Article(id=1320884223326662853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040199, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744819200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852939682, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852939682, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852939682, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852939682, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=478, endPage=493, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884224920498374, articleId=1320884223326662853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Recent Advances Molecularly-imprinted Electrochemical Sensors for Pesticide Residue Detection, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With growing concerns regarding food safety, pesticide residues in agricultural products have become a core issue. In recent years, new molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors (MIECS), formed by integrating molecular imprinting technology (MIT) with electrochemical sensors, have become a leading approach in the detection of pesticide residues in food due to their high selectivity, convenience, and efficiency. The preparation methods of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and the fundamental principles and types of MIECS are reviewed in this paper. Building on this foundation, the research progress of MIECS in pesticide residue detection is focused on encompassing molecularly imprinted amperometric sensors, molecularly imprinted electrochemical impedance sensors and molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensors from the perspective of electrochemical analysis. The applications of different electrochemical analysis methods are also summarized. It is demonstrated that the selectivity of MIECS for target pesticides can be significantly enhanced through optimization of MIPs synthesis strategies. Additionally, detection signals can be effectively amplified by electrode modification materials exhibiting high electrochemical activity. Crucially, the achievement of specific detection is critically determined by the selection of appropriate electrochemical analysis techniques tailored to the distinct electrochemical properties of different pesticides. Looking ahead, the development of MIECS for rapid pesticide residue detection towards enhanced portability, automation, and detection efficiency still confronts significant challenges.

, authors=Shiyou YU1, Zhuohang LI1, Xin WANG1, Anran WANG1, Zhiguo NA1, 2, *, authorsList=Shiyou YU, Zhuohang LI, Xin WANG, Anran WANG, Zhiguo NA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhiguo NA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884226388504785, articleId=1320884223326662853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于分子印迹电化学技术的农药残留检测传感器的研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着食品安全问题的日益凸显,农副食品的农药残留已成为核心关注点之一。近年来,将分子印迹技术(Molecular Imprinting Technology,MIT)与电化学传感器相结合的新型分子印迹电化学传感器(Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors,MIECS),凭借其高选择性、便捷高效等优势,逐渐成为食品农残检测领域的前沿研究方向。本文回顾了分子印迹聚合物(Molecular Imprinting Polymers,MIPs)的制备方法和MIECS的基本原理及类型。在此基础上,重点从电化学分析角度出发,综述了MIECS在农药残留检测中的研究进展,涵盖分子印迹电流型传感器、分子印迹电化学阻抗传感器以及电化学-光学联用传感器,并对不同电化学分析方法的适用场景进行了总结,其表明MIECS可以通过优化MIPs合成策略显著提升对目标农药的选择性,高电化学活性电极修饰材料能有效放大检测信号,且针对不同农药的电化学特性,适配特定的电化学分析技术是对其特异性检测的关键。未来MIECS在农药残留快速检测领域向更高便携性、智能化及检测效率等方面的发展仍面临诸多挑战。

, authors=遇世友1, 李卓航1, 王鑫1, 汪安然1, 那治国1, 2, *, authorsList=遇世友, 李卓航, 王鑫, 汪安然, 那治国, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=那治国, authorNote=

遇世友(1984−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品分析与检测,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
那治国(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:功能性乳制品,E-mail:。
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Electrochemistry Communications, 2011, 13(12): 1404−1407., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884252036673954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=131, rfOrder=151, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN Xiaolu, GAO Chaomin, ZHANG Lina, et al. Photoelectrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted film modified hierarchical branched titanium dioxide nanorods for chlorpyrifos detection[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2017, 251: 1−8., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884252133142947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=132, rfOrder=152, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Tao, ZHANG Mengge, LU Yuhao, et al. Metal-organic-framework-confined quantum dots enhance photocurrent signals: A molecularly imprinted photoelectrochemical cathodic sensor for rapid and sensitive tetracycline detection[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2024, 1293: 342269., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884252196057508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=133, rfOrder=153, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Yukun, YAN Wenyan, WANG Xiaomin, et al. Development of a molecularly imprinted photoelectrochemical sensing platform based on NH(2)-MIL-125(Ti)-TiO2 composite for the sensitive and selective determination of oxtetracycline[J]. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 2021, 177: 113000., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884252271554981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=134, rfOrder=154, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Mengge, DONG Xiuxiu, JI Guanya, et al. Synergistic effect of 2D covalent organic frameworks confined 0D carbon quantum dots film: Toward molecularly imprinted cathodic photoelectrochemical platform for detection of tetracycline[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2025, 267: 116870., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884252338663846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=135, rfOrder=155, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Xiaoqing, LI Tianning, LIU Yiwei, et al. A donor-acceptor-type photoactive material based cathode molecularly imprinted photoelectrochemical sensor for luteolin[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2024, 402: 135095., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320884226623385810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884226635968723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, companyId=1320884226623385810, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884226644357332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, companyId=1320884226623385810, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320884226711466197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884226724049110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, companyId=1320884226711466197, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Food Engineering, East University of Heilongjiang, Harbin 150066, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884226732437719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, companyId=1320884226711466197, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2黑龙江东方学院食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150066)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320884230138212602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Molecularly imprinted polymer synthesis and recognition process, figureFileSmall=+NEk6nagE72/c4H6uw24bg==, figureFileBig=Xh2MxIRxbW1nsYOz5Uk5mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884230196932859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, language=CN, label=图1, caption=分子印迹聚合物的制备与识别过程, figureFileSmall=+NEk6nagE72/c4H6uw24bg==, figureFileBig=Xh2MxIRxbW1nsYOz5Uk5mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884230360510716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor fabrication and application, figureFileSmall=RtO0KjOaHplhvii6fiZkHA==, figureFileBig=MGUEX7uT75xVBj5FsiYxnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884230423425277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, language=CN, label=图2, caption=分子印迹电化学传感器的构建及运用, figureFileSmall=RtO0KjOaHplhvii6fiZkHA==, figureFileBig=MGUEX7uT75xVBj5FsiYxnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884230507311358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for glyphosate detection by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy[71], figureFileSmall=ZpW0mXl/4Dxc9veNaT27fQ==, figureFileBig=Bl5jqsEx4O/Cxms638oz0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884230574420223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, language=CN, label=图3, caption=电化学阻抗谱法测定草甘膦的MIECS[71]

注:(a)MIPs/Au的制备及其对草甘膦的识别;(b)a为bare Au,b为NIPs/Au,c为洗脱模板分子前的MIPs/Au,d为洗脱模板分子后的MIPs/Au在5 mmol/L的[Fe(CN)6]3-/4-和PBS的体系中的EIS表征结果;(c)MIPs/Au于5 mmol/L[Fe(CN)6]3-/4-和PBS的体系中识别前以及在不同浓度草甘膦体系中完成特异性识别后的EIS表征;(d)NIPs/Au于5 mmol/L[Fe(CN)6]3-/4-和PBS的体系中识别前以及在不同浓度草甘膦体系中完成特异性识别后的EIS表征;(e)利用CV探究传感器的再生性;(b)~(d)中的横坐标为阻抗实部(Z,反映电阻特性),纵坐标为阻抗虚部的负值(-Im,反映电容/电感特性)。

, figureFileSmall=ZpW0mXl/4Dxc9veNaT27fQ==, figureFileBig=Bl5jqsEx4O/Cxms638oz0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884230633140480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensor operation mechanism, figureFileSmall=PTx5uztJhpzrfOF2FbupBg==, figureFileBig=QOod97Q6kO8R5uASm5Kwnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884230700249345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, language=CN, label=图4, caption=分子印迹电化学发光传感器工作机制, figureFileSmall=PTx5uztJhpzrfOF2FbupBg==, figureFileBig=QOod97Q6kO8R5uASm5Kwnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884230775746818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Molecularly imprinted photoelectrochemical sensor detection operating mechanism schematic, figureFileSmall=5i77YXtWtZAuuqaLOKg3vw==, figureFileBig=FHVLeQ1eQCR+1IGXPE1QCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884230855438595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, language=CN, label=图5, caption=分子印迹光电化学传感器工作检测机制, figureFileSmall=5i77YXtWtZAuuqaLOKg3vw==, figureFileBig=FHVLeQ1eQCR+1IGXPE1QCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884230926741764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Molecularly imprinted amperometric sensor pesticide residue detection application

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农残类型功能单体交联剂
(引发剂)
修饰电极聚合方法检测模块检测限参考文献
西草净甲基丙烯酸SMTMIPs/GCE原位聚合法CV0.89×10−6 mol/L[41]
多菌灵吡咯MIPs/GCE电化学聚合法CV2.13×10−8 mol/L[45]
苦参碱对氨基苯硫酚MIPs/AuNPs/GCE电化学聚合法CV3.3×10−11 g/L[56]
草甘膦吡咯MIPs/AuE电化学聚合法DPV5×10−7 g/L[57]
敌草隆邻氨基苯酚Diuron-MIPs/ZnO/3DNGH/GCE电化学聚合法DPV4.12×10−10 mol/L[58]
三唑磷甲基丙烯酸EGMRAMIPs/GR/GCE电化学聚合法DPV、EIS4.3×10−8 mol/L[59]
三氟氯氰菊酯邻苯二胺、邻氨基苯酚MIPs/GCE电化学聚合法CV、SWV3.0×10−8 mol/L[60]
敌草隆甲基丙烯酸MIPs/Fe3O4@SiO2@MPS/GCE表面印迹法CV、DPV1.3×10−8 mol/L[61]
啶虫脒壳聚糖戊二醛MIPs/AgNPs/SPE原位聚合法CV[47]
吡虫啉邻苯二胺MIPs/Au/GCE电化学聚合法CV、DPV1×10−12 mol/L[62]
噻菌灵邻氨基苯酚和邻苯二胺MIPs/CMWCNTs-CS/GCE电化学聚合法CV、SWV3.3×10−9 mol/L[63]
氧化乐果、乐果甲基丙烯酸MIPs/AuNPs/AuE电化学聚合法CV、EIS、DPV0.1×10−24 mol/L、1×10−24 mol/L[48]
敌敌畏邻苯二胺MIPs/rGO/GCE电化学聚合法CV、DPV2×10−8 mol/L[64]
多菌灵甲基丙烯酸双α-甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯HKUST-1@MIPs-GE表面印迹法CV、EIS、DPV2×10−9 mol/L[65]
甲氧隆对苯二胺MIPs/PGE电化学聚合法DPV、EIS2.75×10−3 g/L[66]
草甘膦吡咯MIPs@GO/GCEDPV1.1×10−5 mol/L
甲基对硫磷苯酚MIPs/N-GS/AuE电化学聚合法CV1×10−8 g/L[55]
4-氯-2-甲基苯氧
乙酸
吡咯eMIPs/SPEC电化学聚合法CV、DPV、EIS[67]
甲萘威对氨基苯硫酚MIPs/GR-IL-Au/CS-AuPtNPs/GCE电化学聚合法CV、DPV8.0×10−9 mol/L[68]
2,4-二氯苯酚二甲基亚砜EGDMAMIPs/GCE原位聚合法DPV、EIS1.6×10−6 mol/L[69]
阿特拉津AAT、EDOT(EDOT-co-AAT)MICPs/PtE电化学聚合法CV10−7 mol/L[70]
草甘膦壳聚糖MIPs/Au电化学聚合法CV、EIS0.001×10−21 g/L[71]
2,4-D邻苯二胺MIPs/CS-HPSNs-NH2@Au电化学聚合法CV、DPV6.077×10−12 mol/L[52]
西玛津邻氨基苯硫酚SMZ@MIPs/ATP@AuNPs/ATP/Au电化学聚合法CV、EIS0.0013 mol/L[72]
马拉硫磷丙烯酰胺双丙烯酰胺MIPs/Au-SPE原位聚合法CV、DPV、EIS6×10−23 g/L[73]
对硝基苯酚甲基丙烯酸MIPs–CP原位聚合法CV、DPV3×10−9 mol/L[74]
毒死蜱对苯二胺EDOTICP@MWCNT/GCE原位聚合法CV、DPV4.0×10−12 mol/L[75]
林丹甲基丙烯酸EGDMAMIPs/MWCNT-CH=CH2/CuE原位聚合法DPV1.0×10−10 mol/L[76]
杀扑磷MBAAEGDMAMIPs/SPCE原位聚合法EIS5.14×10−3 g/L[77]
四环素[AVIM]BrDSMIPs@Mn3O4/GCE表面聚合和双单体印迹法DPV、SWV5×10−9 mol/L[78]
草甘膦吡咯吡咯MIPsNs/SPE(SPE固定器)溶剂-凝胶法CV、EIS、DPV1.94×10−6 g/L[79]
赛克津衣康酸EGDMAMIPs/MWCNTs/CPE本体聚合法CV、DPV1×10−22 g/L[54]
多菌灵邻苯二胺MIPs/N,S-Mo2C/GCE电聚合法CV、EIS6.7×10−13 mol/L[80]
对硝基苯酚壳聚糖MIPs/ZnO–MWNTs–
CTS/ITO
电聚合法CV、EIS、DPV1×10−9 mol/L[81]
克线磷吡咯MIPs/Co3O4@MOF-74/GCE电聚合法CV、EIS3.0×10−12 mol/L[82]
丙溴磷甲基丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺EGDMAMIPs/GO/GCE表面印迹法CV、EIS、SWV5×10−9 mol/L[83]
茚虫威APTESTEOSMIPs@SnS2QDs/pg-C3N4/MWCNTs溶剂-凝胶法CV、EIS、DPV7.1×10−9 mol/L[84]
吡虫啉邻苯二胺MIPs/PoPD-RGO/GCE电聚合法CV、LSV4.0×10−7 mol/L[85]
三唑磷邻苯二胺MIPs/PHP/AuNP/CNT/GCE电聚合法CV1×10−6 mol/L[53]
甲基对硫磷间苯二酚MIPs/AuNPs/GCE电聚合法EIS3.4×10−10 mol/L[86]
吡虫啉邻苯二胺MIPs/AQ/ZrO2-CNTs-BA/GCE电聚合法CV、EIS1.4×10−9 mol/L[87]
对硫磷AAEGDMAFUN-PANI-MIPs/GCE原位聚合法CV、DPV1.13×10−8 mol/L[88]
异丙隆APTESTEOSAu@HKUST-1@MIPs/GCE溶剂-凝胶法CV、EIS、DPV1.045×10−9 mol/L[32]
2,4-D对硝基苯酚邻苯二胺MIPs/PDA-rGO/GCE电聚合法CV、DPV0.8×10−9 mol/L[89]
苯胺p-NP-MIPs-PANI/GO/CPE沉淀聚合法CV、DPV2×10−5 mol/L[90]
克百威甲基丙烯酸EGDMAMIPs/rGO@Au/表面印迹法CV、EIS2.0×10−8 mol/L[91]
己嗪酮二氯甲烷EGDMAMIPs/CPE原位聚合法CV、DPV2.6×10−12 mol/L[92]
毒死蜱吡咯MIPs/PGE电聚合法EIS4.5×10−6 g/L[93]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884231023210757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于分子印迹电流型的传感器在农残检测中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农残类型功能单体交联剂
(引发剂)
修饰电极聚合方法检测模块检测限参考文献
西草净甲基丙烯酸SMTMIPs/GCE原位聚合法CV0.89×10−6 mol/L[41]
多菌灵吡咯MIPs/GCE电化学聚合法CV2.13×10−8 mol/L[45]
苦参碱对氨基苯硫酚MIPs/AuNPs/GCE电化学聚合法CV3.3×10−11 g/L[56]
草甘膦吡咯MIPs/AuE电化学聚合法DPV5×10−7 g/L[57]
敌草隆邻氨基苯酚Diuron-MIPs/ZnO/3DNGH/GCE电化学聚合法DPV4.12×10−10 mol/L[58]
三唑磷甲基丙烯酸EGMRAMIPs/GR/GCE电化学聚合法DPV、EIS4.3×10−8 mol/L[59]
三氟氯氰菊酯邻苯二胺、邻氨基苯酚MIPs/GCE电化学聚合法CV、SWV3.0×10−8 mol/L[60]
敌草隆甲基丙烯酸MIPs/Fe3O4@SiO2@MPS/GCE表面印迹法CV、DPV1.3×10−8 mol/L[61]
啶虫脒壳聚糖戊二醛MIPs/AgNPs/SPE原位聚合法CV[47]
吡虫啉邻苯二胺MIPs/Au/GCE电化学聚合法CV、DPV1×10−12 mol/L[62]
噻菌灵邻氨基苯酚和邻苯二胺MIPs/CMWCNTs-CS/GCE电化学聚合法CV、SWV3.3×10−9 mol/L[63]
氧化乐果、乐果甲基丙烯酸MIPs/AuNPs/AuE电化学聚合法CV、EIS、DPV0.1×10−24 mol/L、1×10−24 mol/L[48]
敌敌畏邻苯二胺MIPs/rGO/GCE电化学聚合法CV、DPV2×10−8 mol/L[64]
多菌灵甲基丙烯酸双α-甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯HKUST-1@MIPs-GE表面印迹法CV、EIS、DPV2×10−9 mol/L[65]
甲氧隆对苯二胺MIPs/PGE电化学聚合法DPV、EIS2.75×10−3 g/L[66]
草甘膦吡咯MIPs@GO/GCEDPV1.1×10−5 mol/L
甲基对硫磷苯酚MIPs/N-GS/AuE电化学聚合法CV1×10−8 g/L[55]
4-氯-2-甲基苯氧
乙酸
吡咯eMIPs/SPEC电化学聚合法CV、DPV、EIS[67]
甲萘威对氨基苯硫酚MIPs/GR-IL-Au/CS-AuPtNPs/GCE电化学聚合法CV、DPV8.0×10−9 mol/L[68]
2,4-二氯苯酚二甲基亚砜EGDMAMIPs/GCE原位聚合法DPV、EIS1.6×10−6 mol/L[69]
阿特拉津AAT、EDOT(EDOT-co-AAT)MICPs/PtE电化学聚合法CV10−7 mol/L[70]
草甘膦壳聚糖MIPs/Au电化学聚合法CV、EIS0.001×10−21 g/L[71]
2,4-D邻苯二胺MIPs/CS-HPSNs-NH2@Au电化学聚合法CV、DPV6.077×10−12 mol/L[52]
西玛津邻氨基苯硫酚SMZ@MIPs/ATP@AuNPs/ATP/Au电化学聚合法CV、EIS0.0013 mol/L[72]
马拉硫磷丙烯酰胺双丙烯酰胺MIPs/Au-SPE原位聚合法CV、DPV、EIS6×10−23 g/L[73]
对硝基苯酚甲基丙烯酸MIPs–CP原位聚合法CV、DPV3×10−9 mol/L[74]
毒死蜱对苯二胺EDOTICP@MWCNT/GCE原位聚合法CV、DPV4.0×10−12 mol/L[75]
林丹甲基丙烯酸EGDMAMIPs/MWCNT-CH=CH2/CuE原位聚合法DPV1.0×10−10 mol/L[76]
杀扑磷MBAAEGDMAMIPs/SPCE原位聚合法EIS5.14×10−3 g/L[77]
四环素[AVIM]BrDSMIPs@Mn3O4/GCE表面聚合和双单体印迹法DPV、SWV5×10−9 mol/L[78]
草甘膦吡咯吡咯MIPsNs/SPE(SPE固定器)溶剂-凝胶法CV、EIS、DPV1.94×10−6 g/L[79]
赛克津衣康酸EGDMAMIPs/MWCNTs/CPE本体聚合法CV、DPV1×10−22 g/L[54]
多菌灵邻苯二胺MIPs/N,S-Mo2C/GCE电聚合法CV、EIS6.7×10−13 mol/L[80]
对硝基苯酚壳聚糖MIPs/ZnO–MWNTs–
CTS/ITO
电聚合法CV、EIS、DPV1×10−9 mol/L[81]
克线磷吡咯MIPs/Co3O4@MOF-74/GCE电聚合法CV、EIS3.0×10−12 mol/L[82]
丙溴磷甲基丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺EGDMAMIPs/GO/GCE表面印迹法CV、EIS、SWV5×10−9 mol/L[83]
茚虫威APTESTEOSMIPs@SnS2QDs/pg-C3N4/MWCNTs溶剂-凝胶法CV、EIS、DPV7.1×10−9 mol/L[84]
吡虫啉邻苯二胺MIPs/PoPD-RGO/GCE电聚合法CV、LSV4.0×10−7 mol/L[85]
三唑磷邻苯二胺MIPs/PHP/AuNP/CNT/GCE电聚合法CV1×10−6 mol/L[53]
甲基对硫磷间苯二酚MIPs/AuNPs/GCE电聚合法EIS3.4×10−10 mol/L[86]
吡虫啉邻苯二胺MIPs/AQ/ZrO2-CNTs-BA/GCE电聚合法CV、EIS1.4×10−9 mol/L[87]
对硫磷AAEGDMAFUN-PANI-MIPs/GCE原位聚合法CV、DPV1.13×10−8 mol/L[88]
异丙隆APTESTEOSAu@HKUST-1@MIPs/GCE溶剂-凝胶法CV、EIS、DPV1.045×10−9 mol/L[32]
2,4-D对硝基苯酚邻苯二胺MIPs/PDA-rGO/GCE电聚合法CV、DPV0.8×10−9 mol/L[89]
苯胺p-NP-MIPs-PANI/GO/CPE沉淀聚合法CV、DPV2×10−5 mol/L[90]
克百威甲基丙烯酸EGDMAMIPs/rGO@Au/表面印迹法CV、EIS2.0×10−8 mol/L[91]
己嗪酮二氯甲烷EGDMAMIPs/CPE原位聚合法CV、DPV2.6×10−12 mol/L[92]
毒死蜱吡咯MIPs/PGE电聚合法EIS4.5×10−6 g/L[93]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884231102902534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensor pesticide residue detection application

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ECL机制发光体共反应剂检测物功能单体线性范围检测限参考文献
湮灭型g-C3N4NSs毒死蜱MAA1.0×10−8~1.0×10−4 mol/L5×10−8 mol/L[106]
AgBiS2/Bi2S3残杀威邻苯二胺1.0×10−12~5.0×10−10 mol/L2.3×10−13 mol/L[107]
Ag/SnO22,4-DMAA3×10−12~3×10−5 mol/L1.13×10−12 mol/L[108]
共反应型Au@Cu:Tb-MOFsAu@Cu:Tb-MOFs毒死蜱噻二唑1×10−22~10−15 g/L2.9×10−23 g/L[105]
Au@Cu:ZIF-8Cu2+马拉硫磷BDTD1×10−20~1×10−4 g/L1.8×10−22 g/L[109]
Tb-Ru-MOGCeO2NPs吡虫啉o-PD、p-ATP1×10−8~1×10−5 mol/L1.37×10−9 mol/L[110]
鲁米诺Te-CdS@Mn3O42,4-Do-PD1×10−9~1×10−4 mol/L6.3×10−10 mol/L[111]
鲁米诺Mn@NC辛硫磷EA5×10−6~1×10−3 g/L1.1×10−8 g/L[112]
鲁米诺Fe/Cu-N-C敌百虫EDGMA1.0×10−3~5.0×10−3 g/L3.9×10−22 g/L[113]
AuNCsTEA敌草隆噻吩2.16×10−9 g/L[114]
MIL@RuK2S2O8四环素o-PD1×10−8~1×10−3 mol/L8×10−9 mol/L[115]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884231182594311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于分子印迹电化学发光的传感器在农残检测中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ECL机制发光体共反应剂检测物功能单体线性范围检测限参考文献
湮灭型g-C3N4NSs毒死蜱MAA1.0×10−8~1.0×10−4 mol/L5×10−8 mol/L[106]
AgBiS2/Bi2S3残杀威邻苯二胺1.0×10−12~5.0×10−10 mol/L2.3×10−13 mol/L[107]
Ag/SnO22,4-DMAA3×10−12~3×10−5 mol/L1.13×10−12 mol/L[108]
共反应型Au@Cu:Tb-MOFsAu@Cu:Tb-MOFs毒死蜱噻二唑1×10−22~10−15 g/L2.9×10−23 g/L[105]
Au@Cu:ZIF-8Cu2+马拉硫磷BDTD1×10−20~1×10−4 g/L1.8×10−22 g/L[109]
Tb-Ru-MOGCeO2NPs吡虫啉o-PD、p-ATP1×10−8~1×10−5 mol/L1.37×10−9 mol/L[110]
鲁米诺Te-CdS@Mn3O42,4-Do-PD1×10−9~1×10−4 mol/L6.3×10−10 mol/L[111]
鲁米诺Mn@NC辛硫磷EA5×10−6~1×10−3 g/L1.1×10−8 g/L[112]
鲁米诺Fe/Cu-N-C敌百虫EDGMA1.0×10−3~5.0×10−3 g/L3.9×10−22 g/L[113]
AuNCsTEA敌草隆噻吩2.16×10−9 g/L[114]
MIL@RuK2S2O8四环素o-PD1×10−8~1×10−3 mol/L8×10−9 mol/L[115]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884231258091784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Molecularly imprinted photoelectrochemical sensor pesticide residue detection application

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测物光电材料电极功能单体线性范围检测限实际样品参考文献
乐果Ag2S/SnS2FTOo-PD1×10−11~1×10−14 mol/L5.9×10−24 mol/L皇冠梨[126]
乐果PCN-224(Zn)/Nb4C3ITOo-PD1×10−10~1×10−6 mol/L2.61×10−23 mol/L桃、河水[127]
四环素ZnO/CFTOo-PD10−11~1.0×10−14 mol/L7×10−12 mol/L牛奶、环境废水[128]
2,4-DBiOINFsFTO吡咯4×10−8 g/L土壤[129]
2,4-DTiO2 NTsTi E吡咯5×10−7~1.3×10−5 mol/L1×10−8 mol/L纯净饮用水、河水[130]
毒死蜱B-TiO2 NRsFTO氨基苯硫酚1×10−8~1×10−4 g/L7.4×10−21 g/L纯净水、河水[131]
四环素CDs@PCN-224ITOMAA1×10−12~1×10−7 mol/L3.72×10−13 mol/L畜禽养殖废水[132]
土霉素NH2-MIL-125(Ti)-TiO2ITOo-PD1×10−10~1×10−6 mol/L6×10−23 mol/L牛肉、鸡肉[133]
四环素CDs/COFsITOMAA5×10−12~1×10−5 mol/L6×10−13 mol/L河水(畜禽养殖旁)[134]
木犀草素ZnS/rGOGCESFC、咔唑1×10−15~2×10−6 mol/L3.5×10−10 mol/L胡萝卜、花生壳、菊花茶[135]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884231321006345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884223326662853, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于分子印迹光电化学的传感器在农残检测中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测物光电材料电极功能单体线性范围检测限实际样品参考文献
乐果Ag2S/SnS2FTOo-PD1×10−11~1×10−14 mol/L5.9×10−24 mol/L皇冠梨[126]
乐果PCN-224(Zn)/Nb4C3ITOo-PD1×10−10~1×10−6 mol/L2.61×10−23 mol/L桃、河水[127]
四环素ZnO/CFTOo-PD10−11~1.0×10−14 mol/L7×10−12 mol/L牛奶、环境废水[128]
2,4-DBiOINFsFTO吡咯4×10−8 g/L土壤[129]
2,4-DTiO2 NTsTi E吡咯5×10−7~1.3×10−5 mol/L1×10−8 mol/L纯净饮用水、河水[130]
毒死蜱B-TiO2 NRsFTO氨基苯硫酚1×10−8~1×10−4 g/L7.4×10−21 g/L纯净水、河水[131]
四环素CDs@PCN-224ITOMAA1×10−12~1×10−7 mol/L3.72×10−13 mol/L畜禽养殖废水[132]
土霉素NH2-MIL-125(Ti)-TiO2ITOo-PD1×10−10~1×10−6 mol/L6×10−23 mol/L牛肉、鸡肉[133]
四环素CDs/COFsITOMAA5×10−12~1×10−5 mol/L6×10−13 mol/L河水(畜禽养殖旁)[134]
木犀草素ZnS/rGOGCESFC、咔唑1×10−15~2×10−6 mol/L3.5×10−10 mol/L胡萝卜、花生壳、菊花茶[135]
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基于分子印迹电化学技术的农药残留检测传感器的研究进展
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遇世友 1 , 李卓航 1 , 王鑫 1 , 汪安然 1 , 那治国 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(8): 478-493
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (8) : 478 -493
基于分子印迹电化学技术的农药残留检测传感器的研究进展
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遇世友1 , 李卓航1, 王鑫1, 汪安然1, 那治国1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028
  • 2黑龙江东方学院食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150066
通讯作者:
那治国(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:功能性乳制品,E-mail:。
作者简介:

遇世友(1984−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品分析与检测,E-mail:

Recent Advances Molecularly-imprinted Electrochemical Sensors for Pesticide Residue Detection
Shiyou YU1 , Zhuohang LI1, Xin WANG1, Anran WANG1, Zhiguo NA1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China
  • 2School of Food Engineering, East University of Heilongjiang, Harbin 150066, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040199
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随着食品安全问题的日益凸显,农副食品的农药残留已成为核心关注点之一。近年来,将分子印迹技术(Molecular Imprinting Technology,MIT)与电化学传感器相结合的新型分子印迹电化学传感器(Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors,MIECS),凭借其高选择性、便捷高效等优势,逐渐成为食品农残检测领域的前沿研究方向。本文回顾了分子印迹聚合物(Molecular Imprinting Polymers,MIPs)的制备方法和MIECS的基本原理及类型。在此基础上,重点从电化学分析角度出发,综述了MIECS在农药残留检测中的研究进展,涵盖分子印迹电流型传感器、分子印迹电化学阻抗传感器以及电化学-光学联用传感器,并对不同电化学分析方法的适用场景进行了总结,其表明MIECS可以通过优化MIPs合成策略显著提升对目标农药的选择性,高电化学活性电极修饰材料能有效放大检测信号,且针对不同农药的电化学特性,适配特定的电化学分析技术是对其特异性检测的关键。未来MIECS在农药残留快速检测领域向更高便携性、智能化及检测效率等方面的发展仍面临诸多挑战。

分子印迹技术  /  农药残留  /  电化学传感器  /  电化学分析技术

With growing concerns regarding food safety, pesticide residues in agricultural products have become a core issue. In recent years, new molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors (MIECS), formed by integrating molecular imprinting technology (MIT) with electrochemical sensors, have become a leading approach in the detection of pesticide residues in food due to their high selectivity, convenience, and efficiency. The preparation methods of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and the fundamental principles and types of MIECS are reviewed in this paper. Building on this foundation, the research progress of MIECS in pesticide residue detection is focused on encompassing molecularly imprinted amperometric sensors, molecularly imprinted electrochemical impedance sensors and molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensors from the perspective of electrochemical analysis. The applications of different electrochemical analysis methods are also summarized. It is demonstrated that the selectivity of MIECS for target pesticides can be significantly enhanced through optimization of MIPs synthesis strategies. Additionally, detection signals can be effectively amplified by electrode modification materials exhibiting high electrochemical activity. Crucially, the achievement of specific detection is critically determined by the selection of appropriate electrochemical analysis techniques tailored to the distinct electrochemical properties of different pesticides. Looking ahead, the development of MIECS for rapid pesticide residue detection towards enhanced portability, automation, and detection efficiency still confronts significant challenges.

molecular imprinting technology  /  pesticide residues  /  electrochemical sensor  /  electrochemical analysis technology
遇世友, 李卓航, 王鑫, 汪安然, 那治国. 基于分子印迹电化学技术的农药残留检测传感器的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 478 -493 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040199
Shiyou YU, Zhuohang LI, Xin WANG, Anran WANG, Zhiguo NA. Recent Advances Molecularly-imprinted Electrochemical Sensors for Pesticide Residue Detection[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 478 -493 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040199
在农业生产中,杀虫剂、除草剂等一系列农药已被广泛应用于农产品的防治虫害、增产增收,但由于部分农药的用量没有明确规定,无法做到全面监管[1]。而过量和混用导致的农药残留超标,相较于单独且合规使用的农药,其半衰期更长(超过60 d)[2],且通常会在环境中长期存在[3]。而农药残留超标的食品被人食用,大剂量的摄入可致急性中毒,出现如引发呕吐、抽搐等症状,而小剂量的长期摄入又会在体内出现累积效应,对人体肝、肾脏等器官造成损伤,影响免疫系统、内分泌系统等,甚至增加致癌风险[4],对人体健康造成严重的危害。因此,农药残留的严格检测是非常重要且必要的。
在如今的农残检测方法中,液相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱联用法、液相色谱-质谱联用法等凭借其较低的检测限、高可靠性和高准确度已成为农药残留检测领域广泛应用的主流技术[5−6],并被纳入国标GB 2763-2019《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》作为配套检测方法。然而,以上色谱法对操作人员的专业素质要求较高,且存在操作繁琐、检测周期长、仪器昂贵等局限,难以满足现场快速监测的需求。相比之下,电化学传感器技术因其检测效率高、线性动态范围宽以及仪器成本相对较低等优势,在食品安全快速检测领域获得了广泛应用。电化学传感器通过电极修饰可有效提升其灵敏度,展现出广泛的研究前景。但该技术在面对复杂基质环境检测时,往往难以实现对特定的目标分析物进行特异性识别。因此,将具有特异性识别能力的MIT与响应快速的电化学传感平台相结合为新型MIECS,已成为农药残留快速检测领域的重要研究方向。
近年来,关于电化学传感器及MIECS用于农药残留检测的研究论文和综述已有多篇发表。Abedeen等[7]和Zhou等[8]都聚焦于新型纳米级材料,分别综述了应用于食品与水中农药残留检测及专一性检测有机磷农药的非酶电化学传感器。Irkham等[9]通过介绍电化学发光传感器在农药残留检测中的最新进展,强调了其在实现更高效食品安全监测方面的潜力。Parihar等[10]探讨了物联网技术与MIECS集成用于农药检测的研究动态。Zhou等[11]则深入分析并讨论了基于纳米材料构建的具有高度特异性、小型化特点的MIECS在食品安全分析领域的应用。Büyüktiryaki等[12]重点阐述了MIECS在检测癌症生物标志物方面的应用前景。Chi等[13]以碳纳米材料修饰的传感器为核心,综述了其在各类食品有害物质检测中的最新研究成果。Cao等[14]讨论了MIECS传感机制在食品危害因子检测中的应用。然而,现有综述大多聚焦于电极修饰材料对传感器在农药残留检测性能的影响以及电化学发光研究方向。此外MIECS的综述较多关注于传感器构建过程中不同分子印迹技术的应用研究。对于不同类型电化学分析技术在MIECS检测农药残留中的具体应用原理与联用技术缺乏深入探讨。因此,本综述旨在系统概述基于MIECS的农药残留检测技术在相关研究中的最新进展;探讨电化学传感与MIT联用所涉及的关键技术及其存在的挑战;介绍MIECS在农药残留实际样品检测中的应用实例;展望分子印迹电化学传感器在实现农药残留特异性快速检测领域的未来发展方向。
20世纪70年代,Wulff等[15]通过自聚合反应将分子印迹聚合物(Molecular Imprinting Polymers,MIPs)作为合成识别元件引入学术界,开辟了分析领域新的研究方向。MIT是一种基于抗体与抗原或酶与底物相互作用的原理,合成具有特定分子识别能力的三维聚合物的制备技术,其在模板分子与功能单体形成复合物后,在交联剂的参与下发生聚合反应进而形成高度紧密的聚合物,再通过洗脱方法将聚合物中的模板分子去除,此时聚合物中便出现了众多三维印迹空腔[16],因聚合物为共价配合物或非共价加成产物,在洗脱模板分子后空腔中出现由功能单体所衍生的功能残基[17],当空腔与模板分子再次结合,模板分子以模板互补的方式通过非共价键存在,从而实现对模板分子(目标分析物)的精准识别[18],MIPs的制备流程与识别如图1所示。
在MIT中,本体聚合法的反应体系中包含功能单体、交联剂、引发剂和模板分子,不需要额外溶剂[19]。反应在均相体系中直接进行,通过外部加热提供热引发条件;油浴因其精确的温度控制常常作为本体聚合的引发方式。本体聚合通过直接成胶,再经粉碎、研磨、筛分等物理手段将其加工为MIPs颗粒;因此模板去除成了本体聚合法中的一大难题:因凝胶的致密体系,模板分子常常被深埋于聚合物结构中,模板分子的洗脱需通过反复溶剂萃取或酸处理实现[20]。在研究者对MIPs颗粒形态的不断探索中,本体聚合因颗粒均匀性差已逐渐被放弃选择,而沉淀聚合、电聚合等技术逐渐被研究者所采纳。
沉淀聚合法有以下关键步骤:首先将模板分子与功能单体在适宜溶剂体系中完成分子自组装,随后依次加入化学交联剂和引发剂形成预聚体系[21];在通过超声脱气处理消除溶解氧后,采用低温热活化或紫外辐照方式引发聚合反应,最终形成沉淀的MIPs,再通过沉降离心或过滤分离出沉淀产物,经洗涤和真空干燥后去除模板分子。与传统聚合法制备的材料相比,该技术制备的MIPs颗粒具有更均一的粒径分布,并且MIPs材料表面能形成更高密度的特异性识别位点[22],这主要归功于沉淀过程对分子印迹结构的定向调控作用。
电化学聚合法简称电聚合法,它作为一种高效的电化学传感器中MIPs的制备技术,通过电化学方法直接在电极表面聚合得到MIPs薄膜[23]。该方法以目标物为模板,在优化条件下完成电聚合后,将模板分子洗脱即可得到具有特异性识别的三维印迹空腔的电化学传感元件。相较于传统的本体聚合法,其核心优势在于无需引发剂或紫外线的辅助,且可在温和条件下于水溶液中完成聚合,有效克服了传统方法的局限性[24]。在制备过程中,电极需经严格清洁并配置特定浓度的浇铸溶液,通过调控聚合参数(如循环伏安法的扫描次数、功能单体与模板分子浓度比等)即可精确控制MIPs膜厚度[25]。整个过程兼具制备速度快、原位即成膜以及参数可控等优势,因其构建传感器的效率较高且成本低,符合研究者对于MIECS检测农残痕量现实场景应用的需求,电聚合法现已广泛作为MIECS研究中MIPs的制备[26]。
表面分子印迹技术是一项创新性的MIPs聚合方法,它通过将MIPs薄膜精准修饰在硅胶、石墨烯等固体电化学电极修饰材料表面[27],有效克服了传统印迹方法所存在的模板泄漏和结合位点分布不均等固有缺陷。表面印迹法结合牺牲载体与固相合成策略,成功制备出具有均一结合位点的表面印迹材料,显著提升了MIPs的选择性与吸附容量[28]。
为优化印迹效果,研究者开发了两种改性策略:通过表面接枝或物理包覆方式精准定位MIPs层,实现对结合位点的空间控制;采用虚拟模板替代技术,选择与目标物结构类似但功能更强的分子(如以葡萄糖醛酸替代D-葡萄糖)作为假模板。这种创新方法不仅强化了模板与单体间相互作用,还大幅简化了去除模板的流程,有效解决了模板普遍难提取的问题[29−30]。表面印迹法在材料工程领域取得突破,但仍面临模板纯度控制、聚合溶剂溶解性不足以及贵金属载体成本高昂等技术瓶颈。
溶胶-凝胶法通过将模板分子原位整合到无机或有机-无机杂化网络结构中从而实现分子印迹[31]。溶胶-凝胶法聚合过程中,以模板分子为核心,与交联剂、引发剂及辅助试剂通过水合缩聚反应形成三维凝胶网络,并且可以通过精确调节反应体系的化合物配比、前驱体浓度及pH,实现对最终MIPs材料孔隙结构(孔径分布、比表面积)的精确调控。该方法反应条件温和,且溶胶与凝胶相转变过程赋予材料高度的可调节结构特性;无需复杂设备即可实现从分子识别位点构筑到宏观材料成型的全过程控制。该方法正推动分子印迹材料向功能集成化、结构精密化方向发展,在MIECS对农残痕量检测等领域逐渐被研究者所采纳[32]。
原位聚合法是一种通过在载体界面直接引发聚合反应,将模板分子同步嵌入聚合物结构的分子印迹聚合技术[33];其聚合过程包括模板定向固定、原位引发聚合、可控相分离。原位聚合法因其制备的聚合物网络直接生长在载体表面,界面结合力强,因此MIPs结构更加稳定,并且可以通过调控单体浓度、引发速率及溶剂环境,精准控制材料的微观形貌。
虽然这种方法制备工艺简单,可操作性强,但交联程度高,导致膜刚性强,孔隙率较低,导致膜通量降低,导致电子传输阻力增加。因此,原位聚合制备的MIPs膜在实际应用中受到了一定的限制。
MIT因其具有特异选择性的优点,与不同类型传感器进行结合从而达到对某一特定目标物进行检测已成为传感器在物质检测方面的新思路,且分子印迹传感器(Molecularly Imprinted Sensors,MIS),如今已广泛应用于食品的农药残留检测工作,根据传感器制备依托的不同原理,可以将MIS分为MIECS、分子印迹-声学联用传感器和分子印迹荧光传感器等。
电化学传感器通过与被测物质发生得失电子的氧化或还原反应,其识别系统识别目标分子后进一步将电化学信号转化为电信号;再通过转换过程,将接收到的电信号进行修饰并放大处理从而得到高精确度的检测结果[34]。在MIECS的制备中,当三维印迹空腔与目标分析物结合时,化学体系会发生变化,将化学信号转换为可测量的电化学信号,从而可以进行后续的分析检测工作。由于裸电极产生的电信号较弱,所以需要先对裸电极进行修饰以提高电极的比表面积、电子传递性能和反应催化效率等[35],再选择合适且可以与目标物进行聚合反应的功能单体和交联剂,最终构建出符合研究预期的传感器。MIECS的构建原理及运用如图2所示。
近年来,随着分子印迹电化学检测技术不断研究创新,现已研究出众多运用不同检测技术与检测形式的MIECS,本文根据MIECS构建过程中传感器响应信号的不同,将MIECS分为分子印迹电流型传感器、分子印迹阻抗型传感器和分子印迹电化学-光学联用传感器,通过介绍不同电化学技术在MIECS中的运用,对电化学技术进行了系统总结,并提出新的设想。
电化学传感器作为一种新兴的分析检测技术,因其操作简单、制备成本低、灵敏度高、样品预处理简单、适应场景广等优点,已被广泛应用于包括天然产物[36]、食品添加剂及污染物[37−38]、农兽药残留[39−41]和环境污染物[42]等的定性定量的研究中。基于以上电化学传感器的优点,MIECS将MIT与电化学传感器相结合,弥补了电化学传感器在检测环境中有高浓度干扰物的情况下无法对目标物进行特异性检测的缺点[43],且依然保留了电化学传感器的优点,并进一步优化了传感器的灵敏度与检测限[44]。
MIECS的大多数研究中,研究者通常会在电极表面修饰制备提高电化学性能的纳米材料,如碳纳米材料、金属氧化物、金属纳米材料和金属配合物材料等,从而抵消一部分MIPs本身低导电性对电化学检测效果的影响。在MIPs的聚合体系中,通过模板分子-功能单体-交联剂-溶剂协同作用,发生聚合反应从而在电化学传感器的基础上制备MIECS,其优异的传感性能使其在农残检测研究邻域逐渐成为一大热门研究方向。
在电化学传感器的发展过程中,电位型传感器对低浓度目标物电位变化不准确,电导型传感器的电导率变化与缓冲体系离子总浓度有关,无法对目标物进行检测且动态范围窄,几乎没有被应用于MIECS的研究中。在MIPs电流型传感器、MIPs电化学阻抗谱传感器的研究中涉及了循环伏安法(Cyclic Voltammetry,CV)、微分脉冲伏安法(Differential Pulse Voltammetry,DPV)、方波伏安法(Square Wave Voltammetry,SWV)和电化学阻抗谱(Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy,EIS),这些电化学分析技术各有特点,适用于多种不同的检测场景,详见表1。MIPs电化学-光学联用技术通过多维信号互补,使其抗干扰能力显著增强,在复杂样品场景中的表现突出。以下将从电化学传感技术的角度,对用于农残检测的MIECS进行总结与讨论。
CV是一种核心的电化学技术,在MIECS研究中常常被用来研究目标物与电极之间的电化学行为;CV通过电位高低的调节,导致缓冲溶液中的目标物得到或失去电子,即发生氧化还原反应,再对电极之间的电流值进行测量,从而进行电化学分析。使用CV可以对电化学信号产生的原理进行定性分析,同时还可以通过对电极表面电子的转移行为的研究与换算进行目标物的定量分析。
构建MIECS需要在传感器工作电极表面进行MIPs的修饰。研究者为制备特异性检测的电化学传感器,可以对工作电极直接进行聚合修饰,陈昱安等[41]以西草净为模板分子,甲基丙烯酸为功能单体,在玻碳电极表面原位聚合得到了特异性识别西草净的MIPs膜,利用CV并观察氧化与还原峰值电流(ip),验证了传感器对西草净的选择识别功能。吡咯作为MIT中常见的功能单体,广泛应用于电聚合法制备MIPs中,程鑫等[45]以多菌灵为模板分子,电聚合吡咯在玻碳电极表面制备了MIPs修饰薄膜,通过记录ip值,探究了传感器对多菌灵的识别效果,且传感器在没有高电化学活性材料修饰的情况下,表现出较低的检测限,为2.13×10−8 mol/L。
在工作电极不被修饰的情况下,电化学传感器在检测过程中电极表面会发生氧化还原反应,但在工作电极表面修饰MIPs薄膜后,在相同的检测条件下,CV扫描得到的ip约等于零,这是由于MIPs在电化学测试中通常表现出超高的绝缘性[46],采用高电化学活性的电极修饰材料对工作电极进行修饰,往往可以解决这一难题。严政等[47]在聚合液中添加了通过抗坏血酸还原法自制的纳米银颗粒,经CV测试后发现修饰纳米银颗粒的MIPs电极的ip相较于仅聚合MIPs的电极的ip增加了100多倍,证明了利用电化学活性的材料对电极修饰从而增强MIPs导电性的可行性。同样,张盼等[48]在电沉积金纳米粒子的工作电极上电聚合制备了特异性识别检测氧化乐果的MIPs,表现出极低的线性范围和检测限。除了一些金属纳米粒子可以增强MIECS的电化学活性,许多其他材料如石墨烯[49]、碳纳米管[50]、金属配体材料[51]等也可以达到同样的效果。近几年,具有独特形貌结构特征的电化学活性材料成为新的研究热点,Zhou等[52]制备了树枝状的氨基化分级多孔二氧化硅负载金活性材料(HPSNs-NH2@Au),并将修饰HPSNs-NH2@Au的玻碳电极表面,其表面电聚合MIPs薄膜,对2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)进行特异性电化学检测。该材料负载的金纳米粒子对HPSNs-NH2的协同作用,使传感器的电化学活性显著提高,通过CV对ip进行对比,发现对10−4到10−11 mol/L的2,4-D具有良好的特异性检测性能,检测限为6.077×10−12 mol/L。
在采用CV的MIECS的综述中,CV常常用来对传感器的催化性能进行测试与表征,因MIPs的特异性选择的特点,其表面的电化学活性空腔对本身的导电性能影响占主导的作用;在CV对MIECS进行电化学表征时,通过对裸电极以及非印迹聚合物(NIP)修饰的电极等的ip大小进行对比,从而判断它们的电化学性能差异[52]。在分子印迹的验证实验中,常常需要制备NIP与MIPs进行对比,对NIP进行对比的验证试验中,加入目标物CV曲线无变化,即可证明NIP与目标物无缔合作用,无法检测环境中目标物的存在;MIPs与NIP在CV下的差异是因为MIPs空腔表面因洗脱模板分子后悬挂有与目标物可以特异性识别的残基,而NIP因其在制备过程中没有加入模板分子,无识别空腔,表明MIPs上的印迹空腔是必不可少的[53]。CV图像的氧化还原峰,对应着可逆电子转移的过程,电极在MIPs修饰优化后的ip明显高于其他电极的ip,即证明MIPs在特异性高效识别方面的优异性能和修饰材料的高电化学催化性能[54];Xue等[55]在构建MIECS后,使用CV进行表征验证后,又进行了90次不间断扫描,发现ip不断减小直至消失,这是因为电极表面的印迹空腔与模板分子的不断结合逐渐将MIPs填满最终处于饱和状态导致MIPs的导电性能减弱至0,间接的证明了电极表面生长了绝缘的MIPs修饰薄膜。
在电化学研究进程中,更高灵敏度的探究推动着技术的不断创新;而脉冲伏安法的提出,为电化学微量检测的研究提供了更有效的方法与思路,同时DPV较其他的农药残留电化学检测方法,具有更宽的检测范围和更低的检测限[78]。脉冲伏安法主要通过对电极电势的控制进而控制波形,由线性变化的电势与阶跃电势叠加而成,主要包括有:DPV、SWV和反向脉冲伏安法等。
在MIECS农残检测的研究中,DPV最常用于对目标物残留量的测定:在测试环境中,当目标物分子加入缓冲溶液并与分子印迹空腔识别结合为MIPs的过程,促进了体系中的电子向工作电极表面的转移效率,因此模板分子与印迹空腔的结合促进了电化学响应,最终MIECS检测到的DPV信号会随着目标物浓度的增加而增加[52,61,64]。
在大多数研究中,DPV常常应用于目标物的浓度测定,但通过研究者的不断探索,涌现了许多DPV的其他特殊用途:因MIPs普遍的低导电性,在没有对模板分子进行洗脱前进行DPV测试,测试图像常常无明显峰出现,而在洗脱模板分子后,MIPs印迹膜上出现印迹空腔,使整个电化学体系形成通路,即可间接地证明研究中MIPs印迹膜在工作电极上的成功聚合[52,89]。
MIPs的聚合体系中存在有模板分子、功能单体以及交联剂等,而它们在聚合体系中的比例和孵化时间对MIPs的识别检测性能有着重要影响。赵永福等[64]通过对比不同扫描圈数孵化前后的DPV峰电流差值进行测试对比,发现在20圈前峰电流差值随扫描圈数的增加而增加,但在20圈后过厚的MIPs印迹膜阻碍了电子的传播,峰电流差值不断降低,从而确定了该研究MIPs最佳的孵化时间为20圈。类似的,有的研究在确定最佳MIPs制备条件时[54],分别制备了不同模板分子、功能单体和交联剂比例的MIPs,通过DPV测试记录不同MIPs在孵育30 s前后的DPV峰电流强度变化,从而对不同化学计量比修饰的工作电极的电化学性能进行探究,以找到最佳性能MIPs电极的化学计量比,这为确定最佳条件的MIPs并对MIPs工作电极进一步电化学优化奠定了基础。DPV在MIECS测定农药残留的定量实验中,电化学体系在优化条件下的DPV峰值电流随被测物浓度的升高而升高[68],并且在一定的范围内响应峰值电流与目标物浓度呈线性关系,但如果目标物浓度高于特定浓度时,电流响应趋于稳定,此时印迹空腔已被目标物分子识别填满[75]。
研究者们不断创新探索的共同目标是将MIECS应用于实际农残检测工作中,而在现场检测场景中,对于MIECS的选择性、抗干扰性和实用性是一种考验;所以研究者们通常会在构建最佳电化学性能的传感器后对其进行检测性能测试。选择性是MIECS作为特异性识别体系最重要的特性之一,采用同一工作电极对与目标物结构类似的农药进行DPV定量检测[88],在与检测目标物标准品相同的时间内,工作电极对目标物的电流响应几乎相同;而结构类似于目标物的农药的DPV电流为零,即可证明印迹空腔对目标物分子的选择性是显著的。在农产品生长过程中,通常会使用多种农药,这对于传感器在干扰性环境中还能否对目标物进行有效检测提出了挑战;因此研究者还需要在MIECS选择性显著有效的前提下,对其抗干扰性以及实用性进行探究验证。在目标物存在下,上述选择性验证方法对传感器抗干扰性也同时进行了探究[54]:通过比较在目标物存在的情况下,缓冲体系溶液中无干扰物质和有相同质量浓度的干扰物质存在时的DPV响应峰值电流值来评估传感器的抗干扰性;在抗干扰性良好的前提下,选择市售农产品对其进行前处理后,对传感器的实用性进行研究[75]。
DPV在印迹空腔成功合成的验证、最优制备条件的确定、校准曲线与线性范围检测限的确定和选择性等性能测试方面已被研究者广泛应用,DPV的一些新的应用思路也已被逐渐开发。Liang等[88]在导电功能聚苯胺纳米粒子(PANIs)表面聚合MIPs,并将工作电极浸泡在含有足够浓度目标物的缓冲体系中,记录DPV响应,发现61.37%的结合发生在2 min内,并最终在14 min内MIPs的特异性吸附达到平衡,而在较低的对硫磷浓度下,达到饱和的时间相应缩短。MIPs处理的快速吸附动力学对于现场应用具有明显的优势,这表明PANIs作为印迹材料极大地促进了靶向结合位点的扩散。这也为DPV在其他研究场景中的应用提供了新的思路。
EIS是通过记录电极阻抗与频率得到阻抗图谱的技术,它通过电极表面电化学变化进行放大的技术,对界面结合的过程进行测试。EIS对界面相互作用详细和准确的测试[94],可以应用于检测MIPs中模板分子与印迹空腔结合的过程,对MIPs表面结合时的电化学响应进行测试分析[95−96]。EIS简单的操作以及其优异的灵敏度已被广泛应用于MIECS的开发。
EIS的电化学图像为奈奎斯特图(Nyquist plot),包括高频下的半圆形部分(对应于电子转移限制过程)和低频下的线性部分(代表扩散过程)。EIS技术在MIECS农残的检测中常常应用于验证工作电极在逐步修饰过程中表面形态的变化;即通过EIS表征得到的Nyquist图判断工作电极表面存在的修饰材料,以及分子印迹空腔和MIPs的有用信息。若研究者的研究重点是增强MIPs的电化学催化活性,可采用EIS表征分步修饰阶段的工作电极的界面性质,通过对Nyquist图中半圆直径(代表电子转移电阻,Rct)的变化,从而验证修饰材料的高电化学催化活性[32,87]。Feng等[80]通过对不同修饰阶段的工作电极进行CV表征初步验证了工作电极因修饰材料的叠加使得电化学活性不断增强后,又通过EIS对工作电极电子转移特性进行研究,发现制备的N,S-Mo2C/GCE在Nyquist图中的曲线几乎为一条直线,且在不断修饰的过程中,半圆直径不断增加,验证了N,S-Mo2C材料有利于工作电极传感性能的提高,此结论与CV表征结果相同。同样的,Karimi-Maleh等[82]在检测克线磷的MIECS研究中,通过EIS表征验证了CV得到的结果:他们根据Nyquist图,发现因为电化学活性材料Co3O4@MOF-74/cycle4的电荷转移电阻最小、电子转移速率最高,工作电极表现出最高的电化学催化活性,与CV表征相同。
在MIECS检测农残的研究中,验证MIPs的实际修饰情况是一大重点;而EIS在验证材料的高电化学活性的基础上,还可应用于MIPs修饰情况的表征,研究者根据Nyquist图中裸电极和修饰电极洗脱前后模板分子前后的曲线得到的Rct进行对比[83],裸电极表现出非常低的Rct并只表现出一条直线;而将MIPs修饰的裸电极曲线的半圆直径明显增大,证明了MIPs在工作电极上的成功包覆;模板分子被完全洗脱后,因MIPs上出现印迹空腔,形成了电化学通路,Rct显著降低,然而在MIECS检测过程中,MIPs与模板分子结合后,MIPs修饰电极的曲线的半圆直径再次显著增加,这是因为MIPs中的印迹空腔与模板分子结合后,嵌入的模板分子阻碍了电子的转移,导致响应电流降低,从而导致Rct值显著增加[32,84]。此外,Nyquist图中低频区斜率的降低表明,随着模板分子继续进入印迹空腔,MIPs的扩散速率逐渐降低。NIP在低频区域较大的半圆直径和较慢的斜率表明它们的相互作用位点较差,扩散能力较慢。通过EIS的表征,MIECS表现出对模板分子表现出高灵敏度,并证明了MIPs在工作电极上有效的修饰。相反,没有印迹空腔的NIP修饰电极严重阻碍了电子转移,导致了巨大的Rct值[67,77,79](图3)。有研究在MIECS检测农药的探究过程中,采用EIS对其制备的MIECS的再生性进行了探究并对实际样品进行了检测[71]:研究者将其制备的MIPs/AuE传感器将草甘膦洗脱后,将传感器重新浸入含有草甘膦的水中,利用EIS测量了工作电极的电荷转移电阻;循环重复4次后发现,第一次重复的电荷转移电阻的相对变化较小;连续循环后产生显著的变化,表明传感器只能再生一次;在实际样品检测中选择法国里昂罗纳河采集的河流水样并对其进行草甘膦水平检测。
电化学发光(Electrochemiluminescence,ECL),也称为电致化学发光,是一种将电化学和光谱学优点相结合的新型分析技术[97]。ECL技术的分析过程主要包括电化学反应过程和化学发光过程,通常电化学反应被视为化学发光反应过程中的中间环节,在化学发光反应过程中,反应性自由基物种通过电子转移生会产生不稳定的激发物质[98],当激发物质从激发态转变为基态时,便有光信号发出[99],分子印迹电化学发光传感器工作机制如图4所示。ECL技术通过将电化学反应的精确调控与光动力过程的高灵敏度特性进行结合,实现了对极低浓度分析物检测限可达到皮摩尔(pM)级的检测。
ECL完美继承了电化学和化学发光的优点,使其与MIT结合后具备了灵敏度高、响应快、背景信号低、检测范围广、出色的空间和时间可操作性等优点,提高了传感器的选择性、灵敏性和再现性[100−101]。
尽管ECL技术兼具检测速度快、灵敏度高等优点,在农残的检测中取得了一定的成果,但其在实际环境分析中的应用因检测环境的高干扰性和ECL本身缺乏选择性和特异性识别目标物的能力而被诟病。ECL技术与MIT的协同结合显著提升了检测的选择性和特异性,使其能够在复杂缓冲环境中实现对农药残留的特异性检测。该方法显著降低了样品需求量,在实际应用中展现出良好的适用性。而MIT作为一种具有与模板互补的三维印迹空腔精确识别的检测方法,使得ECL与MIT结合现已逐渐成为ECL检测农残痕量的新研究思路。
基于MIPs电化学发光传感器在农残中的检测应用如表2所示。ECL技术中主要部分包括:电极、发射体(或发光体)和共活性剂[102];发光体的选择是决定检测性能的核心要素之一;发光体通过氧化还原反应生成活性中间体,这些中间体继续参与电子转移的过程,最终形成激发态物质,在转变为基态的过程中释放光子产生ECL信号。这一系列电化学-光学转换过程直接影响着ECL农残分析的灵敏度和检测范围。ECL发光体主要可分为三大类:无机发光体、有机发光体以及纳米材料发光体。在实际应用中,发光体的选择需要系统考虑多个关键参数,包括待测目标物的特性、检测环境的特点以及具体检测要求等。特别是在生物基质中进行检测时,发光体除了需要具备优异的电化学发光性能外,还必须满足生物安全性的基本要求,即具有低细胞毒性和良好的生物相容性[103]。
金党琴等[104]将具有超高载流子迁移率的石墨烯与具有良好的光捕获能力钙钛矿材料结合制备了ECL-MIECS,并应用于对2,4-D的痕量检测;其首先通过制备石墨烯悬浮液滴涂于氧化铟锡(ITO)导电玻璃表面,又将钙钛矿材料修饰于ITO表面后对电极进行聚合,从而制备得到ECL-MIECS,并对2,4-D表现出良好的选择识别检测能力。Fang等[105]在对ECL技术检测毒死蜱(CPF)的研究中,制备了Cu2+和AuNPs掺杂的Tb-MOFs复合材料Au@Cu:Tb-MOFs,该材料在的ECL检测过程中即充当了发光体又发挥了共反应剂的作用,将其修饰于电极表面后,以噻二唑作为功能单体进行电聚合,MIPs薄膜与噻吩衍生物结合大大提高了ECL信号,最终得到了超灵敏特异性检测CPF的ECL-MIECS;这项研究将发光体与共反应剂共用,简化了传感器制备难度,给研究者在探究ECL-MIECS检测农残过程中提供了新的思路。
近年来,研究者通过在半导体基板上将非均匀光催化与电化学传感器技术相结合,开发了光电化学(PEC)传感器新技术[116]。作为电化学方法的一个分支,PEC传感器在检测农药残留、食品污染物[117]、天然产物[118]等方面得到了广泛关注和探索,并且与普通电化学分析相比,它不仅仪器简单、响应快、成本低、易于小型化,而且背景信号低、灵敏度更高[119];与传统的电化学传感器相比,PEC传感器在减少背景信号或从检测信号中滤除激发光方面具有出色的选择性和灵敏度[120]。PEC传感器由光电器件和识别部分两个主要部件组成。它的工作原理是通过光激励光电材料将光转换为可检测的电流信号,从而可以快速测定目标物的浓度,识别设备检测所获得的信号。在工作过程中,传感器内的光敏材料是促进检测快速且灵敏的关键因素[121]。在实际检测场景中,样品的成分往往具有较高的复杂性和不确定性,因此传感器的抗干扰能力与选择特异性也至关重要[122]。
有研究证明,PEC技术与MIT相结合的分子印迹光电化学(MIECS-PEC)传感器在特异性检测目标物、缩短目标识别时间和提高平台稳定性方面具有巨大的潜力[119],原理如图5所示。然而,MIPs在PEC传感器上的叠加通常会抑制PEC传感器的光电化学性能[123]。因此,对MIPs识别元件的光电化学性能进行改进仍然是现如今研究中的一项挑战。而在近几年的相关研究中,研究者通常通过导电材料制备的MIPs,使其具有MIPs膜厚度可控、电阻较低、合成简单等优点,从而有效解决这一问题[124]。MIECS-PEC是一种有前景的对农残进行痕量检测的研究方向,其具有高选择性、灵敏度、良好的稳定性和良好的再现性,可以为农残的检测提供一个新的传感器平台[125]。分子印迹光电化学(MIPs-PEC)传感器将光学、电化学技术与MIPs相结合,从而兼具有它们的优点,现如今已被逐渐运用于目标物的检测。近年来基于MIECS-PEC机制开发的传感器如表3所示。
目前,MIECS作为一种电化学技术与MIT联用的传感器,因其兼具电化学技术的低成本、高灵敏度、易操作和MIT高选择特异性的优点,在农药残留检测、重金属检测、食品污染物检测等领域已被广泛使用;本文通过对MIECS的原理、类型、构建方法以及不同技术的应用场景进行了综述,但能从中发现,在传感器的构建过程中、构建思路上仍然存在一些问题与挑战:
电极修饰材料是MIECS构建过程中非常重要的一点,因MIPs本身一定的低导电特性,导致在传感器构建后灵敏度在聚合后容易出现下降的情况,这就考验了研究者在研究中对于材料的创新思维,如对电极的修饰材料进行创新、在聚合过程中加入特定的高电化学活性材料对MIPs进行创新以及对功能单体、交联剂种类等的创新;对材料的环保性进行研究,同样也是研究中在研究过程中的一大难题;MIECS可以对特定目标物进行痕量检测,但在研究中几乎均为对一种特定农药的检测;而在农产品生产过程中,通常会使用到多种农药辅助其生长发育,因MIPs的高度选择特异性,开发可以对两种或多种农药残留进行检测的传感器是未来传感器研究的一大热点;在现如今社会中科技与人工智能迅速发展的过程中,将传感器技术与智能设备或人工智能相结合的研究方向具有巨大潜力;在未来,MIECS与智能的结合,并将对传感器领域带来更有影响力的创新,这将进一步提升人民的生活质量与生活安全,进一步提升食品安全、医疗保健以及环境检测的技术水平。
因此,对于MIECS的研究仍然存在广阔前景,并且如今的研究大部分仍然受限于实验室以及专业仪器的分析,未来的研究中,传感器的方便性、环保性、普及性以及与智能设备、人工智能的联用上将面临新的挑战。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040199
  • 接收时间:2025-04-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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    1哈尔滨商业大学食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150028
    2黑龙江东方学院食品工程学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150066

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那治国(1980−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:功能性乳制品,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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