Article(id=1320884122273301020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030245, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742227200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852915589, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852915589, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852915589, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852915589, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=425, endPage=436, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884122470433309, articleId=1320884122273301020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Hypouricemic Effect and Mechanism of Cichorium intybus L. and Its Combination with Puerariae lobatae Radix on Hyperuricemia Model Rats, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To establish a hyperuricemia rat model and investigate the hypouricemic effects and mechanisms of Cichorium intybus L. extract and a combination of Cichorium intybus L. with Puerariae lobatae Radix. Method: Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=6 per group): Control group, model group, allopurinol group (27 mg/kg), Cichorium intybus L. high-dose and low-dose groups (0.6 g/kg and 0.3 g/kg, respectively), and Cichorium intybus L.-Puerariae lobatae Radix group (0.5 g/kg). Except for the control group, rats in all other groups were orally administered potassium oxonate at a dose of 1000 mg/kg daily in the morning to induce hyperuricemia. In the afternoon, the treatment groups were orally administered the corresponding drugs for 28 days. During this period, serum uric acid (SUA) levels were measured biweekly. At the end of the experiment, blood, kidneys, liver, spleen, and intestinal contents were collected for analysis. The measured indicators included serum uric acid (SUA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CRE), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-6), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), adenosine deaminase (ADA), and xanthine oxidase (XOD) in the liver, organ indices of the spleen and kidney, histopathological morphology of the liver and kidney, and intestinal flora. Result: Cichorium intybus L. improved the activity reduction, mental depression and slow weight gain in model rats. Significantly decreased levels of SUA, BUN, CRE, ADA, TNF-α, IL-6 (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001), the levels of hepatic XOD (P<0.001), as well as kidney and spleen index (P<0.05, P<0.01) were observed, and demonstrating a dose-dependent response. Histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining revealed no significant damage to liver or kidney tissues. Additionally, Cichorium intybus L. modulated the intestinal microbiota by reducing the relative abundances of Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, and the HT002, while increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001). It also regulated the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Ligilactobacillus, Allobaculum, Marvinbryantia, Parabacteroides, Dubosiella and Duncaniella. Notably, the combined application of Cichorium intybus L. and Puerariae Lobatae Radix further enhanced the regulatory effects on the aforementioned indicators. Conclusion: Cichorium intybus L. exhibits a significant hypouricemic effect on hyperuricemia rats, and its combination with Puerariae lobatae Radi exerts a synergistic effect. The underlying mechanism may involve inhibiting uricase activity, alleviating the inflammatory response, and modulating the intestinal flora.

, authors=Yingna CHEN1, 2, Yuchun HUANG2, Fangyi WU2, Qifeng MA2, Qi YANG3, Changbing QUAN2, Danping ZHAO1, *, Lin ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Yingna CHEN, Yuchun HUANG, Fangyi WU, Qifeng MA, Qi YANG, Changbing QUAN, Danping ZHAO, Lin ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Danping ZHAO, Lin ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884124152349230, articleId=1320884122273301020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=菊苣及菊苣-葛根对高尿酸血症大鼠的降尿酸作用及机制, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:建立高尿酸血症大鼠模型,探讨菊苣以及菊苣-葛根的降尿酸作用和机制。方法:36只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为空白组、模型组、别嘌醇组(27 mg/kg)、菊苣高、低剂量(0.6、0.3 g/kg)组、菊苣-葛根组(0.5 g/kg),每组6只。除正常组外,各组大鼠每日上午灌胃氧嗪酸钾(1000 mg/kg)造模,下午各给药组灌胃相应药物,持续28 d,期间每2周观测大鼠血清尿酸变化。实验结束后,取血、肾脏、肝脏、脾脏、肠道内容物等进行指标检测,包括血清尿酸(Serum uric acid,SUA)、尿素氮(Blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、肌酐(Creatinine,CRE)、肿瘤坏死因子α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(Interleukin,IL-6)、谷丙转氨酶(Alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(Aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、腺苷脱氨酶(Adenosine deaminase,ADA),肝脏中黄嘌呤氧化酶(Xanthine oxidase,XOD),肾脏和脾脏的脏器指数及组织病理形态,肠道菌群等。结果:菊苣可改善模型大鼠的活动量减少、精神不佳、体重增长缓慢等状况;显著降低SUA、BUN、CRE、ADA、TNF-α、IL-6水平(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001)、肝脏XOD水平(P<0.001)、肾脏和脾脏指数(P<0.05,P<0.01),并呈现一定的剂量依赖性。HE染色各组未见肝、肾组织出现明显损伤。同时可改善肠道菌群丰度,表现为显著降低厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)和谷氨酸棒状杆菌属(HT002)相对丰度,显著增加拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001),以及调节Ligilactobacillus、Allobaculum、Marvinbryantia、Parabacteroides、Dubosiella和Duncaniella等有益菌属;菊苣与葛根联合应用可增强对上述指标的调节作用。结论:菊苣对高尿酸血症大鼠具有较好的降尿酸作用,与葛根联合应用可发挥协同增效作用,机制可能与抑制尿酸酶活性、降低炎症反应、调节肠道菌群有关。

, authors=陈英娜1, 2, 黄钰淳2, 吴芳仪2, 马琪峰2, 杨琪3, 全昌冰2, 赵丹萍1, *, 张琳1, *, authorsList=陈英娜, 黄钰淳, 吴芳仪, 马琪峰, 杨琪, 全昌冰, 赵丹萍, 张琳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵丹萍, 张琳, authorNote=

陈英娜(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:中药药效及物质基础,E-mail:

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赵丹萍(1992−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:中药药效及物质基础,E-mail:。
张琳(1982−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:中药药效及物质基础,中药创新药物开发,E-mail:。
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Chinese Medicine Modern Distance Education of China, 2025, 23(3): 141−143.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884146210194131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884122273301020, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=68, rfOrder=86, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TIAN J Y, ZHANG Y L, LI D X, et al. Research progress on pharmacodynamic active ingredients of Chinese medicine in the treatment of gout[J]. 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注:与空白组相比,#P<0.05,##P<0.01,###P<0.001;与模型组相比,*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001;与菊苣-葛根组相比,^P<0.05,^^P<0.01,^^^P<0.001;图2~图4、图6同。

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注:A为肝脏;B为肾脏。

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注:图(A)中A、B、C、D、E、H分别表示实验组M、PC、J-H、J-L、J+G、NC;图(B)中红色越深代表正相关性越强,蓝色越深代表负相关性越强,相关性*P<0.05、**P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=XCoKiAhvUQn5HV3Yv6Jk+A==, figureFileBig=QwCTkCVgv7GiXqn9XjFAeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884132100555387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884122273301020, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Changes of initial body weight percentage of rats

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别1周(%)2周(%)3周(%)4周(%)
NC118.05±2.44129.73±2.65141.76±2.45146.36±2.03
M105.63±1.88###113.66±1.51###125.06±2.86###131.15±2.23###
PC106.64±1.12^^^118.65±1.41***128.20±3.94133.44±1.76
J-H112.82±1.80**118.14±1.75***127.40±2.23134.17±2.88
J-L111.53±1.36117.04±2.44**128.98±3.00*135.90±1.86*
J+G115.58±1.36**118.62±1.36***129.30±2.63*135.70±1.39*
), ArticleFig(id=1320884132167664252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884122273301020, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各组大鼠初始体重百分比的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别1周(%)2周(%)3周(%)4周(%)
NC118.05±2.44129.73±2.65141.76±2.45146.36±2.03
M105.63±1.88###113.66±1.51###125.06±2.86###131.15±2.23###
PC106.64±1.12^^^118.65±1.41***128.20±3.94133.44±1.76
J-H112.82±1.80**118.14±1.75***127.40±2.23134.17±2.88
J-L111.53±1.36117.04±2.44**128.98±3.00*135.90±1.86*
J+G115.58±1.36**118.62±1.36***129.30±2.63*135.70±1.39*
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菊苣及菊苣-葛根对高尿酸血症大鼠的降尿酸作用及机制
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陈英娜 1, 2 , 黄钰淳 2 , 吴芳仪 2 , 马琪峰 2 , 杨琪 3 , 全昌冰 2 , 赵丹萍 1, * , 张琳 1, *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(6): 425-436
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (6) : 425 -436
菊苣及菊苣-葛根对高尿酸血症大鼠的降尿酸作用及机制
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陈英娜1, 2 , 黄钰淳2, 吴芳仪2, 马琪峰2, 杨琪3, 全昌冰2, 赵丹萍1, * , 张琳1, *
作者信息
  • 1大连医科大学中西医结合研究院/学院,辽宁大连 116044
  • 2大连医科大学附属第二医院,辽宁大连 116027
  • 3大连医科大学药学院,辽宁大连 116044
通讯作者:
赵丹萍(1992−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:中药药效及物质基础,E-mail:。
张琳(1982−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:中药药效及物质基础,中药创新药物开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

陈英娜(2004−),女,本科,研究方向:中药药效及物质基础,E-mail:

Hypouricemic Effect and Mechanism of Cichorium intybus L. and Its Combination with Puerariae lobatae Radix on Hyperuricemia Model Rats
Yingna CHEN1, 2 , Yuchun HUANG2, Fangyi WU2, Qifeng MA2, Qi YANG3, Changbing QUAN2, Danping ZHAO1, * , Lin ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
  • 2The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China
  • 3College of Pharmacy in Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030245
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目的:建立高尿酸血症大鼠模型,探讨菊苣以及菊苣-葛根的降尿酸作用和机制。方法:36只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为空白组、模型组、别嘌醇组(27 mg/kg)、菊苣高、低剂量(0.6、0.3 g/kg)组、菊苣-葛根组(0.5 g/kg),每组6只。除正常组外,各组大鼠每日上午灌胃氧嗪酸钾(1000 mg/kg)造模,下午各给药组灌胃相应药物,持续28 d,期间每2周观测大鼠血清尿酸变化。实验结束后,取血、肾脏、肝脏、脾脏、肠道内容物等进行指标检测,包括血清尿酸(Serum uric acid,SUA)、尿素氮(Blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、肌酐(Creatinine,CRE)、肿瘤坏死因子α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(Interleukin,IL-6)、谷丙转氨酶(Alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(Aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、腺苷脱氨酶(Adenosine deaminase,ADA),肝脏中黄嘌呤氧化酶(Xanthine oxidase,XOD),肾脏和脾脏的脏器指数及组织病理形态,肠道菌群等。结果:菊苣可改善模型大鼠的活动量减少、精神不佳、体重增长缓慢等状况;显著降低SUA、BUN、CRE、ADA、TNF-α、IL-6水平(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001)、肝脏XOD水平(P<0.001)、肾脏和脾脏指数(P<0.05,P<0.01),并呈现一定的剂量依赖性。HE染色各组未见肝、肾组织出现明显损伤。同时可改善肠道菌群丰度,表现为显著降低厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)和谷氨酸棒状杆菌属(HT002)相对丰度,显著增加拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001),以及调节Ligilactobacillus、Allobaculum、Marvinbryantia、Parabacteroides、Dubosiella和Duncaniella等有益菌属;菊苣与葛根联合应用可增强对上述指标的调节作用。结论:菊苣对高尿酸血症大鼠具有较好的降尿酸作用,与葛根联合应用可发挥协同增效作用,机制可能与抑制尿酸酶活性、降低炎症反应、调节肠道菌群有关。

菊苣  /  葛根  /  高尿酸血症  /  肠道菌群  /  尿酸

Objective: To establish a hyperuricemia rat model and investigate the hypouricemic effects and mechanisms of Cichorium intybus L. extract and a combination of Cichorium intybus L. with Puerariae lobatae Radix. Method: Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=6 per group): Control group, model group, allopurinol group (27 mg/kg), Cichorium intybus L. high-dose and low-dose groups (0.6 g/kg and 0.3 g/kg, respectively), and Cichorium intybus L.-Puerariae lobatae Radix group (0.5 g/kg). Except for the control group, rats in all other groups were orally administered potassium oxonate at a dose of 1000 mg/kg daily in the morning to induce hyperuricemia. In the afternoon, the treatment groups were orally administered the corresponding drugs for 28 days. During this period, serum uric acid (SUA) levels were measured biweekly. At the end of the experiment, blood, kidneys, liver, spleen, and intestinal contents were collected for analysis. The measured indicators included serum uric acid (SUA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CRE), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-6), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), adenosine deaminase (ADA), and xanthine oxidase (XOD) in the liver, organ indices of the spleen and kidney, histopathological morphology of the liver and kidney, and intestinal flora. Result: Cichorium intybus L. improved the activity reduction, mental depression and slow weight gain in model rats. Significantly decreased levels of SUA, BUN, CRE, ADA, TNF-α, IL-6 (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001), the levels of hepatic XOD (P<0.001), as well as kidney and spleen index (P<0.05, P<0.01) were observed, and demonstrating a dose-dependent response. Histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining revealed no significant damage to liver or kidney tissues. Additionally, Cichorium intybus L. modulated the intestinal microbiota by reducing the relative abundances of Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, and the HT002, while increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001). It also regulated the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Ligilactobacillus, Allobaculum, Marvinbryantia, Parabacteroides, Dubosiella and Duncaniella. Notably, the combined application of Cichorium intybus L. and Puerariae Lobatae Radix further enhanced the regulatory effects on the aforementioned indicators. Conclusion: Cichorium intybus L. exhibits a significant hypouricemic effect on hyperuricemia rats, and its combination with Puerariae lobatae Radi exerts a synergistic effect. The underlying mechanism may involve inhibiting uricase activity, alleviating the inflammatory response, and modulating the intestinal flora.

Cichorium intybus L.  /  Puerariae lobatae Radix  /  hyperuricemia  /  intestinal flora  /  uric acid
陈英娜, 黄钰淳, 吴芳仪, 马琪峰, 杨琪, 全昌冰, 赵丹萍, 张琳. 菊苣及菊苣-葛根对高尿酸血症大鼠的降尿酸作用及机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 425 -436 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030245
Yingna CHEN, Yuchun HUANG, Fangyi WU, Qifeng MA, Qi YANG, Changbing QUAN, Danping ZHAO, Lin ZHANG. Hypouricemic Effect and Mechanism of Cichorium intybus L. and Its Combination with Puerariae lobatae Radix on Hyperuricemia Model Rats[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 425 -436 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030245
高尿酸血症(hyperuricemia,HUA)是人体嘌呤代谢紊乱导致血液中尿酸升高的一种代谢性疾病[1],被医学界列为继高血压、高血糖、高血脂“三高”之后的第四个重大健康危险因素[2−3],与痛风、心血管疾病、糖尿病等多种疾病息息相关[4]。据报道我国不同地区HUA的发病率为5.46%~19.30%[5],严重威胁人类健康。当前,随着人们生活方式和饮食结构的变化调整,HUA发病率仍在持续攀升并呈现年轻化趋势[6],而以别嘌醇、苯溴马隆等药物治疗为主的手段,存在药物依从性差、肝肾功能损伤等问题[7],因此,在国家大健康政策以疾病为中心向以健康为中心转变的背景下,应该将HUA防治重心前置,即以预防作为首要策略,通过预防手段有效控制尿酸水平,进而减少HUA相关疾病的发生风险,降低医疗负担。
近年来,药食同源类原料由于安全性高、疗效确切、价格实惠等优势成为高尿酸血症防治的热点,以相关原料、有效成分和复方制剂开展的降尿酸作用基础研究,以及功能食品、保健食品等健康产品的开发应用取得了有效进展,但同时也存在作用机制不完全明确、产品研发相对滞后等问题[8−9]。菊苣和葛根作为我国传统的药食同源类中药原料,分别具有清肝利胆、利尿消肿、解肌退热、生津止渴等功效[10],在降尿酸复方中常配伍应用[11−12],研究发现二者可通过抑制尿酸生成、促进尿酸排泄等发挥降尿酸作用[13−14]。本研究以菊苣和葛根为主题在中国知网检索有关专利,结果在检索到的58项专利中以降尿酸或治疗痛风为主要作用的有29项,占比50%,可见其在降尿酸领域的应用潜力,但相关专利组方中所含药味数均较多,恐无法明确体现菊苣和葛根的降尿酸作用,同时目前菊苣及其与葛根配伍在高尿酸血症防治的作用机制仍有待深入研究。
因此,本研究采用氧嗪酸钾灌胃建立高尿酸血症大鼠模型[15],以别嘌醇为阳性对照,探讨菊苣及菊苣-葛根联用对大鼠的降尿酸作用,以期为高尿酸血症人群的防治提供创新方案,同时也可为相关降尿酸健康产品的开发提供研究基础。
健康成年SPF级SD雄性大鼠 体质量200±20 g,6周龄,购自辽宁长生生物技术股份有限公司,生产许可证号:SCXK(辽)2020-0001,大鼠饲养于大连医科大学实验动物中心,使用许可证号:SYXK(辽)2024-0002,动物房室温为20~22 ℃,相对湿度60%~70%,光照周期12 h,氧嗪酸钾(批号:JS250846)、羧甲基纤维素钠(批号:JS242247) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;别嘌醇(国药准字H31020334) 上海信谊万象药业股份有限公司;菊苣饮片(批号240401) 亳州市京皖中药饮片厂,大连医科大学中西医结合学院中药方剂学教研室鉴定为菊科植物菊苣(Cichorium intybus L.)的干燥根;葛根饮片(批号240301) 亳州市京皖中药饮片厂,大连医科大学中西医结合学院中药方剂学教研室鉴定为豆科植物野葛(Pueraria lobata(Willd.)Ohwi)的干燥根;尿酸测定试剂盒(尿酸酶法,221431) 中生北控生物科技股份有限公司;肌酐(CRE,20240603)、尿素氮(BUN,20240603)、黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD,20240805)、腺苷脱氨酶(ADA,20240826)测定试剂盒 南京建成生物工程研究所;ALT(YJ059335)、AST(YJ059334)、TNF-α(YJ002859)、IL-6(YJ064292)ELISA检测试剂盒 上海酶联生物技术有限公司。
Sorvall Legend Mach 1.6 R/Sorvall Legend Micro 21R台式高速冷冻离心机 美国Thermo Fisher;FlexA-200酶标仪 杭州奥盛仪器有限公司;PL-203电子天平 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司。
菊苣受试物:称取菊苣饮片300 g,第一次加12倍水煎煮1.5 h,第二次加10倍水煎煮1 h,过滤合并提取液浓缩成1 g/mL浓缩液备用,临用前按照大鼠灌胃剂量0.6 g/kg饮片(高剂量,相当于每人每日饮片用量6 g)、0.3 g/kg饮片(低剂量,相当于每人每日饮片用量3 g)进行配制。菊苣-葛根受试物:称取菊苣饮片180 g,葛根饮片120 g(3:2,共300 g),第一次加12倍水煎煮1.5 h,第二次加10倍水煎煮1 h,过滤合并提取液浓缩成1 g/mL浓缩液备用,临用前按照大鼠灌胃剂量0.5 g/kg饮片(相当于每人每日菊苣饮片用量3 g、葛根饮片用量2 g)进行配制。
实验中,大鼠剂量由人体剂量换算而得,具体计算方法为:大鼠剂量(g/kg)=人体剂量(g/60 kg)×换算系数(6.17)[16]。
大鼠于屏障系统下适应性喂养一周,禁食不禁水12 h后眼内眦采血,4 ℃,3500 r/min离心15 min分离血清,检测血尿酸(SUA)水平,剔除极端值(即与平均值偏差超过3倍标准差的数值),并根据UA水平分为六组,即空白组(NC)、模型组(M)、阳性对照别嘌醇组(PC)、菊苣高剂量组(J-H)、菊苣低剂量组(J-L)、菊苣-葛根药对组(J+G),每组6只。
除NC组外(灌胃相同体积溶剂),各组大鼠每天上午灌胃氧嗪酸钾1000 mg/kg造模;每天下午(15:00,间隔6 h)NC组以及M组灌胃同体积0.5% CMC-Na溶液,PC组灌胃别嘌醇27 mg/kg[17],J-H组灌胃菊苣受试物0.6 g/kg,J-L组灌胃菊苣受试物0.3 g/kg,J+G组灌胃菊苣-葛根受试物0.5 g/kg,灌胃量为1 mL/100 g,连续给药28 d。实验期间,每周测量大鼠体重,同时每2周检测血清尿酸(SUA)水平。末次给药后,禁食不禁水12 h,以20%乌拉坦麻醉(0.5 mL/100 g)后,腹主动脉取血、取肝脏、肾脏、脾脏等检测相关指标。
实验期间记录各组大鼠造模及给药前后毛发、精神活动等状态。同时每周称量大鼠体重,并按下列公式计算初始体重百分比。
$\rm \mathrm{初始体重百分比(\text{%})}=\frac{第n周大鼠体重}{第0周大鼠体重} $
分别于造模给药第14 d、第28 d取血,静置2~3 h,以3000 r/min 离心15 min后分离血清,使用相应生化试剂盒检测SUA含量。并于实验结束后,腹主动脉取血检测SUA、CRE、BUN含量。
实验结束后,腹主动脉取血离心取上清后,采用ELISA法检测丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)含量,评价肝功能。
实验结束后分离血清和肝脏组织,检测血清中腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)含量、肝脏中黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)含量。
实验结束后分离血清,采用ELISA法检测血清中TNF-α、IL-6等细胞因子含量。
实验结束后取大鼠脾脏和肾脏并称量重量,按下列公式计算脏器系数。
$ \begin{split} & 肾脏指数=\frac{\text{ 肾脏重量 }(\mathrm{mg})}{\text{ 体重 }(\mathrm{g})} \\ & \rm{脾}脏指数=\frac{脾脏重量(m\text{g})}{体重(\mathrm{g})}\end{split} $
取大鼠肝脏和肾脏组织,经4%多聚甲醛固定,进行脱水、包埋、切片、染色等过程后,于显微镜下观察组织形态学变化。
取大鼠结肠内容物,采用CTAB法提取总DNA,然后经98 ℃预变性30 s,98 ℃变性10 s、54 ℃退火30 s、72 ℃延伸45 s,32次循环,72 ℃下延伸10 min过程进行PCR扩增(反应总体积25 μL),扩增产物使用2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,并采用 AMPure XT beads(Beckman Coulter Genomics,Danvers,MA,USA)和Qubit(Invitrogen,USA)纯化定量后,使用Agilent 2100生物分析仪和Illumina的文库定量试剂盒进行检测分析,然后使用NovaSeq 6000测序仪进行测序,得到数据进行拆分、拼接、过滤和去噪后进行物种注释和多样性分析。
实验数据以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,n=6。使用SPSS Statistics 27.0进行数据处理与分析,若符合正态分布,则使用单因素方差分析,各组间比较方差齐时采用LSD进行分析;若各组间方差不齐则采用Dunnett’s T3进行分析。两组间比较采用独立样本T检验,统计结果以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
高尿酸血症状态下机体代谢异常,进而可能影响大鼠的一般状态及体重变化[18−19]。本研究发现,适应饲养期间,各组大鼠皮毛洁白有光泽,精神活动状态良好,氧嗪酸钾造模后大鼠毛发发黄、光泽度降低,并出现活动量减少、精神状态不佳等,各给药组可改善相关症状,空白组未见异常。表1各组大鼠初始体重百分比结果显示,随着时间的推移,大鼠体重呈正常增长趋势,与空白组相比,模型组体重增长缓慢(P<0.001),而各给药组可显著促进模型大鼠体重增长(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001),其中菊苣-葛根组在整个实验周期内对模型大鼠体重的增长均有显著性差异(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001),提示其对高尿酸血症模型大鼠的干预作用可能更明显。
尿酸(UA)水平升高是评价高尿酸血症动物模型是否成功建立的重要指标[4]。本研究收集实验第2周和第4周各组大鼠血清动态监测血清尿酸水平变化,结果如图1所示,造模2周和4周后,与空白组相比,模型组大鼠SUA水平均显著升高(P<0.001),而各给药组可显著降低模型大鼠SUA(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001),并且随着给药时间的延长,各药物降尿酸的效果逐渐增加,菊苣高剂量和菊苣-葛根组作用优于菊苣低剂量,且菊苣-葛根组大鼠血清的尿酸水平在第4周与阳性药比具有显著性差异(P<0.05),以上结果提示本研究的高尿酸血症大鼠模型成功建立,与既往研究相一致[20],而菊苣及其与葛根配伍具有降尿酸作用。
机体产生的尿酸约有2/3经肾脏中的肾小球滤过后进入肾小管,部分被肾小管再吸收,其余的随尿液排出,因此作为尿酸的主要排泄器官,在高尿酸水平下,可能会导致肾脏损伤,而尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(CRE)是肾功能损伤的常用评价指标[21]。本研究于实验结束后检测大鼠血清中BUN和CRE含量变化,图1中结果显示,与空白组相比,模型组大鼠血清BUN、CRE含量显著升高(P<0.001),各给药组大鼠亦可显著降低上述指标表达水平(P<0.01,P<0.001),综合比较,菊苣-葛根组的作用更为显著(P<0.01,P<0.001),其次是菊苣高剂量、菊苣低剂量。以上结果提示本研究制备的高尿酸血症模型大鼠可能存在一定的肾功能损伤,而菊苣及其与葛根配伍可发挥一定的肾脏保护作用,但仍需结合其他病理形态学检测等指标进一步明确。
肝脏是体内嘌呤代谢的主要场所,肝脏中的嘌呤核苷酸经从头合成和补救合成等途径生成,然后在嘌呤核苷酸酶、嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶和脱氨酶等催化作用下水解为次黄嘌呤,而后在XOD的作用下,次黄嘌呤转化为黄嘌呤,再经XOD催化生成尿酸[22]。因此,XOD以及催化次黄嘌呤形成的腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)在尿酸生成中发挥着重要作用[23−24]。本研究结果如图2所示,与空白组相比,模型组大鼠肝脏XOD和血清ADA含量显著升高(P<0.01,P<0.001),而各给药组可显著降低其含量(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001),且菊苣高剂量和菊苣-葛根组的作用优于菊苣低剂量;菊苣和葛根联用对ADA的调节作用更为明显(P<0.001),与阳性药和菊苣低剂量比作用具有显著性差异(P<0.05,P<0.001)。结果提示,菊苣及其与葛根配伍可抑制两种酶的活性而抑制尿酸的合成,进而降低尿酸水平。
鉴于肝脏是尿酸合成的重要场所,高尿酸血症状态下肝功能可能会受到一定影响[25],同时肝功能的异常与否也可在一定程度上反映受试药物的安全性。临床上,常以ALT和AST作为肝功能评价指标[26]。本研究结果显示(图2),各组大鼠血清ALT、AST含量未发生明显改变,无显著性差异,表明本实验造模及给药条件下高尿酸血症模型大鼠未出现明显肝脏损伤,药物具有一定的安全性。
高尿酸环境下,机体可通过多个途径引发炎症反应。首先,高尿酸水平可激活NF-κB、NLRP3和TLRs等信号通路促进TNF-α、IL-6等炎症因子的释放[27];其次尿酸水平持续异常也会引起体内尿酸盐晶体的形成,该晶体可被巨噬细胞等免疫细胞识别进而引发炎症反应[28];同时高尿酸状态下,尿酸可作为促氧化剂,增加活性氧(ROS)的产生,加剧炎症反应[29]。另有研究报道肠道菌群改变以及肠道屏障功能受损亦可直接或间接影响炎症反应[30]。因此,本研究对大鼠血清炎性因子表达进行检测,结果如图3所示,与空白组相比,模型组大鼠血清中TNF-α含量增加,IL-6含量显著性增加(P<0.001);与模型组相比,菊苣高剂量组和菊苣-葛根组可显著降低TNF-α含量(P<0.05),各给药组均可显著降低IL-6含量(P<0.01,P<0.001),且菊苣-葛根组对IL-6的作用优于阳性药(P<0.05)。结果提示,菊苣及其与葛根配伍可通过调节机体炎症反应发挥降尿酸作用。
脏器指数可以用于初步评价动物的整体健康状态以及造模因素、受试药物等对机体的影响[31]。本研究中,于实验结束后取各组大鼠肾脏和脾脏组织,按照1.2.3.6项下方法计算肾脏指数和脾脏指数。结果如图4所示,与空白组相比,模型组大鼠肾脏指数和脾脏指数均显著增加(P<0.01,P<0.001),菊苣各给药组可显著降低脏器指数(P<0.05,P<0.01),综合评价药物作用的强弱依次为菊苣-葛根组作用优于菊苣高剂量组,优于阳性药组,优于菊苣低剂量组。高尿酸血症引发的炎症反应会激活机体免疫系统,脾脏作为重要的免疫器官,可通过促进免疫细胞增殖、增加炎性细胞浸润等参与免疫应答以及炎症反应调节[32]。而肾脏作为尿酸排泄的主要器官之一,研究发现在高尿酸血症下会出现肾脏指数增加[33]。本研究结果提示,菊苣及其与葛根配伍可能对HUA模型大鼠的脾脏和肾脏组织发挥一定的保护作用,与本研究中BUN、CRE检测结果相一致。
作为尿酸合成以及代谢的主要器官,肝脏和肾脏组织在高尿酸血症发生发展过程中发挥着重要作用[34−35]。因此,本研究采用HE染色法对大鼠肝脏和肾脏组织形态学结构进行观察。结果如图5所示,各组大鼠肝脏组织形态结构基本正常,未见明显炎性细胞浸润,肝细胞水肿等(图5A),与本研究中肝功能检测指标未出现异常相一致。肾脏组织皮质髓质分界明显,皮质中肾小球分布均匀,肾小球中细胞数量以及基质均匀,未见明显肾小管扩张或萎缩、炎性细胞浸润等(图5B)。本研究生化指标等结果显示,BUN、CRE含量以及脏器指数升高,提示肾脏可能存在一定损伤,但病理未出现明显变化,分析其原因可能是本研究造模时间相对较短且造模程度较轻,因此未达到病理程度的结构损伤。这与文献报道的氧嗪酸钾造模一般不出现严重肾损伤的结论较为一致[36−37],同时本研究用药为药食同源原料,且用量相对较低,该模型也比较符合高尿酸血症初期以及预防用药要求。
肠道是除肾脏外尿酸排泄的另一个重要途径,其与高尿酸血症的发生发展也有着密不可分的关系[38],而肠道菌群作为肠道的重要组成部分,近年来受到越来越多的关注。本研究采用16S rDNA测序技术对大鼠肠道菌群进行检测,并对门水平、属水平菌群群落组成,各组间差异菌群以及生化指标与肠道菌群相关性等进行了分析,相关结果如下。
基于门水平和属水平对各组大鼠结肠内容物中丰度前30(不含unclassified物种)的菌群物种进行分析,结果如图6A、图6C所示。进一步选取相对丰度表达较高的三个菌属进行分析,结果表明,与空白组相比,在门水平上(图6B),模型组厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度显著增加(P<0.05)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)相对丰度明显增加,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度明显降低;在属水平上(图6D),模型组乳酸杆菌属(Ligilactobacillus)丰度明显增加、谷氨酸棒状杆菌属(HT002)相对丰度显著增加(P<0.05),毛螺菌属(Lachnospiraceae)丰度明显降低。给药后可显著降低厚壁菌门和放线菌门、谷氨酸棒状杆菌属相对丰度,显著提高拟杆菌门相对丰度(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001),对乳酸杆菌属具有一定的降低作用,可显著降低HT002菌属(P<0.05),提高毛螺菌属的相对丰度,综合比较阳性药组和菊苣-葛根组对相关菌群的调节作用更为明显。研究发现高尿酸血症中,肠道菌群可参与嘌呤代谢,促进分解尿酸,降低尿酸浓度;又可通过肠道菌群代谢产物如短链脂肪酸等促进尿酸的排泄;也可修复肠道屏障来缓解炎症[39−40]。本研究中,大鼠肠道主要菌群厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门,以及乳酸杆菌属、HT002和毛螺菌属含量发生变化,提示菊苣及其与葛根配伍可能通过调节相关菌群影响尿酸合成代谢以及炎症反应等过程发挥降尿酸作用,具体差异菌属待进一步分析。
为了寻找不同组间丰度有显著性差异的菌群,对各组大鼠结肠内容物菌群进行LEfSe分析,结果如图7所示,图7A图(进化分支图)中从内至外辐射的不同圆圈层分别代表界门纲目科属种七个分类级别,各个节点代表该水平下的一个物种分类,节点越大该物种丰度越高,节点颜色表示该物种在对应颜色的组别中有显著性差异且丰度较高,节点图中字母代表具体物种。图中结果显示不同组中差异物种有所不同。进一步以LDA>3.0且P<0.05对显著差异物种进行分析,结果如图7B所示,空白组中毛螺菌属(Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group)、摩根菌属(Monoglobus)和瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcaceae unclassified)等17个菌属含量较高,模型组中韦荣氏球菌属(Veillonella)、乳酸菌属(Limosilactobacillus)、奇异菌属(Atopobiaceae unclassified)和Coriobacteriaceae UCG-002 4个菌属含量较高,阳性药组Muribaculaceae uncassified、拟杆菌属(Bacteroidales unclassified)、Blautia、Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-003和Frisingicoccus 5个菌属含量较高,菊苣高剂量组Ligilactobacillus、异杆菌属(Allobaculum)、Marvinbryantia和RF39_unclassified 4个菌属含量较高,菊苣低剂量组中Erysipelatoclostridium、副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)和Dubosiella 3个菌属含量较高,菊苣和葛根联用组中未分类菌属unclassified、Peptococcaceae unclassified和Duncaniella等3个菌属含量较高,提示药物可通过调节肠道菌群发挥作用。韦荣氏球菌属是一种炎症致病菌,其与IL-6、TNF-α等炎性因子浓度呈正相关[41];奇异菌属[42]、UCG-002[43]也与炎症密切相关。另有研究报道在高尿酸血症动物模型中药物可通过降低乳酸菌属含量发挥降尿酸作用[44]。本研究中以上菌属为模型组差异菌属,提示相关菌属对高尿酸血症的形成存在一定的致病性,其可能与促进炎症发生有关。
Muribaculaceae和肠道完整性有关,在高尿酸血症药物干预中发挥着重要作用[45−46];拟杆菌属参与碳水化合物分解代谢[47],同时也与炎症和肠道功能屏障相关[48];Blautia可产生短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)[49],其与维持肠道屏障功能和调节免疫反应有关。Erysipelotrichaceae是一种肠道有益菌,研究发现在高尿酸血症鹌鹑模型中菊苣可通过增加其丰度调节肠道菌群发挥降尿酸作用[50]。Frisingicoccu对维持肠道正常功能有着重要作用[51]。Ligilactobacillus属于乳杆菌属,具有调节肠道免疫、抗炎活性[52],同时可产生抗菌因子以及促进丁酸盐生成[53],对于维持肠道稳定有着重要作用。Allobaculum与肠道炎症和维持肠道平衡有关,在尿酸氧化酶敲除(Uox-KO)的高尿酸血症模型中增加其含量可修复肠道损伤[54]。Marvinbryantia是一种肠道有益菌,在药物干预的高尿酸血症小鼠模型中其丰度显著增加[55]。Erysipelatoclostridium[56]和Parabacteroides也均为肠道的有益菌[45,57],在维持肠道功能屏障、改善炎症等方面发挥重要作用。高尿酸血症小鼠模型中,出现Dubosiella菌群丰度降低,且与血清代谢物和肾脏转录组的变化密切相关[58]。在疫苗免疫小鼠和疲劳小鼠模型中,Peptococcaceae作为有益菌发挥重要作用,提示其可能与免疫调节密切相关[59−60]。研究发现Duncaniella在高尿酸血症大鼠模型中丰度显著降低[61],同时其属于Muribaculaceae科,该科可以产生短链脂肪酸,维持肠道屏障和参与炎症调节[62]。本研究中,以上菌属为各给药组的差异菌属,提示各药物可通过调节肠道中相关有益菌丰度,改善肠道屏障、降低炎症、增强免疫反应等发挥降尿酸作用。
采用RDA分析SUA、BUN、CRE等生化指标和肠道菌群间的关系,结果如图8A所示,SUA、BUN和CRE的箭头均指向模型组,说明这三项指标与模型组的肠道菌群群落组成呈正相关。图8B热图结果所示,SUA和放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)呈正相关(P<0.01),与拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、Elusimicrobiota呈负相关(P<0.01);BUN和Campylobacterota、Desulfobacterota呈负相关(P<0.01);CRE和Campylobacterota呈负相关(P<0.01),提示相关菌群与高尿酸血症形成中尿酸的生成以及肾损伤密切相关。
尿酸是人体嘌呤代谢的终产物,主要由肝脏合成,经肾脏和肠道排出,可直接或通过影响肠胃等引起高尿酸血症和痛风等严重威胁人类健康的疾病[63−64]。目前高尿酸血症人群日益增加,但治疗手段有限且存在不足,寻找更加安全有效的防治手段至关重要[65]。本研究通过建立高尿酸血症大鼠模型,以药食同源类中药原料菊苣、葛根为预防用药,结合血清生化、病理形态、肠道微生物等指标,综合考察菊苣及菊苣-葛根联用的降尿酸作用。结果显示,菊苣及其与葛根配伍可降低血清中尿酸水平、抑制XOD和ADA等尿酸酶活性、降低炎症反应、保护肾脏功能以及调节肠道菌群等发挥降尿酸作用。既往研究表明,菊苣和葛根均可通过调控尿酸的合成及代谢等途径发挥降尿酸作用,但具体机制有所不同。菊苣具有菊苣酸和菊苣多糖等成分,可通过抑制尿酸生成有关酶活性减少尿酸生成,同时可调节肾脏及尿酸转运蛋白酶活性,减少尿酸重吸收、促进尿酸排泄[66−67]。葛根中含有的异黄酮和葛根素等成分可调节肾脏功能,改善血液循环等促进尿酸排泄,也可抑制尿酸合成酶的活性,减少尿酸的合成[14,68]。本研究中以菊苣-葛根组的降尿酸作用最为明显,且优于等剂量的菊苣低剂量组以及菊苣高剂量组,提示二者联合使用可从多途径、多靶点协同发挥降尿酸作用,为菊苣和葛根的合理应用提供了实验依据。但是由于实验条件和时间限制,本研究仍存在一定的不足,如菊苣与葛根联合应用的量效关系、药物调节肠道菌群发挥降尿酸作用的确切机制等,仍需开展深入探究。
菊苣和葛根作为药食同源原料,对高尿酸血症模型大鼠具有安全性高、作用显著、无明显不良反应等优势,提示其在降尿酸领域有着巨大的市场潜力和使用价值。后续可借助现代药理学技术,对其降尿酸作用机制开展深入探究,为进一步拓展菊苣和葛根的临床应用范围,奠定坚实的实验基础。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030245
  • 接收时间:2025-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-18
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    1大连医科大学中西医结合研究院/学院,辽宁大连 116044
    2大连医科大学附属第二医院,辽宁大连 116027
    3大连医科大学药学院,辽宁大连 116044

通讯作者:

赵丹萍(1992−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:中药药效及物质基础,E-mail:。
张琳(1982−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:中药药效及物质基础,中药创新药物开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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