Article(id=1320884146709316308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030125, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741536000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852921415, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852921415, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852921415, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852921415, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=407, endPage=416, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884150119285461, articleId=1320884146709316308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Alleviate Glucolipotoxicity-induced Ferroptosis in MIN6 Cells by Activating Nrf2/HO-1-Mediated Autophagy, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) can enhance autophagy through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway and thereby inhibit glucolipotoxicity-induced ferroptosis in mouse islet β-cell lines (MIN6). Methods: MIN6 cells were treated with 25 mmol/L glucose and 200 μmol/L sodium palmitate (GP) for varying durations (0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h) to establish an islet β-cell injury model. MIN6 cells were subsequently treated with the autophagy inducer rapamycin (RAPA, 0.1 μmol/L), the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ, 60 nmol/L), and different concentrations of GSPE (10, 20, and 30 mg/L). Nrf2 expression was silenced using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Cell viability was assessed using a cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated with the JC-1 assay kit. Western blot (WB) was employed to analyze autophagy markers [microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and sequestosome-1 (P62)], ferroptosis-associated key proteins [acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4)], and signaling proteins Nrf2 and HO-1. Results: Compared to the control group, GP treatment for 24 h significantly reduced cell viability and GPX4 expression, while increasing LC3II, P62, and ACSL4 expression (P<0.05). These findings suggest that GP induced ferroptosis and autophagic impairment in MIN6 cells. CQ-mediated autophagy inhibition further exacerbated ferroptosis, whereas RAPA-induced autophagy activation alleviated it (P<0.05). In addition, GSPE treatment enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential and upregulated GPX4, LC3II, Nrf2, and HO-1 expression, while downregulating P62 expression (P<0.05). Silencing of Nrf2 antagonized the effects of GSPE in enhancing autophagy and inhibiting ferroptosis (P<0.05). Conclusion: GSPE attenuates glucolipotoxicity-induced ferroptosis in pancreatic islets by enhancing autophagy through the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

, authors=Tingting LI1, Ruirui YANG1, Hao WANG1, Heng LU1, Yusong DING2, *, authorsList=Tingting LI, Ruirui YANG, Hao WANG, Heng LU, Yusong DING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yusong DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884153478922978, articleId=1320884146709316308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=葡萄籽原花青素经Nrf2/HO-1增强自噬抑制糖脂毒性诱导的MIN6细胞铁死亡, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:探讨葡萄籽原花青素提取物(Grape seed procyanidin extract,GSPE)能否通过核因子E2相关因子2(Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)/血红素加氧酶1(Heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)信号通路增强自噬,从而抑制糖脂毒性诱导的小鼠胰岛β细胞株(MIN6)铁死亡。方法:采用25 mmol/L葡萄糖与200 μmol/L棕榈酸钠(GP)联合处理MIN6细胞(0、6、12、24、48 h),建立胰岛β细胞损伤模型。使用自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素(Rapamycin,RAPA,0.1 μmol/L)、自噬抑制剂氯喹(Chloroquine,CQ,60 nmol/L)和不同浓度的GSPE(10、20、30 mg/L)干预MIN6细胞,再利用小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)沉默Nrf2的表达。细胞计数试剂盒(Cell Counting Kit-8 assay,CCK-8)评估细胞活力。线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(Mitochondrial membrane potential assay kit,JC-1)染色评估线粒体膜电位。免疫印迹法(Western Blot,WB)评估自噬标志物微管相关蛋白l轻链3(Microtubule-associated protein1 light chain3,LC3)与螯合体1(Sequestosome-1,P62),铁死亡关键蛋白酰基辅酶A合成酶长链家族成员4(Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4,ACSL4)与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(Glutathione Peroxidase 4,GPX4)以及通路蛋白Nrf2和HO-1。结果:与对照组相比,GP处理24 h后,细胞活力和GPX4表达下降,LC3Ⅱ、P62和ACSL4表达升高(P<0.05),表明GP诱导MIN6细胞发生自噬障碍和铁死亡,进一步用CQ抑制自噬会加剧铁死亡,而使用RAPA激活自噬则会抑制铁死亡(P<0.05)。此外,GSPE使线粒体膜电位、GPX4、LC3Ⅱ、Nrf2和HO-1表达上升,P62表达下降(P<0.05),而沉默Nrf2后,GSPE增强自噬和抑制铁死亡的作用被拮抗(P<0.05)。结论:GSPE能通过激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路增强自噬,从而抑制糖脂毒性诱导的胰岛β细胞铁死亡。

, authors=李婷婷1, 杨瑞瑞1, 王浩1, 陆恒1, 丁玉松2, *, authorsList=李婷婷, 杨瑞瑞, 王浩, 陆恒, 丁玉松, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=丁玉松, authorNote=

李婷婷(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:营养与食品卫生学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
丁玉松(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:营养与食品卫生学,E-mail:。
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李婷婷(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:营养与食品卫生学,E-mail:

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李婷婷(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:营养与食品卫生学,E-mail:

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Arch Physiol Biochem, 2023, 129(5): 1045−1057., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884167169131327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884146709316308, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LU J, JIANG H, LIU B, et al. Grape seed procyanidin extract protects against Pb-induced lung toxicity by activating the AMPK/Nrf2/p62 signaling axis[J]. Food Chem Toxicol, 2018, 116(Pt B): 59-69., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884167244628800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884146709316308, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN S, ZHUY, LIU Z, et al. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract ameliorates diabetic bladder dysfunction via the activation of the Nrf2 pathway[J]. 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注:A. 细胞相对活力;B. P62、LC3、ACSL4和GPX4的蛋白条带;C. 蛋白P62的定量分析;D. 蛋白LC3Ⅱ的定量分析;E. 蛋白ACSL4的定量分析;F. 蛋白GPX4的定量分析;*表示与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=qTgDPnLyZcCA0gyanSAOiA==, figureFileBig=z04akoUDPosa12K+Or3mQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884160177226510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884146709316308, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of CQ on key autophagy proteins induced by GP in MIN6 cells (n=3), figureFileSmall=J4GSSzU8LqiGmUkIRRLw4g==, figureFileBig=/ENFi3yX2F1EIVeTfEBUhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884160244335375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884146709316308, language=CN, label=图2, caption=CQ对GP诱导的MIN6细胞自噬关键蛋白的影响(n=3)

注:A~C分别表示CQ、RAPA以及两者联合GP处理的细胞相对活力;D表示P62和LC3的蛋白条带;E表示蛋白P62的定量分析;F表示蛋白LC3Ⅱ的定量分析;*表示与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),#表示与GP组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=J4GSSzU8LqiGmUkIRRLw4g==, figureFileBig=/ENFi3yX2F1EIVeTfEBUhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884160315638544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884146709316308, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of CQ and RAPA on GP-induced ferroptosis in MIN6 cells (n=3), figureFileSmall=JFxtzvGEk4cT1Jbn6rF5pA==, figureFileBig=ghCEdN8zaO0imCj1gG6nzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884161984971537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884146709316308, language=CN, label=图3, caption=CQ和RAPA对GP诱导的MIN6细胞铁死亡的影响(n=3)

注:A. 线粒体膜电位的荧光染色(50 μm);B. 线粒体膜电位的定量分析;C. ACSL4和GPX4蛋白条带;D. 蛋白ACSL4的定量分析;E. 蛋白GPX4的定量分析;*表示与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),#表示与GP组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=JFxtzvGEk4cT1Jbn6rF5pA==, figureFileBig=ghCEdN8zaO0imCj1gG6nzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884162073051922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884146709316308, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of GSPE on proteins related to autophagy and ferroptosis in MIN 6 cells (n=3), figureFileSmall=YFIF6TVNy7Aiq8N77N5rBg==, figureFileBig=jAyCn7wlo9YRqGxa/qNPpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884162140160787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884146709316308, language=CN, label=图4, caption=GSPE对GP诱导的MIN6细胞自噬和铁死亡相关蛋白的影响(n=3)

注:A. P62、LC3、ACSL4和GPX4蛋白条带;B. 表示蛋白P62的定量分析;C. 蛋白LC3Ⅱ的定量分析;D. 蛋白ACSL4的定量分析;E. 蛋白GPX4的定量分析;*表示与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),#表示与GP组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=YFIF6TVNy7Aiq8N77N5rBg==, figureFileBig=jAyCn7wlo9YRqGxa/qNPpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884162224046868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884146709316308, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of GSPE on Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in GP-induced MIN6 cells(n=3), figureFileSmall=YtKOMmsIDAnos86JcV5JGw==, figureFileBig=JeHHz0Rp/FZq6+/pX6rN5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884162295350037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884146709316308, language=CN, label=图5, caption=GSPE对GP诱导的MIN6细胞Nrf2/HO-1信号通路的影响(n=3)

注:A. 线粒体膜电位的荧光染色(50 μm);B. 线粒体膜电位的定量分析;C. Nrf2和HO-1蛋白条带;D. 蛋白Nrf2的定量分析;E. 蛋白HO-1的定量分析;*表示与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),#表示与GP组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=YtKOMmsIDAnos86JcV5JGw==, figureFileBig=JeHHz0Rp/FZq6+/pX6rN5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884162370847510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884146709316308, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of GSPE on GP-induced autophagy and ferroptosis-related proteins in Nrf 2-silent MIN 6 cells (n=3), figureFileSmall=LVhnsi7/6tq4l1auvmsnNA==, figureFileBig=Rk9n7eE6P75QiuMEihJ7fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884162429567767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884146709316308, language=CN, label=图6, caption=沉默Nrf2后GSPE对GP诱导的MIN6细胞自噬和铁死亡相关蛋白的影响(n=3)

注:A. Nrf2、HO-1、P62、LC3、ACSL4和GPX4蛋白条带;B. 蛋白Nrf2的定量分析;C. 蛋白HO-1的定量分析;D. 蛋白P62的定量分析;E. 蛋白LC3Ⅱ的定量分析;F. 蛋白ACSL4的定量分析;G. 蛋白GPX4的定量分析;*表示与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),#表示与GP组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),&表示与GP+GSPE相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

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葡萄籽原花青素经Nrf2/HO-1增强自噬抑制糖脂毒性诱导的MIN6细胞铁死亡
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李婷婷 1 , 杨瑞瑞 1 , 王浩 1 , 陆恒 1 , 丁玉松 2, *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(6): 407-416
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (6) : 407 -416
葡萄籽原花青素经Nrf2/HO-1增强自噬抑制糖脂毒性诱导的MIN6细胞铁死亡
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李婷婷1 , 杨瑞瑞1, 王浩1, 陆恒1, 丁玉松2, *
作者信息
  • 1石河子大学医学院,新疆石河子 832000
  • 2新疆医科大学公共卫生学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830000
通讯作者:
丁玉松(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:营养与食品卫生学,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李婷婷(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:营养与食品卫生学,E-mail:

Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Alleviate Glucolipotoxicity-induced Ferroptosis in MIN6 Cells by Activating Nrf2/HO-1-Mediated Autophagy
Tingting LI1 , Ruirui YANG1, Hao WANG1, Heng LU1, Yusong DING2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
  • 2School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030125
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目的:探讨葡萄籽原花青素提取物(Grape seed procyanidin extract,GSPE)能否通过核因子E2相关因子2(Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)/血红素加氧酶1(Heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)信号通路增强自噬,从而抑制糖脂毒性诱导的小鼠胰岛β细胞株(MIN6)铁死亡。方法:采用25 mmol/L葡萄糖与200 μmol/L棕榈酸钠(GP)联合处理MIN6细胞(0、6、12、24、48 h),建立胰岛β细胞损伤模型。使用自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素(Rapamycin,RAPA,0.1 μmol/L)、自噬抑制剂氯喹(Chloroquine,CQ,60 nmol/L)和不同浓度的GSPE(10、20、30 mg/L)干预MIN6细胞,再利用小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)沉默Nrf2的表达。细胞计数试剂盒(Cell Counting Kit-8 assay,CCK-8)评估细胞活力。线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(Mitochondrial membrane potential assay kit,JC-1)染色评估线粒体膜电位。免疫印迹法(Western Blot,WB)评估自噬标志物微管相关蛋白l轻链3(Microtubule-associated protein1 light chain3,LC3)与螯合体1(Sequestosome-1,P62),铁死亡关键蛋白酰基辅酶A合成酶长链家族成员4(Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4,ACSL4)与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(Glutathione Peroxidase 4,GPX4)以及通路蛋白Nrf2和HO-1。结果:与对照组相比,GP处理24 h后,细胞活力和GPX4表达下降,LC3Ⅱ、P62和ACSL4表达升高(P<0.05),表明GP诱导MIN6细胞发生自噬障碍和铁死亡,进一步用CQ抑制自噬会加剧铁死亡,而使用RAPA激活自噬则会抑制铁死亡(P<0.05)。此外,GSPE使线粒体膜电位、GPX4、LC3Ⅱ、Nrf2和HO-1表达上升,P62表达下降(P<0.05),而沉默Nrf2后,GSPE增强自噬和抑制铁死亡的作用被拮抗(P<0.05)。结论:GSPE能通过激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路增强自噬,从而抑制糖脂毒性诱导的胰岛β细胞铁死亡。

葡萄籽原花青素  /  核因子E2相关因子2/血红素加氧酶1  /  自噬  /  糖脂毒性  /  铁死亡

Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) can enhance autophagy through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway and thereby inhibit glucolipotoxicity-induced ferroptosis in mouse islet β-cell lines (MIN6). Methods: MIN6 cells were treated with 25 mmol/L glucose and 200 μmol/L sodium palmitate (GP) for varying durations (0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h) to establish an islet β-cell injury model. MIN6 cells were subsequently treated with the autophagy inducer rapamycin (RAPA, 0.1 μmol/L), the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ, 60 nmol/L), and different concentrations of GSPE (10, 20, and 30 mg/L). Nrf2 expression was silenced using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Cell viability was assessed using a cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated with the JC-1 assay kit. Western blot (WB) was employed to analyze autophagy markers [microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and sequestosome-1 (P62)], ferroptosis-associated key proteins [acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4)], and signaling proteins Nrf2 and HO-1. Results: Compared to the control group, GP treatment for 24 h significantly reduced cell viability and GPX4 expression, while increasing LC3II, P62, and ACSL4 expression (P<0.05). These findings suggest that GP induced ferroptosis and autophagic impairment in MIN6 cells. CQ-mediated autophagy inhibition further exacerbated ferroptosis, whereas RAPA-induced autophagy activation alleviated it (P<0.05). In addition, GSPE treatment enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential and upregulated GPX4, LC3II, Nrf2, and HO-1 expression, while downregulating P62 expression (P<0.05). Silencing of Nrf2 antagonized the effects of GSPE in enhancing autophagy and inhibiting ferroptosis (P<0.05). Conclusion: GSPE attenuates glucolipotoxicity-induced ferroptosis in pancreatic islets by enhancing autophagy through the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

grape seed proanthocyanidins  /  nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1  /  autophagy  /  glucolipotoxicity  /  ferroptosis
李婷婷, 杨瑞瑞, 王浩, 陆恒, 丁玉松. 葡萄籽原花青素经Nrf2/HO-1增强自噬抑制糖脂毒性诱导的MIN6细胞铁死亡. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 407 -416 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030125
Tingting LI, Ruirui YANG, Hao WANG, Heng LU, Yusong DING. Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Alleviate Glucolipotoxicity-induced Ferroptosis in MIN6 Cells by Activating Nrf2/HO-1-Mediated Autophagy[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 407 -416 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030125
糖尿病(Diabetes mellitus,DM)是一种不可逆的代谢性疾病,严重威胁全球健康。国际糖尿病联盟第11版报告指出,2024年全球DM患者总数已达6.43亿,其中20~79岁成年患者为5.89亿,相当于每9名成年人中就有1人患病。中国作为全球DM负担最重的国家,20~79岁成年患者数量高达1.48亿[1]。而在DM患者群体中,2型糖尿病(Type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)占比高达90%,是最主要的发病类型[2]。T2DM是以胰岛β细胞损伤为特征的代谢性疾病[3]。糖脂毒性指DM等病理状态下,长期高血糖与高血脂对机体组织细胞的损害。脂代谢异常往往早于血糖升高,或为DM的起始诱因,同时,高血糖是脂毒性发生的必要前提,二者共同作用是导致T2DM患者β细胞功能持续衰退的关键机制[4]。研究表明,长期处于高葡萄糖和高游离脂肪酸环境中,会导致胰岛β细胞功能衰竭[5]。然而,现有药物治疗T2DM存在显著不良反应和极大局限性[6],因此,开发具有降糖降脂作用的天然食品尤为重要。
既往研究表明,细胞凋亡在胰岛β细胞功能衰竭中起主要作用[7]。然而,有研究发现,仅抑制凋亡只能缓解部分糖脂毒性导致的细胞死亡,所以除凋亡外,可能还存在其他细胞死亡机制参与这个过程[8]。铁死亡作为一种新型细胞程序性死亡方式,与细胞凋亡存在本质差异。其核心机制为:二价铁或酯氧合酶催化细胞膜上高表达的不饱和脂肪酸发生脂质过氧化,同时抗氧化体系核心调控酶谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(Glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)水平降低,最终诱导细胞死亡[9]。Li等[10]的研究发现,铁死亡抑制剂铁抑制素-1和铁螯合剂去铁胺能够显著改善高糖以及铁死亡诱导剂引起的胰岛素分泌功能障碍和细胞死亡。Stancic等[11]在链脲佐菌素诱导的小鼠糖尿病模型中进一步证实,铁抑制素-1可使胰岛数量增加和胰岛表面积扩大,最终降低小鼠血糖水平,长期干预还能有效保护胰岛功能。这些研究结果提示,铁死亡可能是导致胰岛β细胞功能衰竭的重要机制之一,靶向抑制铁死亡有望为T2DM的预防和治疗提供新的策略。此外,自噬作为细胞应激状态下的一种重要降解机制,在清除异常折叠蛋白和受损细胞器中发挥关键作用[12]。在T2DM病理过程中,自噬功能受损会导致胰岛β细胞功能衰竭[13]。Wei等[14]的研究表明,在亚砷酸钠诱导的MIN6细胞中施加自噬抑制剂(Chloroquine,CQ)干预后,核受体共激活因子4和铁蛋白重链1水平升高,铁稳态受到严重冲击。Wu等[15]的研究表明,在高葡萄糖或棕榈酸处理的人肝细胞中,用自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素(Rapamycin,RAPA)干预后,酰基辅酶A合成酶长链家族成员4(Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4,ACSL4)的表达下降,抑制铁死亡的发生。因此,激活自噬可抑制铁死亡从而改善T2DM。然而,目前基于天然食品通过激活自噬改善T2DM铁死亡研究较少。
原花青素作为一类重要的植物次生代谢产物,是由儿茶素、表儿茶素及其衍生物等黄烷醇单体通过聚合作用形成的多酚类化合物[16]。这类天然活性物质广泛分布于植物的生殖器官中,包括花朵、果实和种子等部位,其中以葡萄籽中的含量最为突出[17]。葡萄籽原花青素提取物(Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract,GSPE)因其独特的化学结构而具有多种生物活性,其主要通过抑制氧化应激反应等发挥作用,与传统药物的作用机制不同,不会像抗生素等药物那样,因微生物或肿瘤细胞对药物产生适应性变化而导致耐药性。此外,它是从葡萄籽中提取的天然活性成分,这些天然成分在合理使用范围内,一般对人体较为安全[18]。研究证实,GSPE能够有效改善瘦素受体突变糖尿病小鼠的胰腺形态学特征,调节胰岛素分泌水平,对T2DM小鼠的胰腺组织具有显著保护作用[19]。本课题组前期实验发现,GSPE能够通过激活核因子红系2相关因子2(Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)及其下游血红素加氧酶1(Heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)信号通路下调糖尿病大鼠的血糖[20]。Nrf2是一种重要的转录因子。研究表明,Nrf2的激活状态对胰岛β细胞功能具有双重调节作用。在生理条件下,Nrf2的活化不会影响胰岛β细胞的胰岛素分泌功能;然而,在糖尿病病理状态下,Nrf2信号通路的激活能够显著改善糖脂毒性诱导的胰岛β细胞功能障碍,并促进胰岛素分泌[21]。但GSPE能否通过Nrf2/HO-1信号通路增强自噬,抑制糖脂毒性诱导的胰岛β细胞铁死亡,缓解T2DM的发生发展目前尚不清楚。
本研究利用25 mmol/L葡萄糖与200 μmol/L棕榈酸钠(GP)联合处理小鼠胰岛β细胞株(MIN6),建立胰岛β细胞损伤模型,在此基础上,使用自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素(Rapamycin,RAPA)和抑制剂氯喹(Chloroquine,CQ)进行干预,探讨自噬对铁死亡的影响,然后加入天然植物化学物GSPE探讨其对糖脂毒性下自噬和铁死亡的影响,最后用小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)沉默Nrf2信号通路,探讨GSPE能否通过Nrf2/HO-1信号通路发挥作用,从而增强自噬来抑制铁死亡,达到缓解T2DM的目的。
小鼠胰岛瘤细胞株(MIN6) 上海复祥生物科技;线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(Mitochondrial membrane potential assay kit,JC-1) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;葡萄糖、棕榈酸钠 纯度≥95%,西安鲲创科技发展有限公司;RAPA 美国Selleck生物科技有限公司;CQ、胎牛血清、1640培养基、Lipofectamine 2000转染试剂 赛默飞世尔科技有限公司;siRNA 上海吉凯基因医学科技股份有限公司;细胞计数试剂盒(Cell Counting Kit-8 assay,CCK-8) 合肥白鲨生物科技有限公司;GPX4、ACSL4、Nrf2、HO-1抗体 Abcam Plc公司;螯合体1(Sequestosome-1,62)抗体、微管相关蛋白l轻链3(Microtubule-associated protein1 light chain3,LC3)抗体 武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;β-肌动蛋白、兔二抗、鼠二抗(Beta-actin,β-actin)抗体 北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司。
MikRro220R冷冻离心机 美国贝克曼库尔特有限公司;3111二氧化碳培养箱、mulISKANMK3酶标仪 赛默飞世尔科技有限公司;CW-CJ-2FD超净工作台 上海博讯医疗生物仪器股份有限公司;Ti2倒置显微镜和Nikon DS-U3成像系统 日本光学工业株式会社;S6E德国徕卡体视显微镜 北京瑞科中仪科技有限公司;PowerPac HC电泳/电转仪 Bio-Rad Laboratories;D1008E掌上离心机 武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司;TS-1水平摇床 海门市其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司。
完全培养基的配制方法如下:将1640培养基(90%)、胎牛血清(10%)、青霉素-链霉素双抗溶液(1%,含100 U/mL青霉素和100 μg/mL链霉素)以及β-巯基乙醇(0.1%)混合均匀。将细胞接种于3 mL完全培养基中,置于37 ℃、5% CO2的恒温培养箱中进行常规培养。培养24 h后,使用倒置显微镜观察细胞的生长状态和形态特征,选取融合度为70%~80%且处于对数生长期的细胞,弃去废液,加入1 mL胰蛋白酶于培养箱中消化,随后加入3 mL完全培养基终止消化并以1000 r/min转速离心5 min,弃去上清液,加入1 mL完全培养基,吹打均匀,获得重悬液,向装有3 mL完全培养的培养瓶中各加500 μL重悬液,最后摇匀细胞,于培养箱中培养以便进行后续实验。
将MIN6细胞分为以下几组:对照组:仅使用完全培养基;GP组:25 mmol/L葡萄糖联合200 μmol/L棕榈酸钠;RAPA组:RAPA 60 nmol/L;GP+RAPA组;CQ组:CQ 0.1 μmol/L培养;GP+CQ组;10、20、30 mg/L GSPE+GP组;si-Nrf2组:5 μL siRNA;si-Nrf2+GP组;si-Nrf2+GSPE组。
细胞铺96孔板:取对数生长期的细胞,按1.2.1步骤中的消化和离心处理后,使用完全培养基进行重悬并调整细胞密度至7×103个/孔,接种于96孔细胞培养板,每孔加入100 μL重悬液,设置5个生物学重复孔于培养箱中培养24 h,使培养板中的细胞密度达到70%~80%。
GP对细胞活力的检测:从培养箱中取出融合度达到70%~80%的细胞,弃去培养基,重新加入100 μL含GP的完全培养基分别培养0、6、12、24和48 h。培养完成后,在避光条件下向每孔加入10 μL CCK-8工作液(CCK-8:1640=1:100),于培养箱中避光孵育1.5 h并使用酶标仪在450 nm波长下测量吸光度,检测细胞活力。
CQ对细胞活力的影响:培养箱中取出融合度达到70%~80%的细胞,弃去培养基,每孔重新加入100 μL含0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 μmol/L CQ的完全培养基培养24 h。后续细胞活力检测步骤与GP对细胞活力的检测一致,即添加CCK-8工作液避光孵育后,通过酶标仪测定450 nm波长处吸光度。
RAPA对细胞活力的检测:培养箱中取出融合度达到70%~80%的细胞,弃去培养基,每孔重新加入100 μL含0、10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100 nmol/L RAPA的完全培养基培养24 h。后续采用与GP对细胞活力的检测相同的流程,利用CCK-8法测定细胞活力。
CQ和RAPA分别联合GP对细胞活力的检测:培养箱中取出融合度达到70%~80%的细胞,弃去培养基,每孔重新加入100 μL含0、GP、CQ、RAPA、CQ+GP和RAPA+GP的完全培养基培养24 h。后续步骤采用与GP对细胞活力检测相同的流程,利用CCK-8法测定细胞活力。
细胞铺24孔板:取对数生长期的细胞,按1.2.1步骤获得重悬液,向每个孔中加入8 μL重悬液和200 μL完全培养基,摇匀细胞,于培养箱中培养24 h使培养板中的细胞密度达到70%~80%。
CQ和RAPA分别联合GP对线粒体膜电位检测:培养箱中取出融合度达到70%~80%的细胞,弃去培养基,加入200 μL含0、GP、GP+RAPA和GP+CQ的完全培养基培养24 h。弃去培养基,每孔加入250 μL JC-1染色工作液(200×JC-1:JC-1缓冲液=1:200),避光孵育20 min后,弃废液,加入200 μL磷酸盐缓冲液冲洗3次后于显微镜下观察绿色和红色图像(400×),并用ImageJ软件分析红色与绿色荧光强度比值检测线粒体膜电位。
GSPE联合GP对线粒体膜电位检测:培养箱中取出融合度达到70%~80%的细胞,弃去培养基,加入200 μL含0、GP、GP+10 mg/L GSPE、GP+20 mg/L GSPE和GP+30 mg/L GSPE的完全培养基培养24 h。后续步骤同采用与CQ和RAPA分别联合GP对线粒体膜电位检测相同的流程。
取对数生长期的细胞,按1.2.1步骤获得重悬液,向每个孔中加入200 μL重悬液和2 mL完全培养基,摇匀细胞,于培养箱中培养24 h使培养板中的细胞密度达到70%~80%,弃去培养基,按照实验分组每孔加入2 mL含有GP、CQ、RAPA以及不同浓度GSPE的完全培养基培养24 h。按照说明书提取细胞上清液。利用二喹啉甲酸法测定上清液的浓度,加入RIPA裂解液调整所有组在同一浓度,随后加入体积1/4的上样缓冲液,100 ℃水浴10 min。按照说明配制10%的分离胶以及浓缩胶,然后每孔加入10 μL样品。按照70 V电泳1 h,再110 V电泳1 h使不同分子量的蛋白分开,随后110 V电转1 h左右(电转时间可根据分子量的大小适当增加或减少),最终将蛋白转移至PVDF膜上并于室温下封闭2 h。封闭完成后,TBST洗涤8 min/3次,4 ℃孵育相应的一抗GPX4(1:2000)、ACSL4(1:10000)、Nrf2(1:1000)、HO-1(1:1000)、LC3(1:1000)和P62(1:1000)过夜。第二天孵育种属对应的二抗(1:20000)后,缓冲液洗涤8 min/3次。然后使用成像系统显示出蛋白条带并利用ImageJ软件分析蛋白条带来比较蛋白表达水平。
无酶EP管若干,每管加入500 μL 1640培养基。一半EP管加入5 μL Lipofectamine 2000转染试剂,另一半加入等体积的siRNA,轻柔混匀后室温避光孵育5 min,再次混匀,继续避光静置20 min形成转染复合物。当细胞密度达到80%左右时,加入制备好的转染复合物孵育4~6 h。孵育结束后,弃去转染混合液,洗涤细胞,此时细胞中的Nrf2已被沉默。然后分别使用含有GP和不同浓度GSPE的完全培养基继续培养24 h。最后,收集细胞样品按步骤1.2.5进行细胞蛋白检测。
使用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计分析。实验数据以均值±标准差(Mean±SD)表示,多组间比较采用One-way ANOVA分析,组间多重比较则采用Bonferroni校正法,显著性水平设定为α=0.05。
如图1A所示,与对照组相比,细胞活力呈时间梯度下降,24 h和48 h干预后分别为56%和45%(P<0.05)。由于48 h的细胞活力小于50%,因此,本研究选取24 h进行后续实验。如图1B~图1F所示,与对照组相比,GP处理后,自噬相关蛋白P62和LC3Ⅱ表达量升高,且在24 h时表达量最高(P<0.05)。在自噬小体形成过程中,LC3Ⅰ转化成LC3Ⅱ并逐渐降解,所以LC3Ⅱ表达量上升可能是自噬增强或自噬降解障碍,而P62作为自噬选择性受体与LC3Ⅱ形成复合物以便降解,其表达量与自噬活性呈负相关[22]。因此,GP处理的细胞中存在自噬抑制。此外,与对照组相比,GP处理后,铁死亡关键蛋白ACSL4表达量上升,GPX4表达量下降(P<0.05),提示GP处理的细胞内还存在铁死亡。
如图2A~图2B所示,与对照组相比,0.1 μmol/L CQ和10~60 nmol/L RAPA对细胞活力无影响(P>0.05)。然后,使用0.1 μmol/L CQ和60 nmol/L RAPA分别联合GP检测细胞活力。如图2C所示,与GP组相比,60 nmol/L GP+RAPA细胞活力上升到79.67%(P<0.05),而0.1 μmol/L GP+CQ细胞活力差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但却降低至60.93%。因此,选择0.1 μmol/L CQ和60 nmol/L RAPA干预细胞。
课题组前期研究已发现,RAPA可使P62表达量下降,LC3Ⅱ表达量上升,激活自噬[23],因此,本研究只探讨了CQ对自噬的影响。如图2D~图2F所示,与对照组相比,CQ使P62和LC3Ⅱ表达量均上升(P<0.05),自噬被抑制;提示CQ可作为自噬抑制剂进行后续实验。
线粒体膜电位是评估线粒体功能状态的重要指标,其下降或丧失通常提示线粒体功能障碍。研究表明,线粒体代谢活动会促进脂质活性氧的生成,进而触发铁死亡[24]。因此,线粒体在铁死亡的调控过程中扮演着关键角色。JC-1是一种荧光探针,广泛用于检测线粒体膜电位;当电位较高时,JC-1集聚在线粒体基质中,形成聚合物并发出红色荧光;而电位较低时,JC-1不能集聚在基质中,仍为单体状态并发出绿色荧光,通常用两种荧光的比值来观察线粒体膜电位的变化。如图3A所示,RAPA激活自噬后,与GP组相比,红色荧光增强,绿色荧光下降;CQ抑制自噬后,红色荧光下降,绿色荧光增强。如图3B所示,与GP组相比,GP+RAPA组红色荧光与绿色荧光的比值上升,线粒体膜电位上升;GP+CQ组红色荧光与绿色荧光的比值下降,线粒体膜电位降低(P<0.05)。研究结果提示,增强自噬可改善GP诱导的线粒体膜电位降低,抑制自噬加剧GP诱导的线粒体膜电位降低。
由于课题组前期研究已发现,RAPA可使ACSL4表达量下降,GPX4表达量上升,抑制GP诱导的铁死亡[23]。本研究则使用CQ干预MIN6细胞检测铁死亡关键蛋白,探讨抑制自噬对铁死亡的影响。如图3C~图3E所示,CQ抑制自噬后,与GP组相比,ACSL4表达量上升,GPX4表达量降低(P<0.05)。研究结果提示,增强自噬可抑制GP诱导的铁死亡,抑制自噬则加剧GP诱导的铁死亡。
如图4A~图4E所示,与GP组相比,30 mg/L GSPE干预后,LC3Ⅱ表达量上升,P62表达量下降(P<0.05),增强自噬;20 mg/L GSPE干预后,ACSL4表达量下降,GPX4表达量上升(P<0.05),抑制铁死亡。综上,GSPE能增强自噬,抑制GP诱导的MIN6细胞铁死亡。
如图5A~图5B所示,与GP组相比,10~30 mg/L GSPE干预后,线粒体膜电位显著上升(P<0.05)。Nrf2已被证实是调控自噬和铁死亡的关键因子[25−26]。为了探讨GSPE是否通过Nrf2及其下游HO-1发挥的作用,检测了Nrf2及其下游蛋白HO-1的变化情况。如图5C~图5E所示,与对照组相比,GP组Nrf2和HO-1表达略有增加,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而与GP组相比,20~30 mg/L GSPE干预后,Nrf2和HO-1表达量明显上升(P<0.05)。研究结果提示,GSPE可能激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路,增强自噬,抑制GP诱导的MIN6细胞铁死亡。
如图6A~图6C所示,使用siRNA沉默Nrf2后,检测GSPE对自噬和铁死亡相关蛋白的变化情况,与对照组相比,si-Nrf2组Nrf2表达量降低(P<0.05),说明成功沉默了Nrf2。如图6D~图6E所示,与GSPE+GP组相比,GSPE+GP+si-Nrf2组,LC3Ⅱ表达上升(P<0.05),P62表达略有上升,存在自噬,即沉默Nrf2后,GSPE不能改善GP诱导的自噬障碍。如图6F~图6G所示,与GSPE+GP组相比,GSPE+GP+si-Nrf2组,ACSL4表达上升,GPX4表达下降(P<0.05),存在铁死亡,提示沉默Nrf2后,GSPE也不能抑制GP诱导的铁死亡。综上所述,GSPE可通过激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路,增强自噬,抑制GP诱导的MIN6细胞铁死亡,从而缓解胰岛β细胞损伤。
T2DM的发生发展是胰岛素抵抗与胰岛β细胞功能受损共同作用的结果[27]。研究表明,持续性的高糖高脂代谢环境是导致T2DM的重要病理特征,这种代谢紊乱不仅会破坏胰腺组织的正常结构,还会显著降低胰岛β细胞的数量及其分泌功能[28]。近年研究表明,糖脂毒性导致的胰岛β细胞死亡机制呈现多样性。传统观点认为,凋亡是其发生死亡的主要原因[7],然而Li等[29]的研究揭示了另一种独特的细胞死亡机制。他们发现,铁死亡诱导剂(Erastin,Era)可显著提升人胰岛样细胞的乳酸脱氢酶活性,导致细胞死亡,但Era对凋亡相关基因表达谱没有显著影响,而特异性铁死亡抑制剂能够有效逆转Era引发的细胞死亡。这一结果与本研究结果一致。本研究结果显示,GP诱导的MIN6细胞中,细胞活力降低,GPX4表达量下降,而ACSL4表达量上升,提示GP诱导的MIN6细胞死亡中存在铁死亡。
自噬在T2DM的发生和发展过程中也发挥着重要作用。研究表明,激活自噬通路有助于减轻胰岛β细胞的损伤,从而抑制细胞死亡,对β细胞功能具有保护作用[30]。关于自噬激动剂RAPA对胰岛β细胞功能的影响,现有研究结果存在一定分歧。Bugliani等[31]的研究证实,RAPA能够通过下调P62蛋白表达水平,有效激活自噬通路,从而增强T2DM患者胰岛β细胞的存活率及其功能,这一发现与本研究结果相吻合。然而,Tanemura等[32]的实验结果则呈现出相反的结论。他们发现,10 ng/mL浓度的RAPA虽然有效地促进了GFP-LC3转基因小鼠胰岛细胞中LC3Ⅱ的表达,同时也增强了自噬的活性,但却抑制了胰岛素分泌,引起β细胞功能的障碍,最终导致细胞死亡。然而,Deng等[33]的研究依然支持RAPA的积极作用,其研究表明100 nmmol/L浓度下,PARA不仅能够改善高糖高脂环境下的MIN6细胞胰岛素分泌功能,防止细胞死亡,这与本研究结果一致。此外,自噬与铁死亡之间的关系尚不明确。Lin等[34]研究发现,在肝癌细胞中,皂苷作为铁死亡诱导剂可通过激活铁自噬途径来调控细胞内铁离子浓度和ROS水平,最终导致铁死亡的发生。在本研究也发现,激活自噬可升高线粒体膜电位从而拮抗铁死亡。但Ma等[35]研究表明,自噬独立于铁死亡,在早期(4 h),西拉美新与拉帕替尼诱导乳腺癌细胞发生铁死亡,此时自噬发挥促存活作用;而在24 h时,乳腺癌细胞则发生自噬性死亡。在本研究中认为,两者有关联,即激活自噬可抑制铁死亡的发生。使用自噬抑制剂CQ后,ACSL4蛋白表达上升,GPX4蛋白线粒体膜电位下降,促进GP诱导的铁死亡,而使用自噬诱导剂RAPA后,上述变化被逆转,抑制GP诱导的铁死亡。铁死亡与自噬机制仍存在诸多未解之谜,亟待深入研究以明确有效的诊断和治疗靶点。
近年来,植物源天然活性成分因其良好的生物安全性和显著的药理活性,在抗糖尿病药物研发领域备受关注。其中,多酚类化合物作为植物次级代谢产物的重要代表,因其广泛存在于水果、谷物、豆类及坚果等食用植物中而具有重要的开发价值。特别是原花青素,作为植物界含量最丰富的多酚类物质之一,在葡萄籽中含量尤为突出。尽管GSPE因其独特的分子结构特征(包括复杂的立体构型和丰富的苯酚羟基)展现出显著的抗氧化和自由基清除能力而受到广泛关注,但其对胰岛β细胞的保护机制尚未完全阐明。前期研究证实,GSPE能够改善糖尿病模型大鼠的血糖水平。Rajasekhar等[36]的研究进一步证实,增加胰岛β细胞数量,发挥保护作用。本研究发现,GSPE能够使MIN6细胞中的P62蛋白表达下降和LCⅡ蛋白表达上升,增强自噬。此外,GSPE还能够使ACSL4蛋白表达下降,GPX4蛋白表达上升和线粒体膜电位上升,抑制铁死亡。
Nrf2作为重要的转录调节因子,在细胞抗氧化防御系统中发挥着核心作用。当细胞受到活性氧等刺激时,Nrf2转位至细胞核内,通过与抗氧化反应元件结合,激活下游抗氧化基因的表达,从而增强细胞的抗氧化能力[37]。GSPE的抗氧化作用与Nrf2信号通路的激活密切相关。Chen等[38]研究发现,GSPE能够显著上调Nrf2及其下游靶基因HO-1的表达水平,有效减轻糖尿病大鼠膀胱组织的氧化损伤,本研究结果与这一发现相吻合。本实验观察到,在GSPE干预后,Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达上调,自噬增强,线粒体膜电位上升,铁死亡被抑制,提示细胞可能通过激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路来代偿性修复受损的β细胞。沉默Nrf2后,GSPE不能使MIN6细胞中的P62蛋白表达下降和LCⅡ蛋白表达上升,增强自噬的作用被削弱,同时GSPE也不能使ACSL4蛋白表达下降和GPX4蛋白表达上升,抑制铁死亡的作用也被削弱。因此,GSPE能通过激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路活性增强自噬对糖脂毒性诱导的β细胞铁死亡发挥关键保护作用。
综上所述,本研究结果表明,高糖高脂环境可诱导MIN6细胞内发生铁死亡,造成胰岛β细胞功能障碍,最终促进T2DM的发展。而天然植物GSPE能通过激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路,有效增强细胞自噬,抑制GP诱致的铁死亡,为T2DM预防与治疗提供了新的药物开发靶点。然而,本研究尚难以解决GSPE在体内复杂代谢环境中的稳定性、最佳给药剂量及潜在副作用等问题。未来可以通过动物实验,研究GSPE在体内的作用效果和安全性,探索其临床应用的可能性;同时利用先进技术,深入研究GSPE如何影响自噬和铁死亡,为T2DM治疗提供新方法。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030125
  • 接收时间:2025-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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    1石河子大学医学院,新疆石河子 832000
    2新疆医科大学公共卫生学院,新疆乌鲁木齐 830000

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丁玉松(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:营养与食品卫生学,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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