Article(id=1320884283359736500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040181, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744646400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852953996, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852953996, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852953996, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852953996, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=470, endPage=477, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884283552674485, articleId=1320884283359736500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Progress on the Development of Intelligent Freshness-retaining Films for Aquatic Food Products, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aquatic food products are susceptible to spoilage caused by microorganisms and enzymes during distribution and storage because of their high moisture, protein, and unsaturated fatty acid content. To prolong the shelf-life of aquatic food products, development of intelligent preservation technologies and materials has become a key focus of research endeavors. In this review, recent advances in intelligent active packaging are summarized, with particular emphasis on the response mechanisms and applications of different smart packaging systems, including pH-responsive, temperature/humidity-responsive, enzyme-responsive, and light-responsive packaging, which operate under single-, dual-, or multi-stimulus conditions. In addition, the latest progress in novel packaging materials, such as Pickering emulsions and Janus films are discussed, with a focus on their applications in the encapsulation of active ingredients, targeted release, and multimodal monitoring. It has been demonstrated that these intelligent packaging technologies can extend the shelf life of aquatic food products by 30% to 40%, while enabling real-time monitoring of spoilage. However, these technologies still face certain technical bottlenecks and challenges, particularly in research, development, and commercial application. Future research endeavors should prioritize the modification of bio-based materials, biomimetic design, and the development of intelligent systems to facilitate the broader adoption of smart freshness-retaining films in aquatic food products and promote the transformation of supply chains toward greater efficiency, safety, and sustainability.

, authors=Yanyan WU1, 2, *, Yihong PU1, 3, Shaoling YANG1, 2, Hengheng WANG1, 4, authorsList=Yanyan WU, Yihong PU, Shaoling YANG, Hengheng WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanyan WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884283972104886, articleId=1320884283359736500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=水产品智能保鲜膜的研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水产品由于水分、蛋白质和不饱和脂肪酸等的含量高,在流通与储存过程中容易受到微生物和酶的影响,发生腐败变质。为延长水产品的保鲜期,开发水产品智能保鲜技术和保鲜材料成为研究热点。本文综述了智能活性包装的最新研究进展,重点综述了不同类型智能包装的响应机制及其应用,包括pH响应型、温湿度响应型、酶响应型和光响应型包装的单一刺激、双刺激和多刺激工作机制;新型包装材料如皮克林乳液和Janus膜等在活性成分包埋、定向释放以及多模态监测方面的最新研究进展。研究表明,这些智能包装技术能够显著延长水产品的货架期30%~40%,并实现实时腐败监控。然而,这些技术仍面临一些技术瓶颈和挑战,特别是在技术研发和应用方面。未来的研究方向应聚焦于生物基材料的改性、仿生设计、智能化系统的开发等,以促进水产品智能保鲜膜的广泛应用,并推动供应链向高效、安全、可持续方向转型。

, authors=吴燕燕1, 2, *, 蒲移虹1, 3, 杨少玲1, 2, 王恒恒1, 4, authorsList=吴燕燕, 蒲移虹, 杨少玲, 王恒恒, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴燕燕, authorNote=

吴燕燕(1969−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:水产品加工与质量安全控制,E-mail:

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吴燕燕(1969−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:水产品加工与质量安全控制,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=g5nOMglfxKVjifsaACp+kg==, magXml=JCMqSJBDt8cFOPIyTpmbwQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=8mlNoStP4HFeNBclc+7aIA==, pdfFileSize=662665, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=eCd4Gp+kOSY9Msv31J5vEA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320884284798382788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884283359736500, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wuyygd@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320884284911628999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884283359736500, authorId=1320884284798382788, language=EN, stringName=Yanyan WU, firstName=Yanyan, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
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Application of typical natural pH indicators in aquatic products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
天然pH
指示剂
产品颜色变化文献
花青素鲢鱼随着鱼贮藏时间的延长,指示剂从紫红色变为灰紫色,最后变为灰棕色[12]
罗非鱼红色→黄色[13]
草鱼鱼肉新鲜度等级为“新鲜”、“半新鲜”和“变质”状态时,薄膜分别呈紫色、灰色和
绿色
[14]
鱼当鱼变质时,薄膜的颜色从红色变为蓝色[15]
姜黄素虾薄膜在碱性条件下表现出强烈的红移 (即黄色到红色)[16]
鱼黄色→红色[17−18]
茜素鱼随pH增加,薄膜的颜色也相应变化[19−20]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884288032191204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884283359736500, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型天然pH指示剂在水产品中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
天然pH
指示剂
产品颜色变化文献
花青素鲢鱼随着鱼贮藏时间的延长,指示剂从紫红色变为灰紫色,最后变为灰棕色[12]
罗非鱼红色→黄色[13]
草鱼鱼肉新鲜度等级为“新鲜”、“半新鲜”和“变质”状态时,薄膜分别呈紫色、灰色和
绿色
[14]
鱼当鱼变质时,薄膜的颜色从红色变为蓝色[15]
姜黄素虾薄膜在碱性条件下表现出强烈的红移 (即黄色到红色)[16]
鱼黄色→红色[17−18]
茜素鱼随pH增加,薄膜的颜色也相应变化[19−20]
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水产品智能保鲜膜的研究进展
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吴燕燕 1, 2, * , 蒲移虹 1, 3 , 杨少玲 1, 2 , 王恒恒 1, 4
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(8): 470-477
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水产品智能保鲜膜的研究进展
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2三亚热带水产研究院,海南省深远海渔业资源高效利用与加工重点实验室,海南三亚 572018, bio={"content":"

吴燕燕(1969−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:水产品加工与质量安全控制,E-mail:

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吴燕燕(1969−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:水产品加工与质量安全控制,E-mail:

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吴燕燕1, 2, * , 蒲移虹1, 3, 杨少玲1, 2, 王恒恒1, 4
作者信息
  • 1中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所,农业农村部水产品加工重点实验室,广东广州 510300
  • 2三亚热带水产研究院,海南省深远海渔业资源高效利用与加工重点实验室,海南三亚 572018
  • 3中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,山东青岛 266100
  • 4上海海洋大学食品学院,上海 201306
通讯作者:
吴燕燕(1969−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:水产品加工与质量安全控制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

吴燕燕(1969−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:水产品加工与质量安全控制,E-mail:

Progress on the Development of Intelligent Freshness-retaining Films for Aquatic Food Products
Yanyan WU1, 2, * , Yihong PU1, 3, Shaoling YANG1, 2, Hengheng WANG1, 4
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
  • 3College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 4College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040181
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水产品由于水分、蛋白质和不饱和脂肪酸等的含量高,在流通与储存过程中容易受到微生物和酶的影响,发生腐败变质。为延长水产品的保鲜期,开发水产品智能保鲜技术和保鲜材料成为研究热点。本文综述了智能活性包装的最新研究进展,重点综述了不同类型智能包装的响应机制及其应用,包括pH响应型、温湿度响应型、酶响应型和光响应型包装的单一刺激、双刺激和多刺激工作机制;新型包装材料如皮克林乳液和Janus膜等在活性成分包埋、定向释放以及多模态监测方面的最新研究进展。研究表明,这些智能包装技术能够显著延长水产品的货架期30%~40%,并实现实时腐败监控。然而,这些技术仍面临一些技术瓶颈和挑战,特别是在技术研发和应用方面。未来的研究方向应聚焦于生物基材料的改性、仿生设计、智能化系统的开发等,以促进水产品智能保鲜膜的广泛应用,并推动供应链向高效、安全、可持续方向转型。

水产品  /  智能保鲜膜  /  活性包装  /  动态响应

Aquatic food products are susceptible to spoilage caused by microorganisms and enzymes during distribution and storage because of their high moisture, protein, and unsaturated fatty acid content. To prolong the shelf-life of aquatic food products, development of intelligent preservation technologies and materials has become a key focus of research endeavors. In this review, recent advances in intelligent active packaging are summarized, with particular emphasis on the response mechanisms and applications of different smart packaging systems, including pH-responsive, temperature/humidity-responsive, enzyme-responsive, and light-responsive packaging, which operate under single-, dual-, or multi-stimulus conditions. In addition, the latest progress in novel packaging materials, such as Pickering emulsions and Janus films are discussed, with a focus on their applications in the encapsulation of active ingredients, targeted release, and multimodal monitoring. It has been demonstrated that these intelligent packaging technologies can extend the shelf life of aquatic food products by 30% to 40%, while enabling real-time monitoring of spoilage. However, these technologies still face certain technical bottlenecks and challenges, particularly in research, development, and commercial application. Future research endeavors should prioritize the modification of bio-based materials, biomimetic design, and the development of intelligent systems to facilitate the broader adoption of smart freshness-retaining films in aquatic food products and promote the transformation of supply chains toward greater efficiency, safety, and sustainability.

aquatic products  /  intelligent fresh-keeping films  /  active packaging  /  dynamic response
吴燕燕, 蒲移虹, 杨少玲, 王恒恒. 水产品智能保鲜膜的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 470 -477 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040181
Yanyan WU, Yihong PU, Shaoling YANG, Hengheng WANG. Progress on the Development of Intelligent Freshness-retaining Films for Aquatic Food Products[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 470 -477 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040181
中国作为全球水产品资源最丰富的国家之一,据《2024年中国渔业统计年鉴》统计[1],2023年全国水产品总产量7116.17万吨,渔业经济总产值突破15957.35亿元,其产业规模对社会经济发展形成显著驱动效应。同时,随着现代生活品质的提高,水产品在人们的日常饮食中也变得越来越重要,水产品富含优质蛋白质、ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸、多种必需氨基酸和其他营养物质,已成为现代膳食结构的重要组成部分。然而,水产品由于水分含量高、蛋白质丰富、结缔组织含量低、内源性酶活性强、中性pH等特性导致了其在储存过程中极易发生品质劣化,引发安全风险,使食用价值和经济价值受损[2]。大量的鱼肉在供应链中被浪费,在鱼肉的贮藏和运输过程中开发有效的保鲜技术来延长水产品的新鲜度极其重要。现行的保鲜方法包括冷藏、冷冻、辐照杀菌、气调包装等在一定程度上延长了水产品的保质期,但也存在一些缺点。低温贮藏对水产品保质期的延长有限[3];冷冻易造成其蛋白质发生一系列的变化,如持水能力丧失、粘度降低和凝胶化能力降低[4−5],解冻后还面临着质地变软、汁液流失、风味变差,营养品质降低的问题[6];辐照易造成蛋白质变性、维生素损失,且公众接受度较低;超高压也会导致鱼肉质地发生变化;气调包装需要合适的气体和包装材料,成本高。
目前使用的食品包装材料主要使用石油衍生的聚合物(塑料)制造,它们具备优异的机械性、轻便型和低成本性,可保护食品免受各种环境暴露和污染,延长保质期[7]。但传统包装由于其不可再生性和不可降解性极易造成严重的生态问题,并还可能因为加工或贮藏不当造成微塑料进入人体内,对健康和安全构成潜在威胁[8−9]。针对上述问题,开发天然聚合物的功能性包装成为当前研究热点,来自动物、植物和微生物的一些天然可降解聚合物包括多糖、蛋白质、脂质及其衍生物比如壳聚糖(CS)、卡拉胶、明胶等物质逐渐被开发为可生物降解的活性包装材料,并通过添加抗菌物质、抗氧化剂和气体清除剂等活性成分,提高包材的功能特性[7]。智能活性包装能够响应存储微环境的变化而自我调整,是一种创新主动包装新技术。与传统包装相比,智能活性包装技术除了能保护食品,还能够与包装内的食品相互作用或响应食品周围环境变化,控释或缓释抗菌物质以保持或提高食品的新鲜度、质量和安全性[10]。根据响应条件可将活性包装分为pH响应型活性包装、湿度响应型活性包装、温度响应型活性包装、酶响应型活性包装以及光响应活性包装。
目前关于水产品新鲜度的监测研究主要集中在鱼类和甲壳类。pH响应型智能包装技术的核心原理在于材料对pH的动态感知与反馈机制,在不破坏包装情况下,实现对水产品新鲜度的监测[11],让消费者迅速区分新鲜和变质的水产品。当水产品因自身代谢或微生物作用引发微环境pH改变时(腐败过程中氨类物质积累导致pH升高),包装内材料能够通过分子构象转变或官能团质子化/去质子化等机制感知这一变化,触发双重响应:一方面通过显色体系实现腐败进程可视化监测,其颜色变化与特定pH阈值存在定量对应关系;另一方面通过智能控释系统定向释放多酚类、黄酮类等生物活性成分,协同发挥抗菌、抗氧化功能,形成动态防腐屏障。此外,该类材料凭借独特的网络结构赋予包装缓冲性能,可有效吸收运输过程中的机械应力,降低水产品物理损伤风险。合成染料如甲基红、溴百里酚蓝和二甲苯酚已常用于制备pH响应性薄膜,但大多数合成染料芳香环和官能团可能对人体健康有害。天然着色剂如姜黄素等天然色素(见表1)不仅安全,而且具有一定抗氧化和抗菌能力的功能特性,它强化了包装系统的功能集成度,是众多研究所考虑的首要对象。
pH响应机制的多功能活性包装技术由于其简单性、可调的响应范围以及应用潜力,近年来受到广泛关注[21]。以天然物质为基材的智能包装体系不仅能够实现食品新鲜度的监测,还具备抗菌保鲜功能,相关研究取得了突破性进展:Khan等[22]团队创新性地将铜金属有机框架与红甘蓝花青素结合,开发了具有协同作用的明胶/卡拉胶复合膜。该复合膜通过配位键和氢键的网络结构,形成了稳定的三维结构,使其具备了优秀的紫外线阻隔能力、抗氧化和抗菌活性。这种多功能设计为食品包装领域提供了广泛的应用前景,尤其在鲜虾包装中,通过膜色变化实现腐败过程的可视化监控。该复合膜的pH响应灵敏度在pH2~12范围内表现出显著的色阶变化,既可用于监控食品的新鲜度,还能为不同食品提供定制化的保护效果。结合了pH响应功能和抗菌性能,通过色度分析进行新鲜度预测:Xie等[23]基于季铵壳聚糖和黑果枸杞花青素的自组装策略,开发了一种具有双重功能的淀粉基复合膜,在pH范围2~12内可以实现可逆的粉红-绿色系变色,具有良好的抗菌性能,能使食品货架期延长16 h;通过色度分析构建了新鲜度预测模型,可通过智能手机及时监测了解产品新鲜度。Zhao等[24]采用生物合成技术,在细菌纤维素骨架中引入酰胺键和pH指示剂(芦荟大黄素),通过席夫碱反应与香兰素交联制备成多功能复合膜,应用于鲑鱼,可使鲑鱼在4 ℃贮藏期延长3 d;其作用机理就是pH指示剂(芦荟大黄素)通过颜色梯度变化反映TVB-N的含量情况,香兰素抑制脂质过氧化,通过两者协同增效,实现生物相容性和生物降解性。
通过上述“感知-响应-保护”三位一体机制,pH响应智能包装技术显著抑制了微生物增殖和脂质氧化进程,在维持水产品感官品质的同时将保质期延长30%以上。因此基于天然生物质的pH响应智能包装膜不仅具备优异的抗菌、抗氧化和紫外线阻隔性能,还展现出出色的生物相容性和生物降解性,为未来开发集功能性、可持续性和适应性于一体的多功能食品包装膜提供了新的视角。目前还存在一些技术瓶颈,如pH响应灵敏度与机械强度之间的平衡问题,以及复杂冷链环境下显色稳定性等,亟待在未来的研究中进一步优化。
湿度响应型智能包装是通过动态调控包装内部的湿度环境,精准释放功能分子,成为抑制腐败、延长货架期的有效策略。其核心机制在于利用湿度敏感材料(如多孔聚合物和功能涂层)的吸水或释水特性,平衡水分迁移。该技术兼顾品质保持与损耗控制,既能够抑制微生物滋生,又避免因水分流失或富集而导致的色泽和风味劣化。
当前,湿度响应型智能包装技术在食品保鲜领域特别是在水产品方面研究较多,不仅提供了一种创新的湿度响应型包装解决方案,还具备天然材料和功能性成分相结合的潜力,将在水产品的包装中发挥越来越重要的作用。Cheng等[25]通过静电纺丝设计了一种新型相对湿度(RH)响应性的聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖(PVA/CS)复合纳米纤维膜,负载了4-松油醇/β-环糊精包合物;该材料在98% RH条件下可触发4-松油醇的控释,表现出显著抗氧化活性(DPPH与ABTS+自由基清除率>85%)及抗菌性能,对腐臭链球菌(Clostridium putrefaciens)抑制率达65.78%±2.04%,可使南美白对虾在4 ℃下的保质期延长了2 d。Aytac等[26]开发了由纤维素纳米晶体、玉米醇溶蛋白与淀粉组成的复合纤维膜,该膜在高湿度(>90% RH)下释放百里香油与乳链菌肽,有效抑制大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)及烟曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)的生长。Jiao等[27]设计了一种湿度响应的纳米纤维薄膜,通过结合温度响应性协同有机框架材料的稳定性、温度响应性特性以及纳米纤维膜的结构优化,解决了百里香油在低温条件下过早释放的问题,并实现了温度控制的精准释放,延长了产品保质期。环糊精金属有机框架(CD-MOF)具有多孔结构和亲水性,Guo等[28]将超小型金纳米颗粒嵌入CD-MOF和疏水性聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)基质中,形成的湿气响应抗菌复合膜结合了CD-MOF的亲水性与PDMS的疏水性,湿度响应行为显著且在鱼肉中释放超小型金纳米颗粒,对革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌的抗菌效果明显,能够在不同温度下保持水分分散稳定性120 d。所以对于水产品这类易腐食品,湿度响应包装尤其具有显著优势,可以根据环境湿度自动调节释放活性物质,从而精准控制微生物的生长并延缓氧化反应,随着技术的不断进步和优化,预计这一技术将在食品安全和可持续发展方面发挥越来越重要的作用。
水产品一般在低温下储存,但运输、储存和零售过程中总会存在温度变化的情况,从而导致水产品品质劣变[29]。温度响应型包装材料的核心机制在于其所含的热敏聚合物或水凝胶在受热条件下发生分子构象转变或相变行为,可实现对抗菌剂或抗氧化剂释放动力学的精准调控,从而有效抑制微生物增殖并延缓氧化反应[30]。
在一定范围内,温度升高会促进水产品中微生物的快速繁殖,加速产品腐败。基于这一特性,可通过开发温度响应性水凝胶和纳米材料,实现对温度变化的实时感知,并有效调控抗菌剂、抗氧化剂等活性物质的释放,延缓水产品的腐败过程。Shen等[31]基于不对称单体交换法构建共价有机框架负载百里香酚,并将其嵌入聚己内酯纳米纤维薄膜,该薄膜在40 ℃以上表现出温度响应性释放特性,热稳定性好,适用于热带地区等高温环境下的食品保鲜。水凝胶优异的柔韧性和刺激响应性,很适宜应用在智能包装领域,但其在防伪识别和食品新鲜度监测方面仍存在功能单一、机械性能不足等不足。对此,Luo等[32]通过丙烯酸的原位聚合与明胶-铝离子交联,构建了一种兼具温度响应性与力学增强性能的双网络水凝胶体系,通过调控聚丙烯酸含量,实现了对其机械性能、抗疲劳性与抗撕裂性的优化;此外,体系中引入花青素作为pH响应指示剂,赋予其在4~25  ℃温度区间内根据微生物代谢产物引发的pH变化而发生可逆颜色变化的能力,可实现对三文鱼等水产品腐败进程的实时可视化监测。Douaki等[33]设计了一种基于聚碳酸丙烯酯的静电纺丝纤维材料,其内部嵌有聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺构成的温敏释放层,用于控释肉桂精油(CEO),在温度升高至40  ℃以上时,该材料中CEO的释放速率显著提升,达65%,自由基清除能力达95%,有效延缓了脂质氧化并抑制腐败菌的生长。
温度响应型材料的核心优势在于其可调控的温度触发机制,不仅能在食品存储和运输过程中提供实时监测,还能有效抑制微生物生长和脂质氧化,为食品安全提供保障。现有研究仍面临一些挑战,如材料的稳定性、长期使用的可行性以及多功能集成等问题。未来的研究可以从以下几个方面展开:a.提高材料的机械强度和耐用性,以适应更复杂的运输和储存环境;b.探索材料的多重响应性,例如同时响应温度和湿度变化,以增强其智能包装功能;c.优化抗菌和抗氧化剂的释放动力学,使其在不同储存条件下实现更加精准的控制。总的来说,温度响应型智能包装材料在提升水产品新鲜度、延长保质期方面具有巨大的应用潜力,是未来水产食品包装技术发展的重要方向之一。
水产品腐败早期主要由内源酶主导,其通过降解蛋白质与脂质成分引发质地软化、色变及有害代谢物(如甲醛、乳酸)积累,进而加速腐败。酶响应型活性包装通过靶向抑制关键内源酶活性,实现腐败动态调控。其作用机制主要是缓释酶抑制剂(如酚类化合物、植物提取物等),通过纳米载体技术延长作用时间,以及通过金属离子螯合或竞争性结合酶活性位点,使酶失活[34]。
溶菌酶能够通过水解细菌细胞壁中的糖苷键,抑制革兰氏阳性菌的生长,通过化学修饰或与CS联合使用,效果可得到显著增强。研究表明,使用CS-溶菌酶涂层处理的大黄鱼在冷藏过程中表现出良好的品质保持效果[35−36]。溶菌酶-乳清蛋白膜能有效抑制冷藏烟熏鲑鱼片中李斯特菌的生长[37−38]。胶原蛋白溶菌酶包衣也显著抑制了新鲜鲑鱼片在冷藏过程中的细菌生长[39]。酶响应活性包装还可通过多维度调控活性分子释放来延缓水产品品质劣变,Lin等[40]采用静电纺丝技术将羧甲基壳聚糖纳米颗粒负载于丝素蛋白(SF)纳米纤维中,制备的薄膜可通过pH和酶浓度的变化触发抗菌剂的释放,有效抑制微生物生长,延缓产品品质劣化。Dong等[41]研发了含有百里香酚的纳米材料,其在细菌作用下,通过降解酪蛋白壳和裂解介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒表面的二硫键,释放百里香酚,从而对抗细菌的侵害,利用这个材料能使鲑鱼保质期延长3 d。
酶响应型活性包装技术在水产品保鲜中具有潜力,尽管当前相关研究相对较少,但已有的成果为技术的进一步发展奠定了基础。随着天然植物提取物和纳米技术的发展,通过多种机制的结合,酶响应型包装有望为绿色环保的食品保鲜剂提供可行的替代方案,具有重要的产业应用前景。
光响应性活性包装是通过特定波段的光源(如紫外光、可见光或近红外光)触发包装材料释放活性成分或改变其特性,从而实现微生物抑制、延缓氧化和环境调控等功能。目前,光触发释放系统主要依赖三大技术路径:光致构象转变、光激活活性氧(ROS)生成和光热效应。这些创新性技术能够响应光信号,释放ROS或其他封装的功能分子,为智能包装系统开发提供了新的技术范式[28]。
Alizadeh等[42]采用浇铸法制备了明胶/κ-卡拉胶基光致变色双功能薄膜,通过引入TiO2-花青素复合体系实现了结构和功能协同强化。这种薄膜集成了结构强化和智能响应的双重特性:TiO2纳米颗粒不仅提高了薄膜的机械强度和阻隔性能,还通过光催化产生活性羟基自由基(·OH)和ROS,破坏鱼肉中微生物的细胞膜结构,对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的抑制率可高达92.3%,从而实现高效抗菌;而且该薄膜展现出良好的环境友好性,能在土壤中28 d内降解89%。这表明该技术不仅能有效提高水产品食品安全性,还具备可持续发展的特点。Marturano等[43]开发了非接触式光响应动态抑菌材料,通过等离子体活化改性技术构建了聚乙烯/聚乳酸基抗菌涂层系统,可高效负载含百里香精油纳米胶囊,紫外光触发15 min即可实现精油释放量达对照组的8倍,该体系对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的24 h抑菌率分别达到99.2%和97.8%。Yang等[44]构建了双模式指示薄膜体系,即通过β-环糊精包合甜菜苷与小檗碱AIE荧光探针,集成于玉米直链淀粉基质,在日光/紫外双通道下呈现显著色度响应。该材料用于包装虾,能准确判断虾类在−20 ℃至25 ℃的储存期间的新鲜度变化。
光响应型包装技术是当前研究热点,通过光控释放机制可同步实现抗菌、抗氧化、鲜度实时监测等多维功能。如TiO2光催化体系不仅能提升抗菌效率,还可与花青素等天然成分产生协同增效作用。但这些技术尚未有实际应用,未来研究还需进一步优化材料的稳定性、耐久性以及成本效益。
随着可持续和智能食品包装需求的增长,多刺激响应系统成为研究热点[26]。通过整合pH、温湿度、酶活性等多维信号感知模块,这些系统能够精准地调控活性成分的释放,显著提升食品保鲜效果。
通过整合二种信号(pH、湿度、光、酶、温度等)感知模块来提高保鲜效果,如酶和湿度响应的双刺激机制,可以在包装内有效释放抗菌剂,抑制食品中的微生物生长。Aytac等[26]构建纤维素纳米晶体-玉米醇溶蛋白-淀粉复合物的三重基质系统,在α-淀粉酶和高湿环境的协同作用下,显著提高抗菌剂的释放效率,释放率达到92.4%,有效抑制李斯特菌的生长,抗菌效果超过单一抗菌膜多个数量级。光和湿度的双刺激协同效应在活性包装中效果很明显,不仅提高了产品保鲜效果,还通过精准控制活性成分的释放,实现了产品质量的实时监控。Xu等[45]构建TiO2和壳聚糖的微胶囊体系,在紫外光照射下,TiO2能够产生羟基自由基并裂解微生物细胞壁,而高湿环境则促使微胶囊溶胀,开启双重释放通道。光和湿度协同作用显著提高了牛至精油的释放效率,延长了肉的货架期,将菌落总数降低了三个数量级。也有研究制备的保鲜膜是通过调控环境pH和明胶酶的双刺激作用来控释抑菌剂(柠檬烯或柠檬醛)[46−47],有望发展成为一种兼具长期抗菌效果与食品保鲜功能的新型包装材料。
通过整合三种以上信号(pH、湿度、光、酶、温度等)感知模块来提高保鲜效果。Li等[48]设计了具有三级响应特性的纳米复合水凝胶,通过温度诱导相变、pH响应溶胀及盐离子调控渗透压的三刺激协同,实现百里香酚的精准控释,通过与壳聚糖薄膜复合后,系统对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制率达到97.5%以上,并能够在多次环境变化的循环刺激下保持稳定的抗菌效果。
这些研究表明,通过集成多种响应机制,智能包装技术不仅增强了包装材料的稳定性和抗菌性能,还能够在复杂的环境条件下精确调控活性成分的释放,其在延长食品货架期、提高食品安全性和可持续性方面有巨大的应用潜力。
新型智能包装材料的系统集成涉及多种创新方式,其中Janus膜和皮克林乳液是当前较为突出且具有广泛应用前景的两种技术。Janus膜作为一种双功能材料,通过不同表面性质的集成,能够在同一材料上实现多种响应功能,广泛应用于智能包装中。而皮克林乳液则利用双重界面效应,通过乳化技术增强材料的性能,提供更好的活性成分释放控制和抑菌效果。这两种技术的集成不仅提升了包装材料的多功能性,也为食品保鲜提供了新的解决方案。
皮克林乳液(Pickering Emulsions,PEs)是一种由固体颗粒(如蛋白质、多糖或纳米材料)代替传统表面活性剂稳定的乳液体系,是固体颗粒吸附在油水界面,形成稳定的微胶囊结构[49−50]。这种结构能够高效包埋疏水性活性成分(如精油、抗氧化剂、抗菌剂等),防止其在加工或储存过程中挥发或降解,可显著提升智能包装膜的力学性能、阻隔性能及环境适应性,为多功能集成化包装设计提供技术支撑。
皮克林乳液技术在智能包装中的应用,不仅可控释活性成分,也能有效抑制腐败菌的生长,还能实时监测货架期。例如,在Xie等[51]的研究中,利用大豆分离蛋白与黄原胶复合物构建了茶树油皮克林乳液,该乳液通过破坏微生物细胞膜,显著抑制腐败菌的生长,其抗菌活性远超游离茶树油溶液,应用在红虾保鲜中,货架期延长了4 d。Wang等[52]开发了负载薰衣草精油皮克林乳液的明胶双功能智能包装膜,应用在虾类保鲜中,能对包装内pH和氨气浓度变化做出快速响应,实现虾类新鲜度的实时监测。Miao等[18]构建皮克林乳液-细菌纤维素-姜黄素多功能复合膜,该膜应用在巴沙鱼保鲜中,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌抑制率分别达到100%和99%,DPPH与ABTS+自由基清除率分别为27%和74%,抗菌性和抗氧化效果明显,同时还能通过膜色变化指示产品新鲜度;该膜在土壤中能在98 d内完全降解,是一种绿色智能包装材料。Wang等[53]开发了壳聚糖-二氧化钛-紫苏精油复合保鲜膜,Li等[54]开发的魔芋葡甘露聚糖/藻酸盐-肉桂精油皮克林乳液-茜素指示剂复合膜,都实现抗菌、抗氧化、实时监测海鲜的新鲜度,在智能包装中展现出较大潜力。
总之,皮克林乳液技术通过固体颗粒稳定机制,解决了传统乳液中表面活性剂的毒性隐患,实现了活性成分的高效负载与可控释放,与生物基材料(如明胶、纤维素)的结合,进一步推动了智能包装向功能集成化、环境友好化方向发展[55]。未来研究应着重解决乳液在不同环境下的稳定性问题,优化靶向控释机制以应对特定腐败标志物[56],开发低成本、可扩展的生产工艺,同时提升材料的生物降解性和环保性能。
Janus膜是一种基于非对称润湿性设计的智能包装材料,利用其疏水层与亲水层的协同作用,能够实现定向液体传输,其独特的界面润湿性梯度,能够防止包装系统中水产品因汁液渗透而导致的腐败,从而有效延长货架期[57−59],与智能活性包装集成后展现出高效防腐与实时监测的双重潜力。Jiao等[60]开发了一种Janus结构的抗菌智能吸水垫,通过疏水层阻隔汁液与食品表面的接触,而亲水层则迅速吸收渗出液,显著抑制细菌生长,在4 ℃冷藏条件下,鲜肉的货架期延长至7 d,同时通过花青素的新鲜度指示功能,直观地反映腐败风险。Wang等[17]通过将姜黄素与纤维素基质结合,开发的Janus复合膜具有高阻隔性和可降解性。
由此可见,Janus膜通过非对称润湿性设计,解决了传统包装中汁液浸润导致的微生物滋生问题,同时集成实时腐败指示功能,为水产品智能保鲜提供了创新解决方案,但目前还存在诸多挑战。首先是Janus膜的非对称润湿性依赖于疏水层与亲水层的精确结合,但长期与复杂食品成分(如蛋白质、脂肪)接触可能导致界面分层或润湿性退化,从而影响其稳定性。其次,现有的Janus膜对极端温湿度的耐受性较差,如在冻融循环或高湿度(>90% RH)环境下会表现出不稳定的性能。
综上所述,智能活性包装能够响应存储微环境的变化而调整,是一种创新的主动包装新方法,通过触发适当的抗菌与抗氧化物质释放或调控释放速率,智能包装可以有效应对水产品在储存过程中可能发生的微生物腐败和脂质氧化,实时监控鲜度和货架期,进一步确保水产品的质量和安全[61]。本文探讨了多种智能包装类型,如pH、温度、湿度、酶和光响应型包装材料的工作机制与应用成效。特别是皮克林乳液与Janus膜等新型材料的引入,实现了活性成分的高效包埋、定向传输以及非对称功能集成,推动水产品智能包装向多功能化、环境友好化方向发展。
水产品智能保鲜包装技术是当前水产食品研发热点,已有的研发初步显示出智能包装的优越性能,但在pH、湿度、光、酶、温度等单一响应型活性包装或多刺激协同活性包装及与新材料相结合方面还存在一些技术瓶颈。现有研究仍面临一些挑战,如材料的稳定性、长期使用的可行性以及多功能集成等问题。其在实际推广过程中也面临多重挑战:其一,纳米材料与可降解传感器的高成本制约了规模化应用;其二,极端温度、湿度环境下的性能稳定性不足,限制了复杂冷链场景的适配性;再次,多技术的协同(如传感器、物联网、数据分析)高度复杂,跨学科的深度融合仍需加强;此外,水产品种类繁多、形态多样,如何针对不同水产品开发精细化且具有普适性的智能包装膜,仍然是需要解决的关键问题。
未来研究应重点聚焦以下方向:a.加强生物基、可降解与响应灵敏材料的开发,推动智能包装向绿色化与可持续发展迈进;b.提高材料的机械强度和耐用性,以适应更复杂的运输和储存环境;c.集成多模态刺激响应、感知与反馈系统,提升包装在复杂贮运环境中的适应性与智能化水平;d.针对不同品类水产品原料和产品特点,研发精准智能保鲜膜等包装材料;e.加强传感器、物联网、大数据等多领域融合,构建数字化、可视化、信息化的智能保鲜系统。
总体而言,智能响应式活性包装是未来水产品保鲜技术发展的重要方向之一。随着技术的持续迭代与多学科的协同发展,智能包装将在提升食品质量与安全、减少食品浪费、降低环境负担等方面发挥关键作用,为水产食品供应链的高效、安全与绿色转型提供强有力的技术支持。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040181
  • 接收时间:2025-04-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-15
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    1中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所,农业农村部水产品加工重点实验室,广东广州 510300
    2三亚热带水产研究院,海南省深远海渔业资源高效利用与加工重点实验室,海南三亚 572018
    3中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,山东青岛 266100
    4上海海洋大学食品学院,上海 201306

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吴燕燕(1969−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:水产品加工与质量安全控制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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