比色法[21]测定1.2.7上清液在540 nm处的吸光度,根据牛血清白蛋白标准曲线计算可溶性蛋白含量。标准曲线y=0.0266x+0.0037(R2=0.9978),其中x为牛血清蛋白质量浓度,y为吸光度。
取10 μL 1.2.7上清液与40 μL上样缓冲液混合,沸水浴5 min后取出冷却。取20 μL冷却后溶液使用5%浓度的凝胶和10%分离凝胶在100 V下进行分离约80 min。电泳后,用0.1%(w/v)考马斯亮蓝R250染色并脱色过夜[22]。
将2 mg的1.2.7上清液冷冻干燥粉末与150 mg溴化钾充分混合[17],研磨并压制成片剂置于红外扫描样品池,在4000~400 cm−1波数范围内扫描,每个光谱32次扫描,分辨率为4 cm−1,以溴化钾研磨片剂为背景,测定结果使用PeakFit v4.12软件进行处理。
取冷藏第40 d时的姜黄素组及对照组即食海参为样品测定挥发性物质,考虑海参随冷藏时间的延长腥味等令人不愉快的味道会逐渐增强,因此主要选用第40 d即食海参测定。
取770 μL正己烷,装入1.5 mL的离心管中,依次加入C10~C25商业混标、C26、C27、C28、C29正构烷烃标品适量,涡旋混匀,得C10~C29正构烷烃的混标储备溶液(50 μg/mL)。取上述储备液稀释至10 μg/mL,与样本同批上机分析。
样品处理:取1 g样品,置于20 mL顶空瓶,加入内标2.5 μL(萘-d8 20 μg/mL)及4 mL饱和氯化钠水溶液,立即密封顶空瓶。置于孵化器内80 ℃孵化20 min,将老化后的纤维头插入顶空瓶内,纤维头老化温度为240 ℃,萃取10 min,在进样口解析1 min。
色谱柱:VF-WAXms毛细管柱(25 m×0.25 mm×0.2 μm)。GC条件:进样口温度240 ℃,载气为高纯氦气,载气流速1.0 mL/min,隔垫吹扫流速3 mL/min;升温程序:初始温度40 ℃,平衡0 min,以8 ℃/min的速度升至120 ℃,再以20 ℃/min的速度升至230 ℃,并维持4.5 min,总运行时间20 min。MS条件:电子电离源(EI);电子能量70 eV;离子源温度250 ℃;质量扫描范围m/z:35~500。
定性定量方法:正构烷烃用于保留指数计算,采用物质保留指数结合物质质谱图进行定性,将质谱图经Thermo Compound Discovery 3.3.SP3 软件进行搜库鉴定及数据预处理,搜库软件为 Compound Discoverer 3.3.SP3,主要数据库为NIST-2023、gc-orbitrap flavor andfragrances v1.0以及自建的数据库,导出xlsx格式的三维数据矩阵,该矩阵信息包括样品名称、代谢物名称和峰面积等。在定量时,选择物质对应的峰面积积分定量,采用归一化法对挥发性物质相对含量进行计算[23]。
保留指数(RI)的计算公式如下:
$\rm \text{R}I=100Z+\frac{{\text{100[lgt}}\text{'}\text{R(X})-{\text{lgt}}\text{'}\text{R(Z})]}{{\text{lgt}}\text{'}\text{R(Z}+\text{1})-{\text{lgt}}\text{'}\text{R(Z})} $
式中:RI为保留指数;t'R为校正保留时间,min;Z和Z+1分别为目标化合物(X)流出前后的正构烷烃所含碳原子的数目。
所有实验均重复3次,数据结果以平均值±标准偏差进行表示。采用SPSS 23软件进行数据间显著性差异及相关性分析,采用Origin2021软件作图。
重量损失率及体积损失率能直观体现出热加工过程中海参水分及水溶性成分的流失情况[24]。图1A、B表明,经过100 ℃加热8 min后,即食海参重量、体积变化最高,姜黄素组和对照组海参的重量损失率分别为75.15%±1.03%、78.38%±2.12%,两组间的差异性可能因海参个体不同造成差异。热加工完成后,姜黄素组即食海参的重量损失率和体积损失率分别为80.25%±0.93%和79.75%±3.11%,对照组即食海参的重量损失率和体积损失率分别为79.49%±0.97%和77.52%±1.54%,海参重量和体积损失可能是在加热过程中海参胶原蛋白的聚集和水分损失引起的[25]。姜黄素组即食海参重量和体积损失率略高于对照组,各组间无显著差异,表明即食海参经姜黄素处理后不会影响高温高压处理后即食海参的重量和体积。
水分含量是影响食品质地和储存稳定性的关键指标[7]。图2表明即食海参经姜黄素处理后,水分含量为81.24%±0.15%,对照组水分含量为85.64%±0.41%,姜黄素组含水量明显低于对照组。其原因可能是多酚与胶原蛋白交联后,样品中的游离羟基减少,降低了样品的亲水性,从而导致样品的含水量降低[26]。这可以有效地提高海参胶原蛋白的稳定性,延长海参产品的货架期。姜黄素组在冷藏10 d后海参水分含量略有增加,冷藏期间即食海参水分含量的增加原因可能是由于冷藏过程中的复水作用[17]。对照组在冷藏期间通过水分含量可以看出即食海参有反复的失水复水情况,姜黄素组冷藏20 d后无显著变化,表明经姜黄素处理后,即食海参体壁蛋白结构更加稳定。
在4 ℃下储存期间,姜黄素组即食海参硬度明显高于对照组,这可能是由于海参胶原蛋白中赖氨酸和精氨酸的侧链氨基与多酚的羟基共价结合形成致密的网状结构从而增加即食海参硬度[27]。姜黄素组即食海参咀嚼性随冷藏时间延长而降低,这可能是由于即食海参在冷藏过程中体壁的凝胶结构逐渐破坏,从而导致质构特性的降低[28]。图3A表明冷藏0 d和10 d时,姜黄素组即食海参在硬度上显著高于对照组(P<0.05),0 d时即食海参硬度提高了53.92%,冷藏10 d时姜黄素组和对照组的硬度分别为103.50±5.03 N和72.83±4.58 N,姜黄素组是对照组硬度的1.42倍;图3B表明冷藏20 d及20 d前,姜黄素组在咀嚼性特性上明显优于对照组,0 d时即食海参咀嚼性提高了64.03%,冷藏20 d时姜黄素组和对照组的咀嚼性分别为131.12±10.80 mJ和84.48±5.14 mJ,姜黄素组是对照组咀嚼性的1.52倍;说明姜黄素对即食海参质构特性具有良好的改善作用。冷藏30 d时,姜黄素组和对照组即食海参的硬度和咀嚼性方面没有显著性差异,这表明姜黄素只会在一定时间范围内影响海参质构特性。
通过图4B中发现,冷藏0 d时,由于姜黄素与胶原蛋白发生交联使胶原纤维网络聚集,导致姜黄素组胶原纤维收缩,呈紧密排列的束状结构,这可能会导致海参持水力下降,使姜黄素组海参水分含量低于对照组,并呈现更高的硬度、咀嚼性。图4A中对照组海参体壁组织排列紧密,无明显断裂和泡沫状结构。冷藏40 d时,通过图4C发现海参体壁组织发生大面积断裂,海参体壁的胶原纤维逐渐被破坏,胶原纤维在储存过程中已经严重降解,从而在宏观上出现了体壁的降解[8]。图4D可看出,姜黄素组海参因长时间冷藏同样出现体壁降解,体壁束状结构发生变化,但并未出现体壁组织断裂和泡沫状结构,而是胶原纤维排列致密,胶原纤维的分布更加均匀,可能是由于酚类化合物的酚羟基和胶原蛋白侧链的氨基之间形成了氢键从而增强即食海参在冷藏期间的稳定性[29]。而对照组可见明显的凝集区和泡沫状结构。结果表明姜黄素可以有效缓解即食海参在冷藏期体壁降解的速度。
通过游离羟脯氨酸和游离氨氮含量的变化可以分别反映出海参胶原蛋白和总蛋白的降解程度[30]。在冷藏过程中,姜黄素组与对照组即食海参的游离羟脯氨酸和游离氨氮含量都呈上升趋势。说明即食海参胶原蛋白在冷藏过程中发生了明显的降解,这可能是导致海参品质下降的主要原因。
图5A、B中即食海参在冷藏0 d时,姜黄素组游离羟脯氨酸和游离氨氮含量分别为20.42±0.98 μg/g、1.40±0.20 μmol/g,对照组游离羟脯氨酸和游离氨氮含量分别为18.93±1.58 μg/g、1.64±0.19 μmol/g,两组间无明显差异,说明姜黄素对热处理期间的海参体壁降解并无明显改善。
随着冷藏时间的延长,由于非酶凝胶降解,导致海参体壁逐渐被破坏分解,大量羟脯氨酸逐渐释放[31],羟脯氨酸中-OH基团会与氢结合,从而导致海参的品质的降低[32]。姜黄素组和对照组游离羟脯氨酸随着冷藏时间的增加而逐渐呈上升趋势。姜黄素组整体虽然也呈上升趋势,但相较对照组来说,上升速率缓慢。在冷藏40 d时,羟脯氨酸含量较0 d增加了22.92%,而对照组游离羟脯氨酸含量增加了93.13%,这可能是由于姜黄素丰富的酚羟基与海参胶原蛋白侧链氨基、羧基等活性基团结合,形成了更为稳定的复合结构,提高了海参体壁胶原蛋白的稳定性,导致胶原蛋白降解量减少[33]。
即食海参游离氨氮含量随冷藏时间延长而增加,这可能是海参在冷藏过程中体壁发生了降解,体壁蛋白质逐渐被破坏分解,部分氨基暴露,导致游离氨氮含量增加[31],姜黄素组与对照组相比,姜黄素组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。在冷藏30 d时姜黄素组游离氨氮含量为3.34±0.34 μmol/g,对照组游离氨氮含量为4.09±0.12 μmol/g,说明即食海参总蛋白经姜黄素处理后在一定时间内能够延缓海参体壁的降解。
可溶性蛋白含量变化是海参体壁降解的一个重要指标。通过图6发现姜黄素组即食海参在0 d可溶性蛋白含量为11.64±0.89 mg/g高于对照组可溶性蛋白含量8.58±0.47 mg/g,姜黄素组可溶性蛋白含量高于对照组的原因可能是多酚交联海参胶原蛋白后导致凝胶网络聚集,胶原纤维收缩,致使持水力下降,水分更易排出,水分含量下降,海参体壁经热处理后可溶性蛋白随水分一起析出[34]。在冷藏过程中,姜黄素组在冷藏20 d内可溶性蛋白含量无显著差异;在冷藏30 d显著增加(P<0.05),在冷藏40 d时,即食海参可溶性蛋白含量较第0 d增加了52.41%。对照组冷藏40 d内,可溶性蛋白含量逐渐增加,40 d时即食海参可溶性蛋白含量较0 d增加了106.99%;可溶性蛋白含量变化趋势与游离羟脯氨酸含量、游离氨氮含量以及质构特性结果相一致,进一步验证了即食海参经姜黄素处理后降解程度得到了明显改善,20 d内的减缓体壁降解效果较优。
SDS-PAGE电泳图可确定即食海参中蛋白质的相对分子质量大小和分布。如图7所示,对照组0 d蛋白相对分子质量主要聚集在245、135、35 kDa。即食海参经姜黄素处理后蛋白相对分子质量有显著提高,分别集中在245、135、100、48 kDa,这可能是由于姜黄素与即食海参蛋白质发生了共价作用。姜黄素组条带较对照组颜色更深,与可溶性蛋白含量结果一致。冷藏40 d时两组蛋白相对分子质量245、135 kDa条带消失,表明即食海参蛋白质发生降解,其中姜黄素组100 kDa条带较对照组更为明显且两组条带颜色无差别,与可溶性蛋白结果一致,表明姜黄素可以在一定时间内减缓蛋白降解的趋势。
红外光谱是一种可用于表征蛋白质二级结构变化的重要技术。通过分析蛋白二级结构的红外光谱条带,可以直观看到蛋白周围微环境变化以及基团的变化,判断是否形成新的化合物以及分子内、分子间的作用力类型[35]。蛋白质二级结构的变化主要包括酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带,获得的红外光谱图如图8所示,对照组即食海参蛋白酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带的振动带分别在1654.1 cm−1和1549.5 cm−1。经姜黄素处理后即食海参蛋白酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带的振动带分别在1657.6 cm−1和1549 cm−1。酰胺Ⅰ带是多肽骨架C=O基团拉伸振动,酰胺Ⅱ带是N-H基团与相邻α链氢键相互作用。由图可知,即食海参蛋白的构象发生变化,说明即食海参蛋白与姜黄素发生了非共价和共价相互作用。在冷藏40 d时,即食海参蛋白发生变性导致酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带发生偏移,经姜黄素组处理后的即食海参蛋白仍存在略微差异。
利用Omnic8.0软件对红外光谱图中酰胺Ι带进行基线校正,平滑,傅里叶自去卷积处理,利用Peakfit4.12软件对自去卷积后的图谱进行二阶求导后,光谱拟合[36],得到酰胺Ⅰ带(1700~1600 cm−1)的各个子峰,对峰进行归属,计算各个子峰的峰面积百分含量,确定二级结构含量所占百分比,如图9所示。
即食海参经姜黄素处理后蛋白质二级结构发生变化,β-折叠增加,无规则卷曲减少,α-螺旋减少,β-转角增加。α-螺旋降低,可能是蛋白与多酚相互作用后构象发生改变,结构松散,蛋白质分子内氢键减少;β-折叠增加,可能是胶原蛋白的酰胺氨基和多酚的羟基发生作用形成了氢键,分子间氢键增多,胶原蛋白分子伸展。β-转角的第二位氨基酸残基是脯氨酸,含量增加,胶原蛋白分子中的脯氨酸残基更容易暴露,增加了胶原蛋白分子与多酚结合的几率[37]。在冷藏40 d时姜黄素组与对照组蛋白质二级结构仍存在差异,表明姜黄素与即食海参蛋白仍有相互作用。
通过GC-MS在两组样品中共检测出137种挥发性物质,见附表1(详见本刊官网http://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版),包括醇类(24种)、烃类(20种)、酮类(18种)、酯类(18种)、杂环化合物(17种)、醛类(12种)、醚类(7种)、酚类(5种)、萜类(3种)、酸类(2种)、其他未分类(11种)。由表1可看出即食海参挥发性物质主要以醇类、烃类、酮类、酯类、杂环化合物、醛类为主,其相对含量分别为:醇类(18.30%)、烃类(14.91%)、酮类(12.82%)、酯类(12.74%)、杂环化合物(11.96%)、醛类(9.22%)。因醇类与醛类阈值低,所以二者对气味有极大影响。对照组醇类中正辛醇(蘑菇味、焦味)、1-甲氧基-2-丙醇(氨味)等具有独特味道的挥发性物质相对含量高于姜黄素组;姜黄素组醇类中2-丙基苯酚(烟熏味)相对含量高于对照组,且2-丙基苯酚具有抗菌及防腐功能,能在一定程度上增强即食海参抗菌及防腐功能。对照组醛类中5-甲基糠醛(杏仁味)、5-甲基-2-噻吩甲醛(硫磺味)、苯甲醛(苦味)等具有独特味道的挥发性物质相对含量高于姜黄素组。姜黄素组醛类中反-2-庚醛(杏仁味、蔬菜味)、2-癸烯醛(蘑菇味、玫瑰味)、2 -乙基丁醛(甜味、果味)、十二醛(柑橘味、百合香味)、正丁醛(草药味、辣味、果味)等具有独特味道的挥发性物质相对含量高于对照组。结果表明即食海参经姜黄素处理后醇类、醛类物质含量提高,具有令人愉快香气的挥发性物质含量提高且能增强即食海参抗菌、防腐功能,推测添加姜黄素可以改善即食海参风味。
酯类主要由脂质氧化生成[38],姜黄素组酯类相对含量为12.48%,低于对照组酯类相对含量12.74%,说明姜黄素的添加能够增强即食海参的抗氧化活性。酮类物质以果香气味为主,且大多数酮类阈值较低[39]。姜黄素组与对照组酮类挥发性物质相对含量基本相同,说明姜黄素的添加对即食海参果香气味并无显著影响。
姜黄素为典型的多酚类物质,即食海参经姜黄素处理后在冷藏40 d时,酚类相对含量高于对照组。其中香草醛、4-乙烯基愈创木酚相对含量较高。香草醛(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲醛)又名香兰素,是姜黄素合成的前体物质,是一种典型的香气物质[40],同时具有抗氧化性,清除自由基[41],可以在一定程度上改善即食海参风味和提高其抗氧化性,延缓即食海参在冷藏期间的降解速率。4-乙烯基愈创木酚的前体物质包括阿魏酸,阿魏酸是姜黄素在超声提取或氧化条件下的降解产物,可能是因为姜黄素发生了氧化以及降解生成了这种物质,它是一种具有挥发性,且有强烈香辛料气味的风味物质[42],也可以在一定程度上改善即食海参的风味。4-氯-2-甲氧基苯酚是一种具有抗菌活性的苯酚衍生物,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均有抑制作用。经姜黄素处理后的即食海参在40 d仍具有优于未处理即食海参的抗氧化性及抑菌活性。
通过挥发性物质结合FlavorDB数据库、Flavornet and human odor space数据库、ODdor6.1数据库等,绘制感官风味雷达图,如图10可以看出,经姜黄素处理后的即食海参在冷藏第40 d时感官风味与对照组存在较大差异。姜黄素组即食海参在辣味、香料味、苯酚味高于对照组,这可能是因为姜黄素自身辛辣味带来的影响。烟熏味、焦糖味、果味有明显提高,这可能会掩盖海参本身的土腥味、苦味等,改善即食海参的风味。这表明经姜黄素处理后风味会得到一定改善。
本实验探究了姜黄素处理即食海参后对其降解速率、蛋白结构及感官风味的影响,结果发现经姜黄素处理后,即食海参质构特性得到明显改善,硬度和咀嚼性显著提高,水分含量略有降低,但在冷藏期间有更好的保水性。随着冷藏时间的延长,姜黄素与即食海参体壁蛋白相互作用降低了体壁的游离羟脯氨酸、游离氨氮、可溶性蛋白等体壁降解指标的产生速率,微观结构显示海参体壁胶原纤维收缩,呈明显束状结构,SDS-PAGE显示即食海参经姜黄素处理后蛋白相对分子质量相对较大。即食海参蛋白二级结构因姜黄素与蛋白相互作用发生改变,姜黄素的添加能够提高即食海参挥发性物质中具有果香味、烟熏味等挥发性物质相对升高,辣味和焦糖味等风味含量提高,且能提高具有抑菌、抗氧化等功能的挥发性物质相对含量。即食海参经姜黄素处理后可以在一定时间内延缓即食海参体壁的降解速率,同时能够有效改善即食海参的感官风味。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040081
  • 接收时间:2025-04-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-09
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    1大连海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,辽宁大连 116023
    2辽宁省水产品分析检验及加工技术科技服务中心,辽宁大连 116023
    3辽宁省海洋健康食品工程研究中心,辽宁大连 116023

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祁艳霞(1982−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品蛋白质组学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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