Article(id=1320884101687652629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040088, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744128000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852910682, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852910682, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852910682, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852910682, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=461, endPage=469, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884102019002646, articleId=1320884101687652629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Synthesis and Application of Cyclodextrin Based Metal-organic Framework in Food Field, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cyclodextrin based metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) include prominent tunable porosity and high surface area, which integrate the unique properties of cyclodextrins (CDs) and the structural advantages of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). These hybrid materials exhibit remarkable capacity for encapsulating bioactive compounds, demonstrating significant potential for food-related applications. This review systematically examines the synthesis methods of CD-MOFs, and highlights the auxiliary roles of ultrasound- and microwave-assisted techniques in conventional preparation processes. Additionally, a novel seed-mediated synthesis approach is introduced, followed by a comparative analysis of the advantages and limitations of existing methods. Furthermore, the applications of CD-MOFs in the food sector are critically evaluated, which are focus on three key areas: Encapsulation and controlled release of bioactive food ingredients, the detection, adsorption and removal of contaminants, and emulsion stabilization. Finally, the development prospects of CD-MOFs in food field are prospected.

, authors=Mengyao SUN, Chao YUAN*, Bo CUI*, authorsList=Mengyao SUN, Chao YUAN, Bo CUI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chao YUAN, Bo CUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884104585916705, articleId=1320884101687652629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=环糊精金属有机框架的合成及在食品领域的应用, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

环糊精金属有机框架(Cyclodextrin based metal-organic frameworks,CD-MOFs)结合了环糊精(Cyclodextrin,CD)和金属有机框架(Metal-organic frameworks,MOFs)的优点,具有突出的多孔性和高比表面积,可以实现对目标生物活性成分的负载,在食品领域表现出巨大的应用潜力。本文总结了CD-MOFs的常用制备方法,阐述了超声和微波在常用合成方法中的辅助功能,介绍了种子介导制备新方法,总结了各种合成方法的优缺点;探讨了CD-MOFs在食品活性成分的负载和递送、污染物的检出、吸附及去除和乳液稳定剂方面的应用;并对CD-MOFs在食品领域的发展前景进行了展望。

, authors=孙梦瑶, 袁超*, 崔波*, authorsList=孙梦瑶, 袁超, 崔波, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=袁超, 崔波, authorNote=

孙梦瑶(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:碳水化合物资源开发利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
袁超(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:碳水化合物资源开发利用,E-mail:。
崔波(1971−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:淀粉衍生物及功能性淀粉,E-mail:。
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孙梦瑶(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:碳水化合物资源开发利用,E-mail:

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孙梦瑶(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:碳水化合物资源开发利用,E-mail:

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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 274: 133431., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884117399515542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884101687652629, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=68, rfOrder=70, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Yannan, YU Dehai. High internal phase Pickering emulsions stabilized by ODSA-functionalized cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks for extrusion 3D printing application[J]. 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Jinan: Qilu University of Technology, 2024.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884117592453529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884101687652629, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=70, rfOrder=73, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Yannan. High internal phase Pickering emulsions stabilized by modified cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks and their application properties[D]. Jinan: Qilu University of Technology, 2024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320884104791437602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884101687652629, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884104795631907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884101687652629, companyId=1320884104791437602, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884104804020516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884101687652629, companyId=1320884104791437602, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=齐鲁工业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东济南 250353)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320884106330747198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884101687652629, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Synthesis method of cyclodextrin based metal-organic framework, figureFileSmall=ZMg4ZAggFebLQdFvLJzBWg==, figureFileBig=VfDnsO7A4417TYk2AOmvFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884106402050367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884101687652629, language=CN, label=图1, caption=环糊精金属有机框架的合成方法, figureFileSmall=ZMg4ZAggFebLQdFvLJzBWg==, figureFileBig=VfDnsO7A4417TYk2AOmvFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884106603376960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884101687652629, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Encapsulation of dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) by β-CD-MOFs and γ-CD-MOFs[43], figureFileSmall=QMWCYxvzqgsJ7KVDZK6PAw==, figureFileBig=cIRMz0q8dJKkz1e/0xqiLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884108268515650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884101687652629, language=CN, label=图2, caption=β-CD-MOFs与γ-CD-MOFs对二巯基丁二酸(DMSA)的包埋[43], figureFileSmall=QMWCYxvzqgsJ7KVDZK6PAw==, figureFileBig=cIRMz0q8dJKkz1e/0xqiLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884108348207428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884101687652629, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Embedding of gallic acid (GA) by β-CD-MOFs[44], figureFileSmall=ds1Ooq109sw0Hvzyvv5tgw==, figureFileBig=PI6UXpGk80HkXaWJDZ06Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884108415316294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884101687652629, language=CN, label=图3, caption=β-CD-MOFs对没食子酸(GA)进行包埋[44], figureFileSmall=ds1Ooq109sw0Hvzyvv5tgw==, figureFileBig=PI6UXpGk80HkXaWJDZ06Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884108654391624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884101687652629, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=γ-CD-SURMOFs as biosensor materials to detect tripeptides, figureFileSmall=xEGWyN9yglhA/tvrR8sNCg==, figureFileBig=tLxK3Aehtx8MBw/IfxHBTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884108725694794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884101687652629, language=CN, label=图4, caption=γ-CD-SURMOFs作为生物传感器材料对三肽进行检测

注:(a)基于QCM-D芯片的手性传感器结构;Tyr-(L-Ala)-Phe和Tyr-( L-Ala)Phe在(b)Au (γ-CD) QCM表面,(c)Au(γ-CD-MOFs) OCM表面和(d)Au(γ-CD-SURMOFs) OCM表面的质量摄取[60]。

, figureFileSmall=xEGWyN9yglhA/tvrR8sNCg==, figureFileBig=tLxK3Aehtx8MBw/IfxHBTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884108792803660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884101687652629, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=OCM as an emulsion stabilizer for stabilizing high internal phase Pickering emulsions and its application in 3D printing, figureFileSmall=cNjRE68+HUeeOa/UPz5oZg==, figureFileBig=JKzapgPqyz7yeg6V8+2Ilg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884109065433421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884101687652629, language=CN, label=图5, caption=OCM作为乳液稳定剂稳定高内相皮克林乳液并用于3D打印

注:(a)OCM稳定新鲜制备的高内相皮克林乳液的外观,(b)在水相和油相中3D打印和(c)打印后的冻融稳定性[68]。

, figureFileSmall=cNjRE68+HUeeOa/UPz5oZg==, figureFileBig=JKzapgPqyz7yeg6V8+2Ilg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884109166096718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884101687652629, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Synthetic effects, advantages and disadvantages, and applicable scopes of different synthetic methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法颗粒大小优点缺点适用范围参考文献
溶剂热法10 μm~500 nm有效生产纳米级晶体;可利用水或有机溶剂作为反应介质产率受温度和压力条件的影响较大;会产生大量溶剂废液合成CD-MOFs需要可溶性前体;合成过程中不宜使用热敏性
试剂
[36]
甲醇蒸汽扩散法0.1~100 mm反应条件温和;易于形成高质量晶体;适用于实验室生产甲醇毒性大;生产周期长适用于小体积样品的制备;工业用途的可扩展性有限[37]
乙醇蒸汽扩散法1~3 μm生产过程环保;在不使用额外表面活性剂的情况下获得均匀尺寸的晶体;有可扩大生产的潜力反应条件要求严格,周期较长,且高温可能会造成晶体缺陷可用于小尺寸晶体的大
规模生产
[38]
超声辅助法400~600 nm环保;高效;晶体为纳米级对设备要求高;空化作用容易造成晶体缺陷适用于晶体的快速合成,多与其他方法联用[39]
微波辅助法1~5 μm;
100~400 nm
反应装置小、能耗低、能效高、绿色、无污染长时间的微波处理会提供的高温环境会破坏晶体结晶度;并且仪器差异性大,所以产品重现
性差
适用于晶体的快速合成,多与其他方法联用;不适用于热敏感晶体的合成[40]
种子介导法1~5 μm可控制晶体生长和尺寸;提高产量和效率;有可扩展合成的潜力需要预先成型的种子晶体和种子晶体制备的额外步骤;潜在的种子杂质会影响最终样品的质量此方法适用范围单一,多与其他多糖联用形成水凝胶用于客体分子的递送[30]
), ArticleFig(id=1320884109229011279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884101687652629, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同合成方法的合成效果、优缺点及适用范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法颗粒大小优点缺点适用范围参考文献
溶剂热法10 μm~500 nm有效生产纳米级晶体;可利用水或有机溶剂作为反应介质产率受温度和压力条件的影响较大;会产生大量溶剂废液合成CD-MOFs需要可溶性前体;合成过程中不宜使用热敏性
试剂
[36]
甲醇蒸汽扩散法0.1~100 mm反应条件温和;易于形成高质量晶体;适用于实验室生产甲醇毒性大;生产周期长适用于小体积样品的制备;工业用途的可扩展性有限[37]
乙醇蒸汽扩散法1~3 μm生产过程环保;在不使用额外表面活性剂的情况下获得均匀尺寸的晶体;有可扩大生产的潜力反应条件要求严格,周期较长,且高温可能会造成晶体缺陷可用于小尺寸晶体的大
规模生产
[38]
超声辅助法400~600 nm环保;高效;晶体为纳米级对设备要求高;空化作用容易造成晶体缺陷适用于晶体的快速合成,多与其他方法联用[39]
微波辅助法1~5 μm;
100~400 nm
反应装置小、能耗低、能效高、绿色、无污染长时间的微波处理会提供的高温环境会破坏晶体结晶度;并且仪器差异性大,所以产品重现
性差
适用于晶体的快速合成,多与其他方法联用;不适用于热敏感晶体的合成[40]
种子介导法1~5 μm可控制晶体生长和尺寸;提高产量和效率;有可扩展合成的潜力需要预先成型的种子晶体和种子晶体制备的额外步骤;潜在的种子杂质会影响最终样品的质量此方法适用范围单一,多与其他多糖联用形成水凝胶用于客体分子的递送[30]
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环糊精金属有机框架的合成及在食品领域的应用
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孙梦瑶 , 袁超 * , 崔波 *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(7): 461-469
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (7) : 461 -469
环糊精金属有机框架的合成及在食品领域的应用
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孙梦瑶 , 袁超* , 崔波*
作者信息
  • 齐鲁工业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东济南 250353
通讯作者:
袁超(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:碳水化合物资源开发利用,E-mail:。
崔波(1971−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:淀粉衍生物及功能性淀粉,E-mail:。
作者简介:

孙梦瑶(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:碳水化合物资源开发利用,E-mail:

Synthesis and Application of Cyclodextrin Based Metal-organic Framework in Food Field
Mengyao SUN , Chao YUAN* , Bo CUI*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040088
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环糊精金属有机框架(Cyclodextrin based metal-organic frameworks,CD-MOFs)结合了环糊精(Cyclodextrin,CD)和金属有机框架(Metal-organic frameworks,MOFs)的优点,具有突出的多孔性和高比表面积,可以实现对目标生物活性成分的负载,在食品领域表现出巨大的应用潜力。本文总结了CD-MOFs的常用制备方法,阐述了超声和微波在常用合成方法中的辅助功能,介绍了种子介导制备新方法,总结了各种合成方法的优缺点;探讨了CD-MOFs在食品活性成分的负载和递送、污染物的检出、吸附及去除和乳液稳定剂方面的应用;并对CD-MOFs在食品领域的发展前景进行了展望。

环糊精金属有机框架  /  制备方法  /  活性成分  /  污染物  /  乳液稳定剂

Cyclodextrin based metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) include prominent tunable porosity and high surface area, which integrate the unique properties of cyclodextrins (CDs) and the structural advantages of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). These hybrid materials exhibit remarkable capacity for encapsulating bioactive compounds, demonstrating significant potential for food-related applications. This review systematically examines the synthesis methods of CD-MOFs, and highlights the auxiliary roles of ultrasound- and microwave-assisted techniques in conventional preparation processes. Additionally, a novel seed-mediated synthesis approach is introduced, followed by a comparative analysis of the advantages and limitations of existing methods. Furthermore, the applications of CD-MOFs in the food sector are critically evaluated, which are focus on three key areas: Encapsulation and controlled release of bioactive food ingredients, the detection, adsorption and removal of contaminants, and emulsion stabilization. Finally, the development prospects of CD-MOFs in food field are prospected.

cyclodextrin based metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs)  /  preparation methods  /  bioactive ingredients  /  contaminants  /  emulsion stabilization
孙梦瑶, 袁超, 崔波. 环糊精金属有机框架的合成及在食品领域的应用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 461 -469 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040088
Mengyao SUN, Chao YUAN, Bo CUI. Synthesis and Application of Cyclodextrin Based Metal-organic Framework in Food Field[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 461 -469 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040088
金属有机框架(Metal-organic frameworks,MOFs)由金属阳离子和有机配体组成,是一种无机-有机杂化的多孔材料[1]。金属阳离子作为关节,有机配体作为支柱,通过配位键或共价键组成金属有机框架的拓扑结构[2]。金属有机框架的多孔性、高表面积性和可调节的孔隙结构,使其具有较多的活性结合位点[3],用于吸附活性分子[4]、识别手性物质[5]、传递功能性药物[6]等。而组成金属有机框架的过渡金属阳离子和毒性有机配体的存在限制了其在食品中的应用[7]。近年来,许多学者用适量的钙离子、钾离子等作为碱性金属阳离子,用无毒的碳水化合物或氨基酸等作为有机配体,探究了金属有机框架的生物相容性及其应用。
环糊精(Cyclodextrin,CD)是环状低聚糖的总称,由D-吡喃葡萄糖单元组成,每一个D-吡喃葡萄糖单元都通过α-1,4-糖苷键连接,具有“外亲水,内疏水”的椅式构象,能够作为主体选择性键合多种疏水性客体小分子化合物,形成主-客体包合物[8],目前已成功地应用于食品[9],医药[10],化学[11]等诸多领域。但环糊精在高湿度环境下结构不稳定[12],具有较低的孔隙率和表面积,不利于药物的包埋和稳定。环糊精金属有机框架(Cyclodextrin based metal-organic frameworks,CD-MOFs)是以环糊精作为有机配体合成的新型金属有机框架,结合了环糊精的低毒性和金属有机框架的多孔性和高表面积性,可用于包裹和负载药物分子,有望在食品领域成为一种新型的绿色包裹材料[13]。
近些年,国内外的研究多集中在金属有机框架层面,缺乏对环糊精金属有机框架的合成及应用的专门分析,环糊精金属有机框架的研究方向多停留在环境科学、材料科学和生物医药等领域,而食品领域的集中总结较少。本文介绍了环糊精金属有机框架的合成方法,综述了环糊精金属有机框架在活性成分的负载、食品安全性检测和稳定皮克林乳液三个方面的应用,并针对当下的研究热点对环糊精金属有机框架在食品领域的发展做出展望。
近几年,溶剂热法已广泛适用于具有特殊粒径大小的环糊精金属有机框架晶体的合成(图1)。在高温高压下,金属离子与环糊精的羟基发生去质子化形成配位键,环糊精分子通过金属离子桥连,扩展生成三维多孔框架结构[14]。通过溶剂热法合成并在室温条件下能够有效生长纳米级绿色、优质的环糊精金属有机框架晶体。溶剂热法合成的α-CD-MOFs由每个α-CD与相邻的环糊精分子以主-次面模式相互连接,并沿轴线形成双通道亚基[15]。β-CD作为合成CD-MOFs的配体时,β-CD-MOFs呈现“8”型结构。当γ-CD作为合成CD-MOFs的配体时,γ-CD-MOFs呈现立方结构[16]。然而该方法产率受温度和压力条件的影响较大,且会产生大量溶剂废液,因此在合成晶体后,应考虑废液和环糊精的分离回收问题,实现溶剂的重复利用。为了提高环糊精金属有机框架的合成效率,现阶段多用超声工艺或微波工艺的辅助来促进晶体生长[17]。
甲醇蒸汽扩散法是一种用于合成环糊精金属有机框架和其他结晶材料的缓慢结晶技术,其核心原理是通过溶剂蒸汽的缓慢扩散来调控结晶环境的过饱和度,从而实现高质量单晶的生长。该方法特别适用于对结晶条件敏感的环糊精金属有机框架材料。CD和KOH混合于水溶液中,过滤后在室温下进行3~5周的甲醇扩散,收集沉淀物。利用蒸汽扩散法合成的β-CD-MOFs增强了薄荷醇的稳定性,实现了薄荷醇的缓慢释放[18]。与溶剂热法不同,蒸汽扩散法合成的α-CD-MOFs由2个α-CD、6个钾离子和14个晶格水组成[19]。
在传统的蒸汽扩散法中,甲醇毒性大,且过量的甲醇会导致晶体颗粒的聚集和晶体表面的破裂。为了降低CD-MOFs的毒性,研究人员通过提高乙醇的极性,用乙醇代替甲醇,使环糊精金属有机框架成为可食用载体[20]。乙醇蒸汽扩散法的合成过程分为两个阶段,第一阶段为晶体形成过程,升高温度促进乙醇蒸发,提高了蒸汽中乙醇浓度进而控制晶体颗粒大小;第二阶段为晶体生长过程,需缓慢注射无水乙醇,防止湍流对结晶的破坏,离心后收集结晶。与现有的方法相比,乙醇蒸汽扩散法具有突出的优点:在不使用额外表面活性剂的情况下获得均匀尺寸的晶体,并且在食品和生物医学应用领域中获得了较高接受度。
高强度的超声波在液体中产生高频压力波,形成微米空化泡,气泡瞬间崩溃时产生局部高温和高压,并伴随强烈剪切力,促进环糊精金属有机框架的均匀成核,并调节合成过程中的化学平衡。超声辅助法具有环保高效的优点,可在低温或室温下快速高效合成晶体,因此超声法常常与其他方法联用。控制超声强度和超声时间可以调节反应溶液中的化学平衡,进而获得具有均匀粒径的环糊精金属有机框架。但不同的设备对晶体形状和形态的控制有限,快速成核可能导致局部结构无序,应避免空化效应造成的缺陷或杂质[21]。在相同条件下,蒸汽扩散法可以获得微米级晶体,而用超声辅助法可以制备纳米级晶体[22]。超声波处理时间对γ-CD-MOFs晶体尺寸也有显著影响,处理时间越长,晶体越容易聚集,导致粒径变大[23]。
Chen等[23]在超声辅助溶剂热法合成传递杨梅素的γ-CD-MOFs微胶囊的研究中,发现在300 W超声功率下,超声时间为10 min的CD-MOFs-300-10的得率最高,实验时要注意在使用超声辅助法之前必须进行热处理,否则反应液中不能形成晶核,后续的超声作用便无法促进晶体的生长[24]。
微波处理的原理是电磁波与移动电荷之间的相互作用[25]。在外加电磁场作用下,溶液中的分子选择性地吸收特定频率的辐射并产生共振,获得反应体系所需的能量;迅速提高反应体系的温度,促进了金属离子与有机配体成键,将长达几小时的合成步骤缩短为几分钟。与传统的加热路径不同,微波辅助合成的金属有机框架表现出更小的粒径,归因于反应物中组分的选择性加热使晶体具有更快的成核动力和生长动力,组分的选择性加热会产生高浓度的成核点,从而产生较大的核与反应物之比,当晶体在这些核上生长时,剩余的反应物被迅速消耗,导致晶体尺寸缩小[26]。
Liu等[27]通过微波辅助合成法快速合成的γ-CD-MOFs,实现了对非类固醇消炎止痛药物的递送。微波辅助法具有反应装置小、能耗低、能效高、快速、廉价、绿色、无污染等特点,合成的金属有机框架纯度高且晶粒尺寸可控[28]。但长时间的微波处理会提供一个高温环境,破坏晶体的结晶度,并且不同的仪器不能提供相同的条件,所以产品重现性差。
种子介导法是利用种子提供有序的晶格模板,后续金属离子和环糊精在种子表面定向排列,加速框架延伸,减少结构缺陷。多糖颗粒表面常存在微观凹凸或化学不均一性,可作为“成核模板”,降低晶体成核临界成核自由能,促进晶核形成[29]。以短链线性淀粉纳米颗粒(SNP)为种子,基于短链淀粉纳米颗粒的CD-MOFs具有更高的结晶度和氮气摄取率,这表明种子介导的方法比以前的方法更简便、更高效。SNP、环糊精与KOH混合形成前驱体溶液,随后通过甲醇蒸汽扩散法合成了环糊精金属有机框架晶体[30]。由于环糊精在壳聚糖溶液中不能形成稳定的MOF晶体,因此,在γ-CD-MOFs包封白藜芦醇的实验中,研究人员在反应液中加入了一定量SNP,超声分散后获得γ-CD-MOFs[31]。
综上所述,现有的合成方法虽然可以成功制备CD-MOFs,但仍存在生产周期长,合成过程毒性大,晶体大小难以控制,工业生产存在限制等问题,可结合超声波、微波以及添加种子[32]来促进晶体的生长,利用喷雾干燥[33]等控制晶体大小,通过提高无毒反应液的极性来代替毒性反应液,另外,采用连续流技术[34],实现在工业生产上的有效利用[35]。表1总结了环糊精金属有机框架不同合成方法的合成效果、优缺点及适用范围。
环糊精金属有机框架的低毒性、高负载能力和低合成成本使其成为食品应用领域的研究热点,现阶段,环糊精金属有机框架在食品领域的主要应用方面为食品活性成分的负载和递送,污染物的检出、吸附与去除以及作为食品稳定剂应用于皮克林乳液。
食品活性成分因溶解度低、结构不稳定,在食品领域中的应用和发展受到限制。研究发现,客体分子与CD-MOFs孔洞和环糊精间隙之间存在氢键相互作用力、范德华力和静电吸附,经CD-MOFs负载后的不溶性活性成分的溶解度和生物利用度都有所提高[19];另外,CD-MOFs对活性成分的扩散有抑制作用,延长了递送时间,进而提高了抗氧化能力和抑菌能力,可用于营养分子的强化与食品保鲜。
在功能性因子的包埋实验中,主-客摩尔比是影响包埋率的主要因素。为了实现绿色生产,研究人员在控制主-客摩尔比的基础上,根据主客体分子的最适酸碱度调节反应pH优化客体分子的包埋率[41]。研究表明,在pH12的碱性条件下,芹菜素的包埋率为79.2%±1.2%,而在酸性条件下,芹菜素的包埋率仅在10%左右。从合成环境的角度分析,环糊精金属有机框架的合成环境和客体分子均为碱性,酸性环境会破坏晶体结构,最后导致客体分子无法被包埋;从分子间作用力角度分析,碱性环境会使酚羟基的氢离子丢失,增加了芹菜素的电负性,促进了芹菜素的酚羟基与KOH的羟基间氢键的形成。用β-CD-MOFs负载槲皮素和大黄素等喜酸性物质时[42],首先需要用醋酸对环糊精金属有机框架进行改性,包埋pH6时会达到槲皮素和大黄素的最大包埋率。若pH>7,槲皮素和大黄素容易在碱性环境下反应生成盐,不易被环糊精金属有机框架包埋。
另外,不同于多孔的α-CD-MOFs和γ-CD-MOFs,β-CD-MOFs的层状晶体形态会因高极性分子的存在而改变。高极性分子会影响环糊精与金属离子之间的氢键相互作用[43],二巯基琥珀酸、4-羟基苯并噁唑-2(3H)-硫酮和芹菜素均属于高极性活性分子,β-CD-MOFs对其进行负载后,层状晶体形态转变为多孔状形态,如图2所示。没食子酸(GA)属于中等极性活性分子,β-CD-MOFs对其进行包埋后层状结构不变,但可以观察到层状结构向下偏移,证明客体分子已经被包埋到CD-MOFs中[44],如图3所示。综上所述,环糊精金属有机框架负载功能性因子时,不仅要考虑主-客摩尔比,还要结合包埋环境、环糊精金属有机框架和客体的性质来优化包埋率。
用于功能性因子负载的传统方法为浸渍法,而用浸渍法处理的复合物包埋效率较低,现阶段为了提高环糊精金属有机框架对客体分子的包埋速度和效率,负载方法越来越侧重于共结晶法,即将环糊精、金属离子和功能性因子一起过滤至容器中,并与极性溶液接触,在合适的条件下,晶体合成与包埋同时进行,在此过程中,主客体分子的有效碰撞使负载能力和封装能力显著提高[45]。齐墩果酸(OA)通过共结晶法包埋至γ-CD-MOFs中,实现了齐墩果酸的高负载,另外,与传统包埋方法得到的晶体相比,扫描电镜下OA@CD-MOFs的晶体边缘较明显,说明共结晶法可以避免普通方法的磁力搅拌带来的机械损伤[46]。香芹酚与β-CD-MOFs共结晶会使β-CD-MOFs原本较紧密的层状结构变松散,证明客体分子可以通过影响金属离子与CD之间的化学键来影响晶核的生成和生长,而晶体结构的变化可以作为客体分子已经成功包埋的证据。所以共结晶法可作为复合物晶体合成的有效方法[47]。
环糊精金属有机框架对食品活性物质的负载和递送在营养物质的保护和靶向药物的递送方面具有重要前景[48]。CD-MOFs的形成受到抗原、肽自组装复合物的影响,并表现出对复合物的选择性保护作用[49]。环糊精金属有机框架有效抑制了维生素A棕榈酸(VAP)的自氧化,平行和不重叠的管状通道结构和腔体形状对VAP具有保护作用,并强化了VAP的热稳定性[50]。酯键交联对CD-MOFs进行疏水改性后,在水环境中表现出对槲皮素显著的缓释效果,体外和体内消化实验均表明该交联CD-MOFs具有良好的生物相容性[51]。在众多营养分子中,环糊精金属有机框架对姜黄素的负载与递送有深入研究,姜黄素的释放行为遵循一级动力学和Korsmeyer-Peppas模型,表明环糊精金属有机框架实现了对姜黄素的营养强化和缓慢释放,是姜黄素的可食用载体[21]。
传统食品保鲜膜对抑菌成分的负载量低,缓释效果差,且抑菌成分容易直接与空气接触造成营养损失。将抑菌成分负载在CD-MOFs中,应用于食品保鲜成膜液,不仅延长了抑菌成分的释放时间,使抑菌成分可以长时间有效利用,而且CD-MOFs可以作为填料提高膜的致密程度,降低食品的光氧化。掺入CD-MOFs的薄膜已成功应用在水果、蔬菜、海鲜制品和肉制品保鲜中。
研究人员利用CD-MOFs的多孔性和生物相容性对抗菌物质进行负载并提供有效的缓释机制,减少细菌对水果的污染,达到保鲜效果[52]。而香蕉、猕猴桃、柿子等后熟水果完全成熟后难以运输,因此,通常在水果还未完全成熟时进行采摘,在商业化之前执行采摘后的后熟程序[53]。乙烯利已被用于加速水果和蔬菜的成熟。例如,一种既能加速水果采后成熟,又能延长水果保质期的食品包装用CD-MOFs包封乙烯应用于成膜液,将TiO2纳米颗粒乙醇悬浮液喷涂到CD-MOF@PCL纳米纤维降解乙烯。实验结果表明,纳米级CD-MOFs具有较高的乙烯吸附能力,当水果成熟后,TiO2纳米粒子可以在紫外辐射下催化乙烯,使乙烯光氧化降解,不再对水果进行催熟[54]。此外,研究人员开发了γ-CD-MOF-K新型乙烯气体负载材料,研究了其对红肉猕猴桃采后的保鲜效果, CD-MOFs良好的乙烯负载率及稳定性使其能够在果蔬采后保鲜领域有良好的应用前景,在提高水果采后品质方面具有巨大潜力和理论指导意义。
掺入没食子酸(GA)的γ-CD-MOFs制备的复合玉米醇溶蛋白活性膜(Zein-GA@CD-MOFs)对大肠杆菌的抗菌活性为44.56%~77.97%,对肠沙门氏菌的抗菌性能为28.36%~59.49%,并对猪肉具有持续100 d的抗氧化性能[55]。在另一项研究中,经负载丁香精油的β-CD-MOFs处理后,熏肉的脂质氧化值如丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化值(POV)均低于丁香精油和合成抗氧化剂处理后的熏肉脂质氧化值,可提高丁香精油对熏肉脂质氧化的抑制作用[56]。
CD-MOFs含有大量羟基,呈碱性,当环境中的酸碱度发生变化时羟基的含量也会发生变化,遇酸碱指示剂会变色;CD-MOFs的多孔性和高表面积性使其拥有大量客体分子的附着位点,便于包埋酸碱指示剂和活性物质;CD-MOFs的两亲性结构能够支撑其在特定条件下智能响应并控制活性物质释放,从而在最佳时机实现精准递送。CO2可以与环糊精金属有机框架的羟基反应形成碳酸。当环糊精金属有机框架包埋甲基红时,由于环糊精金属有机框架呈碱性,甲基红呈现黄色,当甲基红环糊精金属有机框架复合物暴露于CO2时,甲基红变为红色[57]。在草莓新鲜度的视觉检测实验中,包埋姜黄素(Cur)的环糊精金属有机框架(CD-MOFs-Cur)具有酸度响应性。这项工作为姜黄素在食品保鲜中的应用提供了可能性。一种基于甲基纤维素/聚乙烯醇(MP)基质的智能包装薄膜,通过引入经茜素(ALI)复合的γ-环糊精金属有机框架(γ-CD-MOFs@ALI),实现了对肉类新鲜度的比色监测与保鲜双重功能[58]。
随着经济的不断发展和世界人口的不断增长,人类活动产生了各种各样的污染物。若高毒性、不可降解的污染物流入食物链,并在生物体内富集,将对人类健康造成巨大威胁[4]。因此,建立有效的方法去除有害污染物已成为一个重要的研究目标。近年来的研究表明,CD-MOFs具有比表面积大、尺寸可调及吸附容量大等特点,能够通过重金属离子螯合作用、物理吸附和主客体相互作用等检测、吸附并去除食品中的有机化合物、重金属、农药、抗生素等多种污染物。
Sun等[59]提出了一种基于电化学检测法的手性分子识别方法。将β-CD-MOFs与碳酸二苯酯交联得到可以在水环境中保持稳定手性交联的CLMOF,并和氧化石墨烯(GO)共同修饰在玻璃碳电极(GCE)表面,构建了用于手性识别杏仁酸(MA)对应体的GO-CLMOF/GCE电化学传感器,MA的不同对映体在GO-CLMOF/GCE传感器上表现出不同的电化学行为,为有机物的检出和定量提供了思路。研究人员用巯基修饰γ-CD-MOFs(γ-CD-SURMOFs),并利用石英晶体微天平(QCM)监测生物分子并选择三肽对映异构体模型进行吸附研究分析后得出,三肽的摄取和弥散系数显著增加,证明γ-CD-SURMOFs可作为生物传感器材料对三肽进行检出[60],如图4所示。然而,CD-MOFs材料的质量受环境湿度影响较大,所以在使用CD-MOFs基生物传感器时应考虑环境造成的检测误差,需要进一步开发更加稳定、更抗干扰的新型CD-MOFs材料。
培养肉的生产依赖于光引发剂苯基-2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰膦酸锂(LAP)等交联形成三维基质。然而,培养肉中的光引发剂残留物对人体健康构成潜在风险,需要有效地检测和去除。研究人员用可食用材料制备了环保CD-MOFs,并证明了其优异的LAP吸附能力,吸附量可达88.19±3.65 mg/g[61],相对于先前用β-CD-MOFs制备的抗生素吸附剂(261.21~343.42 mg/g),此CD-MOFs对于污染物有更低检出限(21.05~106.79 mg/g)[62]。在一项研究中,多功能β-CD-MOFs对甲草胺的最大吸附量在261.21~343.42 mg/g之间。采用简单、经济的方法制备了具有优异吸附性能的β-CD-MOFs与柠檬酸交联所合成的吸附剂,具有较高的水稳定性和对Pb2+、Cd2+和Sb3+的吸附能力(758.7、525.3和398.1 mg/g)[63]。以戊醛为交联剂,在室温下合成了氨基嘧啶修饰的环糊精金属有机骨架(AP-β-CD-MOFs)。该过程引入了额外的吸附位点和共轭体系,从而提高了CD-MOFs对四环素等农药的吸附性能[64]。另一项研究中将β-CD-MOFs作为有机配体接枝到TiO2上制备杂化纳米复合材料。该材料结合了环糊精的吸附性能、MOFs的高比表面积和二氧化钛在水中的稳定性,作为分散固相萃取吸附剂对蜂蜜中的有机氯农药残留进行了萃取,回收率为76.4%~114.3%[65]。水产品中持续存在的异味已成为制约水产产业发展的重要因素,γ-CD-MOFs能有效降低鱼糜中挥发醛类物质的含量,不仅为水产品的除臭提供了有前景的策略,而且为食品工业内CD-MOFs的使用开辟了途径[66]。
研究人员已成功利用了CD-MOFs 为乳化剂制备了皮克林乳液,CD-MOFs具有高结晶度,故CD-MOFs皮克林乳液表现出强离心稳定性[19]。高内相皮克林乳液(HIPEs)是胶体界面化学的一个重要研究领域,满足了各种应用对坚固乳液体系的需求,研究人员利用蛋白与多糖之间的相互作用合成新型CD-MOFs纳米颗粒作为稳定剂提高乳液稳定性。白藜芦醇和大豆分离蛋白包裹环糊精金属有机骨架(RCS)合成的一种新型纳米颗粒可用于稳定高内相皮克林乳液用于3D打印[67];十八烯基琥珀酸酐(ODSA)疏水改性后的CD-MOFs (OCM)可用稳定高内相皮克林乳液[68],如图5所示。另外,酸酐结构的引入可以破坏细菌细胞壁,提高乳液稳定性的同时显著提高了涂层乳液的抗菌能力[69]。
目前,CD-MOFs在皮克林乳液中作为乳液稳定剂的研究内容较少,提高CD-MOFs皮克林乳液稳定性的同时提高其抗菌能力是未来的研究方向之一[70]。另外,可以利用蛋白与多糖之间的相互作用合成新型CD-MOFs纳米颗粒作为稳定剂提高乳液稳定性,为食品定制与精准营养的融合提供了新的视角。
本文综述了CD-MOFs的合成方法及其在食品领域的应用。合成CD-MOFs的传统方法是溶剂热法和蒸汽扩散法,为了提高合成效率,超声辅助法、微波辅助法和基于蒸汽扩散法的种子介导法越来越受到关注。在食品工业中,CD-MOFs的多孔性和生物相容性可用于对食品活性成分进行负载和递送,实现功能性因子的包埋、营养成分的强化和食品保鲜;利用CD-MOFs的手性碳原子可以实现食品成分的检测、吸附与去除;CD-MOFs的两亲性可以使其应用在皮克林乳液中充当表面活性剂附着在乳滴表面,提高皮克林乳液的乳液稳定性,防止水油分层。必要时可对CD-MOFs进行改性,增强其疏水性、生物相容性和抑菌特性。
环糊精金属有机框架作为当下的研究热点,仍然面临着很多挑战,未来应该主要从以下四个方面进行研究:第一,缩短晶体合成时间,可结合超声波、微波以及添加种子来促进晶体的生长;第二,控制晶体大小,利用喷雾干燥、连续流技术实现均匀晶体颗粒的生产;第三,对客体分子进行包埋时,可从客体分子的性质方面考虑包埋条件和方法,可使用共结晶法提高客体分子的包埋率;第四,构建CD-MOFs基生物传感器时应考虑环境造成的检测误差,需要进一步开发更加稳定、更抗干扰的新型CD-MOFs材料;第五,用于食品保鲜的CD-MOFs不仅可以通过包埋活性物质达到抗菌抗氧化效果,还可以考虑CD-MOFs的改性和包埋同时进行,达到提高乳液稳定性和食品保鲜的双重效果。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040088
  • 接收时间:2025-04-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-09
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    齐鲁工业大学食品科学与工程学院,山东济南 250353

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袁超(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:碳水化合物资源开发利用,E-mail:。
崔波(1971−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:淀粉衍生物及功能性淀粉,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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