Article(id=1320884186324513697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030361, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743091200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852930860, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852930860, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852930860, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852930860, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=422, endPage=430, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884186513257378, articleId=1320884186324513697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of the Extraction Process of Extract Containing Sulforaphane from Broccoli Seeds and Evaluation of Its Immunomodulatory Activity, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the optimal extraction process of sulforaphane from broccoli seeds and evaluate its immunomodulatory activity, broccoli seeds as the raw material, the effects of parameters including solid-liquid ratio, ethanol concentration, extraction time, extraction temperature and extraction times on the yield of sulforaphane were examined. The parameters were optimized by orthogonal experimental design. The immunomodulatory activity of its extract contains sulforaphane was explored based on the immunodeficiency zebrafish model. The results indicated that the highest yield of sulforaphane was 18.24 mg/g under the conditions of a 1:22 g/mL solid-liquid ratio, ethanol concentration of 10%, 1 h of extraction time, 40 ℃ of extraction temperature and two extraction circles. The immunomodulatory activity tests showed that the extract contains sulforaphane had strong immunomodulatory activity and could significantly enhanced macrophage phagocytosis in zebrafish at high dosage (200 μg/mL) and medium dosage (100 μg/mL), improve T cell reduction at medium dosage (100 μg/mL) and low dosage (50 μg/mL), and improve neutropenia at high dosage (200 μg/mL), medium dosage (100 μg/mL) and low dosage (50 μg/mL). By optimizing the extraction process of sulforaphane from broccoli seeds and evaluating its immunomodulatory activity, the study provided a theoretical and practical basis for the research and application of the extract contains sulforaphane.

, authors=Wan TANG1, Fuli LAI1, Guifang HAO1, Yang CHEN1, Wanyin SHI1, Suqin WANG2, Zhe WANG1, Qiang YANG1, Jian XU1, *, authorsList=Wan TANG, Fuli LAI, Guifang HAO, Yang CHEN, Wanyin SHI, Suqin WANG, Zhe WANG, Qiang YANG, Jian XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jian XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884190321685429, articleId=1320884186324513697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=西兰花种子萝卜硫素提取物制备工艺优化及其免疫调节活性评价, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究西兰花种子中萝卜硫素最佳提取工艺并对其免疫活性进行评价,以西兰花种子为原料,在探究料液比、乙醇浓度、提取时间、提取温度和提取次数对萝卜硫素提取得率影响的基础上,通过正交试验对提取工艺参数进行优化;采用斑马鱼免疫缺陷模型对含萝卜硫素提取物免疫调节活性进行评价。结果表明:在料液比1:22(g:mL),乙醇体积浓度10%,提取时间1 h,提取温度40 ℃,提取2次的工艺条件下萝卜硫素提取得率最高,为18.24 mg/g。免疫活性评价结果表明,提取物具有良好的免疫调节活性,含萝卜硫素西兰花种子提取物在高(200 μg/mL)、中(100 μg/mL)剂量组具有促进斑马鱼巨噬细胞吞噬功能,在中(100 μg/mL)、低(50 μg/mL)剂量组具有T细胞减少症改善功能,在高(200 μg/mL)、中(100 μg/mL)、低(50 μg/mL)剂量组具有中性粒细胞减少症改善的功效。通过对萝卜硫素的最佳提取工艺优化及免疫活性评价,为其更好地研究与应用提供了理论和实践基础。

, authors=唐万1, 赖富丽1, 郝桂芳1, 陈阳1, 石万银1, 王素琴2, 王喆1, 杨强1, 徐剑1, *, authorsList=唐万, 赖富丽, 郝桂芳, 陈阳, 石万银, 王素琴, 王喆, 杨强, 徐剑, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=徐剑, authorNote=

唐万(1993−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:天然产物活性成分研究与开发,E-mail:

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徐剑(1979−),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:中药材天然产物开发及其活性研究,E-mail:。
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Developmental Neurobiology, 2013, 73(1): 60−71., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320884190573343670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884186324513697, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884190581732279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884186324513697, companyId=1320884190573343670, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Jing Brang Co., Ltd., Hubei Key Lab for Quality and Safety Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Healthcare Food, Daye 435100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884190590120888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884186324513697, companyId=1320884190573343670, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1劲牌有限公司,中药保健食品质量与安全湖北省重点实验室,湖北大冶 435100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320884190653035449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884186324513697, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884190665618362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884186324513697, companyId=1320884190653035449, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Jing Brand Chizhengtang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huangshi 435000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884190694978491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884186324513697, companyId=1320884190653035449, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2劲牌持正堂药业有限公司,湖北黄石 435000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320884195682006005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884186324513697, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of liquid to material ratio (A), extraction temperature (B), ethanol concentration (C), extraction time (D) on yield of extraction rate of sulforaphane, figureFileSmall=JJh/C8Icyz6qxnu22x4aBw==, figureFileBig=wEVn3m9DkzW6k93dq6Seow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884195757503478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884186324513697, language=CN, label=图1, caption=溶剂倍数(A)、提取温度(B)、乙醇浓度(C)和提取时间(D)对萝卜硫素提取得率的影响

注:不同小写字母表示在不同条件下萝卜硫素提取得率存在显著差异(P<0.05),图2~图3同。

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注:*表示实验组与模型组差异显著(P<0.05),**表示实验组与模型组差异极显著(P<0.01);#表示模型组与正常组差异显著(P<0.05),图6、图8同。

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Factor-level of orthogonal experiment

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水平因素
料液比(g:mL)乙醇体积浓度(%)提取温度(℃)提取时间(h)
11:1810400.5
21:2220451.0
31:2630501.5
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正交试验因素水平

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水平因素
料液比(g:mL)乙醇体积浓度(%)提取温度(℃)提取时间(h)
11:1810400.5
21:2220451.0
31:2630501.5
), ArticleFig(id=1320884198815150088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884186324513697, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Orthogonal experiment design and result analysis

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试验组A
料液比
(g:mL)
B
乙醇体积浓度
(%)
C
提取温度
(℃)
D
提取时间
(h)
得率
(mg/g)
11:1810400.515.63
21:1820451.014.49
31:1830501.513.35
41:2210501.015.50
51:2220401.513.69
61:2230450.513.45
71:2610451.514.88
81:2620500.514.77
91:2630401.014.06
均值114.4515.2914.8214.67
均值214.7214.7214.3714.68
均值314.5713.7214.5414.38
极差0.271.570.450.30
), ArticleFig(id=1320884198882258953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884186324513697, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

正交试验设计与结果分析

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试验组A
料液比
(g:mL)
B
乙醇体积浓度
(%)
C
提取温度
(℃)
D
提取时间
(h)
得率
(mg/g)
11:1810400.515.63
21:1820451.014.49
31:1830501.513.35
41:2210501.015.50
51:2220401.513.69
61:2230450.513.45
71:2610451.514.88
81:2620500.514.77
91:2630401.014.06
均值114.4515.2914.8214.67
均值214.7214.7214.3714.68
均值314.5713.7214.5414.38
极差0.271.570.450.30
), ArticleFig(id=1320884198953562122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884186324513697, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of this result with relevant research achievements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号原料主要提取操作与步骤萝卜硫素提取得率
1西兰花种子种子粉碎,10%乙醇溶液,料液比1:22,40 ℃热回流提取1 h15.37±0.11 mg/g(本研究)
2西兰花种子西兰花种子研磨后石油醚脱脂,去离子水30 ℃酶解4 h,乙醇超声提取3.1 mg/g[1]
3西兰花种子水解温度39 ℃,时间为5.8 h,VC添加量为0.07 mg/g,料液比1:356.41 mg/g[16]
4西兰花种子酶解12 h,酶解pH为7,酶解料液比为1:4,酶解温度30 ℃6.71 mg/g[17]
5西兰花副产物添加外源酶,pH为5,酶解时间68 min,超声酶解温度36 ℃155.376±0.48 μg/g[18]
6西兰花种子按1:2添加催化缓冲液(pH5.0、Zn2+浓度为0.1 mol/L、VC浓度为0.5 mg/mL、0.1 mol/L醋酸-醋酸钠萝卜汁缓冲体系),25 ℃酶解8 h,无水硫酸钠脱水,甲醇室温搅拌提取17.066 mg/g[30]
7西兰花芽通过蒸与硫酸锌浸泡联合处理西兰花芽,增加黑芥子酶活性,提高转化得率6.72 mg/g[31]
8西兰花种子酶解时间8 h,酶解料液比1:2,酶解 pH7.06.682 mg/g[32]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884199020670987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884186324513697, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

本研究与相关研究成果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号原料主要提取操作与步骤萝卜硫素提取得率
1西兰花种子种子粉碎,10%乙醇溶液,料液比1:22,40 ℃热回流提取1 h15.37±0.11 mg/g(本研究)
2西兰花种子西兰花种子研磨后石油醚脱脂,去离子水30 ℃酶解4 h,乙醇超声提取3.1 mg/g[1]
3西兰花种子水解温度39 ℃,时间为5.8 h,VC添加量为0.07 mg/g,料液比1:356.41 mg/g[16]
4西兰花种子酶解12 h,酶解pH为7,酶解料液比为1:4,酶解温度30 ℃6.71 mg/g[17]
5西兰花副产物添加外源酶,pH为5,酶解时间68 min,超声酶解温度36 ℃155.376±0.48 μg/g[18]
6西兰花种子按1:2添加催化缓冲液(pH5.0、Zn2+浓度为0.1 mol/L、VC浓度为0.5 mg/mL、0.1 mol/L醋酸-醋酸钠萝卜汁缓冲体系),25 ℃酶解8 h,无水硫酸钠脱水,甲醇室温搅拌提取17.066 mg/g[30]
7西兰花芽通过蒸与硫酸锌浸泡联合处理西兰花芽,增加黑芥子酶活性,提高转化得率6.72 mg/g[31]
8西兰花种子酶解时间8 h,酶解料液比1:2,酶解 pH7.06.682 mg/g[32]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884199100362764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884186324513697, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Investigation of the MTC of broccoli seed extract in three zebrafish models

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西兰花种子萝卜硫素提取物制备工艺优化及其免疫调节活性评价
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唐万 1 , 赖富丽 1 , 郝桂芳 1 , 陈阳 1 , 石万银 1 , 王素琴 2 , 王喆 1 , 杨强 1 , 徐剑 1, *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(7): 422-430
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (7) : 422 -430
西兰花种子萝卜硫素提取物制备工艺优化及其免疫调节活性评价
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唐万1 , 赖富丽1, 郝桂芳1, 陈阳1, 石万银1, 王素琴2, 王喆1, 杨强1, 徐剑1, *
作者信息
  • 1劲牌有限公司,中药保健食品质量与安全湖北省重点实验室,湖北大冶 435100
  • 2劲牌持正堂药业有限公司,湖北黄石 435000
通讯作者:
徐剑(1979−),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:中药材天然产物开发及其活性研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

唐万(1993−),男,硕士,工程师,研究方向:天然产物活性成分研究与开发,E-mail:

Optimization of the Extraction Process of Extract Containing Sulforaphane from Broccoli Seeds and Evaluation of Its Immunomodulatory Activity
Wan TANG1 , Fuli LAI1, Guifang HAO1, Yang CHEN1, Wanyin SHI1, Suqin WANG2, Zhe WANG1, Qiang YANG1, Jian XU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Jing Brang Co., Ltd., Hubei Key Lab for Quality and Safety Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Healthcare Food, Daye 435100, China
  • 2Jing Brand Chizhengtang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huangshi 435000, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030361
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为探究西兰花种子中萝卜硫素最佳提取工艺并对其免疫活性进行评价,以西兰花种子为原料,在探究料液比、乙醇浓度、提取时间、提取温度和提取次数对萝卜硫素提取得率影响的基础上,通过正交试验对提取工艺参数进行优化;采用斑马鱼免疫缺陷模型对含萝卜硫素提取物免疫调节活性进行评价。结果表明:在料液比1:22(g:mL),乙醇体积浓度10%,提取时间1 h,提取温度40 ℃,提取2次的工艺条件下萝卜硫素提取得率最高,为18.24 mg/g。免疫活性评价结果表明,提取物具有良好的免疫调节活性,含萝卜硫素西兰花种子提取物在高(200 μg/mL)、中(100 μg/mL)剂量组具有促进斑马鱼巨噬细胞吞噬功能,在中(100 μg/mL)、低(50 μg/mL)剂量组具有T细胞减少症改善功能,在高(200 μg/mL)、中(100 μg/mL)、低(50 μg/mL)剂量组具有中性粒细胞减少症改善的功效。通过对萝卜硫素的最佳提取工艺优化及免疫活性评价,为其更好地研究与应用提供了理论和实践基础。

西兰花种子  /  萝卜硫素  /  提取工艺优化  /  提取得率  /  斑马鱼模型  /  免疫活性评价

In order to investigate the optimal extraction process of sulforaphane from broccoli seeds and evaluate its immunomodulatory activity, broccoli seeds as the raw material, the effects of parameters including solid-liquid ratio, ethanol concentration, extraction time, extraction temperature and extraction times on the yield of sulforaphane were examined. The parameters were optimized by orthogonal experimental design. The immunomodulatory activity of its extract contains sulforaphane was explored based on the immunodeficiency zebrafish model. The results indicated that the highest yield of sulforaphane was 18.24 mg/g under the conditions of a 1:22 g/mL solid-liquid ratio, ethanol concentration of 10%, 1 h of extraction time, 40 ℃ of extraction temperature and two extraction circles. The immunomodulatory activity tests showed that the extract contains sulforaphane had strong immunomodulatory activity and could significantly enhanced macrophage phagocytosis in zebrafish at high dosage (200 μg/mL) and medium dosage (100 μg/mL), improve T cell reduction at medium dosage (100 μg/mL) and low dosage (50 μg/mL), and improve neutropenia at high dosage (200 μg/mL), medium dosage (100 μg/mL) and low dosage (50 μg/mL). By optimizing the extraction process of sulforaphane from broccoli seeds and evaluating its immunomodulatory activity, the study provided a theoretical and practical basis for the research and application of the extract contains sulforaphane.

broccoli seeds  /  sulforaphane  /  extraction process optimization  /  extraction yield  /  zebrafish model  /  immune activity evaluation
唐万, 赖富丽, 郝桂芳, 陈阳, 石万银, 王素琴, 王喆, 杨强, 徐剑. 西兰花种子萝卜硫素提取物制备工艺优化及其免疫调节活性评价. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 422 -430 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030361
Wan TANG, Fuli LAI, Guifang HAO, Yang CHEN, Wanyin SHI, Suqin WANG, Zhe WANG, Qiang YANG, Jian XU. Optimization of the Extraction Process of Extract Containing Sulforaphane from Broccoli Seeds and Evaluation of Its Immunomodulatory Activity[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 422 -430 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030361
西兰花是十字花科芸薹属植物甘蓝的一种变种,富含多种高价值营养成分,具有丰富的维生素、矿物质和硫代葡萄糖苷类物质[1]。硫代葡萄糖苷是一种存在于十字花科植物中的次生代谢产物,这些化合物天然稳定[2],当植物组织受损时,其内源性黑芥子酶就会被释放,硫代葡萄糖苷被水解形成多种活性物质,萝卜硫素(1-异硫氰酸-4-甲磺酰基丁烷,Sulforaphane)是其中最主要的一种物质,该物质在西兰花中含量较多,尤其是其种子中含量最为丰富[3]。研究表明,萝卜硫素是迄今为止在蔬菜中发现的防癌抗癌效果最好、活性最强的天然产物之一[4],具有抑制癌细胞增殖、诱导解毒酶、阻滞细胞周期和诱导凋亡的能力[5−6],对包括肝癌、胰腺癌、肺癌、直肠癌等癌症均有较好的预防和抑制作用[7−8],除防癌抗癌活性外,萝卜硫素在降低血压、保护心脏、缓解糖尿病、抑菌以及改善精神分裂症和阿尔茨海默病等方面也具有较好功效[9−12]。同时,有研究显示萝卜硫素也能明显激活Nrf2途径调节氧化应激反应从而间接提高机体抗氧化活性和免疫应答[13],萝卜硫素通过激活Nrf2调节途径,释放更多Nrf2并且进入细胞核中,与小分子肌腱纤维瘤蛋白(maf)结合后识别ARE(Antioxidant Response Element,抗氧化反应元件),然后启动(基因)下游抗氧化因子的表达,提高细胞的抗氧化能力,从而提高免疫[14]。因此绿色高效的萝卜硫素提取物制备方法和系统性的免疫活性评价具有重要研究价值和应用意义。
萝卜硫素制备主要有化学合成法、酶法以及半合成法,其中化学合成法和半合成法因步骤繁琐、成本高且制备过程使用大量有机试剂而应用受限,目前多数研究仍采用酶法制备萝卜硫素[15]。陈明媚等[16]通过响应面试验优化提取参数,借助内源酶提取西兰花种子中萝卜硫素,最大得率为6.41 mg/g,该方法虽然额外添加VC,但提取得率相对较低;孙义飞[17]通过正己烷脱脂,并优化酶解条件,最后用乙酸乙酯萃取得到萝卜硫素最佳提取得率为6.71 mg/g,该方法萝卜硫素提取得率并没有显著提高,并且正己烷和乙酸乙酯的引入也极大限制了萝卜硫素提取物的应用范围;孔玉雯[18]以西兰花副产物为原料,通过引入外源酶并对酶解条件优化,80%乙醇溶液提取,萝卜硫素提取最大值为155.376±0.48 μg/g,该方法以西兰花副产物为原料,原料成本低,但萝卜硫素得率较低,实际应用受限。上述提取方法中大多存在提取过程含有机试剂、步骤相对繁琐、提取得率不高等不足之处,在实际工业生产过程中可能存在应用受限等问题。而同时兼具操作简单、绿色环保、产率相对较高的提取方法还鲜有报道。
斑马鱼具有与人类相似的免疫细胞类型和形态,都具有先天性防御系统及获得性防御系统,且与人类基因同源性高达87%[19]。与传统实验动物模型相比,斑马鱼具有繁殖快、个体小、全身透明、易于培养和观察、实验周期短、成本低等优势[20]。长春瑞滨是一种半合成的生物碱,研究显示大剂量长春瑞滨骨髓抑制较为显著,导致红细胞和白细胞数量减少,吞噬细胞吞噬功能减弱,最终致使机体免疫力低下[21]。本研究采用一种简单高效、绿色安全、提取得率较高的提取方法制备萝卜硫素提取物,并首次借助多途径的斑马鱼免疫模型评价西兰花种子提取物(含萝卜硫素)免疫活性,从不同机理层面综合评价提取物免疫活性,为相关产品及药物研发提供一定参考价值。
野生型AB品系斑马鱼、转基因T细胞红色荧光Tg(rag2:DsRed)斑马鱼、转基因中性粒细胞绿色荧光Tg(mpx:EGFP)斑马鱼 杭州环特生物科技股份有限公司提供;西兰花种子 浙江勿忘农种业股份有限公司;萝卜硫素 含量≥98%,成都乐美天医药;荧光微球 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;甲酸、乙腈 色谱纯,美国Fisher公司;酒石酸长春瑞滨注射液 江苏豪森药业;灵芝孢子粉 劲牌持正堂药业有限公司;甲基纤维素 美国阿拉丁公司。
Ultimate-3000高效液相色谱仪 美国赛默飞公司;XS105分析天平 瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司;Axio Zoom V16荧光体视显微镜、stemi 508体视显微镜 德国蔡司公司;IM-400显微注射仪、PC-100拉针仪 日本Narishige公司;W-5-100SP恒温水浴锅 上海申生科技有限公司;N1300旋转蒸发仪 日本EYELA公司、SPX-250B-Z型生化培养箱 上海博讯科技;斑马鱼养殖系统 北京爱生科技。
本研究参考孙奕良等[22]和吕城枝[23]研究思路,结合实际应用情况,采用低浓度乙醇溶液为溶媒,借助西兰花种子自身含有的黑芥子酶将种子内硫代葡萄糖苷类化合物水解生成萝卜硫素和其他成分,生成的萝卜硫素在一定温度下溶解于溶媒中,达到将酶解反应和提取过程同步进行的目的;初始提取条件为:准确称取粉碎后的西兰花种子粉末,按料液比1:15(g:mL)添加30%体积分数乙醇溶液,在40 ℃条件下水浴提取1 h,提取1次,提取结束后过滤即得含萝卜硫素滤液。
西兰花种子粉碎作提取原料,提取结束后过滤并准确量取滤液体积。参照1.2.1中初始提取条件,在控制变量条件下分别考察料液比(1:10、1:14、1:18、1:22、1:26、1:30)、提取温度(30、35、40、45、50、55 ℃)、乙醇体积浓度(10%、20%、30%、40%、50%、60%)和提取时间(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 h)对萝卜硫素提取得率影响,西兰花种子中萝卜硫素提取得率(Y)按公式(1)计算:
$\rm Y= \frac{(\text{CV})/1000}{\text{m}} $
式中:Y为萝卜硫素提取得率(mg/g);C为根据标准曲线计算得到的滤液中萝卜硫素含量(g/L);V为每组实验中对应滤液体积(mL);m为西兰花种子粉末质量(g)。
根据单因素实验结果,选取料液比、乙醇体积浓度、提取温度和提取时间为因素,以萝卜硫素提取得率为评价指标,按正交试验设计规则,设计4因素3水平L9(34)正交试验,因素水平表如表1所示。
以正交试验最佳组合结果进行工艺验证和提取次数优化,分别提取1、2、3、4次,设置3组平行,测定滤液中萝卜硫素含量并计算萝卜硫素提取得率,结合实际确定最佳提取次数。在最终确定的最优提取工艺下提取得到含萝卜硫素西兰花种子提取物(简称提取物)。
在进行功效评价前,考察不同模型斑马鱼对西兰花种子提取物的耐受情况。分别随机挑选3dpf(受精后3 d)野生型AB品系斑马鱼(野生AB斑马鱼)、3dpf转基因中性粒细胞绿色荧光Tg(mpx:EGFP)斑马鱼(Tg(mpx)斑马鱼)和4dpf转基因T细胞红色荧光Tg(rag2:DsRed)斑马鱼(Tg(rag2)斑马鱼)为实验对象开展三种不同模型耐受实验,每个模型下均设置正常组和实验组,实验组中野生AB斑马鱼静脉注射混合液造模(混合液:20 μL/mL荧光微球和400 μg/mL酒石酸长春瑞滨注射液按体积比1:1配制混合液,溶液为生理盐水,造模体积为10 nL)、Tg(rag2)和Tg(mpx)斑马鱼仅注射长春瑞滨造模(200 μg/mL酒石酸长春瑞滨注射液,溶液为生理盐水,造模体积为10 nL),按30尾/孔随机挑选造模后状态正常的斑马鱼置于6孔板中,用养鱼水配制提取物和萝卜硫素对照品溶液,使提取物终浓度分别为1000、500、250、200、100、50 μg/mL,萝卜硫素对照品终浓度为20、10、5 μg/mL,每孔添加3 mL提取物溶液或对照品溶液,加盖并用锡箔纸包裹避光;野生AB斑马鱼在28 ℃条件下培养48 h后重新换液给样一次并继续培养48 h,Tg(mpx)和Tg(rag2)斑马鱼在28 ℃条件下分别培养48 h和24 h(中途不换液)。实验期间,每天观察记录死亡情况并移除死亡斑马鱼,以不致死的最大浓度确定为模型斑马鱼的最大耐受浓度。
随机挑选3dpf且发育良好的AB斑马鱼,其中实验组AB斑马鱼静脉注射酒石酸长春瑞滨和荧光微球混合液,建立免疫功能损伤模型同时以异物引发巨噬细胞吞噬行为[24]。按30尾/孔随机挑选造模后正常状态的斑马鱼置于6孔板中,设置高(200 μg/mL)、中(50 μg/mL)、低(25 μg/mL)剂量提取物组和10 μg/mL萝卜硫素对照品组,每孔中加3 mL,并设置正常组、模型组和阳性对照组(灵芝孢子粉,250 μg/mL)。28 ℃条件下温育96 h,其中温育48 h后用标准稀释水清洗2遍,重新给药一次,斑马鱼固定于甲基纤维素玻片上在荧光体视显微镜下采集红色荧光照片,然后用ImageJ图像分析软件统计斑马鱼体内剩余荧光微球数量。
随机挑选3dpf且发育良好的Tg(mpx)斑马鱼,其中实验组Tg(mpx)斑马鱼静脉注射酒石酸长春瑞滨造模[25],按30尾/孔随机挑选造模后正常状态的斑马鱼置于6孔板中,设置高(200 μg/mL)、中(50 μg/mL)、低(25 μg/mL)剂量提取物组和10 μg/mL萝卜硫素对照品组,每孔中加3 mL,并设置正常组、模型组和阳性对照组。28 ℃条件下温育48 h后用标准稀释水清洗2遍,斑马鱼固定于甲基纤维素玻片上在荧光体视显微镜下采集绿色荧光照片,然后用ImageJ图像分析软件统计斑马鱼体内排泄处至尾端部分中性粒细胞数量。
随机挑选4dpf且发育良好的Tg(rag2)斑马鱼,其中实验组Tg(rag2)斑马鱼静脉注射酒石酸长春瑞滨造模[26],按30尾/孔随机挑选造模后正常状态的斑马鱼置于6孔板中,设置高(200 μg/mL)、中(50 μg/mL)、低(25 μg/mL)剂量提取物组和10 μg/mL萝卜硫素对照品组,每孔中加3 mL,并设置正常组、模型组和阳性对照组。28 ℃条件下温育24 h后用标准稀释水清洗2遍,斑马鱼固定于甲基纤维素玻片上在荧光体视显微镜下拍照,借助ZEN 3.3(blue edition)软件自带分析功能,通过框选并固定T细胞红色荧光区域,软件自动统计该区域荧光强度(Intensity Mean Value),取该值作为T细胞荧光强度。
参照朱容均等[27]的方法,并做适当调整。采用HPLC测定萝卜硫素含量,具体条件为:色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX SB-Aq C18色谱柱;流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸(20:80);流速为1.0 mL·min−1;检测波长为205 nm;柱温为30 ℃;进样量为10 μL。对照品用20%乙腈溶液超声溶解,置于棕色试剂瓶中保存,所有对照品和样品上样前过0.45 μm有机滤膜。
精密称取一定量萝卜硫素标准品于25 mL容量瓶中,用20%乙腈溶解并定容,作为对照品储备液。分别精密吸取萝卜硫素对照品储备液1、2、3、4、5和10 mL于10 mL容量瓶中,用20%乙腈稀释并定容至刻度,得到不同浓度的对照品溶液。按上述色谱条件检测分析得到各浓度萝卜硫素对照品色谱峰的峰面积,以对照品溶液浓度为横坐标,以相应峰面积为纵坐标建立标准曲线。萝卜硫素的标准曲线方程为:
$ \mathrm{A=0.1562\times C+2.7311,} \mathit{R} ^{ \mathrm{2}} =\mathrm{0.9996} $
式中:A表示萝卜硫素峰面积(mAU·min);C表示萝卜硫素浓度(mg/L)。
单因素提取和正交试验数据采用Origin 2022分析与处理;免疫调节数据转换与处理采用ImageJ图像分析软件;免疫调节实验数据以SPSS 26.0进行数据统计,结果以平均值±标准偏差表示。P<0.05表明差异具有统计学意义。
萝卜硫素提取条件与提取得率关系如图1所示。如图1(A)所示,随着溶剂倍数的增加,萝卜硫素提取得率逐步增加,料液比为1:26时提取得率达到最高,随着料液比的继续增加萝卜硫素得率趋于平缓,考虑成本问题,选择料液比1:18、1:22和1:26试验范围;图1(B)所示,萝卜硫素提取得率随着温度的升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在45 ℃达到最高值,相关研究显示低纯度萝卜硫素热稳定性较差[28],同时温度超过50 ℃对黑芥子酶活性影响较大[29],故选择40、45和50 ℃作为正交试验范围;图1(C)所示,乙醇体积浓度对萝卜硫素提取得率影响较大,提取得率随着乙醇浓度升高呈逐步下降趋势,当乙醇浓度超过40%时,提取得率呈现急速下降趋势,分析可能是高浓度乙醇溶液对黑芥子酶活性影响较大,从而抑制萝卜硫素生成与提取,选择乙醇浓度范围为10%、20%和30%;图1(D)所示,提取时间对萝卜硫素提取得率影响相对较小,1.5 h内提取得率相差不大,提取时间达到2 h后提取得率略有下降,分析推测随着提取时间增加萝卜硫素存在降解或转换从而影响提取得率,选择提取时间范围为0.5、1.0和1.5 h。
根据单因素实验结果,分别选取最佳实验范围设计4因素3水平正交试验,结果如表2所示。
从表2试验结果可以看出,各因素的影响作用依次为:乙醇浓度>提取温度>提取时间>料液比,通过均值分析结果表明A2B1C1D2为最佳提取条件组合,初步确定西兰花种子中萝卜硫素最佳提取条件为:料液比1:22、乙醇体积浓度10%、提取温度40 ℃、提取时间1 h。
按上述最佳工艺条件进行提取验证,取3次平行,西兰花种子中萝卜硫素平均提取得率为15.06±0.17 mg/g(提取1次),低于实验组1和4,基于此结果对最佳组合、实验组1、实验组4提取条件进行重复验证,各条件均称取10、20、30 g西兰花种子粉末,每个重量称取3份,每个条件下共9组实验同时进行提取,萝卜硫素提取得率结果如图2所示,最佳工艺条件下提取得率为15.37±0.11 mg/g,高于实验组1(15.10±0.10 mg/g)和实验组4(15.03±0.13 mg/g),并且处于一个较高水平,表明该工艺合理可行。在最佳工艺条件下进行提取次数优化,结果如图3所示,提取4次的平均得率分别为:15.37、2.87、0.48、0.05 mg/g,综合相对提取得率和实际生产制备效率与成本,选定提取2次较为合宜,此时萝卜硫素总提取得率为18.24 mg/g。
将本研究结果与近几年相关研究成果进行比对,结果如表3所示。吴华彰等[30]研究中萝卜硫素提取得率高于本研究中得率,分析原因可能是其提取方法中通过复配催化缓冲液体系进行酶解,并且在缓冲液体系中添加新鲜的萝卜汁,极大提高了萝卜硫素的酶解转化生成率,这可能是该研究中提取得率超过本实验结果的原因,但其更高得率是通过额外添加新鲜制备的高活性黑芥子酶获得的;其余研究中萝卜硫素得率均明显低于本研究,这一结果也进一步表明本研究中提取方法更简单,萝卜硫素得率相对更高,并且采用的工艺和试剂更加安全环保。
参照一般中药提取物对斑马鱼实验 MTC浓度设置上限为 2000 μg/mL[33],参考前期预实验结果,最大浓度从1000 μg/mL向下逐级取值。不同浓度提取物对各模型斑马鱼存活影响情况如表4所示。结果显示西兰花种子提取物在1000 μg/mL时出现大量死亡,各模型下提取物最大MTC浓度均为200 μg/mL,萝卜硫素对照品最大MTC浓度为10 μg/mL。
注射酒石酸长春瑞滨和荧光微球混合液构造斑马鱼免疫低下模型,以荧光微球作为外来异物,巨噬细胞发挥免疫功能吞噬荧光微球。斑马鱼体内剩余荧光微球数量与巨噬细胞吞噬功能成反比[21];巨噬细胞作为吞噬细胞的一种,是天然免疫系统中重要组成部分,作为免疫应答的第一线,巨噬细胞通过识别清除病原体、杀伤靶细胞、加工和提呈抗原、清除凋亡细胞、参与组织的修复与再生等功能维持机体的免疫稳态[34−35]。如图4和图5所示,与正常组相比,模型组体内荧光微球数量明显增多,说明长春瑞滨对巨噬细胞吞噬功能造成了影响,导致斑马鱼免疫损伤,模型构建成功(P<0.05);与模型组相比,200、100 μg/mL提取物处理斑马鱼96 h后,斑马鱼体内剩余荧光微球数量少于模型对照组(P<0.05),表明西兰花种子提取物能促进斑马鱼巨噬细胞吞噬作用。阳性组和萝卜硫素对照品组与模型组均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。
与正常对照组相比,模型组斑马鱼尾部中性粒细胞数目明显减少,说明长春瑞滨对斑马鱼幼鱼的中性粒细胞造成了影响(P<0.05),导致斑马鱼免疫损伤[36];中性粒细胞是白细胞的一种,属于机体先天免疫系统的核心组成部分,主要通过病原体清除、启动炎症反应及连接先天免疫与调控适应性免疫,在宿主防御中发挥关键作用。相关研究显示中性粒细胞功能失调可能导致感染易感性增加或自身免疫性疾病[37],通过分泌抗炎因子(如 IL-10)抑制过度炎症反应,防止组织损伤[38]。如图6和图7所示,与模型组相比,100、50 μg/mL西兰花种子提取物均呈现出改善斑马鱼尾部中性粒细胞减少的能力(P<0.05),表明提取物能够一定程度上增加免疫低下的斑马鱼的中性粒细胞数目,虽然最大MTC为200 μg/mL,但在高剂量组未呈现出活性,相关研究表明生物体免疫系统中存在复杂的负反馈调节机制[39],分析原因可能是高剂量西兰花种子提取物过度激活或抑制了调节通路,从而引发免疫系统的负反馈调节,抑制了免疫反应的进一步增强,使得对中性粒细胞减少症的改善作用被削弱或抑制,从而未呈现出活性。
与正常对照组比较,模型组T细胞荧光强度显著降低(P<0.05),表明免疫功能损伤的T细胞数量减少模型建立成功。T细胞即T淋巴细胞,是由来源于骨髓的淋巴干细胞,在胸腺中分化、发育成熟后,通过淋巴和血液循环而分布到全身的免疫器官和组织中发挥免疫功能,T细胞通过细胞表面受体,特异性识别并攻击特定的抗原分子,也可以通过释放细胞因子强化免疫效应[40],机体T细胞活性与数量的改变是诱导自身免疫性疾病的关键因素。如图8和图9所示,与模型对照组比较,200、100和50 μg/mL提取物均能显著提高低免疫力斑马鱼T细胞荧光强度(P<0.01),对T细胞数量减少症显示出显著的保护作用。
本文通过单因素分析和正交试验优化确定萝卜硫素提取制备最佳条件为:10%乙醇体积浓度、料液比(g:mL)1:22、40 ℃条件下提取时间1 h,共提取2次,在此条件下萝卜硫素提取得率为18.24 mg/g。基于斑马鱼免疫调节功能评价模型综合评价西兰花种子提取物免疫调节活性,西兰花种子提取物(含萝卜硫素)在高(200 μg/mL)、中(100 μg/mL)剂量组具有促进巨噬细胞吞噬作用(P<0.05);在中(100 μg/mL)、低(50 μg/mL)剂量组具有改善中性粒细胞减少症作用(P<0.05);在高(200 μg/mL)、中(100 μg/mL)、低(50 μg/mL)剂量组具有改善T细胞减少症作用(P<0.01),结果表明含萝卜硫素西兰花种子提取物具有促进巨噬细胞吞噬、中性粒细胞减少症改善和T细胞减少症改善的作用,该研究结果从不同作用机理角度证实了西兰花种子提取物的免疫条件活性。本研究只对提取物的整体活性进行了评价,对提取物的成分和活性-成分关联性有待于进一步研究。本文研究成果为西兰花种子提取物(含萝卜硫素)的后续深入研究与开发应用提供理论依据和技术支持。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030361
  • 接收时间:2025-03-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-28
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    1劲牌有限公司,中药保健食品质量与安全湖北省重点实验室,湖北大冶 435100
    2劲牌持正堂药业有限公司,湖北黄石 435000

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徐剑(1979−),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:中药材天然产物开发及其活性研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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