Article(id=1320884080170881961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050258, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748361600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852905551, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852905551, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852905551, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852905551, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=377, endPage=388, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884081672442795, articleId=1320884080170881961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Inhibitory Effects and Mechanism of Cinnamaldehyde Nanoemulsion Against Aspergillus niger and Ochratoxin A in Fermented Sausages, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the predominant mycotoxin in fermented meat products and poses a serious threat to consumer health. Highly effective and safe plant essential oils and their active components represent ideal natural antifungal agents. This study developed cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion (Cin-Ne) as an antifungal agent to target the risk of OTA exposure caused by mold contamination in fermented meat products. The average particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and Zeta potential of Cin-Ne were measured over 28 days of storage at 4 ℃ using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Results demonstrated that Cin-Ne exhibited good storage stability: The average particle size increased from 168.3 nm to 218.8 nm, the PDI remained stably below 0.18, and the Zeta potential consistently exceeded 28 mV. In vitro antifungal assays revealed that the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of Cin-Ne against Aspergillus niger A-8 was 0.073 mg/g. Cin-Ne significantly inhibited key developmental stages of A. niger A-8, including mycelial growth, spore germination, and sporulation (P<0.05). In a fermented sausage model, the surface application of Cin-Ne (2×EC50) onto casings significantly suppressed A. niger A-8 growth and reduced OTA levels. By the end of fermentation, OTA content in the casings and stuffing was significantly reduced by 58.4% and 52.1%, respectively (P<0.05). Cin-Ne combated A. niger A-8 through multiple pathways: Disrupting cell membrane integrity (increased relative electrical conductivity, decreased ergosterol content), interfering with energy metabolism (reduced activity of key tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes and ATPase, decreased ATP levels), inducing oxidative stress (dysregulation of antioxidant enzyme activity, excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species accompanied by lipid peroxidation), and activating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway (mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, cytochrome c release into the cytosol). The developed Cin-Ne demonstrates potential as a natural antifungal agent, offering a novel strategy for preventing OTA contamination in fermented meat products.

, authors=Yawen ZHAO, Qiujin ZHU, Jing WAN*, authorsList=Yawen ZHAO, Qiujin ZHU, Jing WAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing WAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884083165615032, articleId=1320884080170881961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=肉桂醛纳米乳液对发酵香肠中黑曲霉及赭曲霉毒素A的抑制作用和机制, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

赭曲霉毒素A(Ochratoxin A,OTA)是发酵肉制品中主要的真菌毒素,严重威胁着消费者健康。高效安全的植物精油及其活性成分是理想的天然抗真菌剂。本研究针对发酵肉制品中霉菌污染引发的OTA暴露风险,开发了一种肉桂醛纳米乳液(Cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion,Cin-Ne)作为抗真菌剂。采用动态光散射技术测定其在4 ℃储藏28 d的平均粒径、多分散指数(Polydispersity Index,PDI)和Zeta电位。结果显示,Cin-Ne具备良好的贮藏稳定性,平均粒径由168.3 nm增至218.8 nm,PDI稳定低于0.18,Zeta电位始终高于28 mV。体外抑菌实验表明,Cin-Ne对黑曲霉A-8的半数有效抑制浓度(EC50)为0.073 mg/g,显著抑制其关键发育阶段,包括菌丝生长、孢子萌发和孢子生成(P<0.05)。在发酵香肠模型中,Cin-Ne(2×EC50)涂抹于肠衣表面可显著抑制黑曲霉A-8生长并降低OTA水平,使发酵结束时肠衣和肉馅中OTA含量显著降低了58.4%和52.1%(P<0.05)。Cin-Ne通过破坏细胞膜完整性(相对电导率升高、麦角甾醇含量降低)、干扰能量代谢(三羧酸循环关键酶及ATP酶活性降低、ATP水平降低)、诱导氧化应激(抗氧化酶活性失调、活性氧过度积累伴随脂质过氧化)以及激活线粒体凋亡通路(线粒体膜电位去极化、细胞色素c向胞质释放)等多途径共同发挥了抗黑曲霉作用。本研究开发的Cin-Ne展现出作为天然抗真菌剂的潜力,为预防发酵肉制品中OTA污染提供了新策略。

, authors=赵娅雯, 朱秋劲, 万婧*, authorsList=赵娅雯, 朱秋劲, 万婧, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=万婧, authorNote=

赵娅雯(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
万婧(1986−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
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赵娅雯(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:

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赵娅雯(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:

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Chemico-Biological Interactions, 2011, 190(1): 16−27., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320884083383718841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884080170881961, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884083392107450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884080170881961, companyId=1320884083383718841, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884083400496059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884080170881961, companyId=1320884083383718841, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=贵州大学酿酒与食品工程学院,贵州贵阳 550025)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320884086554612693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884080170881961, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Storage stability of Cin-Ne, figureFileSmall=3jVtCocJEsxer29zZiUrSw==, figureFileBig=okGH8ZboELxy/jIfJOrktg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884086625915862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884080170881961, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Cin-Ne的储藏稳定性

注:A:粒径分布;B:平均粒径与多分散指数;C:Zeta电位与离心常数;图中不同小写字母表示组间差异显著,P<0.05,图2、图5同。

, figureFileSmall=3jVtCocJEsxer29zZiUrSw==, figureFileBig=okGH8ZboELxy/jIfJOrktg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884086831436759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884080170881961, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Inhibitory effects of Cin-Ne on A. niger in vitro, figureFileSmall=SW48p9jAOAwitBRtOcbSPA==, figureFileBig=LQ4ZbHE4+nDkjhlpPmRCyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884086890157016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884080170881961, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Cin-Ne对黑曲霉的体外抑制作用

注:A:菌丝生长抑制率;B:菌丝干;C:孢子萌发率;D:孢子数量。

, figureFileSmall=SW48p9jAOAwitBRtOcbSPA==, figureFileBig=LQ4ZbHE4+nDkjhlpPmRCyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884086953071577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884080170881961, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Inhibitory effects of Cin-Ne on OTA synthesis by A. niger during sausage fermentation, figureFileSmall=bihR+RHT5lstpkdAyNNRNQ==, figureFileBig=xp5KImmOUnRjzTLnyABhsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884087032763354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884080170881961, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Cin-Ne对香肠发酵过程中黑曲霉合成OTA的抑制作用

注:A:肠衣中OTA含量;B:肉馅中OTA含量;C:霉菌总数;图中不同小写字母表示同一取样时间组间差异显著,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=bihR+RHT5lstpkdAyNNRNQ==, figureFileBig=xp5KImmOUnRjzTLnyABhsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884087120843739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884080170881961, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of Cin-Ne on the microscopic morphology of A. niger, figureFileSmall=6Pq55cboeWGfF09b8+6oPg==, figureFileBig=XO+L7KyjDyO1dRbITiB7dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884087179563996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884080170881961, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Cin-Ne对黑曲霉微观形态的影响

注:A:菌丝体微观结构;B:孢子微观结构;CM:细胞膜;CW:细胞壁;CYM:细胞质基质;CN:细胞核;rER:粗面内质网;M:线粒体;V:囊泡。

, figureFileSmall=6Pq55cboeWGfF09b8+6oPg==, figureFileBig=XO+L7KyjDyO1dRbITiB7dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884087255061469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884080170881961, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of Cin-Ne on cell membrane integrity in A. niger, figureFileSmall=+Wx7bgcfVtJyt89ugtExGA==, figureFileBig=dDQdsE4+KH90D0Y2AYuRww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884087338947550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884080170881961, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Cin-Ne对黑曲霉细胞膜完整性的影响

注:A. 相对电导率;B. 核酸泄漏量;C. 蛋白质泄漏量;D. 麦角甾醇含量。

, figureFileSmall=+Wx7bgcfVtJyt89ugtExGA==, figureFileBig=dDQdsE4+KH90D0Y2AYuRww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884087418639327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884080170881961, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Schematic diagram of the antifungal mechanism of Cin-Ne, figureFileSmall=VGUuvoHe7a/rEDctDrMufg==, figureFileBig=/JNxU4ndoEISULWFdq86tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884087477359584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884080170881961, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Cin-Ne抗真菌机制示意图, figureFileSmall=VGUuvoHe7a/rEDctDrMufg==, figureFileBig=/JNxU4ndoEISULWFdq86tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884087548662753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884080170881961, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of Cin-Ne on energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis-related indicators in A. niger

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机制肉桂醛浓度(mg/g)
CK0.5×EC50EC502×EC50
能量代谢
ATP含量 (μmol/g)5.43±0.56a4.88±0.08a3.81±0.21b2.86±0.65b
ATP酶活性(U/g)6.81±0.56a3.69±0.22b2.74±0.44c1.62±0.33d
柠檬酸合成酶活性(U/g)360.00±87.91a249.20±61.00b198.03±24.10b57.40±19.48c
异柠檬酸脱氢酶活性(U/g)557.32±61.58a381.15±51.77b170.55±24.44c31.61±8.03d
α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶活性(U/g)229.05±11.37a175.30±29.60b71.94±13.66c14.88±6.24d
氧化应激
活性氧水平(AU)1718.00±143.16d2576±135.33c4134±91.13b4427±108.09a
过氧化物酶活性(U/g)160.07±14.97a117.60±19.60b73.50±12.96c29.40±9.80d
过氧化氢酶活性(U/g)318.03±42.63c475.26±11.95b513.49±37.63b677.09±34.10a
丙二醛含量(nmol/g)6.47±0.33c7.37±0.47bc8.62±0.78b15.95±0.96a
细胞凋亡
线粒体膜电位0.113±0.011a0.108±0.003a0.101±0.004a0.085±0.004b
细胞色素c含量 (nmol/g)13.34±0.80c15.88±2.15c21.16±1.61b23.93±0.71a
), ArticleFig(id=1320884087615771618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884080170881961, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Cin-Ne对黑曲霉能量代谢、氧化应激及细胞凋亡相关指标的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机制肉桂醛浓度(mg/g)
CK0.5×EC50EC502×EC50
能量代谢
ATP含量 (μmol/g)5.43±0.56a4.88±0.08a3.81±0.21b2.86±0.65b
ATP酶活性(U/g)6.81±0.56a3.69±0.22b2.74±0.44c1.62±0.33d
柠檬酸合成酶活性(U/g)360.00±87.91a249.20±61.00b198.03±24.10b57.40±19.48c
异柠檬酸脱氢酶活性(U/g)557.32±61.58a381.15±51.77b170.55±24.44c31.61±8.03d
α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶活性(U/g)229.05±11.37a175.30±29.60b71.94±13.66c14.88±6.24d
氧化应激
活性氧水平(AU)1718.00±143.16d2576±135.33c4134±91.13b4427±108.09a
过氧化物酶活性(U/g)160.07±14.97a117.60±19.60b73.50±12.96c29.40±9.80d
过氧化氢酶活性(U/g)318.03±42.63c475.26±11.95b513.49±37.63b677.09±34.10a
丙二醛含量(nmol/g)6.47±0.33c7.37±0.47bc8.62±0.78b15.95±0.96a
细胞凋亡
线粒体膜电位0.113±0.011a0.108±0.003a0.101±0.004a0.085±0.004b
细胞色素c含量 (nmol/g)13.34±0.80c15.88±2.15c21.16±1.61b23.93±0.71a
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肉桂醛纳米乳液对发酵香肠中黑曲霉及赭曲霉毒素A的抑制作用和机制
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赵娅雯 , 朱秋劲 , 万婧 *
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(8): 377-388
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (8) : 377 -388
肉桂醛纳米乳液对发酵香肠中黑曲霉及赭曲霉毒素A的抑制作用和机制
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赵娅雯 , 朱秋劲, 万婧*
作者信息
  • 贵州大学酿酒与食品工程学院,贵州贵阳 550025
通讯作者:
万婧(1986−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

赵娅雯(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:

Inhibitory Effects and Mechanism of Cinnamaldehyde Nanoemulsion Against Aspergillus niger and Ochratoxin A in Fermented Sausages
Yawen ZHAO , Qiujin ZHU, Jing WAN*
Affiliations
  • School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050258
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赭曲霉毒素A(Ochratoxin A,OTA)是发酵肉制品中主要的真菌毒素,严重威胁着消费者健康。高效安全的植物精油及其活性成分是理想的天然抗真菌剂。本研究针对发酵肉制品中霉菌污染引发的OTA暴露风险,开发了一种肉桂醛纳米乳液(Cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion,Cin-Ne)作为抗真菌剂。采用动态光散射技术测定其在4 ℃储藏28 d的平均粒径、多分散指数(Polydispersity Index,PDI)和Zeta电位。结果显示,Cin-Ne具备良好的贮藏稳定性,平均粒径由168.3 nm增至218.8 nm,PDI稳定低于0.18,Zeta电位始终高于28 mV。体外抑菌实验表明,Cin-Ne对黑曲霉A-8的半数有效抑制浓度(EC50)为0.073 mg/g,显著抑制其关键发育阶段,包括菌丝生长、孢子萌发和孢子生成(P<0.05)。在发酵香肠模型中,Cin-Ne(2×EC50)涂抹于肠衣表面可显著抑制黑曲霉A-8生长并降低OTA水平,使发酵结束时肠衣和肉馅中OTA含量显著降低了58.4%和52.1%(P<0.05)。Cin-Ne通过破坏细胞膜完整性(相对电导率升高、麦角甾醇含量降低)、干扰能量代谢(三羧酸循环关键酶及ATP酶活性降低、ATP水平降低)、诱导氧化应激(抗氧化酶活性失调、活性氧过度积累伴随脂质过氧化)以及激活线粒体凋亡通路(线粒体膜电位去极化、细胞色素c向胞质释放)等多途径共同发挥了抗黑曲霉作用。本研究开发的Cin-Ne展现出作为天然抗真菌剂的潜力,为预防发酵肉制品中OTA污染提供了新策略。

肉桂醛纳米乳液  /  黑曲霉  /  抗真菌  /  发酵香肠  /  赭曲霉毒素A

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the predominant mycotoxin in fermented meat products and poses a serious threat to consumer health. Highly effective and safe plant essential oils and their active components represent ideal natural antifungal agents. This study developed cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion (Cin-Ne) as an antifungal agent to target the risk of OTA exposure caused by mold contamination in fermented meat products. The average particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and Zeta potential of Cin-Ne were measured over 28 days of storage at 4 ℃ using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Results demonstrated that Cin-Ne exhibited good storage stability: The average particle size increased from 168.3 nm to 218.8 nm, the PDI remained stably below 0.18, and the Zeta potential consistently exceeded 28 mV. In vitro antifungal assays revealed that the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of Cin-Ne against Aspergillus niger A-8 was 0.073 mg/g. Cin-Ne significantly inhibited key developmental stages of A. niger A-8, including mycelial growth, spore germination, and sporulation (P<0.05). In a fermented sausage model, the surface application of Cin-Ne (2×EC50) onto casings significantly suppressed A. niger A-8 growth and reduced OTA levels. By the end of fermentation, OTA content in the casings and stuffing was significantly reduced by 58.4% and 52.1%, respectively (P<0.05). Cin-Ne combated A. niger A-8 through multiple pathways: Disrupting cell membrane integrity (increased relative electrical conductivity, decreased ergosterol content), interfering with energy metabolism (reduced activity of key tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes and ATPase, decreased ATP levels), inducing oxidative stress (dysregulation of antioxidant enzyme activity, excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species accompanied by lipid peroxidation), and activating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway (mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, cytochrome c release into the cytosol). The developed Cin-Ne demonstrates potential as a natural antifungal agent, offering a novel strategy for preventing OTA contamination in fermented meat products.

cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion  /  Aspergillus niger  /  antifungal  /  fermented sausage  /  ochratoxin A
赵娅雯, 朱秋劲, 万婧. 肉桂醛纳米乳液对发酵香肠中黑曲霉及赭曲霉毒素A的抑制作用和机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 377 -388 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050258
Yawen ZHAO, Qiujin ZHU, Jing WAN. Inhibitory Effects and Mechanism of Cinnamaldehyde Nanoemulsion Against Aspergillus niger and Ochratoxin A in Fermented Sausages[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 377 -388 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050258
赭曲霉毒素A(Ochratoxin A, OTA)是发酵肉制品成熟期检出率最高的真菌毒素,主要由曲霉属和青霉属丝状真菌通过次生代谢产生[1]。作为赭曲霉毒素家族中毒性最强的化合物,OTA具有肾毒性、肝毒性、神经毒性、免疫毒性以及致癌致畸作用[2]。国际癌症研究机构(IARC)将其列为2B类致癌物[3],随着致癌性证据的不断累积,最新研究建议将其升级为2A类[4]。发酵肉制品中OTA污染主要源于成熟期产毒真菌在表皮的定殖,加工环境中的水分活度(Aw)、pH和营养物质等因素共同促进产毒真菌的增殖[5]。欧盟风险评估表明,发酵香肠是消费者长期摄入OTA的主要膳食来源[6]。调查数据显示部分地区OTA污染显著超标,克罗地亚发酵香肠中OTA浓度达6.86 μg/kg[7],意大利北部香肠样品高达18 μg/kg,远超意大利规定的肉制品中限量标准(1 μg/kg)[8]。此外,OTA不仅存在于肠衣中,还可向肉馅中迁移[9]。鉴于传统食用方式包含肠衣和肉馅的同步摄入,其健康风险值得警惕。此外,由于OTA分子中氯代异香豆素核心与苯丙氨酰基团的吸电子效应和共轭刚性[10],OTA具有强热稳定性,常规烹饪手段难以有效降解。
目前,发酵肉制品中真菌污染的防控主要依赖硝酸盐、山梨酸盐等化学抑菌剂。然而,长期使用可能引发微生物耐药性并存在潜在健康风险[11]。随着食品清洁标签趋势的兴起,植物精油及其活性成分凭借广谱抑菌性、低耐药性及高安全性的优势,成为极具潜力的天然替代品[12]。其中,肉桂醛是研究最集中的精油成分之一[13],相较于柠檬醛、丁香酚等常见精油活性成分,其在多种食品基质中对赭曲霉(Aspergillus ochraceus)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)等产毒菌株的生长及OTA生物合成抑制效果更显著[14−15]。该成分已获美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)的公认安全认证(GRAS),并符合中国GB 2760-2024《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》及国际食品法典委员会(CAC)制定的《食品添加剂通用标准》。然而,肉桂醛的实际应用仍受限于其光热不稳定性、低水溶性、易氧化降解及挥发性异味等固有缺陷[16]。为突破上述局限并保持抗真菌活性,纳米乳化技术应用日益广泛[17]。纳米乳化技术通过将精油包封于纳米液滴中,可显著提升其光热稳定性、水溶性、生物利用度以及在食品基质中的分散性,实现活性成分可控释放并降低挥发性异味[18]。目前,基于精油纳米体系的抗真菌及OTA合成抑制研究多局限于体外模型(微生物培养基、模拟培养基),其在发酵香肠等复杂食品体系中的实际效能仍需验证。此外,阐明精油纳米乳液的作用机制是推广其应用的关键。现有抗真菌机制研究虽涉及细胞膜损伤、能量代谢干扰及氧化应激诱导等途径[19−20],但多局限于解析单一作用机制,忽视了通路间的级联效应与协同作用。此外,针对发酵肉制品中特定产毒素真菌(如OTA产生菌)的系统性精油纳米乳液抑菌机制研究仍较缺乏。因此,通过整合多通路互作分析解析植物精油纳米乳液对发酵肉制品中产OTA真菌的多靶点作用机制,为开发高效、低耐药性靶向预防策略提供理论基础。
基于此,本研究以课题组前期分离于本地传统干腌火腿的高产OTA黑曲霉(A. niger A-8)为研究对象,制备食品级肉桂醛纳米乳液(Cin-Ne),评估其应用稳定性。然后通过体外实验明确其抗真菌活性,并在发酵香肠模型中验证其对OTA合成的抑制能力,进一步从细胞膜损伤、能量代谢抑制、氧化应激诱导及凋亡通路激活等多靶点效应解析作用机制。该研究成果将深化对Cin-Ne多靶点抗真菌作用机制的理解,为开发天然抗真菌剂在发酵肉制品中的应用提供理论依据。
黑曲霉菌株(Aspergillus niger A-8) 本课题组前期从贵州盘县火腿中筛选、纯化获得,在干腌火腿培养基中产OTA能力为8.76±0.76 μg/kg,GenBank数据库登录号为ON636764;本研究使用的所有化学试剂均为分析纯;肉桂醛(食品级,纯度≥95%) 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;猪里脊肉、猪背脂 贵州台农兴旺食品有限公司;氯化钠(食品级) 贵州盐业(集团)有限公司;乳糖 郑州蔚辰生物科技公司;黑胡椒粉 上海味好美食品公司;壳聚糖(脱乙酰度≥90%)、柠檬酸合成酶(Citrate synthase,CS)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(Isocitrate dehydrogenase,ICDH)、α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶(α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenas,α-KGDH)活性、线粒体膜电位(Mitochondrial membrane potential,MMP)检测试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;三水醋酸钠 上海易恩化学公司;冰醋酸 天津富裕化工公司;吐温80 天津致远化工公司;马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)、马铃薯葡萄糖肉汤(PDB)、孟加拉红琼脂(RBA)培养基 广东博微生物公司;赭曲霉毒素A酶联免疫吸附检测试剂盒 北京勤邦生物技术公司;过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)、ATP含量、ATP酶活性检测试剂盒 生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)检测试剂盒 南京建成生物公司;细胞色素c(Cytochrome c,Cyt c)酶联免疫吸附试剂盒 武汉酶联生物公司。
Scientz-IID超声细胞破碎仪 宁波新芝公司;DelsaNano C Zeta电位粒度仪 美国贝克曼库尔特公司;SW-CJ-1FB超净工作台 湖南力辰公司;DMEX20光学显微镜 宁波舜宇公司;LGJ-18真空冷冻干燥机 上海豫明公司;Multiskan SkyHigh酶标仪 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;SU8100扫描电子显微镜、HT7800透射电子显微镜、F-2700荧光分光光度计 日本日立公司;DDSJ-308A电导率仪 上海雷磁公司。
Cin-Ne的制备主要参考Wu等[21]描述的方法并稍作改动。在连续磁力搅拌下,以醋酸盐缓冲液(10 mmol/L,pH3.0)为连续相,辅以0.1wt%壳聚糖、1wt%吐温80、3wt%玉米油和1wt%肉桂醛。然后在冰浴中使用探头式超声细胞破碎仪(输出功率500 W)对混合物进行超声处理5 min(脉冲开启3 s,脉冲关闭2 s)。
Cin-Ne保存在4 ℃下,测量前用醋酸盐缓冲液稀释100倍,以避免多重散射效应。在第0、7、14、21和28 d,使用Zeta电位粒度仪在28 ℃、173°检测角和1.453折射率下检测平均粒径、多分散指数(PDI)和Zeta电位。Cin-Ne用醋酸盐缓冲液稀释10倍,4 ℃、2000×g离心30 min。测量离心前和离心后样品(同一位置)在500 nm波长处的吸光值。离心常数(Ke)的计算公式为:
$\rm Ke(\text{%})=\frac{\text{A}-{\text{A}}_{\text{0}}}{\text{A}}\text{×100} $
式中,A和A0分别为离心前和离心后的吸光度值。
黑曲霉A-8菌株保存于20%的甘油溶液中,保存温度为−80 ℃。孢子经PDA培养基28 ℃培养7 d后,用0.1%吐温80收集,经无菌纱布过滤去除菌丝残体后,使用血细胞计数器将孢子浓度调整至1.0×107 spores/mL。
Cin-Ne的抗真菌活性采用平板检测法进行评估[14]。在倒板前将不同浓度的Cin-Ne与PDA培养基充分混合,于平板中心接种5 μL黑曲霉A-8孢子悬液(1×107 spores/mL),28 ℃培养4 d,使用游标卡尺测量菌丝生长直径。菌丝生长抑制率(MGI)的计算公式为:
$\rm MGI(\text{%})=\frac{({\text{D}}_{\text{C}}-{\text{D}}_{\text{T}})}{{\text{D}}_{\text{C}}}\text{×100} $
式中,DC和DT分别为对照组和处理组的平均菌落直径(mm)。通过浓度-反应曲线回归分析确定半数最大效应浓度(EC50)。
为量化菌丝生物量,在PDB培养基中添加0.5×EC50、EC50和2×EC50的Cin-Ne,接种100 μL黑曲霉A-8孢子悬液(1×107 spores/mL),28 ℃、150 r/min振荡培养4 d。菌丝体经无菌超纯水充分洗涤后,于60 ℃烘干至恒重,采用重量法测定干生物量。
在孢子萌发分析中,Cin-Ne的测试浓度为0.25×EC50、0.5×EC50和EC50。将5 μL黑曲霉A-8孢子悬液(1×107 spores/mL)接种于PDA培养基,28 ℃培养32 h,每8 h于光学显微镜(400×)下观测萌发进程。以芽管长度超过孢子半径作为萌发判定标准,每个观测时间点至少计数200个孢子,以确保统计可靠性。
为评估Cin-Ne对真菌孢子生成的影响,从培养4 d的PDA平板中打孔取菌丝体琼脂块(直径8 mm),悬浮于0.1%吐温80的溶液中,涡旋振荡2 min充分释放孢子,在光学显微镜下使用血细胞计数器进行定量。
发酵香肠主要参照Hospital等[22]的方法制备,略有改动。配方由瘦猪肉(70.0%)和脂肪(24.2%)组成,将其搅碎并与氯化钠(2.5%)、乳糖(3.0%)和黑胡椒粉(0.3%)充分混合,然后将混合物塞入胶原蛋白肠衣中制成香肠(每根200 g)。经紫外照射2 h后,香肠表面分别接种:对照组(CK)涂抹2 mL无菌水、接种组(AN)涂抹1 mL无菌水和1 mL黑曲霉A-8孢子悬液(1×107 spores/mL)、复合处理组(AN+Cin-Ne)涂抹1 g Cin-Ne(2×EC50)和1 mL黑曲霉A-8孢子悬液(1×107 spores/mL)。分步发酵方案如下:第一阶段(22 ℃,90% RH,2 d)、第二阶段(19 ℃,88% RH,1 d)、第三阶段(15 ℃,86% RH,1 d)、终期发酵(12 ℃,85% RH,23 d)。
在发酵的第9、18和27 d取样,样品经冷冻干燥后,以商用酶联免疫吸附试剂盒分析OTA含量(检出限=1.63 μg/kg,定量限=2.43 μg/kg),并以不含香肠样品的甲醇溶液作空白对照,最终的OTA含量以样品测量值减去空白对照值。霉菌总数测定:取5 g样品与45 mL无菌生理盐水均质,10倍梯度稀释后接种于RBA培养基,28 ℃培养5 d后计数霉菌菌落。
使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征Cin-Ne在黑曲霉中诱导的形态和超微结构变化。首先进行SEM分析,将黑曲霉A-8孢子悬液(1×107 spores/mL)接种于PDB培养基中28 ℃振荡培养(120 r/min)48 h,收集菌丝体,经Cin-Ne(2×EC50)处理24 h后,依次经5%戊二醛和1%锇酸固定,乙醇梯度脱水(30%~100%),CO2临界点干燥,离子溅射镀金(15 mA,30 s),在5 kV的扫描电镜下观察菌丝形貌。然后进行TEM分析,黑曲霉A-8孢子悬液(1×107 spores/mL)经Cin-Ne(2×EC50)于28 ℃、150 r/min处理24 h后,经类似SEM的固定及梯度脱水处理,包埋于Epon 812树脂(60 ℃聚合48 h),超薄切片(70 nm)经醋酸铀(2%,70%乙醇,8 min)和枸橼酸铅(2.6%,8 min)双重染色,于80 kV的透射电镜下成像分析。实验全程设置未处理对照组,随机采集≥10个视野,图像由两名研究人员独立评估,以确保形态学评估的客观性。
采用电导率测定法及紫外吸收法评估Cin-Ne对细胞膜完整性的影响。将培养48 h的黑曲霉菌丝体经无菌水洗涤后,分别以0.5×EC50、EC50及2×EC50浓度的Cin-Ne处理,每隔12 h测定上清液的电导率值(R1)。相对电导率(REC,%)按公式(3)计算,其中R0为背景电导率(Cin-Ne加入纯水),R2为总电导率(菌丝体煮沸后测定)。同时,检测上清液在260 nm和280 nm处的吸光度,以分别评估核酸和蛋白质的泄漏情况。
$\rm REC(\text{%}) =\frac{{\mathrm{R}}_{1}-{\mathrm{R}}_{0}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{2}-{\mathrm{R}}_{0}}\times 100 $
麦角甾醇定量分析参照Yang等[23]的方法。取0.5 g经Cin-Ne处理12 h的菌丝体,加入25% KOH-乙醇溶液,85 ℃皂化反应4 h,经正己烷萃取后测定282 nm与230 nm处吸光度,按公式(4)计算麦角甾醇含量(ERG,%)。
$\rm \text{ERG}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{282}}{290\times \mathrm{W}}-\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{230}}{518\times \mathrm{W}} $
式中,A282和A230分别为282 nm和230 nm处的吸光度值;W为菌丝干重, g。
为探究Cin-Ne对黑曲霉A-8能量代谢的影响,检测了三羧酸循环(TCA)关键酶(CS、ICDH、α-KGDH)的活性、ATP含量及ATP酶活性。按1.2.4节方法收集处理菌丝体后,收集新鲜样本经滤纸吸干表面水分。然后按照各检测试剂盒说明书处理样品,使用酶标仪测定吸光度,检测波长分别为:CS(412 nm)、ICDH(505 nm)、α-KGDH(340 nm)、ATP(340 nm)及ATP酶(660 nm)。
$\rm \text{CS}(\text{U/g})=\frac{{1061\times \Delta A_S}}{\text{W}}+\frac{{212\times \Delta A_P}}{\text{W}} $
$\rm \text{ICDH}(\mathrm{U/g})=\frac{5.89\times {(\Delta A_T-0.0951)}}{\text{0.0011}\times \text{W}} $
$\rm \alpha \text{-KGDH}(\text{U/g})=\frac{{2480.7\times (\Delta A_T-\Delta A_B)}}{\text{W}} $
$\rm \text{ATP}(\text{μmol/g})=\frac{{0.625\times \Delta A_T}}{{\Delta A_{RM}\times W}} $
$\rm {ATP酶}({U/g})=\frac{{7.5\times (A_T-A_C)}}{{(A_{RM}-A_B)\times W}} $
式中,ΔAS、ΔAP分别为上清液、沉淀组分反应前后吸光度差值;ΔAT、ΔAB、ΔARM分别为测定组、空白组、标准品反应前后吸光度差值;AT、AC、ARM、AB分别为测定组、对照组、标准品、空白组的吸光度值;W为菌丝干重, g。ICDH的标准曲线方程为y=0.0044x+0.0951(R2= 0.991)。
通过测定黑曲霉A-8菌丝体中CAT、POD活性及MDA含量,评估Cin-Ne诱导的氧化应激效应。按1.2.4节方法收集处理菌丝体,滤纸吸干表面水分后,参照试剂盒说明书测定酶活性及MDA含量,使用酶标仪测定CAT(240 nm)、POD(470 nm)及MDA(双波长532 nm和600 nm)的吸光值。
$\rm {CAT}({U/g})=\frac{{764.5\times \Delta A_T}}{{W}} $
$\rm {POD}({U/g})=\frac{{9800 \times \Delta A_T}}{{W}} $
$\rm \text{MDA}({nmol/g})=\frac{{53.763\times \Delta A_T}}{\text{W}} $
式中,ΔAT:测定组反应前后吸光度差值;W:菌丝干重, g。
细胞内ROS检测基于Zhao等[24]的方法并稍作修改。使用不同浓度的Cin-Ne(0.5×EC50、EC50和2×EC50)处理黑曲霉A-8孢子悬液(1×107 spores/mL),28 ℃振荡培养(120 r/min)16 h,2000×g离心5 min收集孢子,使用荧光分光光度计在488 nm激发波长和525 nm发射波长下定量ROS水平,以未处理孢子悬液为阴性对照。荧光强度值与孢子计数进行归一化处理,并以每1×107孢子的相对荧光强度表示。
通过MMP及Cyt c含量测定,评估Cin-Ne对真菌凋亡的影响。参考ROS制样方法,采用荧光探针法检测MMP,设定激发/发射波长分别为490/530 nm(JC-1单体,绿光荧光)及525/590 nm(JC-1聚合物,红光荧光),MMP以红色/绿色荧光强度表征。按1.2.4节方法收集处理菌丝体,Cyt c含量采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定,使用酶标仪于450 nm波长处测定吸光度。
$\rm \text{MMP}=\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{525}/{\mathrm{A}}_{\text{590}}}{{A_{490}/A_{530}}} $
$ \text{Cyt c}=\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{450}-\text{0.0545}}{\text{0.0729}} $
式中,A525/A590、A490/A530:测定组在激发波长/发射波长分别为525/590 nm和490/530 nm时的吸光度值;A450:450 nm处的吸光度值。Cyt c的标准曲线方程为y=0.0729x+0.0545(R2=0.9992)。
所有实验数据均来自三个独立的重复实验,以平均值±标准偏差(SD)表示;使用IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0软件进行统计分析,Microsoft Excel 2021软件绘图;采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)和邓肯多重检验进行统计学比较,P<0.05被认为具有统计学显著性。
为了制备具有长期稳定性的食品级Cin-Ne作为发酵香肠抗真菌剂,确保其在应用过程中保持包封肉桂醛的生物活性,监测了Cin-Ne的液滴平均粒径和PDI随储存时间的变化情况(图1A~图1B)。28 d储存期内,未观察到絮凝、相分离和沉淀现象(图1A),平均粒径由初始168.3 nm增至218.8 nm(图1B),可能是由于液滴粒径达到亚微米级,布朗运动的作用力克服了重力作用力[25]。PDI是纳米乳液稳定性的关键指标,反映了液滴粒度分布的均匀性,粒度分布窄(PDI<0.3)表明液滴分散均匀[26]。在储存期内,PDI持续低于0.18且呈单峰分布,表明奥斯特瓦尔德熟化现象被有效抑制,液滴在该体系中分布均匀,不易发生聚集或沉淀。
如图1C所示,Zeta电位通过调节静电排斥力和表面电荷密度在稳定乳液方面起着关键作用。壳聚糖分子中亲核的氨基基团在液滴表面形成多阳离子保护层,赋予液滴+42.99 mV的初始电位,通过强静电斥力抑制液滴凝聚[27]。此外,壳聚糖溶解在连续相中可增加乳液黏度,进一步阻止液滴聚集和沉淀[28]。储存28 d后Zeta电位降至+28.52 mV,仍接近临界稳定阈值(30 mV),表明静电屏障作用持久有效。
通过离心加速实验评估Cin-Ne在极端条件下的稳定性,以Ke表征相分离程度。Ke值越低,表明液滴在离心前后保持良好分散,体系稳定性越高[29]。Cin-Ne在储存期内Ke值均低于2%(图1C),归因于高电位产生的静电斥力增强了对离心力的抵抗力[30],且纳米级液滴较低的重力沉降势能,共同维持了体系的稳定状态。综上,这些结果表明了Cin-Ne的长期稳定性。
为评估Cin-Ne对分离自发酵肉制品的产OTA黑曲霉的抗真菌作用,测定了其EC50,并探究了Cin-Ne对菌丝生长、孢子萌发及生成的影响。
如图2A所示,Cin-Ne对黑曲霉菌丝生长的抑制作用呈显著的浓度依赖性,经剂量-效应曲线回归分析确定其EC50为0.073 mg/g。当浓度达到0.08 mg/g时,可完全抑制菌丝生长。与文献报道的其他精油活性成分相比,Cin-Ne对黑曲霉的抑制活性更强,肉桂精油抑制黄曲霉的EC50为0.25 μL/mL[24],纯肉桂醛抑制黑曲霉的EC50为0.1 μL/mL[31],丁香酚抑制碳青霉的EC50为0.8 μL/mL[32]。此外,菌丝干重测定结果进一步验证了上述结论(图2B),菌丝生物量随Cin-Ne浓度增加而呈浓度依赖性下降(P<0.05)。经0.5×EC50、EC50浓度Cin-Ne处理后,菌丝干重显著降低(P<0.05),分别为CK组的71.5%、63.9%,2×EC50浓度下菌丝生物量为0,表明菌丝生长被完全抑制。与Sun等[33]使用肉桂醛处理黑曲霉的结果相似,100 μg/L肉桂醛使菌丝干重下降79.7%,150 μg/L时完全抑制菌丝生长。以上结果表明Cin-Ne对黑曲霉生长具有显著的抑制能力,阻断了其生物量的合成与积累。
孢子萌发动态监测结果表明,不同处理组间存在显著差异(图2C)。CK组孢子萌发迅速,8 h时萌发率已达92.0%,至16 h完全萌发(100.0%);而Cin-Ne处理组呈现显著延迟:0.25×EC50组在8 h萌发率仅60.5%(16 h达100.0%),且芽管长度显著短于CK组;0.5×EC50组在8 h内未萌发(0.0%),至16 h萌发率为85.4%;EC50组在32 h观测期内始终未萌发,孢子仍停留在膨胀期。先前研究也发现了类似的抑制效应,64 μL/L芥末精油纳米乳液处理6 h使白地霉孢子萌发率显著降低至6.67%[34],而山苍子精油在0.08 μL/mL浓度下可完全阻断黄曲霉菌孢子萌发[35]。本研究中,在EC50(0.073 mg/g)浓度下,黑曲霉的孢子萌发被完全抑制,表明Cin-Ne对此类抗逆性真菌生存结构具有显著抑制效应。
如图2D所示,Cin-Ne对黑曲霉产孢能力具有显著抑制作用且呈浓度依赖性。当浓度为0.01 mg/g时,孢子数降至CK组的81.92%,浓度增加到0.06 mg/g时孢子数大幅降低,仅为CK组的8.11%,表明高浓度Cin-Ne抑制作用显著增强(P<0.05)。该结果与文献报道的阿育魏果精油(60 μL/L)熏蒸显著抑制黄曲霉孢子生成的现象一致[36],共同证明萜烯类化合物对霉菌繁殖的强抑制作用。此外,当浓度达0.07 mg/g时,黑曲霉产孢能力被完全抑制(未观察到孢子),表明该浓度Cin-Ne可有效阻断因孢子传播导致的二次侵染,为霉菌防控提供新策略。
上述结果表明,Cin-Ne对菌丝生长、孢子萌发及生成等真菌发育关键阶段均呈现浓度依赖性抑制效应。
通过监测发酵过程中OTA含量的动态变化(图3A~图3B),评估Cin-Ne对发酵香肠中OTA合成的抑制作用。初始分析显示,第0 d仅肠衣中检出OTA(0.52 μg/kg),肉馅中未检出。至第9 d,黑曲霉接种组(AN组)肉馅中OTA含量(2.32 μg/kg)较CK组显著积累(P<0.05),表明该菌株在香肠基质中的产OTA潜力。
所有组中OTA含量在发酵期间未持续上升,而是呈现三个特征性动态变化阶段。在0~9 d的初始阶段,肠衣与肉馅中OTA水平持续上升,至第9 d均超出意大利肉制品中限量标准(1 μg/kg)[8],表明OTA由肠衣向内部肉馅发生快速径向迁移。此阶段与早期适宜的发酵条件(较高温湿度)促进黑曲霉代谢活动有关,与萨拉米香肠模型研究结论一致,在较高的温度和水分活度(20 ℃和0.97~0.99)条件下,两株韦氏曲霉(Aspergillus westerdijkiae)的OTA合成量最大[37]。在9~18 d的中期阶段,各处理组肠衣和肉馅中OTA含量均呈下降趋势,其中仅AN+Cin-Ne组的OTA 含量在第18 d 时较第 9 d 显著降低(P<0.05),表明Cin-Ne不仅抑制黑曲霉生长,还可抑制OTA合成。在18~27 d的终末阶段,肠衣与肉馅呈现相反趋势,肠衣中OTA持续下降,肉馅中OTA出现反弹,表明合成与降解达到动态平衡,且OTA持续向基质内部迁移。OTA分布具有显著的空间动态特征,其亲脂性与发酵香肠的高脂特性共同促进OTA由肠衣向肉馅迁移[38]。至第27 d,Cin-Ne处理使肠衣中OTA含量降至CK组水平(P>0.05),肠衣和肉馅中OTA含量较AN组显著降低了58.4%和52.1%(P<0.05),表明Cin-Ne在整个发酵周期内具有持续抑制作用。研究结果与发酵香肠和干腌火腿中OTA向基质内部迁移的研究一致,OTA可从发酵香肠表面向内部扩散1~2 cm[39],陈远珊[40]的研究表明,干腌火腿中存在OTA迁移现象,在原料鲜腿中未检出OTA,而发酵8个月后,火腿表层OTA浓度达5.65 μg/kg,内部OTA浓度为2.65 μg/kg,表明OTA可在干腌火腿表层形成并向深层肌肉组织渗透,上述现象表明针对OTA的抗真菌研究需兼顾时间与空间维度。本研究不仅揭示了香肠基质中OTA积累/降解的时间规律与空间迁移特征,同时验证了Cin-Ne作为发酵肉制品中OTA生物合成抑制剂的应用潜力。
监测了香肠发酵过程中表面霉菌群落的动态变化(图3C),CK组中自然污染霉菌在0~18 d由3.56 lg CFU/g逐渐增至3.86 lg CFU/g;而黑曲霉接种组(AN组)呈快速增殖趋势,第9 d即达4.90 lg CFU/g,表明该产OTA黑曲霉在发酵香肠基质中具有良好适应性。
AN+Cin-Ne组展现出显著的霉菌抑制效应,第9 d时霉菌数量(3.96 lg CFU/g)已显著低于AN组(P<0.05)。进一步分析显示,在9~18 d发酵阶段,AN+Cin-Ne组日均霉菌增长率较AN组低48.5%。此外,当CK组在发酵后期(18~27 d)进入快速增长期时,AN+Cin-Ne组出现负增长,最终霉菌总数低于CK组。这种抑制模式可归因于Cin-Ne的双重协同作用,其缓释特性确保肉桂醛的持续释放,同时足量的肉桂醛可穿透肠衣屏障进入香肠基质内部[41]。在整个27 d发酵周期内,AN+Cin-Ne组霉菌数始终显著低于AN组(P<0.05)。该研究结果表明Cin-Ne体系可同步控制特定产OTA霉菌与常规霉菌污染,为发酵肉制品的安全控制提供了新思路。
通过电子显微镜观察发现,Cin-Ne处理导致黑曲霉菌丝及孢子发生显著形态学改变。SEM结果显示,Cin-Ne处理组(2×EC50)与CK组样本存在明显差异(图4A)。CK组菌丝表面光滑、直径均一且管状结构完整,而Cin-Ne处理组菌丝出现表面皱缩、结构塌陷及局部破裂等严重形态异常。
TEM结果进一步从亚细胞层面揭示Cin-Ne的抑菌机制(图4B)。CK组孢子显示出组织良好的细胞结构,细胞壁完整,质膜紧密贴附,细胞器分布有序。与此相反,Cin-Ne处理会诱导孢子超微结构损伤,孢子体积显著缩小、细胞壁结构完全解体、质膜脱落和内陷、胞内细胞器(尤其是线粒体)明显减少以及细胞质广泛空泡化。此外,Cin-Ne处理后的孢子可见胞内物质外泄现象(胞外环境呈弥散状态),表明其膜完整性完全丧失。
这些显著的超微结构变化表明,Cin-Ne通过多靶点发挥抗真菌活性,包括破坏细胞壁的合成和稳态、干扰细胞膜结构和功能以及诱导细胞器降解。这些严重的形态损伤与2.2和2.3章节中观察到的黑曲霉生长和OTA合成的抑制密切相关,为Cin-Ne的显著抗真菌作用提供了可视化证据。对菌丝和孢子结构的损害进一步表明了Cin-Ne可抑制霉菌的不同发育阶段,增强其作为发酵肉制品抗真菌剂的应用潜力。
真菌细胞膜在维持细胞稳态和调控选择性运输中起关键作用[42]。本研究揭示了Cin-Ne对黑曲霉细胞膜具有多重破坏效应(图5)。
首先,膜完整性显著受损(图5A):处理72 h后,0.5×EC50、EC50及2×EC50组的相对电导率分别较CK组提升了23.5%、41.1%和55.4%,同时伴随核酸(OD260 nm)和蛋白质(OD280 nm)外泄(图5B~图5C),表明Cin-Ne可破坏黑曲霉膜结构。肉桂醛通过嵌入质膜疏水区扰乱脂质排列,导致膜刚性增强与功能障碍[43]。此外,OD260 nm和OD280 nm分别在初始36 h和24 h内快速上升,后期上升趋势缓慢,可能与营养耗竭后存活细胞进入代谢停滞状态有关。
其次,麦角甾醇的生物合成受到显著抑制(图5D)。麦角甾醇是真菌细胞膜中含量最高的甾醇,在维持膜完整性和真菌生长方面发挥着重要作用[44]。0.5×EC50、EC50和2×EC50组的麦角甾醇含量较CK组分别降低了8.2%、39.2%和49.9%(P<0.05)。该结果与Ju等[45]关于丁香酚-柠檬醛复合处理使黑曲霉麦角甾醇减少55.2%的发现一致。麦角甾醇含量降低可能是由于其生物合成途径被破坏以及编码关键酶的基因转录受到抑制[33,46]。
这些发现共同表明,Cin-Ne通过破坏膜的完整性和干扰麦角甾醇的合成,有效破坏了黑曲霉的膜屏障功能,观察到的抗真菌效应主要归因于这种系统性膜损伤。
ATP浓度作为细胞能量代谢的核心分子,与生理状态及活性密切相关[47]。本研究发现,Cin-Ne处理可诱导黑曲霉胞内ATP含量呈浓度依赖性降低(表1)。0.5×EC50、EC50和2×EC50处理组较CK组分别降低10.1%、29.9%和47.3%,这一现象与多重作用机制的协同调控密切相关。通过TEM观察发现Cin-Ne处理导致细胞线粒体损伤(图4B),这与线粒体功能障碍导致ATP合成减少的报道一致[48]。此外,相对电导率升高(图5A)提示ATP可能通过受损的膜结构外流[49]。ATP浓度降低不仅直接影响黑曲霉细胞能量供给,还可能引发其他生理过程的级联效应[50]。
此外,Cin-Ne对ATP酶活性产生显著浓度依赖性抑制作用(P<0.05,表1),该结果与牛至精油的作用规律相似[51]。ATP酶活性降低阻碍ATP水解释放能量,进而干扰菌丝延伸、营养吸收、孢子生成及次生代谢物合成等生理过程[52−53]。肉桂醛的亲脂性可能促进其与膜结合酶(ATP酶)的相互作用,这为上述抑制作用提供了结构基础。
Cin-Ne对TCA关键酶表现出广谱抑制作用(表1)。低浓度Cin-Ne(0.5×EC50)处理后,关键酶活性显著降低:柠檬酸合成酶(CS)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(ICDH)和α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶(α-KGDH)活性分别降低30.8%、31.6%和23.5%,且呈浓度依赖性。酶活性大幅降低可能源于肉桂醛诱导的膜损伤,细胞质膜和线粒体膜的完整性被破坏导致胞内酶外泄。前人研究表明,甲基胡椒酚和大黄酸处理均可通过下调黄曲霉中TCA关键酶(如柠檬酸合成酶、α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体及琥珀酰辅酶A合成酶)的编码基因从而抑制其活性[54−55]。Cin-Ne对黑曲霉的抑菌现象与茶树油处理灰葡萄孢菌的研究结论一致,TCA途径受到抑制后,伴随ROS过度积累以及ATP合成水平下降[56]。TCA关键酶活性降低会引发多重级联效应:CS活性降低会阻碍TCA的启动,ICDH活性降低抑制NADPH生成(削弱霉菌抗氧化防御能力),α-KGDH被抑制直接减少氧化磷酸化所需的NADH(导致ATP合成受阻)。综上,Cin-Ne通过减少能量供给、ATP酶抑制及TCA关键酶活性抑制三重作用破坏能量代谢,其多靶点作用机制可能是其对黑曲霉显著抗黑曲霉作用的重要基础。
氧化应激在调控霉菌毒素生物合成中起关键作用,精油成分可通过促进胞内ROS积累从而抑制真菌生长及毒素合成[57]。本研究发现,Cin-Ne诱导黑曲霉ROS水平呈浓度依赖性显著升高(P<0.05,表1),表明其胞内氧化还原稳态严重失衡。该现象与肉桂醛引发意大利青霉氧化应激的报道一致[58]。胞内ROS水平升高,一方面由于Cin-Ne引发的氧化胁迫作用,另一方面由于其对TCA关键酶活性的抑制(电子传递链组分缺失及NADPH合成不足)导致NADPH依赖性的抗氧化系统被抑制,共同破坏了胞内氧化还原稳态。高浓度Cin-Ne(EC50和2×EC50)处理后MDA含量显著增加(P<0.05,表1),分别为CK组的1.3倍和2.5倍。肉桂醛可能通过其疏水特性嵌入膜脂双层,改变膜通透性并引发离子失衡,在氧自由基爆发驱动下持续加剧脂质过氧化,MDA含量升高表明脂质过氧化是氧化应激的必然结果[56,59]。
黑曲霉的抗氧化应答呈现相反的变化规律,POD活性受到显著抑制(2×EC50组活性降低了81.6%),而CAT活性却呈剂量依赖性升高。该抗氧化酶反应特征与Zhang等[60]和Sun等[33]的研究结果一致,这可能是真菌应对肉桂醛胁迫的特征性抗氧化响应。POD活性抑制与CAT活性升高的同步发生可能造成ROS清除能力的时空失衡,加剧氧化损伤。Cin-Ne诱导的氧化应激对真菌生理具有深远影响,除直接细胞损伤外,氧化还原失衡可能干扰次级代谢(包括OTA生物合成)的相关信号通路[61−62]。Cin-Ne的多途径氧化攻击与膜完整性破坏及能量代谢抑制形成协同效应,共同构成了多靶点抗黑曲霉作用体系。
能量代谢紊乱与氧化应激失衡在真菌凋亡调控中发挥关键作用。研究结果显示,Cin-Ne诱导黑曲霉MMP呈浓度依赖性降低(表1),其中2×EC50浓度处理后MMP去极化现象最显著。该结果与罗勒精油处理黄曲霉导致MMP降低的报道一致[63]。MMP去极化可能归因于肉桂醛对TCA关键酶的抑制(导致电子传递链NADH/FADH2供应减少)以及ROS诱导的脂质过氧化(破坏膜完整性并增加质子泄漏)[58]。MMP去极化不仅阻碍ATP合成,还可通过线粒体通透性转换孔(mPTP)持续开放启动凋亡通路,这是内源性凋亡途径的典型特征[64]。
作为细胞凋亡的关键效应分子,Cyt c从线粒体释放至细胞质的亚细胞重分布是凋亡启动的关键标志。如表1所示,Cin-Ne处理16 h后,EC50和2×EC50组细胞质Cyt c含量分别达21.16±1.61 nmol/g和23.93±0.71 nmol/g,较CK组(13.34±0.80 nmol/g)显著升高(P<0.05)。该结果与前期研究结果相符[50,65],表明线粒体Cyt c释放是肉桂醛诱导真菌凋亡的保守特征。Cyt c的释放不仅会破坏电子传递链、加剧细胞能量危机,还可通过ROS积累激活元半胱天冬酶(metacaspase),进而触发类凋亡程序性死亡通路[66]。
综合研究结果表明,Cin-Ne通过多靶点协同机制发挥抗真菌活性(图6)。Cin-Ne的亲脂性可破坏膜完整性并干扰麦角甾醇合成,损害膜屏障功能。进入胞内后,通过抑制ATP酶及TCA关键酶(CS、ICDH、α-KGDH)活性靶向线粒体,导致能量代谢障碍(ATP水平下降)。此外,诱导ROS生成并破坏NADPH依赖性抗氧化系统,引发氧化还原失衡。TCA关键酶抑制与ROS介导的脂质过氧化(MDA含量升高)协同加剧膜通透性改变,导致MMP去极化及mPTP持续开放,该级联效应促使Cyt c从线粒体向胞质释放,激活metacaspase,进而诱导类凋亡程序性死亡通路。这些发现深化了对植物源抗菌剂触发真菌细胞保守凋亡机制的认识,为食品保鲜领域开发靶向抗真菌策略提供了新思路。
本研究成功制备并表征了具有良好稳定性的Cin-Ne(4 ℃贮藏28 d后平均粒径<220 nm、PDI<0.18、Zeta电位>28 mV),为其实际应用奠定了基础。体外实验表明Cin-Ne可显著抑制黑曲霉菌丝生长、孢子萌发及生成等关键发育阶段。在发酵香肠模型中,Cin-Ne不仅显著抑制了黑曲霉生长及OTA生物合成,还抑制了环境中其他霉菌的生长。Cin-Ne的抗黑曲霉作用通过以下多途径协同实现:(i)抑制麦角甾醇合成破坏细胞膜完整性;(ii)抑制TCA关键酶及ATP酶活性并降低ATP水平,干扰能量代谢;(iii)诱导活性氧积累引发氧化应激及脂质过氧化;(iv)诱导线粒体膜电位去极化,促使细胞色素c释放至胞质激活凋亡程序。本研究揭示了Cin-Ne对产OTA黑曲霉A-8的多靶点作用机制,为其作为高效、安全的天然抗真菌剂在食品体系中的实际应用提供了理论依据。然而,鉴于Cin-Ne的广谱抑菌活性及其显著气味特征,需进一步评估其对发酵肉制品中微生物群落及产品风味等感官品质的潜在影响。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050258
  • 接收时间:2025-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-28
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    贵州大学酿酒与食品工程学院,贵州贵阳 550025

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万婧(1986−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品安全,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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