Article(id=1320884217140068591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020131, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739980800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852938208, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852938208, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852938208, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852938208, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=294, endPage=303, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884217362366704, articleId=1320884217140068591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Enhancing Yunnan Rice Wine through Cooperative Fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae/Rhodotorula mucilaginosa with Rhizopus oryzae for Flavor Quality Improvement, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem of the thin flavor of Yunnan sweet rice wine. This study had focused on locally screened high alcohol producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae LF05 and high esters producing Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PL10, investigating the effects of their mono- and co-fermentation with Rhizopus oryzae on the physicochemical properties, sensory characteristics, free amino acids, and volatile compounds of the wine. The synergistic fermentation with yeasts and Rhizopus oryzae had significantly enhanced ethanol concentration, umami amino acids, sweetness amino acids, and volatile compound content in sweet rice wines. The LF05-PL10 co-culture group had demonstrated the highest sensory score, umami amino acids, sweetness amino acids, higher alcohols, and ester compounds among all experimental groups, with increases of 89.03%, 94.07%, 155.37%, 335.04%, and 412.25% compared to the Rhizopus oryzae-only group, respectively. This synergistic effect had achieved the goal of “enhancing alcohol content, ester synthesis, and aroma complexity” in the fermented product. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) had been applied to 16 free amino acids and 73 volatile compounds in sweet rice wines. With variable importance in projection (VIP) values ≥1 as the threshold, 8 differential amino acids and 30 differential volatile metabolites had been identified as key contributors to the characteristic flavor profile of the wine. In conclusion, the cooperative fermentation strategy using Saccharomyces cerevisiae/Rhodotorula mucilaginosa with Rhizopus oryzae had effectively alleviated the bland flavor issue in Yunnan sweet rice wines, providing a theoretical foundation for flavor quality optimization in traditional fermented beverages.

, authors=Yang HE1, 2, Qi'er AN1, Guohui YUAN1, Yiting FENG1, Lei GUO1, Long HAN1, *, Fangyu FAN1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Yang HE, Qi'er AN, Guohui YUAN, Yiting FENG, Lei GUO, Long HAN, Fangyu FAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Long HAN, Fangyu FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884220260630779, articleId=1320884217140068591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=酿酒酵母/胶红酵母协同米根霉发酵改善云南米酒的风味品质, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决云南甜米酒风味寡淡的问题,以云南传统甜米酒中筛选的高产醇酿酒酵母LF05(Saccharomyces cerevisiae LF05,LF05)、高产酯胶红酵母PL10(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PL10,PL10)为研究对象,探究酿酒酵母、胶红酵母及混菌协同米根霉发酵对甜米酒理化性质、感官、游离氨基酸、挥发性成分的影响。结果表明:酵母菌协同米根霉发酵的甜米酒乙醇浓度、鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、挥发性化合物含量均有所提升。LF05-PL10混菌的感官评分、鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、高级醇、酯类化合物含量均为各组最高,比米根霉组分别提高89.03%、94.07%、155.37%、335.04%、412.25%,使其达到“提醇增酯增香”的效果。对甜米酒的16种游离氨基酸、73种挥发性化合物进行OPLS-DA分析,以VIP值≥1为条件筛选出8种差异氨基酸和30种差异挥发性化合物,其对甜米酒独特风味形成具有重要贡献。综上,酿酒酵母/胶红酵母协同米根霉发酵可有效改善云南甜米酒风味寡淡问题,研究可为云南甜米酒的风味品质改善提供理论参考。

, authors=何洋1, 2, 安琪尔1, 袁国慧1, 冯怡婷1, 郭磊1, 韩龙1, *, 范方宇1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=何洋, 安琪尔, 袁国慧, 冯怡婷, 郭磊, 韩龙, 范方宇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=韩龙, 范方宇, authorNote=

何洋(1999−),男,硕士,研究方向:食品发酵,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
韩龙(1987−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:。
范方宇(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农林产品加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=/wGDB+q44erVo9pU4zXQBg==, magXml=4eR5qPWH5KxSHnD3+86DFQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=FFpey/TEf/tyTLft1Lf94w==, pdfFileSize=5130030, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=QTGtbKN/ZL9570iq/u80Nw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=52X4DybezZqKtKuTAn3MGw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320884221019799814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=heyang18468@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320884221107880201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, authorId=1320884221019799814, language=EN, stringName=Yang HE, firstName=Yang, middleName=null, lastName=HE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Biology Science and Food Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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注:A、B、C、D分别表示4组甜米酒中还原糖含量、总糖含量、酒精度、pH。CK表示由单一米根霉发酵甜米酒;LF05、PL10、LF05-PL10分别表示S. cerevisiae LF05、R. mucilaginosa PL10、S. cerevisiae LF05与R. mucilaginosa PL10混菌协同米根霉复配发酵的甜米酒,图2~图5同。不同小写字母表示具有显著性差异,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=ZngAubW/ZXPHxj5IMlZkRg==, figureFileBig=QTGtbKN/ZL9570iq/u80Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884225126023480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=OPLS-DA of free amino acid in sweet rice wines, figureFileSmall=u+LIho0cPpnD+3CCgz8rGQ==, figureFileBig=IkumzbCu/JRdqACNHfQItg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884225184743737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, language=CN, label=图2, caption=甜米酒中游离氨基酸OPLS-DA

注:(a)OPLS-DA图,(b)模型置换检验图,(c)VIP图,图5同。

, figureFileSmall=u+LIho0cPpnD+3CCgz8rGQ==, figureFileBig=IkumzbCu/JRdqACNHfQItg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884225243463994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Composition of various volatile compounds in sweet rice wine, figureFileSmall=C22ph6dSTQJtSpclalKFGQ==, figureFileBig=mAwDI5haiwZmolvttvmxeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884225306378555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, language=CN, label=图3, caption=甜米酒中各类挥发性化合物组成, figureFileSmall=C22ph6dSTQJtSpclalKFGQ==, figureFileBig=mAwDI5haiwZmolvttvmxeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884225373487420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Heat map of volatile substance contents in sweet rice wine (logarithmic treatment of volatile compound mass), figureFileSmall=DkDodyu5efLD3YHQiKc0gQ==, figureFileBig=ejgLa+24Ph7f3UfEL+7O8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884225440596285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, language=CN, label=图4, caption=甜米酒中挥发性物质含量热图(对挥发性化合物质量进行对数处理), figureFileSmall=DkDodyu5efLD3YHQiKc0gQ==, figureFileBig=ejgLa+24Ph7f3UfEL+7O8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884225503510846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=OPLS-DA based on volatile compounds in sweet rice wine, figureFileSmall=VXIUT/PG/E2XeZ81ecAdUQ==, figureFileBig=+uDXPiEJKbvn1BDX2DKuRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884225583202623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, language=CN, label=图5, caption=甜米酒中挥发性化合物OPLS-DA, figureFileSmall=VXIUT/PG/E2XeZ81ecAdUQ==, figureFileBig=+uDXPiEJKbvn1BDX2DKuRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884225650311488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria of sweet rice wines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评分标准分数(分)
滋味
(30分)
酸甜比例适当,鲜甜爽口,口感醇厚,无异味24~30
偏酸或偏甜,口感偏淡或平淡,无异味11~23
无甜味,有黏腻感,有酸味0~10
香气
(30分)
具有谷物、甜米酒发酵特有的香气和甜香味,醇香浓郁24~30
具有轻微的甜米酒发酵香气和甜香味,无异香11~23
无谷物、甜米酒发酵特有香气和甜香味,有苦味、异味0~10
外观
(20分)
甜米酒脱罐,液体清亮、呈宝石红、颜色均匀15~20
甜米酒脱罐,液体清亮、呈玫瑰红、颜色均匀性较差6~14
甜米酒未脱罐,少量发酵液体或无发酵液体,呈紫黑色0~5
风格
(20分)
米酒酒体组分谐调,具有甜米酒的独特风味15~20
米酒酒体组成不谐调、单一性,具有甜米酒的独特风味6~14
米酒酒体组分不谐调、具有刺鼻味,无甜米酒独特风味0~5
), ArticleFig(id=1320884225713226049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

甜米酒感官评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目评分标准分数(分)
滋味
(30分)
酸甜比例适当,鲜甜爽口,口感醇厚,无异味24~30
偏酸或偏甜,口感偏淡或平淡,无异味11~23
无甜味,有黏腻感,有酸味0~10
香气
(30分)
具有谷物、甜米酒发酵特有的香气和甜香味,醇香浓郁24~30
具有轻微的甜米酒发酵香气和甜香味,无异香11~23
无谷物、甜米酒发酵特有香气和甜香味,有苦味、异味0~10
外观
(20分)
甜米酒脱罐,液体清亮、呈宝石红、颜色均匀15~20
甜米酒脱罐,液体清亮、呈玫瑰红、颜色均匀性较差6~14
甜米酒未脱罐,少量发酵液体或无发酵液体,呈紫黑色0~5
风格
(20分)
米酒酒体组分谐调,具有甜米酒的独特风味15~20
米酒酒体组成不谐调、单一性,具有甜米酒的独特风味6~14
米酒酒体组分不谐调、具有刺鼻味,无甜米酒独特风味0~5
), ArticleFig(id=1320884225788723522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation of sweet rice wines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号滋味(30分)香气(30分)外观(20分)风格(20分)总分
CK13.80±0.62c15.55±0.76c9.00±0.32c9.50±0.51c47.85±0.99d
LF0528.00±0.73a25.00±0.97b17.00±0.56b14.00±0.46b84.00±1.34c
PL1024.00±0.73b29.00±1.08a18.00±0.56a15.00±0.32a86.00±1.56b
LF05-PL1028.05±1.05a29.10±0.91a18.10±0.55a15.20±0.41a90.45±1.28a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884225868415299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

甜米酒感官评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号滋味(30分)香气(30分)外观(20分)风格(20分)总分
CK13.80±0.62c15.55±0.76c9.00±0.32c9.50±0.51c47.85±0.99d
LF0528.00±0.73a25.00±0.97b17.00±0.56b14.00±0.46b84.00±1.34c
PL1024.00±0.73b29.00±1.08a18.00±0.56a15.00±0.32a86.00±1.56b
LF05-PL1028.05±1.05a29.10±0.91a18.10±0.55a15.20±0.41a90.45±1.28a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884225935524164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Content of free amino acids in sweet rice wines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
游离氨
基酸种类
呈味
特性
游离氨基酸含量(μg/mL)
CKLF05PL10LF05-PL10
Asp鲜味143.15±21.65d285.80±7.51c295.21±2.94b339.51±6.94a
Glu鲜味129.07±3.19b58.66±4.8c129.97±4.76b188.79±1.32a
鲜味氨基酸272.22±24.30d344.46±4.56c425.18±5.16b528.30±16.18a
Ser甜味80.95±7.16b48.776±1.15c5.55±0.23d93.56±2.98a
Gly甜味22.92±1.25d110.19±9.98c139.07±1.88b208.42±7.62a
Thr甜味33.82±1.50b41.30±6.34b37.62±3.19b90.91±2.78a
Ala甜味92.35±2.95d231.96±13.11c362.31±5.67a323.16±18.56b
Pro甜味81.85±3.10c153.42±8.35b195.95±9.16a91.41±7.24c
甜味氨基酸311.89±12.26d585.64±7.56c740.51±18.78b794.45±27.51a
Phe苦味37.99±4.44a26.07±1.18b6.83±0.13c34.05±0.72a
His苦味57.29±2.23a3.81±0.27c2.16±0.20c25.00±5.88b
Arg苦味77.23±4.25a55.15±3.67bc62.88±3.04ab51.53±6.58c
Tyr苦味74.45±1.33b129.20±16.30a8.70±0.29d26.81±0.96c
Met苦味15.47±1.16b13.49±3.18bc10.67±1.00c27.04±2.00a
Val苦味108.41±4.30a21.04±3.25c103.47±5.25a80.94±3.52b
Ile苦味31.62±1.15a21.14±2.25c10.90±0.69d25.58±1.12b
Leu苦味45.66±2.34a27.61±2.42b21.88±3.15c15.80±1.21d
Lys苦味40.86±3.53a31.48±0.75b21.68±0.67c28.12±0.72b
苦味氨基酸488.99±13.36a329.25±14.19b249.16±3.42c314.87±9.52b
总氨基酸1073.09±38.54d1259.34±18.02c1414.84±19.75b1639.62±40.60a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884226011021637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

甜米酒中游离氨基酸含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
游离氨
基酸种类
呈味
特性
游离氨基酸含量(μg/mL)
CKLF05PL10LF05-PL10
Asp鲜味143.15±21.65d285.80±7.51c295.21±2.94b339.51±6.94a
Glu鲜味129.07±3.19b58.66±4.8c129.97±4.76b188.79±1.32a
鲜味氨基酸272.22±24.30d344.46±4.56c425.18±5.16b528.30±16.18a
Ser甜味80.95±7.16b48.776±1.15c5.55±0.23d93.56±2.98a
Gly甜味22.92±1.25d110.19±9.98c139.07±1.88b208.42±7.62a
Thr甜味33.82±1.50b41.30±6.34b37.62±3.19b90.91±2.78a
Ala甜味92.35±2.95d231.96±13.11c362.31±5.67a323.16±18.56b
Pro甜味81.85±3.10c153.42±8.35b195.95±9.16a91.41±7.24c
甜味氨基酸311.89±12.26d585.64±7.56c740.51±18.78b794.45±27.51a
Phe苦味37.99±4.44a26.07±1.18b6.83±0.13c34.05±0.72a
His苦味57.29±2.23a3.81±0.27c2.16±0.20c25.00±5.88b
Arg苦味77.23±4.25a55.15±3.67bc62.88±3.04ab51.53±6.58c
Tyr苦味74.45±1.33b129.20±16.30a8.70±0.29d26.81±0.96c
Met苦味15.47±1.16b13.49±3.18bc10.67±1.00c27.04±2.00a
Val苦味108.41±4.30a21.04±3.25c103.47±5.25a80.94±3.52b
Ile苦味31.62±1.15a21.14±2.25c10.90±0.69d25.58±1.12b
Leu苦味45.66±2.34a27.61±2.42b21.88±3.15c15.80±1.21d
Lys苦味40.86±3.53a31.48±0.75b21.68±0.67c28.12±0.72b
苦味氨基酸488.99±13.36a329.25±14.19b249.16±3.42c314.87±9.52b
总氨基酸1073.09±38.54d1259.34±18.02c1414.84±19.75b1639.62±40.60a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884226082324806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Content of various volatile compounds in sweet rice wine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名称各样品挥发性化合物含量(μg/L)
CKLF05PL10LF05-PL10
乙醇3707.35±327.51d30467.42±904.02a17290.38±584.63b13362.87±328.70c
正丙醇283.69±51.56a114.23±21.34bND97.47±13.64c
正壬醇NDND17.19±0.69aND
正庚醇ND14.20±1.41bND22.26±0.76a
正己醇188.40±5.56b34.71±1.36c24.47±9.99d667.10±9.51a
正辛醇79.15±7.97a17.00±1.59d42.70±3.15c46.20±3.78b
苯乙醇2593.73±141.43d11478.50±257.18b6787.18±255.96c12518.69±373.81a
异丁醇230.54±11.43d289.55±10.17c295.41±49.03b541.92±109.36a
异戊醇512.21±42.44d1594.91±118.94c2055.98±119.07a2047.28±217.49ab
2-甲基丁醇88.72±20.46d246.08±13.77c309.74±19.23b332.08±33.04a
丁二醇ND9.26±1.02bND27.93±2.32a
己酸异丁醇NDNDND3.53±0.57a
醇类7583.29±241.11d44265.84±1199.14a26823.04±189.84c36536.18±1043.43b
丁酸乙酯240.19±34.79a12.06±3.75c221.11±16.24b15.70±1.51c
庚酸乙酯NDNDND6.20±0.78a
癸酸乙酯323.38±27.54d606.44±74.78c988.40±316.1b1519.09±122.22a
甲酸甲酯ND1.21±0.03NDND
壬酸乙酯651.78±36.06a39.97±4.03c94.33±3.58b31.67±3.08d
辛酸乙酯281.34±31.98c191.28±15.34d551.40±129.85b770.67±5.92a
2-甲基丁基乙酸酯NDNDND28.55±1.94a
乙酸己酯12.04±1.54aND5.03±0.26c9.72±0.29b
乙酸乙酯670.74±78.74bND66.26±11.57c696.20±55.09a
丁二酸二乙酯NDNDND14.43±1.34a
月桂酸乙酯252.68±9.80d281.80±7.33c448.37±155.38b761.59±43.47a
正辛酸异戊酯NDNDND20.87±3.05a
棕榈酸乙酯ND964.63±71.16c3551.07±58.82b3697.98±530.77a
苯乙酸乙酯NDNDND23.95±2.11a
反油酸乙酯6.71±0.45c103.29±2.79b138.20±11.29aND
癸酸异丁酯ND4.46±0.75b7.31±2.84aND
十四酸乙酯ND314.31±15.35c595.40±126.18b1146.75±62.72a
十五酸乙酯NDND10.27±1.01b13.07±0.44a
辛酸异丁酯ND4.08±1.90b12.32±5.91aND
亚油酸乙酯ND49.34±3.67c76.33±11.35b428.10±43.10a
乙酸苯乙酯ND55.82±4.85c358.86±134.65b1030.68±65.69a
乙酸异戊酯312.42±42.08a32.81±0.87d166.35±41.88b150.94±6.41c
L(-)-乳酸乙酯NDNDND5.38±0.23a
异丁酸异丁酯NDND3.20±0.93aND
1,3-苯二酚单苯甲酸酯ND27.94±3.29aNDND
正戊酸异戊酯NDNDND20.87±3.05a
9-十六碳烯酸乙酯NDNDND50.87±6.32a
硬脂酸乙酯NDNDND25.22±3.04a
酯类2039.54±342.90d2865.58±186.39c7294.21±703.27b10447.65±534.88a
缩醛14.40±1.09cND45.05±3.36b49.09±2.73a
壬醛1393.12±126.49a22.76±2.71c22.64±4.15c116.97±3.25b
乙醛1489.54±149.22a53.81±1.04c71.53±9.56b36.29±3.13d
苯甲醛1015.78±78.33aND90.89±21.43c485.27±2.78b
苯乙醛956.39±97.86a214.15±30.33b116.04±11.34c49.56±7.29d
仲辛酮50.14±7.98a29.27±5.85b26.60±1.71cND
2-丁烯醛NDNDND9.13±1.95a
丁醛二乙缩醛NDND1.46±0.10aND
2-甲基丁醛ND22.06±5.81a8.50±0.14bND
3-羟基-2-丁酮475.11±26.25a28.77±1.60c160.90±51.87b28.06±2.05c
葵醛11.78±0.23bND21.99±3.11aND
2-壬酮792.40±39.79aNDNDND
3-辛酮NDNDND79.75±4.06a
醛酮类6184.25±148.12a384.13±23.47d528.78±98.53c688.05±11.71b
十四烷951.86±56.14aNDNDND
十五烷901.82±37.46aNDND11.11±0.92b
3-甲基十五烷224.47±22.15a1.74±0.07bNDND
2,6-二甲基-1-辛烯ND3.66±1.06bND6.17±0.96a
2,4,5-三甲基-1,3-二氧戊环NDNDND12.35±1.55a
2,6-二甲基-2-辛烯4.02±0.91aNDNDND
3,3-二甲基已烷280.24±10.44a2.14±0.10b1.56±0.76b1.02±0.16b
1,1-二乙氧基乙烷NDND45.05±3.36bND
4,4-二甲基十一烷ND1.72±0.15b16.44±1.58aND
3-异丙基氧杂环丁烷NDND60.43±6.69aND
1-(1-乙氧基乙氧基)-丁烷2.78±0.37bND16.44±1.57aND
2,2-二甲基丁烷NDNDND0.55±0.08a
3-甲基十三烷NDND16.44±1.58a3.21±0.27b
烃类3871.13±470.95a23.47±1.87d126.93±7.16b77.33±2.95c
乙酸铵NDNDND74.87±1.46a
2,3-环氧丙烷甲基醚NDNDND2.56±0.11a
丁酸NDNDND1.86±0.21a
氢胺NDNDND7.25±0.24a
戊酸ND30.05±5.39bND41.63±11.64a
1,3-二叔丁基苯NDNDND517.26±26.99a
2-氯苯乙醚ND32.80±4.18aND26.14±1.44b
其他类ND62.85±9.57bND603.81±27.81a
总含量19678.22±271.04d47601.87±1279.75b34844.12±405.07c48353.31±681.32a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884226166210887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884217140068591, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

甜米酒中各类挥发性化合物含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名称各样品挥发性化合物含量(μg/L)
CKLF05PL10LF05-PL10
乙醇3707.35±327.51d30467.42±904.02a17290.38±584.63b13362.87±328.70c
正丙醇283.69±51.56a114.23±21.34bND97.47±13.64c
正壬醇NDND17.19±0.69aND
正庚醇ND14.20±1.41bND22.26±0.76a
正己醇188.40±5.56b34.71±1.36c24.47±9.99d667.10±9.51a
正辛醇79.15±7.97a17.00±1.59d42.70±3.15c46.20±3.78b
苯乙醇2593.73±141.43d11478.50±257.18b6787.18±255.96c12518.69±373.81a
异丁醇230.54±11.43d289.55±10.17c295.41±49.03b541.92±109.36a
异戊醇512.21±42.44d1594.91±118.94c2055.98±119.07a2047.28±217.49ab
2-甲基丁醇88.72±20.46d246.08±13.77c309.74±19.23b332.08±33.04a
丁二醇ND9.26±1.02bND27.93±2.32a
己酸异丁醇NDNDND3.53±0.57a
醇类7583.29±241.11d44265.84±1199.14a26823.04±189.84c36536.18±1043.43b
丁酸乙酯240.19±34.79a12.06±3.75c221.11±16.24b15.70±1.51c
庚酸乙酯NDNDND6.20±0.78a
癸酸乙酯323.38±27.54d606.44±74.78c988.40±316.1b1519.09±122.22a
甲酸甲酯ND1.21±0.03NDND
壬酸乙酯651.78±36.06a39.97±4.03c94.33±3.58b31.67±3.08d
辛酸乙酯281.34±31.98c191.28±15.34d551.40±129.85b770.67±5.92a
2-甲基丁基乙酸酯NDNDND28.55±1.94a
乙酸己酯12.04±1.54aND5.03±0.26c9.72±0.29b
乙酸乙酯670.74±78.74bND66.26±11.57c696.20±55.09a
丁二酸二乙酯NDNDND14.43±1.34a
月桂酸乙酯252.68±9.80d281.80±7.33c448.37±155.38b761.59±43.47a
正辛酸异戊酯NDNDND20.87±3.05a
棕榈酸乙酯ND964.63±71.16c3551.07±58.82b3697.98±530.77a
苯乙酸乙酯NDNDND23.95±2.11a
反油酸乙酯6.71±0.45c103.29±2.79b138.20±11.29aND
癸酸异丁酯ND4.46±0.75b7.31±2.84aND
十四酸乙酯ND314.31±15.35c595.40±126.18b1146.75±62.72a
十五酸乙酯NDND10.27±1.01b13.07±0.44a
辛酸异丁酯ND4.08±1.90b12.32±5.91aND
亚油酸乙酯ND49.34±3.67c76.33±11.35b428.10±43.10a
乙酸苯乙酯ND55.82±4.85c358.86±134.65b1030.68±65.69a
乙酸异戊酯312.42±42.08a32.81±0.87d166.35±41.88b150.94±6.41c
L(-)-乳酸乙酯NDNDND5.38±0.23a
异丁酸异丁酯NDND3.20±0.93aND
1,3-苯二酚单苯甲酸酯ND27.94±3.29aNDND
正戊酸异戊酯NDNDND20.87±3.05a
9-十六碳烯酸乙酯NDNDND50.87±6.32a
硬脂酸乙酯NDNDND25.22±3.04a
酯类2039.54±342.90d2865.58±186.39c7294.21±703.27b10447.65±534.88a
缩醛14.40±1.09cND45.05±3.36b49.09±2.73a
壬醛1393.12±126.49a22.76±2.71c22.64±4.15c116.97±3.25b
乙醛1489.54±149.22a53.81±1.04c71.53±9.56b36.29±3.13d
苯甲醛1015.78±78.33aND90.89±21.43c485.27±2.78b
苯乙醛956.39±97.86a214.15±30.33b116.04±11.34c49.56±7.29d
仲辛酮50.14±7.98a29.27±5.85b26.60±1.71cND
2-丁烯醛NDNDND9.13±1.95a
丁醛二乙缩醛NDND1.46±0.10aND
2-甲基丁醛ND22.06±5.81a8.50±0.14bND
3-羟基-2-丁酮475.11±26.25a28.77±1.60c160.90±51.87b28.06±2.05c
葵醛11.78±0.23bND21.99±3.11aND
2-壬酮792.40±39.79aNDNDND
3-辛酮NDNDND79.75±4.06a
醛酮类6184.25±148.12a384.13±23.47d528.78±98.53c688.05±11.71b
十四烷951.86±56.14aNDNDND
十五烷901.82±37.46aNDND11.11±0.92b
3-甲基十五烷224.47±22.15a1.74±0.07bNDND
2,6-二甲基-1-辛烯ND3.66±1.06bND6.17±0.96a
2,4,5-三甲基-1,3-二氧戊环NDNDND12.35±1.55a
2,6-二甲基-2-辛烯4.02±0.91aNDNDND
3,3-二甲基已烷280.24±10.44a2.14±0.10b1.56±0.76b1.02±0.16b
1,1-二乙氧基乙烷NDND45.05±3.36bND
4,4-二甲基十一烷ND1.72±0.15b16.44±1.58aND
3-异丙基氧杂环丁烷NDND60.43±6.69aND
1-(1-乙氧基乙氧基)-丁烷2.78±0.37bND16.44±1.57aND
2,2-二甲基丁烷NDNDND0.55±0.08a
3-甲基十三烷NDND16.44±1.58a3.21±0.27b
烃类3871.13±470.95a23.47±1.87d126.93±7.16b77.33±2.95c
乙酸铵NDNDND74.87±1.46a
2,3-环氧丙烷甲基醚NDNDND2.56±0.11a
丁酸NDNDND1.86±0.21a
氢胺NDNDND7.25±0.24a
戊酸ND30.05±5.39bND41.63±11.64a
1,3-二叔丁基苯NDNDND517.26±26.99a
2-氯苯乙醚ND32.80±4.18aND26.14±1.44b
其他类ND62.85±9.57bND603.81±27.81a
总含量19678.22±271.04d47601.87±1279.75b34844.12±405.07c48353.31±681.32a
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酿酒酵母/胶红酵母协同米根霉发酵改善云南米酒的风味品质
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何洋 1, 2 , 安琪尔 1 , 袁国慧 1 , 冯怡婷 1 , 郭磊 1 , 韩龙 1, * , 范方宇 1, 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(7): 294-303
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (7) : 294 -303
酿酒酵母/胶红酵母协同米根霉发酵改善云南米酒的风味品质
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2Yunnan Key Laboratory of Fermented Vegetables, Honghe 651100, China
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何洋1, 2 , 安琪尔1, 袁国慧1, 冯怡婷1, 郭磊1, 韩龙1, * , 范方宇1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1西南林业大学生物与食品工程学院,云南昆明 650224
  • 2云南省发酵蔬菜重点实验室,云南红河 651100
  • 3云南省高校大健康类森林资源开发利用工程研究中心,云南昆明 650224
通讯作者:
韩龙(1987−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:。
范方宇(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农林产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

何洋(1999−),男,硕士,研究方向:食品发酵,E-mail:

Enhancing Yunnan Rice Wine through Cooperative Fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae/Rhodotorula mucilaginosa with Rhizopus oryzae for Flavor Quality Improvement
Yang HE1, 2 , Qi'er AN1, Guohui YUAN1, Yiting FENG1, Lei GUO1, Long HAN1, * , Fangyu FAN1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Biology Science and Food Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
  • 2Yunnan Key Laboratory of Fermented Vegetables, Honghe 651100, China
  • 3Forest Resources Exploitation and Utilization Engineering Research Center for Grand Health of Yunnan Provincial Universities, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming 650224, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020131
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为解决云南甜米酒风味寡淡的问题,以云南传统甜米酒中筛选的高产醇酿酒酵母LF05(Saccharomyces cerevisiae LF05,LF05)、高产酯胶红酵母PL10(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PL10,PL10)为研究对象,探究酿酒酵母、胶红酵母及混菌协同米根霉发酵对甜米酒理化性质、感官、游离氨基酸、挥发性成分的影响。结果表明:酵母菌协同米根霉发酵的甜米酒乙醇浓度、鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、挥发性化合物含量均有所提升。LF05-PL10混菌的感官评分、鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、高级醇、酯类化合物含量均为各组最高,比米根霉组分别提高89.03%、94.07%、155.37%、335.04%、412.25%,使其达到“提醇增酯增香”的效果。对甜米酒的16种游离氨基酸、73种挥发性化合物进行OPLS-DA分析,以VIP值≥1为条件筛选出8种差异氨基酸和30种差异挥发性化合物,其对甜米酒独特风味形成具有重要贡献。综上,酿酒酵母/胶红酵母协同米根霉发酵可有效改善云南甜米酒风味寡淡问题,研究可为云南甜米酒的风味品质改善提供理论参考。

甜米酒  /  酵母混菌  /  氨基酸  /  气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)  /  挥发性成分

In order to solve the problem of the thin flavor of Yunnan sweet rice wine. This study had focused on locally screened high alcohol producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae LF05 and high esters producing Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PL10, investigating the effects of their mono- and co-fermentation with Rhizopus oryzae on the physicochemical properties, sensory characteristics, free amino acids, and volatile compounds of the wine. The synergistic fermentation with yeasts and Rhizopus oryzae had significantly enhanced ethanol concentration, umami amino acids, sweetness amino acids, and volatile compound content in sweet rice wines. The LF05-PL10 co-culture group had demonstrated the highest sensory score, umami amino acids, sweetness amino acids, higher alcohols, and ester compounds among all experimental groups, with increases of 89.03%, 94.07%, 155.37%, 335.04%, and 412.25% compared to the Rhizopus oryzae-only group, respectively. This synergistic effect had achieved the goal of “enhancing alcohol content, ester synthesis, and aroma complexity” in the fermented product. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) had been applied to 16 free amino acids and 73 volatile compounds in sweet rice wines. With variable importance in projection (VIP) values ≥1 as the threshold, 8 differential amino acids and 30 differential volatile metabolites had been identified as key contributors to the characteristic flavor profile of the wine. In conclusion, the cooperative fermentation strategy using Saccharomyces cerevisiae/Rhodotorula mucilaginosa with Rhizopus oryzae had effectively alleviated the bland flavor issue in Yunnan sweet rice wines, providing a theoretical foundation for flavor quality optimization in traditional fermented beverages.

sweet rice wine  /  yeast mix  /  amino acids  /  gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)  /  volatile components
何洋, 安琪尔, 袁国慧, 冯怡婷, 郭磊, 韩龙, 范方宇. 酿酒酵母/胶红酵母协同米根霉发酵改善云南米酒的风味品质. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 294 -303 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020131
Yang HE, Qi'er AN, Guohui YUAN, Yiting FENG, Lei GUO, Long HAN, Fangyu FAN. Enhancing Yunnan Rice Wine through Cooperative Fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae/Rhodotorula mucilaginosa with Rhizopus oryzae for Flavor Quality Improvement[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 294 -303 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020131
甜米酒是以糯米为原料,经酒曲中微生物发酵而成的传统发酵食品,富含氨基酸、低聚糖和多肽等营养物质,深受消费者喜爱[1]。云南甜米酒发酵剂分商业酒曲和传统酒曲。商业酒曲一般由单一米根霉构成,发酵产品品质稳定,但风味寡淡[2];传统酒曲由多菌系(霉菌、酵母菌、乳酸菌为主)构成,发酵产品芳香扑鼻、滋味醇厚但品质不稳[3]。因此,酒曲是决定甜米酒品质的重要因素,酒曲中微生物种类及其组成比例是甜米酒风味形成的关键。
甜米酒发酵过程涉及微生物(霉菌、酵母菌和乳酸菌为主)间的复杂相互作用。发酵前期,霉菌通过分泌淀粉酶,将淀粉水解为葡萄糖以提升甜米酒糖化效率和出品率[4]。在甜米酒发酵后期,霉菌演替酵母菌成为优势菌群;此时酿酒酵母通过糖酵解、Ehrlich途径将糖类物质转化为醇类化合物;产香酵母通过酯化反应、Ehrlich途径、糖代谢途径生成多种芳香类化合物[5]。因此甜米酒风味的形成与酵母菌息息相关。Zhao等[6]发现酿酒酵母协同米根霉发酵米酒中乙醇、挥发性化合物含量显著高于自然发酵米酒。雷英杰等[7]发现非酿酒酵母协同米根霉发酵甜米酒中酯类化合物种类及含量明显高于单一米根霉发酵甜米酒。Cui等[8]研究了酿酒酵母、非酿酒酵母混菌发酵甜米酒,结果发现产品中的异丁醇、异戊醇和苯乙醇、乙酸乙酯比单一酿酒酵母分别提高了l85%、29%和138%、145%,米酒酒体感官评分及风味物质明显提高。综上,酵母菌作为甜米酒风味形成的“灵魂”,对提升云南米酒风味品质稳定性具有可行性。
基于此,研究选取课题组前期从云南甜米酒中分离筛选出的1株高产醇酿酒酵母LF05(Saccharomyces cerevisiae LF05,LF05)、1株高产酯胶红酵母PL10(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PL10,PL10)为研究对象[9],以米根霉(商业甜酒曲)发酵甜米酒为对照组(CK),探究Saccharomyces cerevisiae LF05、Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PL10单菌、混菌协同米根霉发酵对甜米酒感官、理化性质、游离氨基酸与挥发性成分的影响,为后期调控优化甜米酒发酵工艺及风味品质提供理论依据。
糯米 云南绿宝康农业科技有限公司;麸皮 市售;商业甜酒曲 安琪酵母股份有限公司; Saccharomyces cerevisiae LF05(CCTCC NO:M20241213)、Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PL10(CCTCC NO:M20241214) 保藏至中国典型培养物保藏中心;酵母浸出粉胨葡萄糖琼脂培养基、酵母浸出粉胨葡萄糖肉汤培养基 广东环凯微生物科技有限公司;2-辛醇(色谱级) 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;17种氨基酸混合标准品(质谱级) 中国计量科学研究院。
DH6000BІІ电热恒温培养箱 天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司;5804R台式冷冻离心机 德国艾本德股份公司;YXQ-LS-50A立式压力蒸汽灭菌锅 上海博迅实业有限公司医疗设备厂;SW-CJ-2FD洁净工作台 苏净集团苏州安泰空气技术有限公司;UV-2600紫外可见分光光度计 日本岛津公司;7890B GC-5977B MSD GC-MS联用仪、DBWAX色谱柱 美国安捷伦公司;LC-20A高效液相色谱仪 日本岛津公司。
酵母曲制作工艺:麸皮→过筛→灭菌→培养→干燥→保藏。将20目筛下麸皮与40%的无菌水(按麸皮干重计)混匀,通过121 ℃高温灭菌20 min制备麸皮培养基。麸皮培养基在无菌环境下降温至30 ℃,麸皮培养基按3×105 CFU/g接种Saccharomyces cerevisiae LF05、Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PL10种子液,经30 ℃固态发酵72 h后,通过38 ℃热风干燥24 h制备LF05、PL10麸皮酵母曲。LF05酵母曲、PL10酵母曲按质量比1:30(前期感官预实验确定)进行复配,得LF05-PL10酵母曲。
甜米酒制作工艺[9]:糯米→浸泡→洗米→蒸饭→淋饭→拌入酒曲→搭窝→保温发酵→发酵粗品→灭菌→发酵成品。以商业甜酒曲(3.5×105 CFU/g)发酵甜米酒为对照组(CK)。根据前期实验,LF05酵母曲和商业甜酒曲按质量比7:3发酵甜米酒为LF05组;PL10酵母曲和商业甜酒曲按质量比7:3发酵甜米酒为PL10组;LF05-PL10酵母曲和商业甜酒曲按质量比7:3发酵甜米酒为LF05-PL10组。将0.50 kg糯米泡8 h,泡好糯米水洗3遍,纱布过滤水分。将糯米蒸15~20 min(软、松、不粘连),在无菌操作台中用375 mL无菌水冲淋使饭粒分离冷却至30 ℃并将其移入2500 mL的玻璃泡菜坛中,拌入0.8%酒曲(按糯米干基重量计)混匀后搭窝,泡菜坛沿用20 mL无菌水密封。将4组甜米酒在28 ℃培养箱中发酵60 h即为发酵甜米酒粗品。发酵甜米酒粗品于水浴(65 ℃)30 min为甜米酒成品。
还原糖通过3,5-二硝基水杨酸法测定[10];总糖通过苯酚-硫酸法测定[11]。酸度通过pH计法测定;乙醇浓度通过GB/T 13662-2008《黄酒》测定。
感官评价小组由20名经培训的食品专业学生(男女各半)组成,按表1对甜米酒进行滋味、香气、外观及整体风格评分,以平均值作为样品最终得分(满分100分)。
参照QBT 4356-2012《黄酒中游离氨基酸的测定 高效液相色谱法》略作修改,对甜米酒汁中游离氨基酸含量进行定量分析。样品前处理:安瓿瓶中加入2.0 mL甜米酒上清液(8000 r/min离心5 min),按1:3(v/v)加入含0.1%苯酚的6 mol/L盐酸溶液。安瓿瓶密封置于105 ℃恒温箱水解22 h,冷却后取1.0 mL水解液经−50 ℃真空冷冻干燥,取0.1 mol/L盐酸溶液将冻干样品定容至1.0 mL。
样品衍生及测定:取冻干复溶样品500 μL至2.0 mL离心管,依次添加250 μL的1 mol/L三乙胺-乙腈溶液及0.1 mol/L异硫氰酸苯酯-乙腈试剂,混匀静置60 min,随后加入1.0 mL正己烷,室温静置10 min分层后取下层水相(经0.45 μm滤膜过滤)500 μL进行HPLC分析。
色谱条件:色谱柱温40 ℃;流动相流速1000 μL/min;采用色谱柱(Shim-pack GIST C18,5 μm,规格4.6 mm×250 mm)。流动相A:0.1 mol/L醋酸钠(pH6.5);流动相B:甲醇-水(80:20)。梯度洗脱程序:0~19 min,0%A→85%A,0%B→15%B;19~25 min,0%A→75%A,0%B→25%B;25~45 min,0%A→55%A,0%B→45%B;45~55 min,0%A→40%A,0%B→60%B;55~68 min,0%A→38%A,0%B→62%B;68~70 min,0%B→100%B。
参考李柔[12]方法略作修改,对甜米酒挥发性化合物进行测定。样品预处理:精密称取1.0 g氯化钠与4.9 mL甜米酒样品于20 mL顶空瓶中,加入0.1 mL 2-辛醇内标液(500 μg/mL)。使用预活化(250 ℃/10 min)的DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头插入顶空瓶,45 ℃萃取40.0 min立即进行GC-MS联用分析。通过NIST数据库的质谱图(保留指数大于80的结果)对化合物定性,根据化合物与2-辛醇峰面积对挥发性化合物进行定量。
$ \text{组分含量}(\text{mg}/\mathrm{L})=\frac{\mathrm{各组分峰面积}\times \text{内标物质量}\left( \text{mg}\right) }{\text{内标物}\mathrm{峰面积}\times \text{样品体积}\left( \mathrm{L}\right) } $
色谱条件:DB-WAXETR极性色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm),进样口温度250 ℃,载气采用99.99%高纯氦(He),恒流模式(1.00 mL/min,电子流量控制(EFC)精度±0.01 mL)。升温程序:初始柱温35 ℃平衡3 min,以6 ℃/min升至160 ℃,再以10 ℃/min梯度升至230 ℃(保留窗口5 min)。
质谱条件:电子轰击离子源EI:70 eV,接口温度250 ℃,离子源温度230 ℃,四极杆温度150 ℃,扫描范围33~450 m/z。
采用Excel 2021软件处理数据;利用SpSS 22.0软件中Duncan多重比较进行显著性分析(P<0.05);利用Origin 2022软件绘制堆叠柱状图;利用SIMCA软件建立OpLS-DA模型;利用Tbtools-II 2.08绘制热图。所有实验重复3次,结果以平均值±标准差表示。
图1显示,4组甜米酒中还原糖、总糖、酒精度、pH分别为164.64~446.86 mg/mL、180.44~510.69 mg/mL、0vol%~6.80vol%、3.42~4.00。4组甜米酒中还原糖浓度大于100 mg/mL(图1A),均符合甜型甜米酒GB/T 13662-2018标准。与CK组比,LF05组、PL10组、LF05-PL10组中还原糖、总糖含量分别下降48.07%~67.19%、37.83%~64.83%,乙醇浓度上升4.80vol%~6.80vol%。其中LF05组、PL10组、LF05-PL10组的酒精度显著高于CK组,LF05组、PL10组、LF05-PL10组的还原糖、总糖含量显著低于CK组(P<0.05);表明酵母菌比米根霉能更高效将糖类物质转化为醇类物质。魏文鼎等[13]发现添加酵母菌发酵米酒乙醇浓度高于未添加酵母组,这与本研究一致。LF05-PL10组酒精度比LF05组降低0.97vol%,还原糖、总糖含量分别上升了43.42%、62.22%,该趋势与孙文静等[14]一致。结果表明S. cerevisiae LF05、R. mucilaginosa PL10混菌发酵时,酿酒酵母产乙醇途径与胶红酵母的增香生化途径相互竞争导致酿酒酵母对糖类利用程度降低[15],LF05-PL10组的还原糖、总糖含量高于LF05组。
表2可见,CK组滋味寡淡、风味欠缺、米酒酒体组分不协调。LF05组滋味酸甜适当,口感醇厚,具有甜米酒独特风味但酯香气不足,侧重于滋味及酒精度提升;PL10组酯香浓郁但醇厚感不足,侧重于香气提升。LF05-PL10组的滋味、香气评分明显高于其他组,表明LF05-PL10组使“S. cerevisiae LF05、R. mucilaginosa PL10”优势互补,其酒体酸甜适中、口感醇厚、酯香浓郁具有谷物发酵香味。
游离氨基酸是甜米酒的主要营养与风味物质。甜米酒发酵过程中,微生物自溶及代谢作用产生了鲜味、甜味、苦味等呈味氨基酸,提高了甜米酒营养价值同时又丰富了味觉层次[16]。表3可见,LF05组、PL10组、LF05-PL10组中鲜味氨基酸含量比CK组提高了26.54%、56.19%、94.07%,甜味氨基酸含量提高了87.77%、137.43%、155.37%。其原因是酵母菌协同米根霉提高了发酵体系的蛋白酶活力,蛋白质被分解产生更多鲜味、甜味氨基酸[16]。LF05组、PL10组、LF05-PL10组中苦味氨基酸含量比CK组分别降低了32.67%、49.04%、35.60%,表明酵母菌协同米根霉促进了发酵米酒中鲜味、甜味氨基酸的合成且抑制了苦味氨基酸的代谢,且胶红酵母抑制苦味氨基酸合成的能力高于酿酒酵母,因此PL10组中苦味氨基酸为各组最低[9]。蓝彩红[17]发现酵母协同米根霉发酵甜米酒中蛋白酶活力、游离氨基酸含量高于单一米根霉发酵甜米酒,表明微生物共培养对游离氨基酸生成起到促进作用,该趋势与本研究一致。胶红酵母的基础营养组分主要由游离氨基酸构成,其游离氨基酸主要由鲜味、甜味氨基酸组成,表明R. mucilaginosa PL10自溶是导致PL10组中鲜味、甜味氨基酸含量显著高于CK组、LF05组的原因,这与吴康等[18]研究一致。酿酒和非酿酒酵母混菌发酵对氨基酸代谢起到促进作用,蛋白质代谢通路产生更多鲜味、甜味氨基酸,使得LF05-PL10组中甜味、鲜味、总氨基酸含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。Yang等[16]发现酿酒酵母、非酿酒酵母单菌发酵米酒中鲜味、甜味显著低于酿酒与非酿酒酵母混菌发酵米酒,该趋势与本研究一致。
正交偏最小二乘法(Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)是一种监督判别分析方法,可将复杂实验数据降维处理以评估样品间差异性与规律性。为进一步探究单一米根霉、酵母(单菌、混菌)菌协同米根霉发酵对甜米酒中游离氨基酸的影响,以16种游离氨基酸为因变量,4组甜米酒为自变量,进行OPLS-DA分析。如图2(a)所示,4组甜米酒样品区分明显,同组样本间聚集性较强,PL10组和LF05组分布较近。
如图2(b)(c)所示,对OPLS-DA模型进行200次交叉置换检验。自变量拟合指数(R2X)为0.986,因变量拟合指数(R2Y)为0.995,模型预测指数(Q2)为0.991,R2和Q2超过0.9且Q2回归线与Y轴截距为负值,表明该模型稳定性和预测能力较好[19]。此外,变量投影重要度(Variable importance for the projection,VIP)可反映OPLS-DA模型变量,即各游离氨基酸对整体滋味贡献程度,VIP≥1被认为对整体滋味有重要贡献[19]。4组甜米酒中筛选出8种VIP≥1的关键呈味氨基酸,包括2种鲜味氨基酸、4种甜味氨基酸、2种苦味氨基酸。向凡舒等[20]报道谷氨酸、天冬氨酸是米酒中贡献较大的关键呈味氨基酸,这与本研究一致。进一步验证了2.2感官评价中LF05、PL10、LF05-PL10三组甜米酒的滋味鲜甜且滋味评分高于CK组。由此推测,酵母菌协同米根霉可增加发酵体系蛋白酶活力,对氨基酸代谢起到促进作用,在高蛋白酶活力与更多通路代谢作用下代谢蛋白质产生更多鲜、甜味氨基酸[16]。
图3所示,4组甜米酒中定性出73种化合物,包含28种酯类,12种醇类,13种醛酮类、13种烃类、7种其他类化合物,结果如表4所示。CK组、LF05组、PL10组、LF05-PL10组的挥发性物质总含量分别为19.68、47.60、38.84、48.35 mg/L。相比CK组(26种,19.68 mg/L),LF05组、PL10组、LF05-PL10组中挥发性物质种类分别增加了13、16、24种,含量分别提高了141.90%、77.07%、145.72%。表明酵母菌利用葡萄糖、氨基酸(米根霉水解淀粉、蛋白质产生)等物质代谢产生了更多次生代谢物[21];酿酒酵母通过Harris、Ehrlich途径将糖类、游离氨基酸等物质转化为醇类物质,故LF05组醇类化合物含量为各组最高;非酿酒酵母利用胞内酯化酶产生大量酯类物质[22],故LF05-PL10组、PL10组中酯类化合物含量显著高于CK组、LF05组(P<0.05)。LF05-PL10组的高级醇、酯类化合物种类及含量为各组最高,表明酿酒、非酿酒酵母混菌发酵可促进醇酯类化合物相关通路的代谢[23]。赵江林[24]发现酿酒酵母、胶红酵母混菌发酵米酒中酯类化合物种类含量比酵母单菌发酵有所增加,该趋势与本研究一致。
醇类化合物是甜米酒中主要呈香化合物(以酒香、花香为主),由糖酵解、Ehrlich、Harris途径产生。适宜浓度醇类化合物可衬托酯类化合物香气,使米酒酒体更协调。高级醇是由酵母菌经氨基酸脱羧、脱氨基等代谢途径生成碳原子数大于2的一元醇。高级醇过低会使米酒酒体寡淡、过高使米酒酒体苦涩且对人体有一定程度损害,适量高级醇可促进米酒酒体协调与饱满感[23]。图4可见,各组甜米酒中高级醇以苯乙醇、异丁醇、异戊醇、正己醇为主;苯乙醇赋予米酒酒体丰富的花香;适量异丁醇、异戊醇可增加米酒酒体协调与饱满感。高级醇由Ehrlich和Harris代谢途径生成,酿酒、非酿酒酵母混菌发酵可促进两条代谢通路及基因上调[25],这可能是LF05-PL10组中高级醇含量及种类为各组最高的原因。LF05-PL10组中苯乙醇、异丁醇含量为各组最高,分别比对照组提高3.83、1.35倍,赋予米酒酒体浓郁花香与饱满感,这与2.2中感官评分相一致。Wu等[26]研究发现酿酒、非酿酒酵母混菌发酵米酒中高级醇含量显著高于酵母单菌发酵,该趋势与本研究一致。
酯类化合物具有类似花果的香气,是甜米酒香气复杂性和典型性的主要贡献者[27]。LF05组、PL10组、LF05-PL10组中酯类化合物含量比CK组分别提高了40.50%、257.64%、412.26%;LF05组、PL10组、LF05-PL10组比CK组增添了棕榈酸乙酯(菠萝香气)等挥发性化合物,表明酵母菌协同米根霉发酵可提高甜米酒中酯类化合物种类及含量,赋予米酒酒体丰富的花香与果香[14]。Xie等[28]发现胶红酵母产生的水解酶有助于酯类挥发性化合物的生成,这是PL10组的酯类化合物种类及含量显著高于CK组、LF05组的主要原因。LF05-PL10组的酯类化合物种类及含量为各组最高,其棕榈酸乙酯、十四酸乙酯含量也显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。LF05-PL10组的酯类化合物种类及含量提升是由于非酿酒酵母的代谢特性与酿酒酵母共同作用于酯类化合物的合成路径[29]。Wang等[30]研究发现酿酒酵母、胶红酵母混菌发酵米酒中酯类物质含量显著高于酿酒酵母单菌发酵;王燕荣等[31]发现酿酒酵母、非酿酒酵母混菌发酵米酒中酯类物质含量显著高于酿酒、非酿酒酵母单菌发酵;两者趋势与本研究一致。此外,甜米酒中的醛酮类、烃类化合物虽然种类及含量相对较少,但它们是构成其独特风味特征的重要组成部分。总体而言,甜米酒的整体风味轮廓是由醇类、酯类、醛酮类、烃类以及酸类、酚类等多种物质协同作用、共同贡献的结果。
为明确甜米酒中挥发性化合物差异性及其对米酒酒体风味的贡献程度,以73种挥发性化合物为因变量,4组甜米酒为自变量,进行OPLS-DA分析,结果如图5所示。4组甜米酒的挥发性化合物区分明显,同组间聚集性较强,PL10组和LF05组分布较近。本次分析的自变量拟合指数(R2X)为0.963,因变量拟合指数(R2Y)为0.998,模型预测指数(Q2)为0.995。R2和Q2超过0.9且Q2回归线与Y轴截距为负值,表明该模型稳定性和预测能力较好,该模型可用于4组甜米酒中挥发性化合物差异性分析。
变量投影重要度(Variable importance for the projection,VIP)可反映OPLS-DA模型的变量,即各挥发性成分对整体香气贡献程度,VIP≥1的差异性化合物(重要差异性化合物)被认为对整体香气有重要贡献。73种挥发性化合物中筛选出30种重要差异性化合物,其中6个醇类(正壬醇、乙醇、正辛醇、正庚醇、苯乙醇、正丙醇)、10个酯类(1,3-苯二酚单苯甲酸酯、异丁酸异丁酯、乙酸己酯、丁酸乙酯、十五酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、棕榈酸乙酯、反油酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯)、7个醛酮类(丁醛二乙缩醛、缩醛、2-甲基丁醛、葵醛、苯甲醛、壬醛、2-壬酮)、6个烃类(1-(1-乙氧基乙氧基)-丁烷、3-异丙基氧杂环丁烷、2,6-二甲基-2-辛烯、4,4-二甲基十一烷、十四烷、3-甲基十三烷)、1个醚类(2-氯苯乙醚),30种重要化合物各组含量占比均超过80%。LF05-PL10组中6种(苯乙醇、正庚醇、棕榈酸乙酯、十五酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯)重要化合物含量(VIP≥1)为各组最高,均为甜米酒中的典型挥发性化合物,可赋予米酒酒体丰富酒香、花香与果香,表明酵母混菌协同米根霉发酵有助于提升甜米酒香气的复杂性与典型性。LF05-PL10组中苯乙醇、棕榈酸乙酯为主的酯醇类化合物含量显著提高,表明酿酒、非酿酒酵母混菌发酵可促进Harris与酯类代谢途径,进而增加酒中高级醇、酯类化合物的种类与含量。
以课题组前期从云南米酒中分离筛选的一株高产醇S. cerevisiae LF05、一株高产酯R. mucilaginosa PL10为研究对象,分析酵母菌以单菌及混菌协同米根霉方式对甜米酒风味化合物形成及其品质影响。结果表明,LF05组、PL10组、LF05-PL10组比CK组感官评分、氨基酸含量、挥发性化合物种类及含量明显提高,而LF05-PL10组品质提升最为明显。对4组甜米酒中的16种游离氨基酸、73种挥发性成分进行OPLS-DA分析,将VP值≥1的风味物质定义为差异标志物,筛选出8种关键呈味氨基酸、28种重要差异性化合物,这些化合物对甜米酒独特风味形成具有重要贡献。综上,酵母混菌协同米根霉发酵体系使S. cerevisiae LF05、R. mucilaginosa PL10“优势互补”,其产醇增酯提香效果优于其他组,对改善云南甜米酒风味寡淡、滋味不足具有显著作用。后续研究可通过多维宏组学技术研究酵母混菌协同米根霉发酵对甜米酒酿造过程中风味品质形成的调控途径,为甜米酒产业发展提供科学依据。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025020131
  • 接收时间:2025-02-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-20
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    1西南林业大学生物与食品工程学院,云南昆明 650224
    2云南省发酵蔬菜重点实验室,云南红河 651100
    3云南省高校大健康类森林资源开发利用工程研究中心,云南昆明 650224

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韩龙(1987−),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:。
范方宇(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:农林产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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