Article(id=1320884265546527246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040324, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745683200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852949748, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852949748, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852949748, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852949748, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=503, endPage=513, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884265798185487, articleId=1320884265546527246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Advances in Daqu Microbiome Research based on Metagenomics-Metatranscriptomics-Metaproteomics, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This review summarizes recent research progress in applying omics technologies, including metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics, to analyze the structure and function of the microbial community in Daqu. In terms of community composition, Daqu harbors a vast reservoir of uncultured microbial resources, with core taxa predominantly consisting of Aspergillus, Bacillus, and Lactobacillus. Regarding community function, studies identify the microbial origins of key metabolic enzymes, such as ester synthases, and elucidate the synergistic role of the microbiota in raw material degradation and flavor formation. With respect to driving factors, omics analyses confirm that environmental factors, such as temperature, influence the fermentation process by regulating microbial transcriptional and protein expression activities. Future research in this field should focus on integrating multi-omics approaches with culturomics, metabolomics, and computational modeling to establish a systematic framework spanning from genes to products and from prediction to regulation. This will facilitate a paradigm shift in Daqu fermentation from empirical control to precision design and performance prediction, thereby deepening the understanding of the principles of Daqu fermentation and enhancing the controllability of the production process.

, authors=Hanlan TANG1, 2, Yang YANG1, 2, *, Xiaotong LIU1, 2, Xueting MAO1, 2, Wuxia MA1, 2, Rujie YANG1, 2, Caihong SHEN1, 2, Songtao WANG1, 2, *, authorsList=Hanlan TANG, Yang YANG, Xiaotong LIU, Xueting MAO, Wuxia MA, Rujie YANG, Caihong SHEN, Songtao WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yang YANG, Songtao WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884266452496914, articleId=1320884265546527246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于宏基因组-宏转录组-宏蛋白组的大曲微生物组学研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文综述了近年来应用宏基因组、宏转录组及宏蛋白组等组学技术解析大曲微生物群落的结构与功能的研究进展。在群落组成上,大曲蕴藏着大量未培养微生物资源,核心菌群以 Aspergillus、Bacillus 和 Lactobacillus 等为主;在群落功能上,研究明确了关键代谢酶(如酯合成酶)的微生物来源,阐明了菌群在原料降解与风味形成中的协同作用;在驱动因子上,组学分析证实了温度等环境因子通过调控微生物的转录与蛋白表达活性,从而影响发酵进程。未来,该领域研究应注重多组学与培养组学、代谢组学及计算模型的整合,构建从基因到产物、从预测到调控的系统研究框架,以推动大曲发酵由经验控制向精准设计与性能预测的范式转变,进一步深化对大曲发酵原理的理解并提升生产过程的可控性。

, authors=汤涵岚1, 2, 杨阳1, 2, *, 刘晓彤1, 2, 毛雪婷1, 2, 马吾霞1, 2, 杨儒洁1, 2, 沈才洪1, 2, 王松涛1, 2, *, authorsList=汤涵岚, 杨阳, 刘晓彤, 毛雪婷, 马吾霞, 杨儒洁, 沈才洪, 王松涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨阳, 王松涛, authorNote=

汤涵岚(1993−),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向:酿酒微生物与酿酒生产工艺研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨阳(1992−),女,博士,工程师,研究方向:酿造微生态与微生物技术,E-mail:。
王松涛(1977−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:酿酒微生物与酿酒工艺研究、食品原料开发,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=hh4V4BBqQXnKYc67MpxxYg==, magXml=jgyTSdBXPgZuvqYJu8sApw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=D1JJKeiyI6EbuEwUFHEmmQ==, pdfFileSize=1112337, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=F8iqrD5bA8IuU4b0TRgWCA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=QqpbZYVQpqf0fHsnpM5wWQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320884266901287450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884265546527246, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=tanghl2016@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320884266989367837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884265546527246, authorId=1320884266901287450, language=EN, stringName=Hanlan TANG, firstName=Hanlan, middleName=null, lastName=TANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Luzhou Pinchuang Technology Co., Ltd./National Engineering Research Center of Solid-State Brewing, Luzhou 646000, China
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Wuhan: Wuhan University of Light Industry, 2022.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884281002537647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884265546527246, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=64, rfOrder=86, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN J H. The impact of bioaugmentation with endogenous Bacillus on the physicochemical properties and microbial community of Daqu[D]. 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Main key enzymes and their sources in Daqu

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酶系酶的名称酶的编号酶的主要来源代谢功能参考文献
淀粉降解酶系α-淀粉酶EC 3.2.1.1Aspergillus, Rasamsonia, Byssochlamys, Rhizopus, Lichtheimia, Paecilomyces, Bacillus降解原料[16,39-40]
糖原磷酸化酶EC 2.4.1.1Lichtheimia, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Weissella降解原料[39]
葡萄糖淀粉酶EC 3.2.1.3Lichtheimia, Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Rhizomucor, Paecilomyces, Wickerhamomyces, Saccharomycopsis, Byssochlamys, Thermoascus降解原料[28,39]
α-葡萄糖苷酶EC 3.2.1.20Aspergillus, Rasamsonia, Lichtheimia, Bacillus,Lactobacillus降解原料[16,24,39,41]
纤维素降解酶系1,4-β-纤维二水解酶EC 3.2.1.91Thermoascus降解原料[16]
内切葡聚糖酶EC 3.2.1.4Aspergillus, Rasamsonia降解原料[16]
β-葡萄糖苷酶EC 3.2.1.21Rasamsonia, Thermoascus, Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, Lichtheimia降解原料[16,28]
风味化合物合成酶系乙醇脱氢酶EC 1.1.1.1Aspergillus, Limosilactobacillus, Leuconostoc生成乙醇、乙酸[39]
乙醇脱氢酶NADP+EC 1.1.1.2Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Staphylococcus生成乙醇、乙酸[39]
乙醛脱氢酶NAD+EC 1.2.1.3Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Lichtheimia, Pichia, Rasamsonia, Byssochlamys, Staphylococcus, Bacillus生成乙醇、乙酸[24,39]
乙醛脱氢酶NADP+EC 1.2.1.5Aspergillus, Lichtheimia, Rhizopus, Talaromyces, Rasamsonia, Wickerhamomyces, Pichia生成乙醇、乙酸[22,39]
乙醛脱氢酶EC 1.2.1.-Staphylococcus, Acetobacter, Saccharopolyspora生成乙醇、乙酸[39]
丙酮酸脱氢酶(醌)EC 1.2.5.1Saccharopolyspora生成乙酸[39]
乙酸激酶EC 2.7.2.1Leuconostoc, Limosilactobacillus, Companilactobacillus, Weissella生成乙酸[22,24]
酰基磷酸酶EC 3.6.1.7Companilactobacillus, Saccharopolyspora, Staphylococcus生成乙酸[22]
乙酰基转移酶EC 2.3.1.84Wickerhamomyces, Saccharomyces生成乙酯[22]
羧酸酯酶EC 3.1.1.1Aspergillus, Saccharopolyspora, Staphylococcus, Thermoactinomyces, Limosilactobacillus, Companilactobacillus生成乙酯[22]
L-/D-乳酸脱氢酶EC 1.1.1.27/EC 1.1.1.28Companilactobacillus, Weissella, Leuconostoc生成乳酸[23-24]
苯丙酮酸脱羧酶EC 4.1.1.-Clavispora, Meyerozyma, Pichia生成苯乙醛[22]
芳基醇脱氢酶EC 1.1.1.90Limosilactobacillus, Companilactobacillus, Pediococcus生成苯乙醇[22]
乙酰乳酸合成酶EC 2.2.1.6Lichtheimia, Rhizopus, Paecilomyces, Weissella, Rasamsonia生成乙偶姻[22]
乙酰乳酸脱羧酶EC 4.1.1.5Weissella, Leuconostoc, Companilactobacillus, Limosilactobacillus, Pediococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus生成乙偶姻[22]
丁二醇脱氢酶EC 1.1.1.76Weissella, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Rasamsonia, Lactobacillus生成丁二醇[24]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884271485661784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884265546527246, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

大曲中主要的关键酶及其来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
酶系酶的名称酶的编号酶的主要来源代谢功能参考文献
淀粉降解酶系α-淀粉酶EC 3.2.1.1Aspergillus, Rasamsonia, Byssochlamys, Rhizopus, Lichtheimia, Paecilomyces, Bacillus降解原料[16,39-40]
糖原磷酸化酶EC 2.4.1.1Lichtheimia, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Weissella降解原料[39]
葡萄糖淀粉酶EC 3.2.1.3Lichtheimia, Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Rhizomucor, Paecilomyces, Wickerhamomyces, Saccharomycopsis, Byssochlamys, Thermoascus降解原料[28,39]
α-葡萄糖苷酶EC 3.2.1.20Aspergillus, Rasamsonia, Lichtheimia, Bacillus,Lactobacillus降解原料[16,24,39,41]
纤维素降解酶系1,4-β-纤维二水解酶EC 3.2.1.91Thermoascus降解原料[16]
内切葡聚糖酶EC 3.2.1.4Aspergillus, Rasamsonia降解原料[16]
β-葡萄糖苷酶EC 3.2.1.21Rasamsonia, Thermoascus, Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, Lichtheimia降解原料[16,28]
风味化合物合成酶系乙醇脱氢酶EC 1.1.1.1Aspergillus, Limosilactobacillus, Leuconostoc生成乙醇、乙酸[39]
乙醇脱氢酶NADP+EC 1.1.1.2Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Staphylococcus生成乙醇、乙酸[39]
乙醛脱氢酶NAD+EC 1.2.1.3Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Lichtheimia, Pichia, Rasamsonia, Byssochlamys, Staphylococcus, Bacillus生成乙醇、乙酸[24,39]
乙醛脱氢酶NADP+EC 1.2.1.5Aspergillus, Lichtheimia, Rhizopus, Talaromyces, Rasamsonia, Wickerhamomyces, Pichia生成乙醇、乙酸[22,39]
乙醛脱氢酶EC 1.2.1.-Staphylococcus, Acetobacter, Saccharopolyspora生成乙醇、乙酸[39]
丙酮酸脱氢酶(醌)EC 1.2.5.1Saccharopolyspora生成乙酸[39]
乙酸激酶EC 2.7.2.1Leuconostoc, Limosilactobacillus, Companilactobacillus, Weissella生成乙酸[22,24]
酰基磷酸酶EC 3.6.1.7Companilactobacillus, Saccharopolyspora, Staphylococcus生成乙酸[22]
乙酰基转移酶EC 2.3.1.84Wickerhamomyces, Saccharomyces生成乙酯[22]
羧酸酯酶EC 3.1.1.1Aspergillus, Saccharopolyspora, Staphylococcus, Thermoactinomyces, Limosilactobacillus, Companilactobacillus生成乙酯[22]
L-/D-乳酸脱氢酶EC 1.1.1.27/EC 1.1.1.28Companilactobacillus, Weissella, Leuconostoc生成乳酸[23-24]
苯丙酮酸脱羧酶EC 4.1.1.-Clavispora, Meyerozyma, Pichia生成苯乙醛[22]
芳基醇脱氢酶EC 1.1.1.90Limosilactobacillus, Companilactobacillus, Pediococcus生成苯乙醇[22]
乙酰乳酸合成酶EC 2.2.1.6Lichtheimia, Rhizopus, Paecilomyces, Weissella, Rasamsonia生成乙偶姻[22]
乙酰乳酸脱羧酶EC 4.1.1.5Weissella, Leuconostoc, Companilactobacillus, Limosilactobacillus, Pediococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus生成乙偶姻[22]
丁二醇脱氢酶EC 1.1.1.76Weissella, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Rasamsonia, Lactobacillus生成丁二醇[24]
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基于宏基因组-宏转录组-宏蛋白组的大曲微生物组学研究进展
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汤涵岚 1, 2 , 杨阳 1, 2, * , 刘晓彤 1, 2 , 毛雪婷 1, 2 , 马吾霞 1, 2 , 杨儒洁 1, 2 , 沈才洪 1, 2 , 王松涛 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(8): 503-513
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (8) : 503 -513
基于宏基因组-宏转录组-宏蛋白组的大曲微生物组学研究进展
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汤涵岚1, 2 , 杨阳1, 2, * , 刘晓彤1, 2, 毛雪婷1, 2, 马吾霞1, 2, 杨儒洁1, 2, 沈才洪1, 2, 王松涛1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1泸州品创科技有限公司/国家固态酿造工程技术研究中心,四川泸州 646000
  • 2泸州老窖股份有限公司,四川泸州 646000
通讯作者:
杨阳(1992−),女,博士,工程师,研究方向:酿造微生态与微生物技术,E-mail:。
王松涛(1977−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:酿酒微生物与酿酒工艺研究、食品原料开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

汤涵岚(1993−),女,硕士,工程师,研究方向:酿酒微生物与酿酒生产工艺研究,E-mail:

Advances in Daqu Microbiome Research based on Metagenomics-Metatranscriptomics-Metaproteomics
Hanlan TANG1, 2 , Yang YANG1, 2, * , Xiaotong LIU1, 2, Xueting MAO1, 2, Wuxia MA1, 2, Rujie YANG1, 2, Caihong SHEN1, 2, Songtao WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Luzhou Pinchuang Technology Co., Ltd./National Engineering Research Center of Solid-State Brewing, Luzhou 646000, China
  • 2Luzhou Laojiao Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646000, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040324
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本文综述了近年来应用宏基因组、宏转录组及宏蛋白组等组学技术解析大曲微生物群落的结构与功能的研究进展。在群落组成上,大曲蕴藏着大量未培养微生物资源,核心菌群以 Aspergillus、Bacillus 和 Lactobacillus 等为主;在群落功能上,研究明确了关键代谢酶(如酯合成酶)的微生物来源,阐明了菌群在原料降解与风味形成中的协同作用;在驱动因子上,组学分析证实了温度等环境因子通过调控微生物的转录与蛋白表达活性,从而影响发酵进程。未来,该领域研究应注重多组学与培养组学、代谢组学及计算模型的整合,构建从基因到产物、从预测到调控的系统研究框架,以推动大曲发酵由经验控制向精准设计与性能预测的范式转变,进一步深化对大曲发酵原理的理解并提升生产过程的可控性。

大曲  /  宏基因组  /  宏转录组  /  宏蛋白组  /  微生物群落  /  微生物功能

This review summarizes recent research progress in applying omics technologies, including metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics, to analyze the structure and function of the microbial community in Daqu. In terms of community composition, Daqu harbors a vast reservoir of uncultured microbial resources, with core taxa predominantly consisting of Aspergillus, Bacillus, and Lactobacillus. Regarding community function, studies identify the microbial origins of key metabolic enzymes, such as ester synthases, and elucidate the synergistic role of the microbiota in raw material degradation and flavor formation. With respect to driving factors, omics analyses confirm that environmental factors, such as temperature, influence the fermentation process by regulating microbial transcriptional and protein expression activities. Future research in this field should focus on integrating multi-omics approaches with culturomics, metabolomics, and computational modeling to establish a systematic framework spanning from genes to products and from prediction to regulation. This will facilitate a paradigm shift in Daqu fermentation from empirical control to precision design and performance prediction, thereby deepening the understanding of the principles of Daqu fermentation and enhancing the controllability of the production process.

Daqu  /  metagenomics  /  metatranscriptomics  /  metaproteomics  /  microbial communities  /  microbial function
汤涵岚, 杨阳, 刘晓彤, 毛雪婷, 马吾霞, 杨儒洁, 沈才洪, 王松涛. 基于宏基因组-宏转录组-宏蛋白组的大曲微生物组学研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 503 -513 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040324
Hanlan TANG, Yang YANG, Xiaotong LIU, Xueting MAO, Wuxia MA, Rujie YANG, Caihong SHEN, Songtao WANG. Advances in Daqu Microbiome Research based on Metagenomics-Metatranscriptomics-Metaproteomics[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 503 -513 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040324
中国白酒采用富含淀粉质的粮谷为主要原料,以大曲、小曲、麸曲等酒曲为糖化发酵剂,经蒸煮、发酵、蒸馏、贮存和勾调而成,是极具中国特色的酒精饮料[1]。其中,大曲是功能微生物与功能酶的主要载体,保证传统白酒酿造中边糖化边发酵的工艺,决定了白酒独特的香型与品质。根据制曲最高温度的不同,可将大曲分为高温大曲(60~70 ℃)、中温大曲(50~60 ℃)和低温大曲(45~50 ℃)[2],分别应用于酱香型、浓香型和清香型白酒的生产[3]。大曲以小麦为主要原料,采用开放式培养、自然接种的生产工艺,通过复杂而独特的微生物群落演替和协同作用形成丰富的生物酶和风味物质及其前体物质,决定着大曲质量的优劣[4]。因此,全面剖析大曲微生物的群落结构特征、代谢功能及形成机制,始终是提升白酒生产可控性与产品稳定性的核心科学问题。与自然环境(如土壤、海洋)、人体和动物肠道等微生物学研究类似,大曲微生物群落早期研究主要依赖于“显微镜观察与可培养微生物分离纯化”[5],随后经历基于“聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(Polymerase Chain Reaction and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)分析”、“扩增子测序”、“宏组学分析”[6]等阶段的变迁,对大曲酿造微生物多样性的认识从最初的根霉、酿酒酵母和芽孢杆菌形态观察,到现在的全面系统性解析微生物组结构组成、基因和功能多样性的宏组学,大曲微生物群落结构的神秘面纱被进一步揭开。
近年来,随着高通量测序技术及生物信息学研究方法的快速发展,微生物群落研究策略已从单一的物种解析转向结构与功能并重的系统生物学分析。尤其是宏基因组、宏转录组及宏蛋白组等不依赖于培养的宏组学技术,共同构成了针对微生物群落从遗传潜能、表达活性到功能执行的全链条研究体系[7]。最先应用的扩增子测序技术已广泛应用于解析大曲微生物群落结构及预测群落功能,扩展了PCR-DGGE等传统分子检测技术对大曲中复杂微生物群落的了解[8]。由于扩增子测序技术本身的局限性,其仅分析特定标记基因(如16S/ITS),属于靶向测序而不属于严格意义上的宏组学[9]。相比之下,宏基因组技术不仅在物种水平上提供了大量关于微生物组成的准确信息[10],还可以通过基因组序列的非选择性基因注释阐明其功能特性[11],该技术使艰难分离物种的宏基因组组装、新功能基因/酶的鉴定成为可能,更能有效探索低丰度却具有关键代谢活性的稀有物种。宏转录组学则能全面快速地获取目标样品在特定生境因素和特定时间下完整的基因表达信息,可用于揭示环境样品中活性微生物群落结构[12]、原位衡量微生物基因表达水平、分析差异表达基因、挖掘功能基因、解析优势活性菌群的代谢途径[13]等各个方面。宏蛋白组学则可更确切地反映复杂发酵环境中特异性蛋白表达水平,揭示特定时间点样本中蛋白质的组成与丰度和功能蛋白标志物[14],可以认识蛋白水平上微生物功能的本质、种内相互关系等[15],在分子层面实证代谢途径的发生。这些技术的逐步应用在揭示不可培养微生物资源、阐明关键风味代谢途径的微生物来源、解析环境因子对菌群功能的调控机制等方面取得了重要进展,标志着大曲微生物研究进入了多维度、系统化的新阶段。
尽管已有诸多研究,但目前尚缺乏对宏基因组、宏转录组及宏蛋白组技术在大曲微生物领域应用进展的系统梳理与整合分析。本文旨在围绕上述三项核心组学技术,综述其在大曲微生物群落结构解析、功能微生物与关键酶发掘等方面的最新研究成果,重点探讨如何通过组学数据关联揭示“菌群结构-代谢功能-工艺调控”之间的内在联系。通过系统整合,不仅可为深入理解大曲固态发酵的分子机制提供理论依据,也能为通过微生物组导向的工艺优化与质量控制提供前瞻性的策略参考。
作为一种微生物发酵剂,大曲在白酒酿造中驱动着发酵进程,其丰富而多样的“微生物菌系”直接参与了白酒典型风味与品质特征的塑造。高温大曲、中温大曲和低温大曲的微生物群落存在明显差异,分别为不同香型白酒提供了独特的发酵动力和风味前体物质。基于此,本节将基于组学研究成果,重点阐述这三类大曲的微生物群落组成特征,为理解其在白酒酿造中的重要功能奠定基础。
高温大曲微生物群落的组学研究表明其具有明显的生物多样性与复杂性。Gan等[16]通过成熟高温大曲的宏基因组数据揭示,超过50%的基因在NCBI非冗余蛋白(NR)数据库中未能获得注释,这提示存在大量传统技术研究所遗漏的未培养或低丰度微生物;子囊菌门(Ascomycota,真菌)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,细菌)占微生物群落的87%~94%,其中芽孢链菌属(Desmospora)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)为优势细菌属,曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)、罗萨氏菌属(Rasamsonia)和丝衣霉属(Byssochlamys)为优势真菌属。王玉荣等[17]利用超高深宏基因组测序技术研究茅台镇高温大曲,同样发现Desmospora和Bacillus是主要菌属,并获得了Desmospora sp. 8437、索诺拉沙漠芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sonorensis)和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)等更加准确的物种鉴定;研究同时通过宏基因组Binning技术发现了18个疑似新菌株,为新种的鉴定提供了可靠的技术支持,凸显出组学技术在新资源挖掘中的重要价值。Hou等[18]研究结果显示,高温大曲中的微生物群落主要由真菌(53.26%)和细菌(46.53%)组成,其中古菌(0.17%)和病毒(0.05%)占比较小。在不同颜色的高温大曲(颜色越深,顶温越高)中,Aspergillus、克罗彭斯特菌属(Kroppenstedtia)和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)是黑曲、黄曲、白曲中最丰富的菌属,且真菌的占比随着大曲颜色的加深而增加,同时以谢瓦曲霉菌(Aspergillus chevalieri)、象牙克罗彭斯特菌(Kroppenstedtia eburnea)、米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)、琉球曲霉(Aspergillus luchuensis)、鸡葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus gallinarum)为优势菌株[18]。而另一项研究表明,黑曲中以Rasamsonia、Aspergillus、Byssochlamys等真菌为主,黄曲中以Rasamsonia、篮状菌属(Talaromyces)、Aspergillus等真菌为主,白曲中则以Kroppenstedtia、Desmospora、枝芽孢菌属(Virgibacillus)、Bacillus为主[19]。由此可见,高温大曲中优势菌属随生产地区环境、理化因子等变化而有所差异。
此外,Yi等[20]利用宏转录组进行研究,结果表明活性真菌群落的基因数量高于细菌群落,相对丰度最高可达97.7%,其中Aspergillus和青霉属(Penicillium)是最活跃的微生物组成员,而活性酵母的相对丰度(0.2%)较低。宏蛋白组研究进一步证实嗜热子囊菌属(Thermoascus)、Aspergillus、Byssochlamys 及 Rasamsonia为主要的蛋白贡献者[21]。
总的来说,尽管大曲具体优势菌种组成受地理环境、制曲工艺等因素影响而呈现动态变化,但高温大曲核心菌群以耐高温、高产酶的Aspergillus和Bacillus为主导,这些微生物通过分泌淀粉酶、蛋白酶等关键酶系直接影响大曲的糖化发酵性能。此外,多项组学研究提示,高温大曲中常见的Desmospora和Kroppenstedtia可能在风味前体物质的合成代谢中发挥重要作用,其具体功能机制仍需深入解析。这些发现为深入理解高温大曲微生物群落的构建机制及功能特征提供了重要依据。
中温大曲微生物群落研究揭示了其独特的菌群组成特征。刘文虎等[22]利用宏基因组学分析泸州成熟中温大曲微生物群落组成,发现优势真菌包括横梗霉属(Lichtheimia)、根霉属(Rhizopus)、Aspergillus、拟青霉属(Paecilomyces)、Rasamsonia及毕赤酵母属(Pichia)、威克汉姆酵母属(Wickerhamomyces)和生丝毕赤酵母属(Hyphopichia),其中分枝横梗霉(Lichtheimia ramosa)、少根根霉菌(Rhizopus arrhizus)、小孢根霉菌(Rhizopus microsporus)、菌核曲霉(Aspergillus sclerotialis)、温特曲霉菌(Aspergillus wentii)、宛氏拟青霉菌(Paecilomyces variotii)和埃默森罗萨氏菌(Rasamsonia emersonii)等确认为核心菌株;优势细菌则以乳酸菌为主,包括魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)、明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)、伴生乳杆菌属(Companilactobacillus)和粘液乳杆菌属(Limosilactobacillus)。Yang等[23]则分析了中温大曲发酵过程中的微生物群落动态变化,发现其主要优势菌群分别为乳酸杆菌目Lactobacillales (Weissella,Lactobacillus,and Pediococcus)、毛霉目Mucorales (Lichtheimia)和散囊菌目Eurotiales (Aspergillus、Rasamsonia和Byssochlamys)。Zhang等[24]也发现宿迁中温大曲微生物群中优势菌群为乳酸菌(如戊糖片球菌Pediococcus pentosaceus)和丝状真菌(如Rasamsonia emersonii)。系列文献报道中温大曲微生物群落存在差异,除了高温大曲中提到的地区差异外,也可能与大曲新旧程度、测序技术、分析软件、数据库有关,如刘文虎等[22]采用基于reads的方法为主、基于拼接的方法为辅开展宏基因组测序的物种注释,而Yang等[23]采用基于拼接的方法进行注释。
此外,Huang等[25]通过宏转录组学研究中温大曲时发现,真菌在整个发酵过程中是数量最多且最为活跃的群落成员,占比最高达66.22%。Wang等[26]进一步研究发现,中温大曲中Aspergillus、Pichia、Bacillus和Weissella的转录本丰度相对较高。Liu等[27]还鉴定出Rhizopus、麦角菌属(Claviceps)、Rasamsonia等为主要代谢活性微生物属,并发现发酵初期Limosilactobacillus、Staphylococcus、Pichia、Rhizopus和Lichtheimia表现活跃,而高温期和发酵末期则由多种耐热丝状真菌主导转录活性,表明它们对大曲发酵过程中的酶活性和香气有重要贡献。值得注意的是,宏蛋白组学数据显示,中温大曲微生物群落中Aspergillus(30%~42%)和Bacillus(5%~20%)的蛋白表达量显著高于其他菌属(P<0.05)[26],进一步研究发现Rasamsonia emersonii、壮观丝衣霉(Byssochlamys spectabilis)、Aspergillus sclerotialis、库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii)和橙色嗜热子囊菌(Thermoascus aurantiacus)等关键菌种分泌高丰度功能蛋白[28]。
综合分析表明,中温大曲以耐高温真菌(如Aspergillus、Rasamsonia、Lichtheimia)和乳酸菌(如Weissella、Limosilactobacillus)为核心菌群。这些微生物在糖化发酵和风味形成中发挥关键作用,其功能特征的明确为中温大曲质量调控提供了理论基础。
低温大曲的宏基因组研究显示,其中细菌与真菌的相对丰度比超过4:1,优势属为Bacillus、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、泛菌属(Pantoea)、科萨克氏菌属(Kosakonia)等,地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)、聚集泛球菌(Pantoea agglomerans)、考氏科萨克氏菌(Kosakonia cowanii)、白色链霉菌(Streptomyces albus)、Streptomyces NHF165、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)等为其优势菌株[29]。有研究利用宏基因组技术从汾酒低温大曲中检测到781属、1847种微生物,其中以Lichtheimia、Lactobacillus、Rhizopus和Leuconostoc为优势属;同时,研究在Lactobacillus中检测到153个种,使其成为该群落中最丰富和多样化的属,优势种包括三弗朗西斯乳杆菌(Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis)、副乳杆菌(Lactobacillus parimentarius)和短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)[30]。此外,薛腾达等[31]基于宏基因组技术发现,汾酒低温大曲中的优势属还包括Pichia,优势菌种包括库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii)。此外,Zheng等[32]基于宏蛋白组学分析表明,低温大曲中的功能蛋白主要来源于Lichtheimia、Saccharomyces、Rhizopus、Aspergillus、Lactobacillus和Pantoea。
上述研究表明,低温大曲微生物群落以细菌(尤其是Bacillus和Lactobacillus)为主导,同时含有丰富的真菌类群,其嗜热菌和耐热菌丰度明显低于高温大曲和中温大曲。这些发现在一定程度上揭示了温度对大曲微生物群落组成和功能的影响,进一步强调了温度调控在优化大曲生产工艺中的重要性。
为进一步明确三类大曲差异,研究者通过LEfSe(Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size,线性判别分析效应量)分析发现,细菌属Desmospora、Saccharopolyspora和真菌属Byssochlamys、Aspergillus、Rasamsonia 是高温大曲的标记微生物属;中温大曲标记微生物主要为Bacillus、Lichtheimia和Saccharomyces;低温大曲标记微生物主要由Lactobacillus、Leuconostoc、Weissella、Streptomyces和Staphylococcus等产酸细菌属和Pichia真菌属组成[33]。
此外,有研究通过病毒宏基因组学分析大曲噬菌体群落发现,低温大曲中类双生病毒科(Genomoviridae)、长尾噬菌体科(Siphoviridae)和痘病毒科(Poxviridae)是优势噬菌体,中温大曲中的优势科是拟菌病毒科(Mimiviridae)和Siphoviridae,高温大曲中细小病毒科(Parvoviridae)占绝对优势;而在属水平上,低温大曲主要噬菌体属为Gemycircularvirus,中温大曲优势噬菌体为Unaquatrovirus、潘多拉病毒(Pandoravirus)、昆虫痘病毒(Betaentomopoxvirus)和Hokovirus为优势噬菌体,高温大曲中的绝对优势属为unclassified Parvoviridae[34]。这些结果表明,大曲微生物生态系统中的噬菌体群落具有显著的多样性和特异性,且不同类型大曲中噬菌体组成和丰度也存在差异。噬菌体可能通过“捕食者-猎物”动态调控细菌群落结构,其溶原性转化可能影响宿主菌的代谢特性,编码的辅助代谢基因或参与发酵过程。这些发现不仅拓展了对大曲微生物相互作用网络的认识,也为理解发酵体系中病毒-宿主互作提供了新视角。
目前,大曲微生物群落组成的研究更多是基于宏基因组学的方法进行剖析,而利用宏转录组学和宏蛋白组学技术的相关研究报道较少,其原因可能在于前者可直接识别微生物种类及其相对丰度,是解析群落组成的最直接工具。相比之下,宏转录组学和宏蛋白组学技术虽然能够提供功能基因表达和蛋白质活性层面的信息,但其成本更高,且对样本处理和实验条件要求较高,因此在现阶段的应用中尚未得到广泛普及。随着技术的不断进步和方法的持续优化,宏转录组学和宏蛋白组学有望在未来为大曲微生物群落的动态功能研究提供更深入的见解。
大曲中多样而独特的微生物代谢产生丰富的酶资源,对后期白酒发酵过程的糖化及风味代谢具有重要影响,因此全面解析大曲微生物群落功能特性有助于明晰其对白酒品质起到关键作用的微生物菌群或基因,从而加深对大曲发酵机制的理解。近年来,利用宏基因组学、宏转录组学、宏蛋白组学等技术,借助生物信息学分析软件和KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,京都基因与基因组百科全书)、CAZy(Carbohydrate Active enZymes,碳水化合物活性酶)、COG(Cluster of Orthologous Groups of Proteins,蛋白相邻类的聚簇)等基因功能数据库可以完成功能注释,从而实现对大曲中关键酶系的解析。其中,KEGG包含了PATHWAY数据库、KO数据库和COMPOUND三个类型的数据库,分别整合了代谢通路、基因组注释和化学物质功能信息,提供了一个更全面直接的分析方法[35]。CAZy是碳水化合物活性酶数据库,它将序列与分解寡糖、多糖的酶特异性和三维结构联系起来[36],其主要涵盖6 大功能类:糖苷水解酶(Glycoside Hydrolases,GHs)、糖基转移酶(Glycosyl Transferases,GTs)、碳水化合物酯酶(Carbohydrate Esterases,CEs)、多糖裂解酶(Polysaccharide Lyases,PLs)、辅助氧化还原酶(Auxiliary Activities,AAs)和碳水化合物结合模块(Carbohydrate-binding Modules,CBMs)[37]。在大曲中,GTs和GHs的相对丰度最高,PLs最低[24]。GHs是一组重要的水解糖苷键的酶,与淀粉液化、糖化和纤维素降解有关[38]。GTs与寡糖和多糖的生物合成有关,表明大曲中含有丰富的多糖合成微生物。由于大曲的糖化、发酵和生香功能与功能微生物及关键酶系紧密相关,梳理现有的研究文献,列举了白酒大曲中研究者们目前主要关注的关键酶系及其来源(表1)。
基于宏基因组学研究,不同类型大曲在功能微生物和酶系特征上呈现明显分化。Gan 等[16]分析茅台高温大曲中参与淀粉和纤维素水解途径的微生物组成和功能基因,发现Bacillus与大曲糖化力有着紧密的关联,并确定了α-葡萄糖苷酶、α-淀粉酶和葡萄糖淀粉酶含量较高的微生物可能是高糖化能力的贡献者。Yang等[23]利用宏基因组数据全面可视化了中温大曲发酵过程中主要微生物类群与特定功能酶之间的相互联系,结果表明Aspergillus、Rasamsonia和Byssochlamys是主要含有各种参与风味相关途径的酶编码基因的真菌,而Weissella和高温放线菌属(Thermoactinomyces)可能在维持过程中的风味平衡中起重要作用。Zhang等[42]经KEGG注释及相关网络分析中温大曲,发现淀粉酶活性与许多碳代谢相关途径呈正相关,其中α-葡萄糖苷酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶丰度最高。值得注意的是,Xia等[41]的宏基因组学数据表明,中温大曲和高温大曲中存在541个相关差异基因,中温大曲Aspergillus编码的淀粉酶/纤维素酶和Lactobacillus编码的α-葡萄糖苷酶基因丰度更高,表明更强的碳水化合物降解能力;而高温大曲则以嗜热菌的Virgibacillus、Bacillus、Kroppenstedtia和Saccharopolyspora等为主,其中Kroppenstedtia编码α-淀粉酶的基因丰度较高[43],其他相关酶基因可能活性较低或对糖化贡献较小。Fan等[30]进一步确定了Lactobacillus plantarum通过高产淀粉酶来促进淀粉降解,而Lactobacillus parimentarius和Lactobacillus brevis在风味形成中发挥关键作用。此外,常见的纤维素酶系包括纤维二水解酶、内切葡聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶类[44],而大曲原料中纤维的成分较多,需由纤维素酶将纤维素降解以充分释放淀粉颗粒,研究还表明注释到β-葡萄糖苷酶编码基因的微生物主要是真菌(如Rasamsonia、Thermoascus和Aspergillus),注释到内切葡聚糖酶基因的微生物主要是未分类的芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae)及几种真核生物(如Aspergillus、Rasamsonia)[16]。另有研究揭示,Lichtheimia是低温大曲中α-淀粉酶和葡萄糖淀粉酶的主要产生菌(>90%)[32]。这些发现从分子水平阐明了大曲类型与酶活特性的关联机制,为不同香型白酒生产工艺的定向改良和质量控制奠定了深层的理论基础。
不同颜色的高温大曲微生物菌群功能也存在差异,张芮等[19]发现黑曲中具有较强的GHs和AAs生成能力;黄曲中积累较高含量的GHs和GTs;白曲中合成较多的GTs、CEs和PLs,可能使白曲拥有较高的糖化力和液化力。Hou等[18]发现白曲中富集的微生物在分解淀粉、蛋白质、葡聚糖等底物发挥着重要作用,如Thermoactinomyces vulgaris分泌葡萄糖淀粉酶、α-淀粉酶、羧肽酶T等多种酶系,从而促进多糖利用和风味化合物生成;黑曲中的微生物对多糖、蛋白质和细胞壁合成等代谢途径的显著富集,同时在三羧酸循环、脂肪酸降解等碳代谢途径表现出突出的潜力,而黄曲则表现出较强的酯化能力。基于KEGG数据库进一步分析发现,低温大曲微生物在碳水化合物代谢(如丙酮酸代谢、糖酵解/糖异生、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、三羧酸循环)通路占比高于中温大曲和高温大曲;而高温大曲微生物在氨基酸代谢上更具优势[33]。这些发现从代谢网络层面阐明了大曲颜色、类型与微生物功能模块的对应关系,为理解大曲品质差异的形成机制提供了重要理论依据。
在质量等级差异方面,有研究表明一级中温大曲中与环境信息处理和细胞过程相关途径的基因相对丰度较高,说明其微生物群落可能具有较强的生长代谢潜力和新老更替速率,且一级大曲中薄层菌属(Hymenobacter)、Aspergillus和Bacillus等优势菌属编码高丰度的α-淀粉酶基因,赋予其较强的液化能力;二级大曲中则与代谢相关途径的基因相对丰度显著较高,虽其Weissella、Companilactobacillus和Staphylococcus等提供较高基因丰度的α-葡萄糖苷酶,但其糖化力显著低于一级大曲,不过其乳酸菌类群(如Companilactobacillus、Weissella和Limosilactobacillus)提供了较高乙醇脱氢酶、乳酸脱氢酶基因丰度,糖多孢菌属(Saccharopolyspora)、Staphylococcus、Aspergillus和Thermoactinomyces等提供了更多的羧酸酯酶基因丰度,使其具有较高的发酵力和酯化力[39]。因此从群落功能视角研究不同质量等级大曲可为完善大曲质量评价体系以及理性调控微生物群落提供理论支撑。未来研究可进一步深入探索微生物群落功能与大曲品质之间的具体关联机制,为优化大曲生产工艺和提高大曲质量提供科学依据。
宏转录组学技术能够精准解析大曲中活性微生物的功能特征及其酶系表达谱。Du等[45]通过分析发现,大曲中Lactobacillus在转录过程中涉及风味化合物及其前体(包括酯和酸)生物合成的基因很活跃,证明其对白酒风味形成具有关键作用。Wang 等[26]研究发现,酯化能力较强的大曲微生物群落在转录水平上呈现活跃的动态变化,其中Aspergillus、Bacillus、Leuconostoc和Pediococcus可显著高表达酯合成相关酶。Yi 等[40]对中温大曲的宏转录组数据进行注释,结果表明存在超过996种碳水化合物活性酶,其中高表达的GHs主要包括纤维素酶、细胞壁延伸酶、细胞壁脱支酶和寡糖降解酶,表明大曲微生物具备高效的碳水化合物代谢能力。Ali等[46]基于宏转录组学从中温大曲中直接获取β-葡聚糖酶及高表达热稳定的α-淀粉酶基因(NFAmy13A和NFAmy13B),并通过大肠杆菌异源表达和酶学分析,证实了这两种淀粉酶基因在糖化过程中存在竞争协同作用。这些报道通过解析大曲活性微生物群落的代谢网络和功能酶系,不仅为提升白酒品质提供理论依据,也为新型酶剂开发和高附加值产物挖掘奠定微生物资源基础。
Huang等[25]利用宏转录组学探索中温大曲在不同发酵阶段(50和62 ℃)中的活性微生物菌群功能,发现Aspergillus、Saccharomyces和Rhizopus等真菌在62 ℃时上调表达糖酵解、乙醇代谢、丙酮酸代谢和柠檬酸盐循环的关键酶基因,并鉴定出932种碳水化合物活性酶,其中8种己糖激酶、10种6-磷酸果糖激酶和16种丙酮酸激酶基因表达尤为突出,意味着中温大曲在62 ℃仍能维持稳定的糖化发酵和风味物质合成能力。对比高温大曲(70 ℃)的宏转录组学数据,发现高温大曲中有230种碳水化合物活性酶被鉴定为潜在的糖化酶,尽管其糖化相关酶的表达水平较中温大曲降低,但耐热微生物驱动的代谢网络增强了芳香化合物降解相关酶的活性,说明高温环境削弱了大曲的糖化效率,但促进了多种特殊微量芳香化合物的积累[20]。这一发现为不同香型白酒的工艺优化(如菌群定向驯化)提供了重要指导。
在高温大曲相关研究中,有宏蛋白组数据显示其淀粉酶系关键蛋白主要源于Kroppenstedtia、Lichtheimia、Byssochlamys和Thermomyces,而Thermoascus对纤维素酶系的贡献最大,高温发酵期上调的淀粉酶蛋白属于Aspergillus、Rhizomucor、Byssochlamys和Thermomyces[47]。Yang 等[48]通过宏蛋白组学发现,高温大曲中粗糙链孢霉(Neurospora crassa)、构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和海洋芽孢杆菌属(Oceanobacillus)通过调控五元杂环氨基酸代谢驱动微生态产生分化。柳习月[21]进一步证实了,高温大曲中Aspergillus、Bacillus、Byssochlamys、Kroppenstedtia等微生物主导苯丙氨酸代谢酶系(如醛脱氢酶、酰胺酶、转氨酶)的产生。对于中温大曲,Wang等[49]鉴定出88种与乙醇发酵相关的糖化酶,其中Aspergillus、根毛霉属(Rhizomucor)、Rhizopus分泌的α-淀粉酶和葡萄糖淀粉酶与淀粉水解和乙醇产生呈正相关。Fan等[50]发现中温大曲中868种微生物酶主要参与氧化还原过程、碳水化合物代谢过程、糖酵解和三羧酸循环等生物途径,其中的氧化还原类酶数量高于高温大曲和低温大曲[51],这一特征可能与其适温发酵(50~60 ℃)需要更强的抗氧化应激能力相关。He等[28]研究显示,在中温大曲水解酶中鉴定出36个碳水化合物代谢相关酶,其中Byssochlamys spectabilis、Lichtheimia ramosa和Thermoascus aurantiacus分泌的葡萄糖淀粉酶、葡聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶为主要的糖苷水解酶。低温大曲研究显示,2152个蛋白质与273个真菌属相关,其中大部分参与碳水化合物代谢[52]。
因此,基于组学技术(宏基因组、宏转录组、宏蛋白组)的整合研究,已成功确定大曲发酵过程中核心功能微生物及关键酶系,不仅为传统发酵工艺提供了分子水平的科学解释,还为定向改造微生物群落、优化发酵工艺提供了精准靶点。但当前技术仍面临重大挑战:宏转录组和宏蛋白组可有效解析白酒发酵系统中存在的活跃功能酶系,但受限于大曲样本提取效率低(如破壁困难、宿主干扰),其数据覆盖度远低于宏基因组。如通过宏转录组在高温大曲发酵中发现有230种碳水化合物活性酶,通过宏蛋白组发现在汾酒大曲中仅鉴定成功了122个酶蛋白[15]。为实现大曲发酵微生物活性微生物及酶系的精准解析,未来研究需突破靶向性微生物裂解技术的开发和宿主RNA/蛋白的高效去除两大技术瓶颈。
随着宏组学技术的发展,人们已经对包括大曲在内的传统酿造食品微生物群落结构和功能有了不同程度的认识[53]。不同的微生物在大曲发酵过程中发挥的功能有所不同,微生物群落组成结构与功能特征受非生物和生物因素两大驱动因子共同影响,从而形成大曲独特的品质特征。有研究表明,环境因素(包括外源性环境因子和内源性环境因子[54])和工艺方法是大曲微生物群落主要非生物驱动因子[55],大曲微生物之间相互作用则是主要生物驱动因子[56](图1)。因此,应用组学技术研究微生物与环境及群落内部的交互作用规律,认识与揭示白酒酿造微生物群落的驱动机制,对白酒发酵调控微生物群落具有重要意义。
白酒发酵过程是开放式自然发酵过程,酿造微生物的来源很大程度上取决于外源性环境因子(如地理位置、季节),这些发酵环境微生物是影响白酒品质、安全及风味特征的重要因素。利用宏基因组测序分析茅台镇不同酒厂高温大曲,发现A酒厂高温大曲中微生物的多样性和丰富度均显著低于B酒厂(P<0.05),且A酒厂高温大曲中丰度较高的差异代谢通路主要与氨基酸的生物合成相关,而B酒厂则以L-鼠李糖的降解相关为主,表明厂区间差异可影响高温大曲的微生物群落结构与功能[17]。此外,季节变化也会影响糖化酶活性,如Zhao等[57]通过宏蛋白组学解析高温大曲,发现相较于春季和冬季,夏季黄曲中Eurotiales分泌的纤维素酶及其他真菌分泌的α-淀粉酶、葡萄糖淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶丰度最高,使其对酿酒原料降解具有更强的糖化能力。这些结果提供了从微生物角度了解外源性环境因子重要性的案例,新的生物信息学工具(如 SourceTracker)也为研究微生物来源提供了切实可靠的工具[58]。
在传统白酒发酵过程中,内源性环境因子也是决定酿造微生物群落结构组成及功能的关键因素[59],其中温度是影响酿造微生物群落结构和功能最重要的因素之一[20]。温度常作为调节发酵的关键因子,使酿造微生物在不同温度条件下通过调整表达相关酶的基因以形成良好的耐受性并发挥酿造功能。有宏转录组学研究表明在高温大曲发酵过程中,Aspergillus、球孢子菌属(Coccidioides)、副球孢子菌属(Paracoccidioides)、Penicillium和Rasamsonia真菌在70 ℃下高度表达芳香化合物降解相关的酶[20]。Yang等[43]宏蛋白组学揭示,中温大曲中低耐热的Lichtheimia ramosa被鉴定为葡萄糖淀粉酶的主要产生菌,而仅在高温大曲中检测到耐热的Desmospora sp.能产生几丁质酶。
制曲工艺包括制曲原料处理、拌料、压曲、安曲、翻曲、贮存,其中原料的粉碎是大曲发酵前重要的预处理工序,影响着曲坯保水性能、升温状况及微生物生长代谢。有宏基因组学研究结果显示,低、中粉碎度组高温大曲(黑曲和黄曲)中微生物群落以Aspergillus、Rasamsonia、Paecilomyces、Talaromyces等真菌为主,而用高粉碎的小麦制曲时细菌菌群占群落优势生态位,且有利于大曲发展出更高的碳水化合物分解、转化活性[60]。
酿造微生物形成了复杂的相互作用网络,菌群间存在6种形式的相互作用类型,即共生(Mutualism)、偏利共栖(Commensalism)、偏害共栖(Amensalism)、寄生(Parasitism)、竞争(Competion)和中立(Neutralism),这些相互作用可以对所涉及的微生物产生积极、消极或者无干扰的影响(图1)。大曲生产过程中存在很多共生的典型案例,如宏基因组学研究发现Weissella与丝状真菌呈正相关[57],转录组学研究表明酵母和乳酸菌在硫化合物代谢中具有显著的互利共生关系[61];基于宏转录组和宏蛋白组数据,发现协同微生物群(包括Eurotiales、芽孢杆菌目Bacillales和酵母目Saccharomycetales)在酯合成代谢网络中起核心作用,其中Eurotiales及其代表属Aspergillus在大多数代谢过程中均贡献了最高的转录本和蛋白丰度[26]。寄生是指一种微生物(寄生者)依赖于其他微生物(宿主)存活,并通过摄取宿主营养物质或直接利用宿主细胞结构完成自身生命周期的相互作用模式,以大曲发酵体系为例,病毒宏基因组学研究表明大曲中的短尾病毒科(Podoviridae)和Thermoactinomyces呈正相关性[62],说明提示二者可能形成稳定的寄生互作,噬菌体或以溶原状态整合至宿主基因组。
多项研究表明,外源添加特定的菌株可调控大曲微生物群落结构与功能。Qin等[63]基于宏基因组技术揭示,接种Bacillus subtilis和贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)的大曲显著提升了解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)的丰度,而接种Bacillus licheniformis的大曲则促进了曲霉属菌种(Aspergillus spp.)和乳酸菌的生长,从而增强碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢及酯类合成等关键功能。陈家晖[64]通过宏基因组分析发现,强化接种Bacillus licheniformis和Bacillus amyloliquefaciens到大曲后,其微生物菌群的组成发生改变,其中Rasamsonia、Aspergillus、Talaromyces、Kroppenstedtia、Bacillus和Desmospora显著富集;同时,代谢相关(如氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢)功能基因和部分挥发性物质含量也明显上调。Liu等[65]进一步利用宏转录组技术研究接种高产纤维素酶Bacillus subtilis的强化大曲,发现其优势活性菌与总活性菌群的占比(85.08%)高于传统大曲(63.42%),淀粉和蔗糖代谢途径相关的酶在强化大曲中上调表达,糖化力、液化力和纤维素酶活性均显著提高。值得注意的是,由于白酒酿造微生物群落具有较强的鲁棒性(Robustness),强化接种单一或几株菌种虽能提高部分微生物的丰度,但微生物群落中物种之间的信息交流具有更强的稳定性,使对整个白酒酿造微生物菌群结构和功能改变有限[66]。因此,为实现功能微生物在大曲发酵中的高效应用,必须通过系统性优化试验建立科学的强化工艺,包括:a.评估强化方式和频率对功能菌定殖的影响;b.确定功能微生物组合和比例;c.建立“功能菌-酶活性-风味物质”评价体系。同时需确保功能菌与土著菌群的协同互作,并基于代谢网络分析明确强化目标,最终达到大曲微生物群落结构与功能的稳定强化。
我国白酒大曲微生物群落具有菌种丰富、酶系功能多样等特点,在先辈长期经验实践形成的生产技艺所蕴含的科学内涵和微生物群落体系应用价值有待深入挖掘。目前,宏组学方法的快速应用已获得更全面和高分辨率的大曲酿造微生物群落组成与功能基因信息,未来研究需重点突破以下方向:
通过多组学联合分析的方式可提高分析的准确性,阐明白酒发酵过程中复杂微生物群功能。随着微生物群落的宏组学分辨率的提高,再结合代谢组学方法,有望更准确地揭示微生物组关键功能基因活性、功能冗余度和代谢途径多样性[67],进而为精准定向调控微生物菌群以服务白酒酿造生产提供理论基础。大曲微生物研究的新突破将需要跨学科(如环境科学、系统生物学、计算机、高级成像等)协同创新以加速科学的新发现,今后也需要进一步加强生态学和工程领域视角、概念和方法学之间的交叉整合。
微生物培养组学则是一种在菌株水平上培养和识别微生物的高通量方法,它不仅补充了用于宏基因组分析的分类学和功能数据库的目录,还能通过高通量比较不同培养条件来突破难培养微生物的分离瓶颈,为系统挖掘特殊生境(如大曲发酵体系)中的新菌种资源提供技术支撑。未来研究中,可基于大曲微生物群落基因组测序和生物信息学分析,解析关键功能微生物(如产酯微生物、产酶微生物、产酸微生物)的特定培养和分离条件,进而通过多维度培养基优化策略(包括梯度化调整营养物质的浓度、添加特征性底物)来增加白酒酿造可培养微生物的种类,并为功能菌株资源库的构建奠定基础。
目前,对大曲发酵高度复杂、动态变化的微生物群落功能的预测和调控能力有限,因此使用数学模型和建立预测模型是未来研究大曲发酵的重要发展方向。通过环境因素(如pH、时间和温度)、某些生物因素(如初始微生物丰度、滞后期和相互作用)可以预测和优化生物酶和风味化合物的形成[68]。事实上,考虑更多因素通常能够提升模型的预测精度,但参数过多也会增加模型识别与交叉验证的难度。因此,仍建议采用独立参数数量较少的模型结构。在建模前,应筛选出关键参数以控制变量规模,同时注意未知因素对微生物群落的影响,从而构建一个相对更优的模型,用于预测和优化大曲发酵性能。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040324
  • 接收时间:2025-04-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-27
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    1泸州品创科技有限公司/国家固态酿造工程技术研究中心,四川泸州 646000
    2泸州老窖股份有限公司,四川泸州 646000

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杨阳(1992−),女,博士,工程师,研究方向:酿造微生态与微生物技术,E-mail:。
王松涛(1977−),男,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:酿酒微生物与酿酒工艺研究、食品原料开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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