Article(id=1320884118070604186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040129, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744300800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852914587, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852914587, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852914587, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852914587, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=377, endPage=385, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884118259347867, articleId=1320884118070604186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Quality Change Rule of Fresh Radix Astragali during Postharvest Storage at Low Temperature Condition, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To investigate the storage characteristics and quality evolution of fresh Radix Astragali under low-temperature of 4  ℃ and dark storage conditions. Methods: The storage characteristics and quality changes of fresh Radix Astragali at 4  ℃ were analyzed by monitoring its physiological parameters and storage quality during storage. Results: The moisture content of fresh Radix Astragali decreased from 57.92% to 48.19%, accompanied by a steady increase in weight loss, which reached 9.76% at 60 days. Respiration intensity showed a rise-then-fall trend, peaking at 15 days (15.17 CO2 mg·kg−1·h−1), indicating active metabolism in the early storage stage. In the initial 30 days, overall quality remained stable; however, in the later period, sensory quality and b* value declined significantly (P<0.05), with surface browning and texture softening. The b* value of the cross-section decreased by 33.07% at 60 days compared to 0 day. Total flavonoid content slightly increased initially, peaking at 0.56 mg/g at 15 days, then declined markedly to 0.34 mg/g by 60 days (P<0.05). Calycosin content continuously decreased, reaching 0.0175 mg/g at 60 days. Antioxidant capacities (DPPH, ABTS+, and hydroxyl radical scavenging) also peaked at 15 days, but dropped by 54.81%, 17.5%, and 23.40%, respectively, at 60 days. Superoxide anion content increased significantly (P<0.05), reaching 3.92 μmol/g by 60 days. Both acid value and peroxide value increased over time, reaching 39.36 mg/g and 4.86% at 60 days, reflecting severe oxidative deterioration. With prolonged storage, decay rate and disease index increased notably. Mold appeared after 30 days, with decay rates of 8.83% and 12.57%, and disease indices of 7.34% and 10.59% at 45 and 60 days, respectively. Conclusion: A storage duration of up to 30 days at 4  ℃ under dark conditions was found to effectively preserve the sensory quality and biological activity of fresh Radix Astragali, with flavonoid levels, antioxidant capacity, and metabolic status remaining relatively stable. Beyond this period, decay became progressively severe, accompanied by a rapid decline in overall quality and antioxidant function. This study provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing postharvest storage strategies and quality control of fresh Radix Astragali.

, authors=Ruitong CUI1, Yuanshou ZHAO2, Wenli WEI1, Qian LI1, Qian WANG1, Xiaobin XU1, Qi YU3, Yongcai LI1, Yang BI1, Yan ZHU1, *, authorsList=Ruitong CUI, Yuanshou ZHAO, Wenli WEI, Qian LI, Qian WANG, Xiaobin XU, Qi YU, Yongcai LI, Yang BI, Yan ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884119618302376, articleId=1320884118070604186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=鲜黄芪采后低温贮藏中的品质变化规律, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:探讨鲜黄芪在4 ℃低温避光条件下的贮藏特性及其品质变化规律。方法:测定鲜黄芪在4 ℃低温贮藏期间的生理、品质、抗氧化和酸败指标,并结合感官评价及腐烂指标解析鲜黄芪的低温贮藏特性与品质变化规律。结果:鲜黄芪在0~60 d的低温贮藏过程中,水分含量逐渐降低,由57.92%下降至48.19%;呼吸强度在15 d时达到峰值15.17 CO2 mg·kg−1·h−1,后续逐渐降低,呈现先升后降趋势;质量损失率逐渐增加,至贮后60 d约为9.76%。低温贮藏0~30 d鲜黄芪品质维持稳定,贮藏30~60 d感官品质和b*显著下降(P<0.05),表现为色泽褐变及质地软化,贮后60 d鲜黄芪切面的b*较初始降低33.07%。总黄酮含量在贮藏前15 d略有上升,达到峰值(0.56 mg/g),随后显著下降(P<0.05),至60 d降至0.34 mg/g。毛蕊异黄酮含量持续下降,60 d降至0.0175 mg/g。DPPH、ABTS+及羟自由基清除能力在15 d达到峰值,贮后60 d时分别降低了54.81%、17.5%和23.40%。超氧阴离子含量显著上升(P<0.05),至60 d时升至3.92 μmol/g,酸价和过氧化值随时间升高,至60 d分别达39.36 mg/g和4.86%,后期氧化严重,品质显著劣变。随着低温贮藏时间的延长,鲜黄芪的腐烂率和病情指数呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),30 d后出现霉变,在贮后45 d及60 d时腐烂率分别达到8.83%和12.57%,病情指数为7.34%和10.59%。结论:鲜黄芪在4 ℃低温避光条件下贮藏30 d内可较好地保持感官品质与生物活性,黄酮类成分、抗氧化能力及代谢状态相对稳定;贮藏超过30 d后,腐烂逐渐加重,品质快速劣变,产品的抗氧化能力降低。该研究结果为鲜黄芪采后贮藏保鲜和品质控制提供理论参考。

, authors=崔瑞彤1, 赵元寿2, 魏文利1, 李倩1, 王千1, 徐晓斌1, 于琦3, 李永才1, 毕阳1, 朱艳1, *, authorsList=崔瑞彤, 赵元寿, 魏文利, 李倩, 王千, 徐晓斌, 于琦, 李永才, 毕阳, 朱艳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱艳, authorNote=

崔瑞彤(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:采后生物学与技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
朱艳(1977−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:采后生物学与技术,E-mail:。
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崔瑞彤(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:采后生物学与技术,E-mail:

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崔瑞彤(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:采后生物学与技术,E-mail:

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注:误差线代表标准偏差,不同小写字母代表数据间具有显著差异(P<0.05),图2~图6同。

, figureFileSmall=Hqxy3ermmKqupO1O9OuZcA==, figureFileBig=80EXj0rjMHssHdwHdPqzgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884126157222380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884118070604186, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes of sensory evaluation (A) and b* value (B) of fresh Radix Astragali during postharvest storage at low temperature condition, figureFileSmall=9d/WGR2N30oO+qzMR1SDng==, figureFileBig=B143yGZpFR4ibahK7ahRFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884126224331245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884118070604186, language=CN, label=图2, caption=鲜黄芪采后低温贮藏过程中感官评价(A)和b*(B)的变化, figureFileSmall=9d/WGR2N30oO+qzMR1SDng==, figureFileBig=B143yGZpFR4ibahK7ahRFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884126287245806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884118070604186, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes of total flavonoid content (A) and calycosin content (B) of fresh Radix Astragali during postharvest storage at low temperature condition, figureFileSmall=CV7tPEvhXnuQia4Pnx5aIQ==, figureFileBig=tWOoDBcyl1k1L5v03qbH8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884126354354671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884118070604186, language=CN, label=图3, caption=鲜黄芪采后低温贮藏过程中总黄酮含量(A)和毛蕊异黄酮含量(B)的变化, figureFileSmall=CV7tPEvhXnuQia4Pnx5aIQ==, figureFileBig=tWOoDBcyl1k1L5v03qbH8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884126429852144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884118070604186, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes of DPPH free radical scavenging ability (A), ABTS+ free radical scavenging ability (B) and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (C) of fresh Radix Astragali during postharvest storage at low temperature condition, figureFileSmall=mBWGk16NhKiVuuMbU2nk9Q==, figureFileBig=Afc1icpiP/VuzBqnZJgK0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884126505349617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884118070604186, language=CN, label=图4, caption=鲜黄芪采后低温贮藏过程中DPPH自由基清除能力(A)、ABTS+自由基清除能力(B)和羟自由基清除能力(C)的变化, figureFileSmall=mBWGk16NhKiVuuMbU2nk9Q==, figureFileBig=Afc1icpiP/VuzBqnZJgK0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884126576652786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884118070604186, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes of superoxide anion content (A), acid value (B) and peroxide value (C) of fresh Radix Astragali during postharvest storage at low temperature condition, figureFileSmall=0QslfPRw3O6/HCoWbCYZkw==, figureFileBig=uzq7NUZ0NopR/keMBB60KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884126748619251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884118070604186, language=CN, label=图5, caption=鲜黄芪采后低温贮藏过程中超氧阴离子含量(A)、酸价(B)和过氧化值(C)的变化, figureFileSmall=0QslfPRw3O6/HCoWbCYZkw==, figureFileBig=uzq7NUZ0NopR/keMBB60KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884126845088244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884118070604186, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Changes of decay rate (A) , disease index (B) and the visual appearance (C) at different storage time (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 d) during postharvest low temperature storage of fresh Radix Astragali, figureFileSmall=khnJb0x/DDSxiKlZr683ng==, figureFileBig=CJpY8Nwsu3aC1vu0Of4fmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884126912197109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884118070604186, language=CN, label=图6, caption=鲜黄芪采后低温贮藏过程中腐烂率(A)、病情指数(B)的变化及在不同贮藏时间(0、15、30、45、60 d)的外观(C), figureFileSmall=khnJb0x/DDSxiKlZr683ng==, figureFileBig=CJpY8Nwsu3aC1vu0Of4fmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884126987694582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884118070604186, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价标准极好好中等差极差
外观表皮完整,色泽金黄/淡棕,无病斑损伤表皮基本完整,色泽正常,轻微表皮粗糙局部轻微皱缩,少量斑点明显病斑,褪色严重霉变、腐烂
气味浓郁豆腥味明显豆腥味,无异味气味清淡,略带土腥味霉味或酸败味轻微可察觉强烈霉味、腐臭
质地脆嫩饱满,弯曲可回弹,不易折断适度柔韧,弯曲有痕但不断稍软或稍硬,弯曲易裂松软或僵硬,轻压变形软烂或干枯,无弹性
总体无任何生理缺陷,适宜鲜用样品基本无缺陷样品质量可接受,有一定瑕疵样品总体感觉差,存在明显的劣变外观、气味、质地严重不佳,品质无法接受
), ArticleFig(id=1320884127063192055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884118070604186, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价标准极好好中等差极差
外观表皮完整,色泽金黄/淡棕,无病斑损伤表皮基本完整,色泽正常,轻微表皮粗糙局部轻微皱缩,少量斑点明显病斑,褪色严重霉变、腐烂
气味浓郁豆腥味明显豆腥味,无异味气味清淡,略带土腥味霉味或酸败味轻微可察觉强烈霉味、腐臭
质地脆嫩饱满,弯曲可回弹,不易折断适度柔韧,弯曲有痕但不断稍软或稍硬,弯曲易裂松软或僵硬,轻压变形软烂或干枯,无弹性
总体无任何生理缺陷,适宜鲜用样品基本无缺陷样品质量可接受,有一定瑕疵样品总体感觉差,存在明显的劣变外观、气味、质地严重不佳,品质无法接受
), ArticleFig(id=1320884127138689528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884118070604186, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Disease classification standard

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病变分级症状描述程度
0无病变无病变
1病变面积占黄芪总面积的1%~25%轻度病变
2病变面积占黄芪总面积的26%~50%中度病变
3病变面积占黄芪总面积的51%~75%重度病变
4病变面积占黄芪总面积的76%~100%极重病变
), ArticleFig(id=1320884127218381305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884118070604186, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

病情分级标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病变分级症状描述程度
0无病变无病变
1病变面积占黄芪总面积的1%~25%轻度病变
2病变面积占黄芪总面积的26%~50%中度病变
3病变面积占黄芪总面积的51%~75%重度病变
4病变面积占黄芪总面积的76%~100%极重病变
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鲜黄芪采后低温贮藏中的品质变化规律
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崔瑞彤 1 , 赵元寿 2 , 魏文利 1 , 李倩 1 , 王千 1 , 徐晓斌 1 , 于琦 3 , 李永才 1 , 毕阳 1 , 朱艳 1, *
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(7): 377-385
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (7) : 377 -385
鲜黄芪采后低温贮藏中的品质变化规律
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崔瑞彤1 , 赵元寿2, 魏文利1, 李倩1, 王千1, 徐晓斌1, 于琦3, 李永才1, 毕阳1, 朱艳1, *
作者信息
  • 1甘肃农业大学食品科学与工程学院,甘肃兰州 730070
  • 2兰州市工业研究院食品工业研究所,甘肃兰州 730000
  • 3甘肃农业大学信息科学技术学院,甘肃兰州 730070
通讯作者:
朱艳(1977−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:采后生物学与技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

崔瑞彤(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:采后生物学与技术,E-mail:

Quality Change Rule of Fresh Radix Astragali during Postharvest Storage at Low Temperature Condition
Ruitong CUI1 , Yuanshou ZHAO2, Wenli WEI1, Qian LI1, Qian WANG1, Xiaobin XU1, Qi YU3, Yongcai LI1, Yang BI1, Yan ZHU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 2Institute of Food Industry, Lanzhou Institute of Industry, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 3College of Information Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040129
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目的:探讨鲜黄芪在4 ℃低温避光条件下的贮藏特性及其品质变化规律。方法:测定鲜黄芪在4 ℃低温贮藏期间的生理、品质、抗氧化和酸败指标,并结合感官评价及腐烂指标解析鲜黄芪的低温贮藏特性与品质变化规律。结果:鲜黄芪在0~60 d的低温贮藏过程中,水分含量逐渐降低,由57.92%下降至48.19%;呼吸强度在15 d时达到峰值15.17 CO2 mg·kg−1·h−1,后续逐渐降低,呈现先升后降趋势;质量损失率逐渐增加,至贮后60 d约为9.76%。低温贮藏0~30 d鲜黄芪品质维持稳定,贮藏30~60 d感官品质和b*显著下降(P<0.05),表现为色泽褐变及质地软化,贮后60 d鲜黄芪切面的b*较初始降低33.07%。总黄酮含量在贮藏前15 d略有上升,达到峰值(0.56 mg/g),随后显著下降(P<0.05),至60 d降至0.34 mg/g。毛蕊异黄酮含量持续下降,60 d降至0.0175 mg/g。DPPH、ABTS+及羟自由基清除能力在15 d达到峰值,贮后60 d时分别降低了54.81%、17.5%和23.40%。超氧阴离子含量显著上升(P<0.05),至60 d时升至3.92 μmol/g,酸价和过氧化值随时间升高,至60 d分别达39.36 mg/g和4.86%,后期氧化严重,品质显著劣变。随着低温贮藏时间的延长,鲜黄芪的腐烂率和病情指数呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),30 d后出现霉变,在贮后45 d及60 d时腐烂率分别达到8.83%和12.57%,病情指数为7.34%和10.59%。结论:鲜黄芪在4 ℃低温避光条件下贮藏30 d内可较好地保持感官品质与生物活性,黄酮类成分、抗氧化能力及代谢状态相对稳定;贮藏超过30 d后,腐烂逐渐加重,品质快速劣变,产品的抗氧化能力降低。该研究结果为鲜黄芪采后贮藏保鲜和品质控制提供理论参考。

鲜黄芪  /  低温贮藏  /  品质

Objective: To investigate the storage characteristics and quality evolution of fresh Radix Astragali under low-temperature of 4  ℃ and dark storage conditions. Methods: The storage characteristics and quality changes of fresh Radix Astragali at 4  ℃ were analyzed by monitoring its physiological parameters and storage quality during storage. Results: The moisture content of fresh Radix Astragali decreased from 57.92% to 48.19%, accompanied by a steady increase in weight loss, which reached 9.76% at 60 days. Respiration intensity showed a rise-then-fall trend, peaking at 15 days (15.17 CO2 mg·kg−1·h−1), indicating active metabolism in the early storage stage. In the initial 30 days, overall quality remained stable; however, in the later period, sensory quality and b* value declined significantly (P<0.05), with surface browning and texture softening. The b* value of the cross-section decreased by 33.07% at 60 days compared to 0 day. Total flavonoid content slightly increased initially, peaking at 0.56 mg/g at 15 days, then declined markedly to 0.34 mg/g by 60 days (P<0.05). Calycosin content continuously decreased, reaching 0.0175 mg/g at 60 days. Antioxidant capacities (DPPH, ABTS+, and hydroxyl radical scavenging) also peaked at 15 days, but dropped by 54.81%, 17.5%, and 23.40%, respectively, at 60 days. Superoxide anion content increased significantly (P<0.05), reaching 3.92 μmol/g by 60 days. Both acid value and peroxide value increased over time, reaching 39.36 mg/g and 4.86% at 60 days, reflecting severe oxidative deterioration. With prolonged storage, decay rate and disease index increased notably. Mold appeared after 30 days, with decay rates of 8.83% and 12.57%, and disease indices of 7.34% and 10.59% at 45 and 60 days, respectively. Conclusion: A storage duration of up to 30 days at 4  ℃ under dark conditions was found to effectively preserve the sensory quality and biological activity of fresh Radix Astragali, with flavonoid levels, antioxidant capacity, and metabolic status remaining relatively stable. Beyond this period, decay became progressively severe, accompanied by a rapid decline in overall quality and antioxidant function. This study provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing postharvest storage strategies and quality control of fresh Radix Astragali.

fresh Radix Astragali  /  low temperature storage  /  quality
崔瑞彤, 赵元寿, 魏文利, 李倩, 王千, 徐晓斌, 于琦, 李永才, 毕阳, 朱艳. 鲜黄芪采后低温贮藏中的品质变化规律. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 377 -385 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040129
Ruitong CUI, Yuanshou ZHAO, Wenli WEI, Qian LI, Qian WANG, Xiaobin XU, Qi YU, Yongcai LI, Yang BI, Yan ZHU. Quality Change Rule of Fresh Radix Astragali during Postharvest Storage at Low Temperature Condition[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 377 -385 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040129
黄芪(Radix Astragali)为豆科植物蒙古黄芪Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao或膜荚黄芪A. membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge.的干燥根[1],是传统中药材和药食同源食物的重要原料[2]。作为温带地区重要药用植物,黄芪广泛分布于欧洲、亚洲及北美洲[3]。在我国,甘肃省凭借其独特的地理环境和生态气候条件,成为黄芪的道地核心产区。黄芪富含多种生物活性营养成分,包括黄芪多糖、皂苷、黄酮类化合物及生物碱等,是重要的食品药品加工原料,黄芪及黄芪制品均具有抗氧化、抗炎、免疫调节和抗肿瘤等多种药理活性,在医药和食品领域具有广泛的应用价值[4−6]。
在生产中,黄芪的采收期集中在每年秋季[7],采收后的鲜黄芪含水量约为60%~70%,鲜黄芪采后新陈代谢旺盛,极易出现生物活性成分转化或降解、氧化酸败、霉变腐烂等多种采后问题,不利于长期贮藏[8]。大量的鲜黄芪采收后主要通过干制、炒制和蜜炙等方法加工制备中药材[9],这些炮制过程导致鲜黄芪生物活性成分的转化和损失[10]。相比之下,鲜黄芪能更好地保留活性成分和生物利用度,是开发功能性食品和特医食品的优质原料[11]。焦广睿等[12]发现新鲜黄芪在阴干过程中的毛蕊异黄酮、毛蕊异黄酮-7-O-β-葡萄糖苷、黄芪甲苷和黄芪皂苷Ⅱ及总酚含量均呈现出先升高后降低的变化趋势,自由基清除力和抑制脂质过氧化的能力在阴干初期均显著升高,后期缓慢降低。一般情况下,鲜黄芪适宜贮藏的条件是低温的环境,刘全亮等[13]对黄芪在不同贮藏方式下的感官品质、水分含量、黄芪甲苷含量和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量进行测定,发现低温贮藏更有利于保证黄芪品质和有效成分的含量。Deng等[14]发现低温下有利于黄芪根部活性成分积累,范国忠等[15]的研究表明低温有利于维持鲜黄芪较好的硬度和色泽等品质特性,且4~5 ℃可作为鲜黄芪采后贮藏的最佳温度。Zhang等[16]发现黄芪在采后贮藏期间易受到Fusarium solani、Botrytis cinerea以及Penicillium oxalicum等病原菌的侵染导致根腐病、灰霉病和青霉病,这些病害降低了原料的食用品质和加工安全性。然而,对鲜黄芪采后低温条件下的贮藏特性和品质变化规律还鲜有系统的研究。
因此,本文以新鲜黄芪为试材,研究其在低温避光贮藏条件下(4±0.5 ℃,RH 85%~95%)60 d贮藏期内的生理指标、贮藏品质、活性成分、抗氧化能力等的变化规律,明确其低温贮藏特性,研究结果以期为鲜黄芪的低温贮藏保鲜提供理论依据。
新鲜的黄芪 于2024年12月采自黄芪道地产地甘肃省陇西市岷县,样品于3 d内通过物流运至实验室,初始含水量为55%~60%;无水乙醇 分析纯,天津市博华通化工产品销售有限公司;Tris-HCl缓冲液、过硫酸钾、酚酞、氢氧化钾、碘化钾、硫代硫酸钠、磷酸盐缓冲液 分析纯,北京普西唐生物科技有限公司;标准品芦丁、抗坏血酸 色谱纯,北京普西唐生物科技有限公司;羟自由基清除能力测定试剂盒(YX-W-A505)、超氧阴离子含量检测试剂盒(YX-W-A407) 北京普西唐生物科技有限公司。
AWL-1002-M去离子水发生器 美国艾科浦国际有限公司;AE224分析天平 上海舜宇恒平科学仪器有限公司;5PX-30085H-II恒温培养箱 上海新苗医疗器械制造有限公司;SY-1055呼吸测定仪 石家庄世亚科技有限公司;SB-5200DTD超声波清洗机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;HSY-26水浴锅 上海跃进医疗器械有限公司;CM-700d色差仪 柯尼卡美能达上海有限公司;GS-YC001-G切片机 广州狮牌电子科技有限公司;UV-6000紫外分光光度计 上海元析有限公司。
鲜黄芪剪除芦头及须根,清水冲洗,去除根表泥土、杂质及其他潜在污染物,自然晾干表面水分后,使用切片机将其根均匀切割为厚度10 cm的长段,将样品随机分装于食品级PP塑料盒(17 cm×12 cm×4 cm)中,每盒10根,密封后置于4 ℃恒温冷库贮藏待用(RH 85%~95%)。
参照《中华人民共和国药典(2020年版)》水分测定法(烘干法)[17],每15 d测定一次黄芪的水分含量。
参照马朝玲等[18]的方法,每15 d测定黄芪样品的呼吸强度,采用体积为1 L的密闭容器,按下式计算呼吸强度:
$ \text{呼吸强度}=\frac{\Delta \mathrm{C}\times \mathrm{V}\times 1.96}{\mathrm{m}\times \mathrm{t}} $
式中:ΔC,测定前后CO2的浓度差值,mg/m3;V,测量容器体积,m3;m,样本质量,kg;t,测定时间,h。
每15 d称量黄芪质量,按下式计算质量损失率:
$ \text{质量损失率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{W}}_{0}-{\mathrm{W}}_{\mathrm{t}}}{{\mathrm{W}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:W0为贮藏初期样品质量,g;Wt为贮藏至时间点t的样品质量,g。
参照马捷等[19]的方法。由10名专业人员组成评价小组,每隔15 d随机选取20根鲜黄芪样品,参照表1标准对黄芪进行感官评价。每次评价前,评价小组成员独立对样品进行评分。为避免主观偏差,评价过程中采用盲样测试,样品编号随机排列。
采用色差计定期测定样品b*。将鲜黄芪样品制备成2.0±0.2 cm均匀薄片,探头垂直紧贴黄芪切面,每个位点重复测定3次,取平均值作为结果。
参照岳慧英等[20]的方法并略作修改,采用超声波辅助乙醇提取法提取黄芪总黄酮。
黄芪样品的制备:每15 d随机取10根黄芪样品,液氮速冻后研磨成粉(60目),−80 ℃保存备用。
黄芪提取液的制备:称取5.00 g黄芪粉末,加入100 mL 70%乙醇溶液,混匀后在60 ℃条件下,以120 W功率进行超声提取40 min。抽滤后,将滤液于45 ℃下减压浓缩至10 mL,得到总黄酮粗提液。
以芦丁为标准品,建立标准曲线。称取芦丁标准品0.01 g,用70%乙醇溶解并定容至100 mL棕色容量瓶,得到0.1 mg/mL的芦丁标准溶液。分别吸取0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5和3.0 mL芦丁标准溶液至25 mL容量瓶中,加70%乙醇定容至5 mL,配制成0.01~0.06 mg/mL的系列标准溶液。分别取1 mL芦丁标准溶液,置于20 mL试管中,并加入1 mL 5% NaNO2溶液,静置6 min后,加入1 mL 10% AlCl3溶液,混合均匀后静置6 min,加入10 mL 4% NaOH溶液,用蒸馏水定容至25 mL,摇匀后避光静置15 min。以质量浓度为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,测定其在510 nm的吸光度,得到标准曲线方程:y=0.2031x+0.0785,R2=0.9995,结果表明吸光度与质量浓度线性关系良好。
取1 mL总黄酮提取液按前述方法测定溶液中总黄酮的浓度,按下式计算总黄酮含量:
$ \text{总黄酮含量}=\frac{\mathrm{C}\times \mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{m}} $
式中:C为样品溶液中总黄酮的浓度,mg/mL;V为提取液体积,mL;m为样品质量,g。
参照《中华人民共和国药典(2020年版)》高效液相色谱法[17]测定毛蕊异黄酮含量。
参照袁菊丽等[21]的方法并略作修改。
称取0.1 g的鲜黄芪样品,加入0.025 mL提取液,于40 ℃水浴中浸提30 min。室温下以10000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液。测定时,取25 μL上清液与975 μL DPPH工作液混合作为测定管,以25 μL上清液与975 μL无水乙醇混合作为对照管,以25 μL提取液与975 μL DPPH工作液混合作为空白管。所有反应体系于室温避光反应30 min后,在515 nm波长处测定吸光度,分别记录为A测定、A对照和A空白。
以Trolox为标准品绘制标准曲线,将抗氧化能力量化为Trolox当量。样品清除DPPH自由基的能力以下列公式计算,最终结果以每克鲜重样品中所含的Trolox当量微摩尔数(μmol Trolox/g)表示。
$\begin{split} &\text{DPPH}\mathrm{自由基清除能力}(\text{µ} \mathrm{mol}\;\mathrm{Trolox}/\mathrm{g})=\\&\rm \frac{\left({A}_{空白}-\left({A}_{测定}-{A}_{对照}\right)\right)+0.0081}{0.7072}\times \frac{{V}_{总}}{{V}_{样}}\times \frac{1}{W}\times 1.414 \end{split}$
式中:A空白为空白管的吸光度;A测定为测定管的吸光度;A对照为对照管的吸光度;0.0081与0.7072分别为测定所用Trolox标准曲线的截距与斜率;V总为样品提取液的总体积,mL;V样为测定时所用的样品提取液体积,mL;W为样品鲜重,g;1.414为测定所用Trolox标准曲线斜率的倒数。
参照孙宇等[22]的方法并略作修改。配制ABTS工作液:将7 mmol/L ABTS溶液20 mL与140 mmol/L K2S2O8溶液352 μL混合,室温避光静置过夜,备用。取50 μL 上清液(按1.2.9节方法制备)与950 μL ABTS工作液混合作为测定管,取50 μL上清液与950 μL无水乙醇混合作为对照管,取50 μL无水乙醇与950 μL ABTS工作液混合作为空白管。所有反应体系避光反应6 min后,于405 nm波长处测定吸光度,分别记为A测定、A对照和A空白。以Trolox为标准品制作标准曲线,方程为y=0.4982x−0.3243,R2=0.9981。样品清除ABTS+自由基的能力按下列公式计算,最终结果以每克鲜重样品中Trolox的量表示,即μmol Trolox/g。
$ \begin{split}& \text{ABTS}^+\mathrm{自由基清除能力}(\text{μmol Trolox/g})=\\&\rm\frac{\left(A_{\text{空白}}-(\mathrm{A}_{\text{测定}}-\mathrm{A}_{\text{对照}})\right)+0.3243}{0.4982}\times\frac{V_总}{V_样}\times\frac{1}{W} \end{split}$
采用羟自由基清除能力测定试剂盒测定。
采用超氧阴离子含量检测试剂盒测定。
酸价和过氧化值的测定分别参照国家标准GB 5009.229-2016[23]和GB 5009.227-2023[24]。
参照孙树杰等[25]的方法,每隔15 d观察其发病情况,并计算病情指数和发病率,按下式计算腐烂率和病情指数,病情分级标准见表2。
$ \text{腐烂率}(\text{%})=\frac{\text{腐烂黄芪数量}}{\text{总黄芪数量}}\times 100 $
$ \text{病情指数}(\text{%})=\frac{\sum (\text{各级病变黄芪}\times \mathrm{该病级数})}{\text{总黄芪数}\times \text{最高病级数}} $
所有实验数据均重复测定3次,采用单因素方差分析(P<0.05)和Duncan多重比较检验对数据进行统计分析。统计分析和数据处理使用Excel 2020和SPSS 26进行,通过Origin 2021软件作图。
鲜黄芪的水分含量在贮藏期间呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05)。0~45 d内,水分含量由57.92%逐渐降至53.64%;而45~60 d期间下降速率显著加快,由53.64%快速降低至48.19%,较0 d时降幅达16.80%(图1A)。植物类中药材通过呼吸作用维持生命活动的基本代谢过程,可能导致水分及内部活性成分的持续消耗。如图1B所示,贮藏期间黄芪样品的呼吸强度呈现显著的先升高后降低趋势(P<0.05)。初始(0 d)呼吸强度为11.36 CO2 mg·kg−1·h−1,至15 d时显著升高至峰值15.17 CO2 mg·kg−1·h−1,随后持续下降,在 30、45 和 60 d 时分别降至 11.02、10.45 和 9.73 CO2 mg·kg−1·h−1。在贮藏过程中,鲜黄芪的质量损失率逐渐显著增加(P<0.05),在低温贮藏的0~15 d期间显著上升至3.92%,随着贮藏时间延长,质量损失持续加剧,贮藏30、45和60 d后分别达到6.31%、8.50%和9.76%(图1C)。鲜黄芪采后的质量损失主要由水分蒸腾与呼吸作用造成的干物质消耗共同作用。其中,水分含量的下降主要源于表皮气孔未完全关闭及持续蒸腾引起。贮藏初期,细胞壁多糖在水解酶的作用下分解生成可溶性糖类,为呼吸提供底物,促使呼吸速率上升,加快代谢进程并增强水分挥发,进而加剧质量损耗。随着可溶性糖逐步耗竭及低温对酶活性的抑制,呼吸强度随之下降[26]。
以上结果说明,贮藏前30 d鲜黄芪水分缓慢流失,质量损失平缓降低,呼吸强度变化幅度大,45 d后水分快速流失,质量损失加剧,呼吸强度持续减弱,表明鲜黄芪在贮藏前期(0~30 d)尚能维持相对稳定的生理状态,而后期(45~60 d)组织代谢衰退,保水能力显著下降,导致品质加速劣变。
感官品质可反映食品直观特征的关键指标,包括色泽、气味与质地等。鲜黄芪在贮藏初期(0~15 d)保持良好感官品质,表现为色泽鲜亮、气味纯正、质地致密(图2A)。随着贮藏时间延长,其品质显著下降,30 d时出现色泽变暗、轻微异味及质地疏松等现象;至贮藏后期(45~60 d),劣变程度加剧,表现为明显褐变、异味加重及质地软化。结果与Kim等[27]报道的鲜人参贮藏品质变化规律一致,即初期品质稳定而后期劣变速率显著加快。b*代表黄蓝度,是评价鲜黄芪品质的重要指标,直接影响其商品价值。b*值越大,样品的颜色越黄。鲜黄芪切面的b*在贮藏期间呈显著下降的趋势(P<0.05),在贮藏第0 d时达到最大峰值31.18,至30 d时显著降至22.26(P<0.05),60 d降至20.87,较0 d降低了33.07%(图2B)。b*的下降可能是由于黄芪中的色素物质(如黄酮类化合物)的氧化或降解导致,水分的流失、挥发性风味物质的变化是导致黄芪品质下降的主要因素。鲜黄芪在贮藏前30 d的感官品质相对稳定,表明该阶段的鲜黄芪仍具良好商品性,而30 d后色泽、风味和质地等方面进一步劣变。
如图3A所示,在0~15 d期间总黄酮含量升高,达到最大峰值0.56 mg/g,随着贮藏时间的延长,总黄酮含量呈下降趋势,60 d时显著降至0.34 mg/g(P<0.05),较0 d降低了30.6%。鲜黄芪在4 ℃贮藏期间,毛蕊异黄酮含量呈现逐渐下降的趋势。0 d毛蕊异黄酮的含量为0.0250 mg/g,随后在贮藏15 d进一步降至0.0228 mg/g,在60 d降至0.0175 mg/g(图3B)。在贮藏初期,总黄酮含量的增加可能与植物的自我保护机制相关,如对储存环境中的氧化应激的响应。随着贮藏时间的延长,黄酮类化合物发生氧化降解、酶促反应,转化为其他代谢产物,其含量逐渐减少[28]。黄酮类化合物在贮藏后期的显著降解不仅影响黄芪的活性成分,也进一步限制了贮藏周期。
DPPH自由基清除能力越强表明抗氧化化合物提供电子或氢的能力越高,从而将自由基转化为更稳定的种类,ABTS+自由基清除率可以反映抗氧化物质的总抗氧化能力,羟自由基是活性氧中反应性最强的一种自由基,能对生物大分子(如脂质、蛋白质、DNA)造成严重氧化损伤[29]。采用DPPH、ABTS+及羟自由基清除能力评价鲜黄芪的抗氧化活性,结果显示其变化趋势与总黄酮含量高度一致,均呈现先升高后降低的规律,其中,0 d时DPPH自由基清除能力为1.018 μmol Trolox/g,15 d时升至峰值1.06 μmol Trolox/g,随后逐渐下降,60 d时降至0.46 μmol Trolox/g,较0 d降低了54.81%(图4A);ABTS+自由基清除能力也在15 d时达到峰值10.44 μmol Trolox/g,60 d下降至8.61 μmol Trolox/g,较15 d降低了17.5%(图4B);0~15 d羟自由基清除能力从56.18%升至57.26%,贮藏60 d后时降至43.04%,较0 d降幅为23.40%(图4C)。贮藏0~15 d可能鲜黄芪的抗氧化活性维持在较高水平,随着贮藏时间延长,酶促和非酶促氧化以及微生物作用可能导致黄芪中的抗氧化物质如黄酮类化合物等的降解和损失[30],使产品的抗氧化能力显著下降。因此,鲜黄芪在采后低温贮藏30 d内,可维持较高水平的抗氧化生物活性功能。
超氧阴离子(O2−·)是植物活性氧的重要组成,其含量变化可反映氧化胁迫程度及品质劣变进程。适量O2−·可作为信号因子,然而,过量则诱发膜脂过氧化与组织的氧化损伤,加速产品的品质下降,故可作为评价贮藏期间黄芪氧化状态的重要指标。贮藏0~30 d期间,超氧阴离子含量缓慢上升,30 d后增速显著加快(P<0.05),至60 d时达到3.92 μmol/g,较30 d时上升了41.2%(图5A)。黄芪贮藏不当极易发生“走油”、虫蛀、发霉、气味散失等变质现象,严重影响其品质[31]。“走油”现象主要与脂质成分的氧化密切相关,酸价和过氧化值是衡量脂肪氧化程度的重要指标。在贮藏期间酸价和过氧化值呈现显著的上升趋势(P<0.05),0~45 d时酸价从16.88 mg/g上升至23.53 mg/g,60 d快速上升至39.36 mg/g(图5B);贮藏0~15 d过氧化值上升趋势缓慢,之后快速上升,至贮后第60 d上升至4.86%(图5C)。以上结果表明,鲜黄芪在贮藏45 d后可能发生酸败,可能导致脂质氧化,出现“走油”品质劣变的可能性增加[32]。
鲜黄芪在贮藏过程中病情指数和腐烂率在P<0.05水平下呈现显著上升趋势。在贮藏初期(0~15 d)无腐烂现象,色泽鲜亮,在贮藏30 d时,根部表面可观察到霉状物,腐烂率和病情指数分别约为4.55%和2.57%,之后呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),至贮后45 d 和60 d,黄芪的腐烂率分别升高至8.83%和12.57%(图6A),病情指数分别升高至7.34%和10.59%(图6B),颜色加深,出现部分霉斑,贮藏后期部分黄芪发病严重。对霉变部位进行病原物的分离和纯化,对病原物进行形态学观察,均为青霉属(Penicillium spp.)病原物的污染(结果未报道),后续将通过ITS序列分析进行菌种的分子鉴定。在贮藏前30 d内,样品未出现腐烂现象,色泽良好,病情指数和腐烂率较低,维持在可接受范围。但自第30 d起,黄芪根部开始出现霉变迹象,腐烂率和病情指数呈显著上升(P<0.05),至第45~60 d腐烂现象明显加剧,品质迅速下降。研究结果表明,鲜黄芪在低温避光条件下的安全贮藏期为不超过30 d。
黄芪作为药食同源的中药材,近年来受到广泛关注。相较于干制品,鲜黄芪能够更有效地保留其中的生物活性成分,如多糖、黄酮类及其他次生代谢物。然而,由于鲜黄芪水分含量高,在贮藏过程中易发生氧化褐变、组织软化及微生物侵染等现象,严重影响其贮藏品质与安全期。有研究表明,鲜黄芪在贮藏过程中易发生霉变和品质劣变,采后的货架期一般不超过30 d[33],在此后质量损耗、可溶性浸出物及多糖含量变化较大。本研究结果表明,在4 ℃低温避光贮藏前30 d,鲜黄芪在感官表现、b*及活性成分等方面相对稳定。贮藏30~60 d,色泽褐变、水分减少、组织软化,呼吸强度下降,同时黄酮类物质含量下降,自由基清除能力减弱,脂质氧化和腐烂加剧,表明鲜黄芪在贮藏过程中由稳定状态转向品质快速劣变阶段。
质量损失率、水分含量与呼吸强度的变化说明鲜黄芪贮藏过程中发生了品质劣变。贮藏0~15 d,鲜黄芪的呼吸强度升高,导致干物质和水分消耗加快,质量损失显著增加;贮藏后期其呼吸强度下降,水分流失加剧,尤其在45~60 d时降幅显著,细胞膜结构可能已受损,失去正常的保水能力。感官品质的降低也与生理指标的下降密切相关。黄酮类物质是黄芪中重要的生物活性分子,主要有黄酮类、异黄酮类、黄酮醇类、查耳酮类,均已被证明在抗氧化方面表现出显著效果[34−35],主要通过清除活性氧自由基和螯合金属离子等机制发挥作用。毛蕊异黄酮是黄芪中代表性的异黄酮类成分,具有显著的抗氧化和抗炎活性,在贮藏过程中易受温湿度及氧气的影响发生降解或转化[36]。其苷类形式中酚羟基的存在,使其能够直接清除自由基,从而赋予其较强的抗氧化能力。已有研究表明,黄酮类物质在贮藏过程中易发生氧化降解,尤其是在高湿度或氧气暴露条件下,其降解速度加快,导致抗氧化能力减弱。鲜黄芪在贮藏初期(0~15 d)总黄酮含量升高,可能是黄芪应激激活苯丙烷代谢通路,短暂促进黄酮合成。这一现象与张娜等[37]对鲜人参的相关研究结果相符。贮藏后期由于氧化降解和酶促反应的增强,黄芪中的黄酮类化合物逐渐减少,抗氧化能力明显下降,说明抗氧化能力的显著衰退与黄酮类物质的降解密切相关。超氧阴离子(O2−·)是脂质氧化的前期标志物,其含量的增加反映了氧化应激的增强。在4 ℃低温贮藏条件下,鲜黄芪中O2−·含量呈显著上升趋势,表明氧化应激加剧,自由基积累导致脂质氧化反应增强[38]。酸价反映脂质水解过程中生成的游离脂肪酸,而过氧化值则表明脂质初级氧化产物(如过氧化物)的积累。在低温贮藏(4 ℃)条件下,鲜黄芪的O2−·含量、酸价和过氧化值均呈现显著上升趋势。贮藏过程中O2−·含量的增加是脂质氧化的前期表现,氧化应激导致自由基积累,从而引发脂质氧化和酸价、过氧化值的上升。研究表明,随着贮藏时间延长,抗氧化物质的减少会加速脂质过氧化[39]。黄芪抗氧化能力的下降,过氧化值和酸价升高,进一步加剧黄芪的品质劣变。贮藏初期,鲜黄芪未观察到明显腐烂现象,腐烂率和病情指数均较低,然而,随着贮藏时间延长,鲜黄芪含水量高,随着生理代谢的改变,营养物质消耗,抗菌等生物活性物质含量降低等原因,使其防御病原微生物的能力逐渐减弱,腐烂和霉变随之逐渐加重。至贮藏45 d,样品表面出现明显霉变,经形态学的初步观察确定为青霉属(Penicillium spp.)病原菌的污染(结果未报道),青霉属的微生物是黄芪等药材中常见的霉菌,能在低温下生长,菌丝扩展,导致组织变质、腐烂和活性成分的降解[8],使鲜黄芪品质快速劣变,贮藏性能下降。
鲜黄芪在4 ℃低温避光贮藏30 d内,鲜黄芪的感官品质保持较好,黄酮类活性成分和抗氧化能力相对稳定。30 d后,质量损失和水分含量流失加剧,黄酮类化合物含量及抗氧化指标明显下降,超氧阴离子含量、酸价和过氧化值指标快速增加,品质劣变、腐烂率和病情指数显著上升,腐烂加剧。本研究为鲜黄芪采后的低温贮藏提供理论参考。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040129
  • 接收时间:2025-04-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-11
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    1甘肃农业大学食品科学与工程学院,甘肃兰州 730070
    2兰州市工业研究院食品工业研究所,甘肃兰州 730000
    3甘肃农业大学信息科学技术学院,甘肃兰州 730070

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朱艳(1977−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:采后生物学与技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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