Article(id=1320884272127394503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040073, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743955200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852951317, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852951317, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852951317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852951317, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=325, endPage=336, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884274044191432, articleId=1320884272127394503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Comparative Analysis of Microbial Composition and Quality of Low-temperature Daqu from Xiangyang and Fenyang Regions, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a crucial fermenting and saccharifying agent for Fen-flavor Baijiu, low-temperature Daqu provides abundant microorganisms, enzyme systems, and flavor precursor substances during the brewing process, influencing the liquor's style and yield. To investigate the quality differences of low-temperature Daqu from different regions, this study employed PacBio SMRT sequencing, electronic nose, electronic tongue, and physicochemical analysis to conduct a comprehensive analysis of low-temperature Daqu samples collected from Xiangyang and Fenyang City. Results revealed that there were significant differences in microbial community diversity and structure between the two regions (P<0.05). Specifically, species such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera were significantly enriched in the Xiangyang low-temperature Daqu samples (P<0.05), while species such as Bacillus licheniformis and Issatchenkia orientalis were significantly enriched in the Fenyang low-temperature Daqu samples (P<0.05). Xiangyang low-temperature Daqu was rich in aromatic compounds with a more prominent richness (P<0.05), while Fenyang low-temperature Daqu contained higher concentrations of alcohols and aldehydes/ketones, with more prominent sourness, bitterness, and astringency (P<0.05). Xiangyang low-temperature Daqu samples had significantly higher water activity, bound water content, liquefying power, acidity, ash content, and starch content (P<0.05), while Fenyang low-temperature Daqu samples had significantly higher Qu-skin hardness, Qu-core hardness, water content, immobilized water content, liquor-producing power, fermentation power, esterifying power, saccharification power, and protein content (P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between the dominant species in Daqu and sensory and physicochemical indicators. It could be seen that there were significant differences in microbial community structure and quality indicators between Fenyang and Xiangyang low-temperature Daqu. These findings provide empirical data support for improving the quality of Fen-flavor Baijiu.

, authors=Mengjun CUI1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Yurong WANG1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Qiangchuan HOU1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Zhongjun LIU3, 4, 5, Ji'an ZHONG3, 4, 5, Zhuang GUO1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *, authorsList=Mengjun CUI, Yurong WANG, Qiangchuan HOU, Zhongjun LIU, Ji'an ZHONG, Zhuang GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhuang GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884275990348505, articleId=1320884272127394503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=襄阳和汾阳地区低温大曲微生物组成与品质比较分析, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

作为清香型白酒关键的发酵剂和糖化剂,低温大曲在酿造过程中提供丰富的微生物、酶系以及风味物质前体,影响白酒的风格和产量。为探究不同地区低温大曲的品质差异,本研究采用PacBio SMRT测序、电子鼻、电子舌和理化分析,对采集自襄阳市和汾阳市的低温大曲样品进行了全面分析。结果表明,2个地区微生物群落多样性和结构之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。具体而言,植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)、扣囊复膜酵母(Saccharomycopsis fibuligera)等物种在襄阳低温大曲样品中显著富集(P<0.05),地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)、东方伊萨酵母(Issatchenkia orientalis)等物种在汾阳低温大曲样品中显著富集(P<0.05)。襄阳低温大曲芳香类物质含量丰富,鲜味更突出(P<0.05),汾阳低温大曲含有更高浓度的醇类和醛酮类物质,酸、苦和涩味更突出(P<0.05)。襄阳低温大曲样品的水分活度、结合水含量、液化力、酸度、灰分和淀粉含量显著偏高(P<0.05),汾阳低温大曲样品的曲皮硬度、曲心硬度、水分含量、不易流动水含量、酒化力、发酵力、酯化力、糖化力和蛋白质含量显著偏高(P<0.05)。大曲优势物种与感官和理化指标之间均具有显著的关联性。由此可见,汾阳和襄阳地区低温大曲之间微生物群落结构和品质指标之间存在显著差异,研究结果为提升清香型白酒的品质提供了数据支撑。

, authors=崔梦君1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 王玉荣1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 侯强川1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 刘忠军3, 4, 5, 钟吉安3, 4, 5, 郭壮1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *, authorsList=崔梦君, 王玉荣, 侯强川, 刘忠军, 钟吉安, 郭壮, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭壮, authorNote=

崔梦君(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
郭壮(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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3湖北省酿酒生物技术与应用企校联合创新中心,湖北襄阳 441053
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3Hubei Liquor Brewing Biotechnology and Application Enterprise-University Joint Innovation Center, Xiangyang 441053, China
4Xiangyang Liquor Brewing Biotechnology and Application Enterprise-University Joint Innovation Center, Xiangyang 441053, China
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2湖北文理学院湖北省食品配料工程技术研究中心,湖北襄阳 441053
3湖北省酿酒生物技术与应用企校联合创新中心,湖北襄阳 441053
4襄阳市酿酒生物技术与应用企校联合创新中心,湖北襄阳 441053
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4Xiangyang Liquor Brewing Biotechnology and Application Enterprise-University Joint Innovation Center, Xiangyang 441053, China
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4Xiangyang Liquor Brewing Biotechnology and Application Enterprise-University Joint Innovation Center, Xiangyang 441053, China
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3Hubei Liquor Brewing Biotechnology and Application Enterprise-University Joint Innovation Center, Xiangyang 441053, China
4Xiangyang Liquor Brewing Biotechnology and Application Enterprise-University Joint Innovation Center, Xiangyang 441053, China
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注:(A)Chao1指数和发现物种数分析;(B)基于加权UniFrac距离主坐标分析;(C)门水平群落结构分析;(D)种水平群落结构分析;(E)差异物种分析。(A)中细菌Chao1指数和发现物种数均在测序深度为6010条序列时进行计算,图中“*”表示P<0.05;(C)和(D)中列举的门/种为平均相对含量>1%的门/种,定义为优势细菌门/种,“Unclassified”为无法明确具体分类学地位的门/种,“Others”为除“Unclassified”外,平均相对含量<1%的门/种的平均相对含量总和,图3同。

, figureFileSmall=1TzQ+abOLeXQ+4Rkggy/QA==, figureFileBig=sburseXMuvWCNRGyc+w8hQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884280994153257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884272127394503, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Co-occurrence network analysis of bacterial communities in low-temperature Daqu from Xiangyang (A) and Fenyang (B) regions, figureFileSmall=9t1FzjwHRpu5mxnDWQUb3g==, figureFileBig=sHC/d7/Y0jTAYEkjeEhatw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884282650903338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884272127394503, language=CN, label=图2, caption=襄阳(A)和汾阳(B)地区低温大曲细菌群落共现性网络分析, figureFileSmall=9t1FzjwHRpu5mxnDWQUb3g==, figureFileBig=sHC/d7/Y0jTAYEkjeEhatw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884282726400811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884272127394503, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Analysis of fungal community diversity and structure in low-temperature Daqu samples from different regions, figureFileSmall=ByoQjSO4GNvhuq997xh1Dw==, figureFileBig=r06fWp0cqW+YTV4lhTH15A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884282797703980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884272127394503, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同地区低温大曲样品真菌群落多样性和结构分析

注:(A)香农指数和辛普森指数分析;(B)基于加权UniFrac距离主坐标分析;(C)门水平群落结构分析;(D)种水平群落结构分析;(E)差异物种分析。(A)中真菌香农指数和辛普森指数均在测序深度为8010条序列时进行计算,图中“***”表示P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=ByoQjSO4GNvhuq997xh1Dw==, figureFileBig=r06fWp0cqW+YTV4lhTH15A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884282860618541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884272127394503, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Co-occurrence network analysis of fungal communities in low-temperature Daqu from Xiangyang (A) and Fenyang (B) regions, figureFileSmall=jokHB/9JMst4RBzmhCVl5g==, figureFileBig=R4qvUt580pi1JUS6DQfCVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884282927727406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884272127394503, language=CN, label=图4, caption=襄阳(A)和汾阳(B)地区低温大曲真菌群落共现性网络分析, figureFileSmall=jokHB/9JMst4RBzmhCVl5g==, figureFileBig=R4qvUt580pi1JUS6DQfCVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884282994836271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884272127394503, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Analysis of flavor and taste quality of low-temperature Daqu from different regions, figureFileSmall=PQDAGHcWD5Vz1NSmeQVcxw==, figureFileBig=RIdVycHW5zZQeDHU3pgKHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884283066139440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884272127394503, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同地区低温大曲风味和滋味品质分析

注:(A)电子鼻传感器平均相对强度分析;(B)风味品质UPGMA聚类分析;(C)风味品质OPLS-DA分析;(D)电子舌传感器平均相对强度分析;(E)滋味品质UPGMA聚类分析;(F)滋味品质OPLS-DA分析。(A)和(D)中,“NS”表示P>0.05,“*”表示P<0.05,“**”表示P<0.01,“***”表示P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=PQDAGHcWD5Vz1NSmeQVcxw==, figureFileBig=RIdVycHW5zZQeDHU3pgKHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884283124859697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884272127394503, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Correlation analysis between sensory quality indicators and microbial flora of low-temperature Daqu, figureFileSmall=fAYTGXdgVuoccfzKMV88ww==, figureFileBig=SsZjgy2djtOVdkestMPOrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884283187774258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884272127394503, language=CN, label=图6, caption=低温大曲感官品质指标与菌群相关性分析

注:(A)感官品质指标与细菌优势种的普氏分析;(B)感官品质指标与真菌优势种的普氏分析;(C)感官品质指标与细菌优势种的相关性热图;(D)感官品质指标与真菌优势种的相关性热图。图(C)和(D)中,“*”表示P<0.05,“**”表示P<0.01,“***”表示P<0.001。

, figureFileSmall=fAYTGXdgVuoccfzKMV88ww==, figureFileBig=SsZjgy2djtOVdkestMPOrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884283246494515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884272127394503, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Analysis of physical and chemical indicators of low-temperature Daqu in different regions, figureFileSmall=+WoWtrQtaM5kaNxU6S8hEw==, figureFileBig=XjMUfcOCB6z1XmN37b+yMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884283305214772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884272127394503, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同地区低温大曲理化指标分析

注:(A)理化指标柱形图,图中“NS”表示P>0.05,“*”表示P<0.05,“**”表示P<0.01,“***”表示P<0.001;(B)理化指标PCA分析。

, figureFileSmall=+WoWtrQtaM5kaNxU6S8hEw==, figureFileBig=XjMUfcOCB6z1XmN37b+yMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884283372323637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884272127394503, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Correlation analysis between physicochemical indicators and dominant microbial flora of low-temperature Daqu, figureFileSmall=9l7x990pT++Dm6fNgzbmpA==, figureFileBig=GmTDWPKzB4d3VdAwakVKqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884283452015414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884272127394503, language=CN, label=图8, caption=低温大曲理化指标与优势微生物菌群相关性分析

注:(A)细菌和真菌优势种与差异理化指标Mantel test分析;(B)细菌优势种与差异理化指标相关性热图;(C)真菌优势种与差异理化指标相关性热图。(B)和(C)中,“*”表示P<0.05,“**”表示P<0.01,“***”表示P<0.001。

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襄阳和汾阳地区低温大曲微生物组成与品质比较分析
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崔梦君 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 王玉荣 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 侯强川 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 刘忠军 3, 4, 5 , 钟吉安 3, 4, 5 , 郭壮 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(7): 325-336
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (7) : 325 -336
襄阳和汾阳地区低温大曲微生物组成与品质比较分析
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崔梦君1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 王玉荣1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 侯强川1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 刘忠军3, 4, 5, 钟吉安3, 4, 5, 郭壮1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1湖北文理学院酿酒技术产业学院,湖北襄阳 441053
  • 2湖北文理学院湖北省食品配料工程技术研究中心,湖北襄阳 441053
  • 3湖北省酿酒生物技术与应用企校联合创新中心,湖北襄阳 441053
  • 4襄阳市酿酒生物技术与应用企校联合创新中心,湖北襄阳 441053
  • 5清香型白酒生物技术襄阳市重点实验室,湖北襄阳 441053
通讯作者:
郭壮(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

崔梦君(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

Comparative Analysis of Microbial Composition and Quality of Low-temperature Daqu from Xiangyang and Fenyang Regions
Mengjun CUI1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Yurong WANG1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Qiangchuan HOU1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Zhongjun LIU3, 4, 5, Ji'an ZHONG3, 4, 5, Zhuang GUO1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1Brewing Technology Industrial College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
  • 2Hubei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Ingredients, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
  • 3Hubei Liquor Brewing Biotechnology and Application Enterprise-University Joint Innovation Center, Xiangyang 441053, China
  • 4Xiangyang Liquor Brewing Biotechnology and Application Enterprise-University Joint Innovation Center, Xiangyang 441053, China
  • 5Xiangyang Fen-flavor Baijiu Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Xiangyang 441053, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040073
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作为清香型白酒关键的发酵剂和糖化剂,低温大曲在酿造过程中提供丰富的微生物、酶系以及风味物质前体,影响白酒的风格和产量。为探究不同地区低温大曲的品质差异,本研究采用PacBio SMRT测序、电子鼻、电子舌和理化分析,对采集自襄阳市和汾阳市的低温大曲样品进行了全面分析。结果表明,2个地区微生物群落多样性和结构之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。具体而言,植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)、扣囊复膜酵母(Saccharomycopsis fibuligera)等物种在襄阳低温大曲样品中显著富集(P<0.05),地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)、东方伊萨酵母(Issatchenkia orientalis)等物种在汾阳低温大曲样品中显著富集(P<0.05)。襄阳低温大曲芳香类物质含量丰富,鲜味更突出(P<0.05),汾阳低温大曲含有更高浓度的醇类和醛酮类物质,酸、苦和涩味更突出(P<0.05)。襄阳低温大曲样品的水分活度、结合水含量、液化力、酸度、灰分和淀粉含量显著偏高(P<0.05),汾阳低温大曲样品的曲皮硬度、曲心硬度、水分含量、不易流动水含量、酒化力、发酵力、酯化力、糖化力和蛋白质含量显著偏高(P<0.05)。大曲优势物种与感官和理化指标之间均具有显著的关联性。由此可见,汾阳和襄阳地区低温大曲之间微生物群落结构和品质指标之间存在显著差异,研究结果为提升清香型白酒的品质提供了数据支撑。

低温大曲  /  微生物群落  /  电子鼻  /  电子舌  /  理化特性  /  相关性分析

As a crucial fermenting and saccharifying agent for Fen-flavor Baijiu, low-temperature Daqu provides abundant microorganisms, enzyme systems, and flavor precursor substances during the brewing process, influencing the liquor's style and yield. To investigate the quality differences of low-temperature Daqu from different regions, this study employed PacBio SMRT sequencing, electronic nose, electronic tongue, and physicochemical analysis to conduct a comprehensive analysis of low-temperature Daqu samples collected from Xiangyang and Fenyang City. Results revealed that there were significant differences in microbial community diversity and structure between the two regions (P<0.05). Specifically, species such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera were significantly enriched in the Xiangyang low-temperature Daqu samples (P<0.05), while species such as Bacillus licheniformis and Issatchenkia orientalis were significantly enriched in the Fenyang low-temperature Daqu samples (P<0.05). Xiangyang low-temperature Daqu was rich in aromatic compounds with a more prominent richness (P<0.05), while Fenyang low-temperature Daqu contained higher concentrations of alcohols and aldehydes/ketones, with more prominent sourness, bitterness, and astringency (P<0.05). Xiangyang low-temperature Daqu samples had significantly higher water activity, bound water content, liquefying power, acidity, ash content, and starch content (P<0.05), while Fenyang low-temperature Daqu samples had significantly higher Qu-skin hardness, Qu-core hardness, water content, immobilized water content, liquor-producing power, fermentation power, esterifying power, saccharification power, and protein content (P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between the dominant species in Daqu and sensory and physicochemical indicators. It could be seen that there were significant differences in microbial community structure and quality indicators between Fenyang and Xiangyang low-temperature Daqu. These findings provide empirical data support for improving the quality of Fen-flavor Baijiu.

low-temperature Daqu  /  microbial community  /  electronic nose  /  electronic tongue  /  physicochemical properties  /  correlation analysis
崔梦君, 王玉荣, 侯强川, 刘忠军, 钟吉安, 郭壮. 襄阳和汾阳地区低温大曲微生物组成与品质比较分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 325 -336 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040073
Mengjun CUI, Yurong WANG, Qiangchuan HOU, Zhongjun LIU, Ji'an ZHONG, Zhuang GUO. Comparative Analysis of Microbial Composition and Quality of Low-temperature Daqu from Xiangyang and Fenyang Regions[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 325 -336 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040073
作为清香型白酒传统酿造技艺的核心载体,低温大曲的品质是塑造清香型白酒风味特征和整体品质的关键因素[1]。低温大曲以小麦和豌豆为原料,经原料粉碎、加水搅拌、制曲成型、入房发酵、出房贮存等一系列工序制成[2]。其中入房发酵又被细分为上霉(自然接种)、晾霉(定型脱水)、潮火(菌群增殖)、后火(降温排湿)和养曲(水分蒸发)这五个关键阶段[3]。由于采用了开放式固态发酵工艺,低温大曲的品质显著受环境因子的影响。Yu等[4]研究发现,湖北和山西低温大曲分别具有更高的真菌和细菌群落多样性和丰富度,同时芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和酵母属(Saccharomyces)在采集自山西地区的低温大曲中富集,嗜热子囊菌属(Thermoascus)在采集自湖北地区的低温大曲中富集。Zhang等[5]对采集自太原和随州地区的低温大曲研究发现,随州低温大曲的淀粉含量和氨基酸氮水平极显著偏高(P<0.001),太原低温大曲的发酵力、酯化力和液化力显著偏高(P<0.05)。由此可见,地域因素对大曲中微生物群落结构和代谢活动具有显著影响。
在过去的几十年里,传统的微生物纯培养技术一直是分离大曲中可培养微生物的主流方法[6]。然而,随着环化共有序列测序(circular consensus sequencing,CCS)的快速发展,PacBio单分子实时(single molecule real-time,SMRT)测序技术被广泛应用。该技术通过创新地提出一种将唯一分子标识符与PacBio SMRT测序技术相结合的新方法,显著增强了结果的可靠性。同时,通过应用完整的内部转录间隔区(ITS)条形码和侧翼rRNA小亚基基因,PacBio SMRT可以在种水平上进行鉴定,提高了分类学鉴定精度[7]。因此,相较于传统方法,PacBio SMRT测序技术更适合阐明大曲的微生物群落结构。传统上,大曲的感官品质主要是根据人工的感官进行评价的,具有一定的主观性,并不能全面地反映大曲的感官品质。作为现代仿生学设备,电子鼻和电子舌技术因其可重复性好、操作简单、耗时短等优点[8],被广泛应用于食品风味和滋味的检测中。例如侯强川等[9]采用电子鼻和电子舌技术对不同发酵时间中高温大曲的品质进行评价发现,随着发酵时间的延长,中高温大曲的有机硫化物、萜烯类物质的含量和涩味呈现降低的趋势,而咸味呈现上升的趋势。由此可见,运用电子鼻和电子舌技术对大曲风味和滋味指标进行解析具有可行性。
根据酿造工艺及风味的差异,大曲清香被细分为北派大曲清香和南派大曲清香两大流派[10]。“曲为酒之骨”,大曲本身的差异成为了塑造南派与北派清香型白酒独特风味特征和整体品质的关键因素。因此,对南北地区低温大曲微生物及品质差异的解析对清香型白酒品质的提升具有重要意义。此前,已有研究对不同地区低温大曲的品质进行了系统性探究,但针对汾阳和襄阳这两个具有代表性的清香型白酒产区所制作的低温大曲,在微生物组成、理化指标以及感官特性等方面差异的报道相对较少,亟待进一步深入研究以填补这一空白。基于此,本研究首先采用PacBio SMRT测序技术对微生物群落结构进行分析,旨在识别2个地区低温大曲样品间存在显著差异的物种。其次,采用电子鼻、电子舌等现代感官分析技术以及常规理化分析方法,从多个维度揭示不同地区低温大曲样品在品质上的差异。最后,结合菌群与品质指标的相关性分析,对造成这些品质差异的潜在原因进行分析。本研究通过综合分析不同地区低温大曲的微生物群落结构、感官特性和理化性质之间的差异,以期探究清香型白酒不同产区品质差异的内在原因,并为优化酿造工艺、提升白酒品质提供科学依据和数据支撑。
大曲样品 于2024年12月分别从位于湖北省襄阳市(110°45'~113°06' E,31°13'~32°37' N)和山西省汾阳市(111°26'~112°00' E,37°08'~37°29' N)的2家专门生产清香型白酒的酒厂获得。每家酒厂提供的样品均为完整的曲块,且这些曲块均为各酒厂使用相同的原料和工艺自主发酵制成,确保了样品的原生性。为了获得足够的数据重复性和代表性,大曲样品的采集采取了严格的随机化方法:在每个酒厂的单个大曲贮藏室内,分别从顶部、中间和底部随机抽取样品,分别标记为XY1~10(湖北省襄阳市)和LL1~9(山西省汾阳市);TGuide S96 磁珠法土壤/粪便基因组DNA提取试剂盒 天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;氢氧化钠、硫酸铜、酒石酸钾钠、可溶性淀粉、葡萄糖、碘、碘化钾、甲醛(均为分析纯) 国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
Veriti96-Well梯度基因扩增仪 美国Applied Biosystems公司;164-5050基础电泳仪 美国Bio-Rad公司;PEN3电子鼻 德国Airsense公司;SA402B电子舌 日本INSENT公司;TA.XT Plus物性测试仪 英国Stable Micro System公司;NMI20-025V-I型核磁共振成像分析仪 上海纽迈电子科技有限公司;AW-1水分活度仪 无锡碧波电子设备厂;K1100凯氏定氮仪 海能未来技术集团股份有限公司。
大曲样品使用小型粉碎机进行破碎处理,充分混匀后过40目筛进行筛分。每个样品被划分为3个部分,一份储存于−20 ℃冰箱用于电子鼻、电子舌和理化指标的检测,一份储存于−40 ℃冰箱用于PacBio SMRT测序,一份保存于−40 ℃进行留样。
根据Lu等[11]描述的方法从19份低温大曲样品中提取DNA,通过2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳测定DNA质量。分别使用16S全长引物对16S-F(5'-AGRGTTTGATYNTGGCTCAG-3')与16S-R(5'-TASGGHTACCTTGTTASGACTT-3')和ITS全长引物对ITS1F(5'-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3')与ITS4(5'-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3')对16S和ITS进行聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR),正向和反向引物的尾部均添加了样本特异的PacBio条形码序列,以实现多重测序。16S全长反应程序为:95 ℃ 2 min;98 ℃ 10 s,55 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 90 s,共25个循环;72 ℃ 2 min;4 ℃保存。ITS全长反应程序为:95 ℃ 5 min;95 ℃ 30 s,55 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 45 s,共8个循环;95 ℃ 30 s,60 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 45 s,共24个循环;72 ℃ 5 min;4 ℃保存。对通过1.8%琼脂糖凝胶电泳测定的PCR产物进行混样,随后使用SMRTbell Express Template Prep Kit制备SMRTbell文库,最终将通过AMpure PB Beads纯化后的产物进行PacBio SMRT测序。
根据Hou等[12]描述的方法,基于QIIME(Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology)平台进行测序数据质量控制及生物信息学分析,具体操作为:a.组装测序读取物、去除引物和条形码序列,从而获得每个样品的原始数据;b.使用UCHIME算法检测和去除嵌合体序列;c.使用USEARCH基于97%相似度划分操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units,OTU);d.根据SILVA细菌数据库(http://www.arb-silva.de)和UNITE真菌数据库(https://unite.ut.ee)对OTU代表性序列进行分类和识别,置信阈值为80%,从而获得样品在界、门、纲、目、科、属、种水平上的物种丰度表;e.采用“vegan”包(https://github.com/vegandevs/vegan)计算香农指数、辛普森指数、Chao1指数和发现物种数,以评估微生物群落α多样性;f.采用“ade4”包(https://github.com/adeverse/ade4)基于Binary-Jacard距离和Bray-Curtis距离进行主成分坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis,PCoA),以评估微生物群落β多样性;g.使用Kruskal-Wallis检验(P<0.05),在LDA≥4.0的条件下进行线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis effect size,LEfSe),以评估微生物群落结构的差异性。
通过电子鼻系统分析采集自不同地区的低温大曲样品的挥发性化合物指纹,该系统包含10个不同的气体传感器,具体为W1C(对芳香类物质敏感)、W5S(对氮氧化物敏感)、W3C(对芳香类物质敏感)、W6S(对氢化物敏感)、W5C(对芳香类物质敏感)、W1S(对甲基类物质敏感)、W1W(对无机硫化物敏感)、W2S(对醇类、醛酮类物质敏感)、W2W(对有机硫化物敏感)和W3S(对长链烷烃敏感)。参考Zhang等[13]描述的方法完善后进行检测,具体为将2 g大曲粉末样品置于20 mL顶空瓶中,60 ℃预热10 min后进行测定,每个样品测试持续时间为60 s,测定3次平行。
通过电子舌系统分析采集自不同地区的低温大曲样品的滋味品质,该系统包含酸、苦、涩、咸和鲜5个传感器和2个参比电极。参考Cai等[14]描述的方法进行前处理和检测,取40 g大曲粉末,加入160 mL去离子水,均质后静置30 min,随后1000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液进行滋味指标的测定,每个样品测定4次平行。
参考Cui等[15]描述的方法,在大曲样品未进行粉碎处理前,使用物性测试仪的P2N探头进行穿刺实验,测前、测中和测后速度均为1.5 mm/s,探头下压2.5 cm,以最大压力的值为曲皮硬度,8~14 s力的平均值为曲心硬度;使用核磁共振成像分析仪的CPMG序列进行结合水、自由水和不易流动水含量的测定,重复采样等待时间(TW)为2500 ms;按照水分活度仪说明书约束的方法测定水分活度;按照中国轻工业行业推荐性标准QB/T 4257-2011中的方法测定水分含量、糖化力、液化力、酯化力、发酵力、酒化力、酸度、氨基酸态氮、灰分和淀粉含量;按照国家标准GB 5009.5-2016中的方法,使用凯氏定氮仪测定蛋白质含量。
使用Past3软件,采用Mann-Whitney检验计算不同分组各指标之间的差异;使用Prism软件,绘制α多样性指数和理化指标柱形图;使用Gephi绘制细菌和真菌共现性网络模型;采用“vegan”包进行感官指标和菌群之间的普氏分析;采用“ggplot2”包(https://github.com/tidyverse/ggplot2)绘制堆积柱形图、感官指标与菌群相关性热图、Mantel test热图和理化指标与菌群环形热图。
采集自襄阳和汾阳地区的19个低温大曲样品经PacBio SMRT测序、质量过滤和嵌合体去除后共检测出175456条细菌序列,被划分为1993个OTU,不同地区低温大曲样品多样性分析结果和群落结构如图1所示。
α多样性指数主要用于评估微生物群落的丰富度和多样性,β多样性分析则反映了不同分组之间微生物群落结构的差异程度。由图1(A)可知,襄阳低温大曲样品细菌群落的Chao1指数和发现物种数分别为873和399,显著高于汾阳样品的614和309(P<0.05),表明襄阳低温大曲样品具有更高的细菌丰富度。由图1(B)可知,在OTU水平上,同时考虑物种有无和物种丰度的变化,襄阳和汾阳低温大曲样品细菌菌群结构存在显著差异(P<0.05)。由此可见,地域因素的差别对低温大曲细菌群落结构存在显著影响。
对OTU进行注释发现,1993个细菌OTU被鉴定为15个门、27个纲、53个目、99个科、214个属和395个种。由图1(C)可知,在门水平上,采集自襄阳和汾阳地区的低温大曲样品细菌群落组成相似,均以厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为主,平均相对含量分别为71.53%和72.20%,其次是变形菌门(Proteobacteria),平均相对含量分别为22.79%和26.26%。在此基础上,襄阳低温大曲样品优势细菌门还包含了放线菌门(Actinobacteria),其平均相对含量为5.27%。由图1(D)可知,在种水平上,采集自襄阳地区的低温大曲样品中优势细菌属种共计15个,平均相对含量靠前的4个细菌种分别为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)、植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)、食窦魏斯氏菌(Weissella cibaria)和短乳杆菌(Levilactobacillus brevis),其平均相对含量分别为31.40%、11.49%、6.17%和4.14%。采集自汾阳地区的低温大曲样品中优势细菌属种共计12个,平均相对含量靠前的4个细菌种分别为Bacillus licheniformis、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、旧金山果实乳杆菌(Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis)和刺状鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas echinoides),其平均相对含量分别为46.79%、3.89%、3.15%和2.66%。Bacillus licheniformis是一种革兰氏阳性、产芽孢的细菌,其最佳生长条件为30~55 ℃,广泛分布于各种发酵食品中[16−17]。几十年来,Bacillus licheniformis一直被用于工业酶制剂生产,包括蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶、青霉素酶、戊聚糖酶等,具有很高的生物技术应用价值[18]。作为大曲中的优势菌种,Bacillus licheniformis被确定为潜在的关键风味生成菌株。Yan等[19]发现该菌株可以产生70多种代谢物,其中大部分为对发酵产品香气至关重要的风味化合物及其前体物质。Tang等[20]将从大曲中分离的Bacillus licheniformis J-41和Bacillus licheniformis J-49接种至泸州老窖大曲后发现,实验组吡嗪含量平均增加了3.17倍和9.95倍。Lü等[21]研究发现,接种Bacillus licheniformis QBL-1的强化大曲中乙醇、乙酸和乳酸含量显著增加。作为清香型白酒的关键风味化合物,乙酸乙酯在主酯类中占据核心地位[22],这进一步凸显了Bacillus licheniformis对提升清香型白酒品质的重要意义。在本研究中,襄阳和汾阳低温大曲样品均以Bacillus licheniformis为最优势细菌种,但汾阳样品中该菌相对丰度(46.79%)显著高于襄阳样品(31.40%),基于此本研究推测汾阳地区低温大曲的酸度和芳香类物质含量可能更高。此外,汾阳低温大曲细菌群落中存在一定比例的未鉴定到物种,平均相对含量为11.18%,表明其样本中可能含有更多未被发现的新物种。
由图1(E)可知,进一步经LEfSe分析发现,当LDA≥4.0时,2个地区低温大曲间平均相对含量呈现显著差异的物种共有28个。在种水平上,采集自襄阳地区的低温大曲样品中Lactiplantibacillus plantarum、Weissella cibaria、Levilactobacillus brevis、直杆糖多孢菌(Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula)、类消化伴生乳杆菌(Companilactobacillus paralimentarius)和Dorea formicigenerans的平均相对含量显著偏高(P<0.05),平均相对含量分别为11.49%、6.17%、4.14%、2.93%、2.68%和0.013%,其在汾阳低温大曲样品中平均相对含量分别为0.79%、0.32%、0.047%、0.018%、0.062%和0.0041%。采集自汾阳地区的低温大曲样品中Bacillus licheniformis、Bacillus subtilis、Fructilacillus sanfranciscensis和陪伴粪球菌(Coprococcus comes)的平均相对含量显著偏高(P<0.05),平均相对含量分别为46.79%、3.89%、3.15%和0.024%,其在襄阳低温大曲样品中平均相对含量分别为31.40%、0.087%、0.026%和0.0011%。
作为一种广泛使用的生物学分析方法,共现性网络分析通过构建物种-物种关联网络,可直观揭示物种群落的稳定性。因此,本研究进一步参考万凌琳等[23]的描述,基于细菌种水平构建了共现性网络图,结果如图2所示。
由图2(A)可知,襄阳低温大曲样品细菌共现性网络模型中,共有263个节点,1756条边,正相关占比77.16%,负相关占比22.84%。由图2(B)可知,汾阳低温大曲样品细菌共现性网络模型中,共有214个节点,1484条边,正相关占比75.88%,负相关占比24.12%。在共现性网络中,节点是网络的基本构成单元,一个节点表示一个物种,而节点之间的连接线则被称为边,直观展示物种之间的相关性,正相关性表示共生关系,负相关性表示互斥关系。作为共现性网络分析的重要指标之一,平均聚类系数用来反映节点之间的紧密程度[24]。相较而言,襄阳低温大曲样品细菌共现性网络的节点数、边数、平均聚类系数、正相关比例均大于汾阳低温大曲样品细菌共现性网络,这一结构特征不仅表明襄阳低温大曲样品的细菌群落具有更高的生物多样性,还反映出其细菌物种间共享程度更高,种间互作关系的传递效率得到显著提升,为底物代谢与转化提供了更为高效的协同机制[25]。据报道,生物共现网络的拓扑结构越复杂,其生态系统的稳定性越高,因此,可以推断襄阳低温大曲样品的生态系统具有更强的稳定性,在面对环境变化时会展现出更强的抗干扰能力[23]。进一步对比两地区的环境条件发现,这种网络复杂程度的差异可能与两地的环境条件相关。襄阳地区属于典型的亚热带季风气候,冬季温暖,夏季炎热,降水量充沛[26],为微生物的生长与繁殖提供了适宜的条件,进而增强了群落的复杂程度,提升了群落对环境变化的响应速率,最终形成了更为稳定的共生网络[27]。
采集自襄阳和汾阳地区的19个低温大曲样品经PacBio SMRT测序、质量过滤和嵌合体去除后共检测出269517条真菌序列,被划分为352个OTU,不同地区低温大曲样品多样性分析结果和群落结构如图3所示。
由图3(A)可知,襄阳低温大曲样品真菌群落的香农指数和辛普森指数分别为1.52和0.38,极显著低于汾阳样品的2.57和0.71(P<0.001),表明汾阳低温大曲样品具有更高的真菌群落多样性。此外,结合细菌α多样性指数分析可知,无论是襄阳还是汾阳地区的低温大曲,细菌群落多样性均高于真菌群落。这一发现与Zhang等[28]的研究一致,其研究显示低温大曲样品的宏基因组测序数据中细菌占比高达88.40%,而真菌仅占11.52%。基于此本研究推测,这可能是因为在低温大曲的制作过程中,随着发酵的进行,曲块会被压缩,硬度逐渐增大,生物热累积导致曲块温度升高(最高可达48 ℃)[5],同时残留的水分和氧气含量逐渐降低,使得部分对热敏感的真菌死亡。然而,大部分细菌则具有较强的环境适应能力,能够在这种环境下存活[29]。据报道,大曲的真菌多样性主要受发酵温度和原料的影响,而细菌多样性则主要受发酵温度和地理环境的影响[30]。Li等[31]的研究指出汉逊酵母属(Hanseniaspora)和扣囊复膜孢酵母属(Saccharomycopsis)等优势真菌群落主要来源于原材料,Hu等[3]的研究也发现,对于低温大曲而言,环境的变化对细菌群落的影响大于真菌。
由图3(B)可知,基于加权UniFrac距离的PCoA分析结果显示,襄阳和汾阳低温大曲样品真菌群落在空间分布上存在极显著分离(P=0.001),表明不同地区低温大曲真菌群落的物种多样性和丰度存在极显著差异。由此可见,地域因素的差别对低温大曲真菌群落结构亦存在显著影响。对OTU进行注释发现,352个真菌OTU被鉴定为5个门、9个纲、10个目、23个科、37个属和56个种。由图3(C)可知,在门水平上,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)是最丰富的真菌门,在襄阳和汾阳低温大曲样品中的平均相对含量分别为99.82%和97.25%。此外,汾阳低温大曲样品优势真菌门还包括毛霉菌门(Mucoromycota),平均相对含量为1.97%。由图3(D)可知,在种水平上,采集自襄阳地区的低温大曲样品真菌群落主要以扣囊复膜酵母(Saccharomycopsis fibuligera)为主,占总群落的76.76%,采集自汾阳地区的低温大曲样品真菌群落主要以Saccharomycopsis fibuligera和东方伊萨酵母(Issatchenkia orientalis)为主,平均相对含量分别为42.66%和31.26%。作为一种非酿酒酵母属酵母,Saccharomycopsis fibuligera可分泌淀粉酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、酸性蛋白酶等发酵过程中不可或缺的关键酶系[32],因此在全球各类淀粉基质发酵环境中广泛分布。低温大曲的主要原料为小麦和豌豆,其中豌豆富含纤维素类物质,Saccharomycopsis fibuligera通过分泌β-葡萄糖苷酶,可有效降解纤维素,提升基质利用率并促进酒精生成[33]。同时,该酵母还能代谢大曲中的蔗糖及淀粉等碳水化合物,通过糖酵解途径转化为乙醇,提高酒精产量[34],从而显著提升大曲的整体质量。本研究发现,襄阳地区低温大曲中Saccharomycopsis fibuligera的平均相对含量高达76.76%,而汾阳地区仅为42.66%。鉴于此,本研究推测襄阳低温大曲样品可能具有更丰富的风味物质积累。
由图3(E)可知,使用LEfSe分析进行从门到种水平的统计分析发现,当LDA≥4.0时,2个地区低温大曲间平均相对含量呈现显著差异的物种共有20个。在种水平上,采集自襄阳地区的低温大曲样品中Saccharomycopsis fibuligera、Geotrichum europaeum、帚状曲霉(Aspergillus penicillioides)、地霉半乳糖酵母(Galactomyces geotrichum)的平均相对含量显著偏高(P<0.05),平均相对含量分别为76.76%、0.0041%、0.015%和3.22%,其在汾阳低温大曲样品中平均相对含量分别为42.66%、0.00%、0.0061%和0.024%。采集自汾阳地区的低温大曲样品中Issatchenkia orientalis和异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)的平均相对含量显著偏高(P<0.05),平均相对含量分别为31.26%和7.54%,其在襄阳低温大曲样品中平均相对含量分别为12.00%和0.28%。
本研究进一步基于真菌种水平构建了共现性网络图,结果如图4所示。
由图4(A)可知,襄阳低温大曲样品真菌共现性网络模型中,共有36个节点,70条边,正相关占比78.57%,负相关占比21.43%。由图4(B)可知,汾阳低温大曲样品真菌共现性网络模型中,共有34个节点,42条边,正相关占比69.05%,负相关占比30.95%。相较而言,襄阳低温大曲样品真菌共现性网络的节点数、边数、平均聚类系数、正相关比例均大于汾阳低温大曲样品真菌共现性网络,说明襄阳低温大曲样品真菌群落之间联系更紧密,群落稳定性更高。
大曲风味和滋味是评价其品质的重要依据,因此,为探究地域因素对大曲感官品质的影响,本研究采用电子鼻和电子舌技术,分别对采集自2个地区的低温大曲的挥发性风味和滋味进行了检测,结果如图5所示。
由图5(A)可知,在电子鼻检测的10个指标中,传感器W1S和W1W对样品的挥发性风味化合物具有更强的响应,它们对襄阳低温大曲样品的响应值分别为4.495和2.712,对汾阳低温大曲样品的响应值分别为6.723和6.623,表明2个地区低温大曲可能富含更多的甲基类化合物以及无机硫化物。Mann-Whitney检验进一步揭示,襄阳低温大曲样品在W1C、W3C、W5C的响应值极显著偏高(P<0.001),表明其芳香类物质含量丰富,汾阳低温大曲样品在W1S、W2S、W3S、W5S、W6S和W1W的响应值极显著偏高(P<0.001),表明其含有更高浓度的甲基类、醇类、醛酮类、烷烃、氮氧化物、氢化物和无机硫化物类物质。为进一步验证2个地区低温大曲风味品质上的差异,采用UPGMA聚类分析和OPLS-DA模型进行解析,结果分别如图5(B)和(C)所示。聚类分析显示,襄阳地区低温大曲聚为一簇,汾阳地区低温大曲聚为一簇,说明每个地区可能形成了其特有的低温大曲挥发性风味物质结构。OPLS-DA模型分析结果显示,PC1的贡献率为80.70%,且2个地区低温大曲沿X轴可完全分离,进一步证明地域显著影响低温大曲的挥发性风味品质。
由图5(D)可知,2个地区低温大曲滋味品质响应轮廓存在相似性,但Mann-Whitney检验发现各指标响应值存在显著差异。具体而言,襄阳低温大曲样品的鲜味、丰度、咸味和后味B(苦味回味)响应值极显著偏高(P<0.001),分别为9.45、9.50、4.92和−0.42,表明其鲜味、丰度等更突出,而汾阳低温大曲样品的酸味、苦味、涩味和后味A(涩味回味)的相对强度极显著偏高(P<0.01),分别为−10.45、5.76、0.036和0.140,表明其酸味、苦味、涩味和涩味回味更突出。由图5(E)可知,聚类分析显示,襄阳和汾阳低温大曲样品各独自聚为一簇,说明每个地区可能形成了其特有的低温大曲滋味物质结构。由图5(F)可知,OPLS-DA模型分析结果显示,2个地区低温大曲样品沿X轴可完全分离,且襄阳低温大曲样品在图中呈现出更为紧凑的聚集状态。综上可知,地域亦显著影响低温大曲的滋味品质。
大曲的感官品质与其微生物结构密切相关,因此本研究进一步对2个地区优势菌群和挥发性风味和滋味指标之间的相关性进行分析,结果如图6所示。
由图6(A)和(B)可知,普氏分析结果显示,低温大曲感官品质指标与优势菌群之间均存在显著相关性(P<0.05)。由图6(C)和(D)可知,Spearman相关性分析结果表明,在工艺参数与原料组成高度相似的条件下,区域微生态差异显著塑造了低温大曲的感官特征。具体而言,Bacillus licheniformis、Bacillus subtilis、Wickerhamomyces anomalus、毛榛毕赤酵母(Pichia mandshurica)与芳香类物质(W1C、W3C、W5C)和鲜味等呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与醇类、醛酮类物质(W2S)和酸味等呈显著正相关(P<0.05),Lactiplantibacillus plantarum、Levilactobacillus brevis、Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula、Weissella cibaria、Saccharomycopsis fibuligera与芳香类物质和鲜味呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与醇类、醛酮类物质和酸味的相对强度呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。乳酸菌可以通过糖酵解途径高效转化葡萄糖/淀粉生成乳酸,其代谢通量直接影响乳酸乙酯的合成效率[35]。乳酸菌的过度增殖会导致乳酸乙酯含量突破传统工艺阈值,从而进一步破坏乙酸乙酯和乳酸乙酯的最适宜配比(1:0.6~0.8)[36]。当乳酸乙酯占比过大时,会显著抑制乙酸乙酯的主体香型,使酒体呈现闷热甜感[37],这与清香型白酒“一清到底”的风格产生冲突。白酒的风味是决定其品质的首要因素,因此如何通过菌群调控实现乳酸乙酯的精准控制,已成为清香型白酒酿造亟待突破的关键共性问题。然而,本研究仅在大致类别上对低温大曲的滋味和风味进行了检测,提供的信息相对有限。因此,为了更深入地理解其背后的代谢机制以及微生物群对环境的响应机制,在未来应进一步结合气相离子迁移谱联用技术(GC-IMS)和超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱技术(UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS)等进行研究。
理化指标亦是评价大曲品质的重要依据,因此,本研究进一步对2个地区低温大曲的理化指标进行测定,结果如图7所示。
由图7(A)可知,2个地区低温大曲样品之间共有15个理化指标存在显著差异(P<0.05),具体体现为,襄阳低温大曲样品的水分活度、结合水含量、液化力、酸度、灰分和淀粉含量显著偏高(P<0.05),平均值分别为0.768 Aw、94.53%、0.68 g/g·h、1.0 mmol/10 g、2.67 g/100 g和52.0 g/100 g,其在汾阳低温大曲样品的平均值分别为0.731 Aw、89.04%、0.23 g/g·h、0.4 mmol/10 g、2.50 g/100 g和30.0 g/100 g。此外,汾阳低温大曲样品的曲皮硬度、曲心硬度、水分含量、不易流动水含量、酒化力、发酵力、酯化力、糖化力和蛋白质含量显著偏高(P<0.05),平均值分别为13420 g、9422 g、16.92%、6.37%、10.1%vol、12.90 g/0.5 g·72 h、755 mg/50 g·7 d、843 mg/g·h和15.43 g/100 g,其在襄阳低温大曲样品的平均值分别为8657 g、5350 g、13.80%、4.32%、6.3%vol、12.04 g/0.5 g·72 h、199 mg/50 g·7 d、374 mg/g·h和14.07 g/100 g。由图7(B)可知,PCA分析结果显示,采集自襄阳和汾阳地区的低温大曲在PC1上能够被极显著区分开(P=0.001)。综上可知,两个地区低温大曲理化指标之间存在显著差异。
本研究进一步通过Mantel test和Spearman相关性分析对理化指标与微生物菌群的相关性进行了判别,结果如图8所示。
Mantel test是一种非参数统计方法,用于评估两个或多个独立距离矩阵之间的相关性,由图8(A)可知,优势细菌种与曲皮硬度、酯化力、酒化力等9个指标显著相关(P<0.05),优势真菌种与水分活度、水分含量、发酵力等12个指标显著相关(P<0.05)。为了进一步阐明微生物群落对大曲理化指标的影响,本研究根据Mantel test结果进行了Spearman相关性分析。由图8(B)可知,对于细菌群落,Weissella cibaria、Lactiplantibacillus plantarum、Levilactobacillus brevis、Companilactobacillus paralimentarius等与淀粉含量、酸度和液化力呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与曲皮和曲心硬度、糖化力呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而Bacillus licheniformis、Bacillus subtilis和Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis与淀粉含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。由图8(C)可知,对于真菌群落,Saccharomycopsis fibuligera与淀粉含量、酸度、液化力呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与糖化力、酯化力、发酵力、酒化力、不易流动水含量、曲皮硬度和曲心硬度呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。
白酒的酿造,本质上是微生物将发酵谷物中的淀粉转化为酒精和其他风味成分的过程,因此淀粉代谢效率对大曲品质与酒体风味形成至关重要。本研究发现,襄阳低温大曲样品淀粉含量为52.0 g/100 g,极显著高于汾阳地区的30.00 g/100 g,说明襄阳低温大曲样品残余淀粉含量较高。究其原因,一方面可能是,襄阳低温大曲样品中显著富集的乳酸菌能够通过代谢产物抑制Bacillus licheniformis与Bacillus subtilis等芽孢杆菌的生长繁殖[38],从而导致淀粉酶系(α-淀粉酶、葡萄糖淀粉酶等)分泌量下降,使淀粉水解效率降低[39]。相关性分析显示,Lactiplantibacillus plantarum、Weissella cibaria、Levilactobacillus brevis和Companilactobacillus paralimentarius乳酸菌的含量与淀粉含量之间呈显著正相关,而Bacillus licheniformis和Bacillus subtilis的含量与淀粉含量之间呈显著负相关。因此,汾阳低温大曲样品凭借更高含量的芽孢杆菌,展现出极显著偏高的糖化力(843 mg/g·h)和发酵力(12.90 g/0.5 g·72 h),这一差异进一步证明了上述推论。另一方面可能是,襄阳低温大曲样品中Saccharomycopsis fibuligera含量较高,因此酵母菌通过有氧呼吸代谢葡萄糖快速发酵产生酒精,而非完全消耗淀粉基质,加剧淀粉残留。碳水化合物的代谢是微生物生长的基础,也是大多数风味物质产生的基础和前提,因此,探索微生物群落之间的差异已成为阐明不同地区白酒品质形成机制的关键。
襄阳低温大曲样品具有更高的细菌丰富度和微生物群落稳定性,其Lactiplantibacillus plantarum、Weissella cibaria、Saccharomycopsis fibuligera等物种的相对含量,以及芳香类物质含量、鲜味、液化力、酸度和淀粉含量均显著偏高。汾阳低温大曲样品具有更高的真菌多样性,其Bacillus licheniformis、Bacillus subtilis、Issatchenkia orientalis和Wickerhamomyces anomalus等物种的相对含量,以及醇类和醛酮类含量、酸味、苦味、涩味、曲皮硬度、酒化力、发酵力、酯化力、糖化力均显著偏高。此外,优势物种与低温大曲的感官和理化指标之间存在明显相关性,其中Lactiplantibacillus plantarum和Saccharomycopsis fibuligera等与芳香类物质含量、鲜味、淀粉含量、酸度和液化力呈显著正相关,Bacillus licheniformis与醇类、醛酮类物质和酸味等呈显著正相关。本研究从微生物群落结构、挥发性风味、滋味和理化指标等方面系统比较了采集自襄阳和汾阳地区低温大曲品质的差异,为清香型白酒品质的提升提供科学依据。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040073
  • 接收时间:2025-04-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-07
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    1湖北文理学院酿酒技术产业学院,湖北襄阳 441053
    2湖北文理学院湖北省食品配料工程技术研究中心,湖北襄阳 441053
    3湖北省酿酒生物技术与应用企校联合创新中心,湖北襄阳 441053
    4襄阳市酿酒生物技术与应用企校联合创新中心,湖北襄阳 441053
    5清香型白酒生物技术襄阳市重点实验室,湖北襄阳 441053

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郭壮(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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