Article(id=1320884060336010144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030362, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743091200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852900822, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852900822, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852900822, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852900822, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=431, endPage=441, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884060516365217, articleId=1320884060336010144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Hypolipidemic Effect of Insoluble Dietary Fiber from Flammulina velutipes Root in Hyperlipidemic Mice, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the effect of steam-exploded insoluble dietary fiber from Flammulina velutipes root (SE-IDF) on blood lipids and liver protection. The insoluble dietary fiber was prepared using an enzymatic method, and its chemical composition and fundamental physicochemical properties were characterized. A hyperlipidemia model was established in C57BL/6J male mice (n=40) induced by high-fat diet feeding. Mice were randomly divided into five groups: Normal diet group (ND), high-fat diet group (HFD), and three SE-IDF treatment groups with low (SE-IDFL, 50 mg/kg), medium (SE-IDFM, 100 mg/kg), and high doses (SE-IDFH, 200 mg/kg). After 10 weeks of intervention, serum and hepatic levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured. In addition, serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were assessed. Hepatic oxidative stress markers, including total superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA), were also determined. Hepatic steatosis and lipid distribution were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and oil red O staining to evaluate pathological changes in liver tissue. The results indicated that the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in Flammulina velutipes root were significantly reduced by steam explosion treatment. Compared with IDF without steam explosion treatment, the oil holding capacity and cholesterol binding capacity of SE-IDF were obviously improved, resulting in good oil adsorption capacity. Animal experiments demonstrated that, compared with the HFD group, the SE-IDFH group significantly reduced serum and hepatic TC, TG, and LDL-C levels (P<0.05), and increased HDL-C levels (P<0.05). All SE-IDF treatment groups enhanced SOD and CAT activity as well as GSH levels, while decreasing MDA, LPS, and IL-6 concentrations, thereby alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress induced by a high-fat diet. SE-IDFM and SE-IDFH groups markedly improved liver histopathological structure, reduced hepatic lipid droplet area, vacuole formation, and inflammatory infiltration. These findings suggest that SE-IDF can effectively improve dyslipidemia in hyperlipidemic mice, reduce hepatic lipid accumulation, and exert hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, and anti-fatty liver effects.

, authors=Liying NI1, Mengxue SUN1, Fuxia HU1, Ming ZHANG1, Zebin GUO2, Shaoling LIN2, Chao MA1, *, Maoyu WU1, *, authorsList=Liying NI, Mengxue SUN, Fuxia HU, Ming ZHANG, Zebin GUO, Shaoling LIN, Chao MA, Maoyu WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chao MA, Maoyu WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884062131172274, articleId=1320884060336010144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=金针菇菇脚不溶性膳食纤维对高血脂小鼠的降脂作用, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究蒸汽爆破预处理的金针菇菇脚不溶性膳食纤维(SE-IDF)的降血脂以及肝脏保护功效,利用酶法制备不溶性膳食纤维并探究其化学组成及基本理化性质,采用高脂饲料诱导构建高血脂小鼠模型,将40只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为正常饮食组(ND)、高脂饮食组(HFD)、金针菇菇脚不溶性膳食纤维低(SE-IDFL,50 mg/kg)、中(SE-IDFM,100 mg/kg)、高剂量组(SE-IDFH,200 mg/kg)。10周后,检测血清和肝脏中总胆固醇(Total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(Triglycerid,TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(High-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)的含量;测定血清中天冬氨酸转氨酶(Aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(Alanine transaminase,ALT)、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)和白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)的水平;测定肝脏中氧化应激因子超氧化物歧化酶(Total superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的活力及含量;通过HE、油红O染色法观察肝脏脂肪病变及分布情况。结果显示:蒸汽爆破处理显著降低金针菇菇脚中纤维素、半纤维素及木质素含量。与未蒸汽爆破处理的IDF相比,SE-IDF的持油力及胆固醇结合能力明显提高,具有良好的油脂吸附能力。动物实验结果表明,与HFD组相比,SE-IDFH组能显著降低高血脂小鼠血清及肝脏中TC、TG、LDL-C水平(P<0.05);升高HDL-C水平(P<0.05);不同剂量的SE-IDF均可提高高血脂小鼠中SOD、CAT活性以及GSH含量,降低MDA、LPS及IL-6的含量,缓解高脂饮食引起的炎症损伤及氧化应激反应。SE-IDFM及SE-IDFH组可明显改善肝脏组织病理学结构,减少肝脏脂滴面积、空泡的数量和炎症浸润。结果表明 SE-IDF可以改善高血脂小鼠血脂异常,减少高血脂症小鼠肝脏中脂质沉积,达到降血脂、改善脂肪肝和保护肝脏的作用。

, authors=倪立颖1, 孙梦雪1, 胡付侠1, 张明1, 郭泽镔2, 林少玲2, 马超1, *, 吴茂玉1, *, authorsList=倪立颖, 孙梦雪, 胡付侠, 张明, 郭泽镔, 林少玲, 马超, 吴茂玉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马超, 吴茂玉, authorNote=

倪立颖(1994−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物提取及评价,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
马超(1982−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:功能食品研发,E-mail:。
吴茂玉(1972−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬菌资源综合利用,E-mail:。
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倪立颖(1994−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物提取及评价,E-mail:

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International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2019, 20(21): 5302., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320884062345081779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884062353470388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, companyId=1320884062345081779, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Jinan Fruit Research Institute, All China Federation of Supply & Marketing Co-operatives, Jinan 250014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884062366053301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, companyId=1320884062345081779, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中华全国供销合作总社济南果品研究所,山东济南 250014)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320884062454133686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884062462522295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, companyId=1320884062454133686, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884062470910904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, companyId=1320884062454133686, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2福建农林大学食品科学学院,福建福州 350002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320884065113322473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Animal experimental design of the study, figureFileSmall=mR+zEugoRzt6mIHLHjIgCw==, figureFileBig=49SXxeXr2HyjpxXux8R4bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884065180431338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, language=CN, label=图1, caption=动物实验设计, figureFileSmall=mR+zEugoRzt6mIHLHjIgCw==, figureFileBig=49SXxeXr2HyjpxXux8R4bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884065381757931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=FT-IR spectrum of IDF and SE-IDF, figureFileSmall=ckEsxUzRz/ytq8jaFTcRng==, figureFileBig=ELMQE8RjHJx6gFBEk6KWag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884065444672492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, language=CN, label=图2, caption=IDF和SE-IDF的红外光谱, figureFileSmall=ckEsxUzRz/ytq8jaFTcRng==, figureFileBig=ELMQE8RjHJx6gFBEk6KWag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884065507587053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of the insoluble dietary fiber with steam explosion pretreatment (SE-IDF) in HFD-induced obese mice, figureFileSmall=gj41xsSP6OuUz//C4Rw5HA==, figureFileBig=R7b53ndGEJv2hsI1zdCw/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884065574695918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, language=CN, label=图3, caption=蒸汽爆破预处理的不溶性膳食纤维对高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠的影响

注:(A)体重;(B)体重增加;(C)摄食量;(D~G)TC、TG、LDL-C和HDL-C的水平;不同的小写字母表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05),图4~图8同。

, figureFileSmall=gj41xsSP6OuUz//C4Rw5HA==, figureFileBig=R7b53ndGEJv2hsI1zdCw/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884065641804783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of SE-IDF on ALT and AST level in serum of mice, figureFileSmall=CtNuxPTbNPUCmnwK3yDUVQ==, figureFileBig=4DCOwM9+/PQmZ/YCf5E12w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884065734079472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, language=CN, label=图4, caption=SE-IDF对小鼠血清ALT和AST水平的影响, figureFileSmall=CtNuxPTbNPUCmnwK3yDUVQ==, figureFileBig=4DCOwM9+/PQmZ/YCf5E12w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884065784411121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of SE-IDF on LPS and IL-6 content in serum of mice, figureFileSmall=aiDiVCeCeQiXlULvBa5VcQ==, figureFileBig=mf2PJm9Z2BU1YDDausSEOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884065868297202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, language=CN, label=图5, caption=SE-IDF对小鼠血清LPS和IL-6含量的影响, figureFileSmall=aiDiVCeCeQiXlULvBa5VcQ==, figureFileBig=mf2PJm9Z2BU1YDDausSEOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884065922823155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of SE-IDF on TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C content in liver of mice, figureFileSmall=VCK8C+k7RyeC8P+tLFufPA==, figureFileBig=PdoR2J9+NniZa4OlKD+pag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884065981543412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, language=CN, label=图6, caption=SE-IDF对小鼠肝脏TC、TG、LDL-C和HDL-C含量的影响, figureFileSmall=VCK8C+k7RyeC8P+tLFufPA==, figureFileBig=PdoR2J9+NniZa4OlKD+pag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884066040263669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of SE-IDF on SOD, CAT, GSH and MDA level in liver of mice, figureFileSmall=lk14m/Z+pr+lQDyXkOTaOg==, figureFileBig=bjo72FCqeHRKzHmhrkoSdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884066161898486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, language=CN, label=图7, caption=SE-IDF对小鼠肝脏SOD、CAT、GSH和MDA水平的影响, figureFileSmall=lk14m/Z+pr+lQDyXkOTaOg==, figureFileBig=bjo72FCqeHRKzHmhrkoSdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884066224813047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of SE-IDF on HE staining and oil red O staining in liver of mice, figureFileSmall=sdKnnzLKJVnfavcP0B0nxw==, figureFileBig=cb32PuVlnRw7mTUpw6D4Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884066287727608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, language=CN, label=图8, caption=SE-IDF对小鼠肝脏HE染色和油红O染色的影响

注:(A)HE染色的量化图;(B)油红O染色的量化图;(C)HE染色图;(D)油红O染色图。

, figureFileSmall=sdKnnzLKJVnfavcP0B0nxw==, figureFileBig=cb32PuVlnRw7mTUpw6D4Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884066359030777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884060336010144, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Main components for IDF and SE-IDF

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品含量(%)纤维素(%)半纤维素(%)木质素(%)
IDF64.18±0.74a42.77±0.46a23.51±0.24a6.54±0.20a
SE-IDF57.86±0.81b40.90±0.26b17.69±0.30b6.18±0.14b
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IDF和SE-IDF的主要组成成分

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样品含量(%)纤维素(%)半纤维素(%)木质素(%)
IDF64.18±0.74a42.77±0.46a23.51±0.24a6.54±0.20a
SE-IDF57.86±0.81b40.90±0.26b17.69±0.30b6.18±0.14b
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Water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, swelling capacity and cholesterol binding capacity of IDF and SE-IDF

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样品持水力(g/g)持油力(g/g)膨胀力(mL/g)胆固醇结合能力
(mg/g)
IDF4.12±0.13b2.67±0.09b5.92±0.04b3.57±0.06b
SE-IDF4.57±0.06a4.05±0.11a7.17±0.02a4.26±0.03a
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IDF和SE-IDF的持水力、持油力、膨胀力和胆固醇结合能力

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SE-IDF4.57±0.06a4.05±0.11a7.17±0.02a4.26±0.03a
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金针菇菇脚不溶性膳食纤维对高血脂小鼠的降脂作用
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倪立颖 1 , 孙梦雪 1 , 胡付侠 1 , 张明 1 , 郭泽镔 2 , 林少玲 2 , 马超 1, * , 吴茂玉 1, *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(7): 431-441
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (7) : 431 -441
金针菇菇脚不溶性膳食纤维对高血脂小鼠的降脂作用
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倪立颖1 , 孙梦雪1, 胡付侠1, 张明1, 郭泽镔2, 林少玲2, 马超1, * , 吴茂玉1, *
作者信息
  • 1中华全国供销合作总社济南果品研究所,山东济南 250014
  • 2福建农林大学食品科学学院,福建福州 350002
通讯作者:
马超(1982−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:功能食品研发,E-mail:。
吴茂玉(1972−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬菌资源综合利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

倪立颖(1994−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物提取及评价,E-mail:

Hypolipidemic Effect of Insoluble Dietary Fiber from Flammulina velutipes Root in Hyperlipidemic Mice
Liying NI1 , Mengxue SUN1, Fuxia HU1, Ming ZHANG1, Zebin GUO2, Shaoling LIN2, Chao MA1, * , Maoyu WU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Jinan Fruit Research Institute, All China Federation of Supply & Marketing Co-operatives, Jinan 250014, China
  • 2College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030362
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为探究蒸汽爆破预处理的金针菇菇脚不溶性膳食纤维(SE-IDF)的降血脂以及肝脏保护功效,利用酶法制备不溶性膳食纤维并探究其化学组成及基本理化性质,采用高脂饲料诱导构建高血脂小鼠模型,将40只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为正常饮食组(ND)、高脂饮食组(HFD)、金针菇菇脚不溶性膳食纤维低(SE-IDFL,50 mg/kg)、中(SE-IDFM,100 mg/kg)、高剂量组(SE-IDFH,200 mg/kg)。10周后,检测血清和肝脏中总胆固醇(Total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(Triglycerid,TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(High-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)的含量;测定血清中天冬氨酸转氨酶(Aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(Alanine transaminase,ALT)、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)和白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)的水平;测定肝脏中氧化应激因子超氧化物歧化酶(Total superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的活力及含量;通过HE、油红O染色法观察肝脏脂肪病变及分布情况。结果显示:蒸汽爆破处理显著降低金针菇菇脚中纤维素、半纤维素及木质素含量。与未蒸汽爆破处理的IDF相比,SE-IDF的持油力及胆固醇结合能力明显提高,具有良好的油脂吸附能力。动物实验结果表明,与HFD组相比,SE-IDFH组能显著降低高血脂小鼠血清及肝脏中TC、TG、LDL-C水平(P<0.05);升高HDL-C水平(P<0.05);不同剂量的SE-IDF均可提高高血脂小鼠中SOD、CAT活性以及GSH含量,降低MDA、LPS及IL-6的含量,缓解高脂饮食引起的炎症损伤及氧化应激反应。SE-IDFM及SE-IDFH组可明显改善肝脏组织病理学结构,减少肝脏脂滴面积、空泡的数量和炎症浸润。结果表明 SE-IDF可以改善高血脂小鼠血脂异常,减少高血脂症小鼠肝脏中脂质沉积,达到降血脂、改善脂肪肝和保护肝脏的作用。

金针菇菇脚不溶性膳食纤维  /  C57BL/6J小鼠  /  降血脂  /  肝脏保护

This study aimed to investigate the effect of steam-exploded insoluble dietary fiber from Flammulina velutipes root (SE-IDF) on blood lipids and liver protection. The insoluble dietary fiber was prepared using an enzymatic method, and its chemical composition and fundamental physicochemical properties were characterized. A hyperlipidemia model was established in C57BL/6J male mice (n=40) induced by high-fat diet feeding. Mice were randomly divided into five groups: Normal diet group (ND), high-fat diet group (HFD), and three SE-IDF treatment groups with low (SE-IDFL, 50 mg/kg), medium (SE-IDFM, 100 mg/kg), and high doses (SE-IDFH, 200 mg/kg). After 10 weeks of intervention, serum and hepatic levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured. In addition, serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were assessed. Hepatic oxidative stress markers, including total superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA), were also determined. Hepatic steatosis and lipid distribution were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and oil red O staining to evaluate pathological changes in liver tissue. The results indicated that the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in Flammulina velutipes root were significantly reduced by steam explosion treatment. Compared with IDF without steam explosion treatment, the oil holding capacity and cholesterol binding capacity of SE-IDF were obviously improved, resulting in good oil adsorption capacity. Animal experiments demonstrated that, compared with the HFD group, the SE-IDFH group significantly reduced serum and hepatic TC, TG, and LDL-C levels (P<0.05), and increased HDL-C levels (P<0.05). All SE-IDF treatment groups enhanced SOD and CAT activity as well as GSH levels, while decreasing MDA, LPS, and IL-6 concentrations, thereby alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress induced by a high-fat diet. SE-IDFM and SE-IDFH groups markedly improved liver histopathological structure, reduced hepatic lipid droplet area, vacuole formation, and inflammatory infiltration. These findings suggest that SE-IDF can effectively improve dyslipidemia in hyperlipidemic mice, reduce hepatic lipid accumulation, and exert hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, and anti-fatty liver effects.

Flammulina velutipes root insoluble dietary fiber  /  C57BL/6J mice  /  hypolipidemic effect  /  liver protection
倪立颖, 孙梦雪, 胡付侠, 张明, 郭泽镔, 林少玲, 马超, 吴茂玉. 金针菇菇脚不溶性膳食纤维对高血脂小鼠的降脂作用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 431 -441 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030362
Liying NI, Mengxue SUN, Fuxia HU, Ming ZHANG, Zebin GUO, Shaoling LIN, Chao MA, Maoyu WU. Hypolipidemic Effect of Insoluble Dietary Fiber from Flammulina velutipes Root in Hyperlipidemic Mice[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 431 -441 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030362
随着国民经济的高速发展,中国人的饮食结构和生活习惯发生了很大变化。不良的饮食习惯(如高糖、高脂肪饮食等)、生活习惯(如吸烟、酗酒)、较重的生活压力、缺乏运动等,都会引起体内脂质代谢失调,诱发超重及肥胖[1]。《2023年世界肥胖地图集》预测,全球5岁以上肥胖和超重的人数将达到19.1亿,到2035年,中国18%的成年人将患肥胖[2−3]。此外,肥胖是高脂血症、糖尿病、心血管疾病、动脉粥样硬化以及其他慢性疾病的主要风险因素。目前,治疗肥胖和高脂血症的常见方法主要包括手术和药物治疗。然而,药物常常引起包括呕吐、恶心和胃肠道不适等不良反应,手术干预则易带来感染、出血、营养不良和贫血的风险[4]。因此,迫切需要找到一种有效、安全的治疗肥胖、缓解高脂血症的方法。
膳食纤维(Dietary Fiber,DF)是一类能够在大肠内完全或部分发酵,而不会被人体消化酶直接吸收利用的碳水化合物及其类似物的总和。根据其物理化学特性的不同被划分为两大类,即可溶性膳食纤维(Soluble Dietary Fiber,SDF)和不溶性膳食纤维(Insoluble Dietary Fiber,IDF)。国内外研究[5−6]表明,膳食纤维在预防结肠癌和心血管疾病、降低胆固醇和血脂水平、促进胃肠道运动等方面具有重要的功能作用,可有效减少机体对食物中脂肪酸和胆固醇的吸收[7],改善肝脏脂质代谢,发挥降血脂的积极作用。其中,IDF主要由纤维素和木质素组成,具有良好的吸水性,能够增加餐后饱腹感,促进胃肠蠕动,减少由饮食带来的有害物质在人体内的转运时间,降低一系列疾病的患病风险,有助于预防便秘和具有一定的减肥功效[8]。IDF作为一种功能性成分,在食品工业中具有广泛的应用前景。然而,由于其口感粗糙、结构致密,不利于活性基团暴露,使其生物活性及在食品加工中的应用受到限制。因此,为提高IDF功能性和应用性,对其进行改性研究具有重要的意义[9]。蒸汽爆破(简称“汽爆”)改性是一种常见的DF改性工艺,它可以改变DF的粒径、微观结构和比表面积,从而改善其物理化学性质。同时,高温高压和剧烈的物理变化促使IDF纤维素链断裂,并释放内部的低聚糖分子或酚类基团,发挥抗氧化、抗炎、调节血糖等功效。目前该方法主要应用于增加SDF得率,尚未广泛应用于IDF[10]。
金针菇,又名冬菇、朴菇、构菌、毛柄金钱菌,属担子菌门、金钱菌属,是一种广泛栽培的食用药用真菌。研究表明,金针菇富含多种氨基酸、维生素及膳食纤维等功能活性成分,是一种高营养低热量的健康食品,具有丰富的营养价值和生物学特性,如免疫调节[11−12]、抗肿瘤[13]、抗疲劳[14]和抗氧化[15]等活性。目前,金针菇栽培的增加导致金针菇脚生产过剩。其中一小部分被加工成动物饲料,但大多数被丢弃。这种做法不仅造成资源浪费,同时造成了一定的环境污染[16]。
金针菇菇脚是膳食纤维的主要来源,目前国内外对金针菇菇脚膳食纤维蒸汽爆破改性的研究多集中于可溶性膳食纤维提取工艺[17−18]及理化特性的研究[19],鲜见对其降血脂作用的深入研究,尤其未见汽爆处理后金针菇菇脚IDF降血脂作用的研究。基于此,本实验以经蒸汽爆破预处理后的金针菇菇脚为原料,通过酶法制备不溶性膳食纤维,研究其理化性质及对高血脂小鼠的降血脂作用,以期为金针菇菇脚膳食纤维的进一步开发和利用提供理论依据。
6周龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠 SPF级,体重(20±2)g,购自济南鹏悦实验动物繁育有限公司,动物许可证号:SCXK(鲁) 2022-0006;金针菇菇脚 山东友和生物科技股份有限公司;耐高温α-淀粉酶(A8751,40000 U/g)、中性蛋白酶(Z8031,50000 U/g)、淀粉葡萄糖苷酶(T8500,100000 U/g)、纤维素含量检测试剂盒、半纤维素含量检测试剂盒、木质素含量检测试剂盒 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;BCA蛋白测定试剂盒、TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、ALT、AST、GSH、SOD、CAT、MDA检测试剂盒 南京建成生物工程研究所;LPS、IL-6 ELISA试剂盒 武汉华美生物工程有限公司;小鼠饲料 江苏省协同医药生物工程有限责任公司;所有其他试剂均为分析纯。
QBS-80蒸汽爆破设备 鹤壁政道启宝实业有限公司;BG2-240电热鼓风干燥箱 上海博迅医疗生物股份有限公司;1000C多功能粉碎机 永康市红太阳机电有限公司;PL203分析天平 梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司;TDL-5-A离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;SB-1100旋转蒸发器 日本东京理化有限公司;SHZ-III循环水式多用真空泵 上海知信实验仪器技术有限公司;DW-HL398超低温冷冻冰箱 中科美菱低温科技股份有限公司;DK-8D恒温水浴锅 上海森信实验仪器有限公司;CenLee16R台式高速冷冻离心机 上海涵飞医疗器械有限公司;Multiskan FC酶标仪 赛默飞世尔仪器有限公司。
根据前期研究对金针菇菇脚膳食纤维进行蒸汽爆破处理[20],即蒸汽爆破料腔比5:8,保压时间105 s,蒸汽爆破压强1.0 MPa。随后,将汽爆后样品置于电热鼓风干燥箱中,60 ℃,干燥至恒重。干燥的金针菇菇脚粉碎过60目筛,备用。
采用酶法提取制备金针菇菇脚IDF[21]。金针菇菇脚粉末以1:30料液比加入纯水,加入0.3%(w/w)耐高温α-淀粉酶,在95 ℃、pH6.0的条件下提取60 min。待温度降至50 ℃,加入0.5%(w/w)中性蛋白酶,pH6.5的条件下酶解60 min。随后,温度升高至60 ℃,加入0.3%(w/w)淀粉葡萄糖苷酶水解60 min。最后,在95 ℃灭酶10 min。样品以4000 r/min离心10 min,弃上清液,沉淀干燥,即为不溶性膳食纤维,命名为IDF,蒸汽爆破处理后的样品命名为SE-IDF。
参照GB 5009.88-2014《食品中膳食纤维的测定》测定不溶性膳食纤维含量[22]。根据试剂盒,测定IDF和SE-IDF中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量。
采用KBr压片法对IDF和SE-IDF的结构进行测定。称取1~2 mg样品,与干燥后的KBr粉末混合均匀并研磨,压成薄片进行红外光谱扫描,扫描范围为4000~500 cm−1。
取1.00 g(m1)样品,并放入离心管,向离心管加入纯化水30 mL,于室温静置过夜,以5000 r/min离心20 min,去上清液,并称量沉淀的质量(m2)[23]。按式(1)计算持水力(g/g)。
$\rm 持水力(\text{g/g})=\frac{{m_2-m_1}}{{m_1}} $
称取3.00 g(m1)样品与30 g食用油充分混和,确保均匀后静置30 min,随后以5000 r/min离心20 min,称取上清油的质量(m2)[24]。按式(2)计算持油力(g/g)。
$\rm 持油力(g/g)=\frac{{30-m_2}}{{m_1}} $
称取1.00 g(m)样品加入50 mL带刻度试管中,记录下干粉体体积(V1)。向试管中加入纯化水20 mL,振荡试管令其均匀,室温静置过夜。再次记录试管中粉体的总体积(V2)[25]。按式(3)计算膨胀力(mL/g)。
$\rm 膨胀力(mL/g)=\frac{{V_2-V_1}}{\text{m}} $
参考段振[26]的方法并稍作修改,取150 mg IDF或SE-IDF,向其中加入3 mL胆固醇溶液,37 ℃恒温振荡培养2 h,然后在16000 r/min条件下离心20 min,收集上清液,用胆固醇试剂盒测定上清液中胆固醇含量。按式(4)计算胆固醇吸附量(mg/g)。
$\begin{split} & \rm 胆固醇结合能力(mg/g)=\\& \frac{吸附前胆固醇含量-吸附后上清液胆固醇含量}{样品质量} \end{split}$
40只六周龄的雄性C57BL/6J小鼠在22±2 ℃、50%~60%湿度和12/12 h光/暗循环的条件下饲养,可自由获取水和食物。适应性饲养1周后进行随机分组,小鼠随机分配到5组(每组8只):ND组,喂食正常饮食(蛋白质占19.2%,碳水化合物占67.3%,脂肪占4.3%,总热量为3.85 kcal/g)和0.2 mL生理盐水;HFD组,喂食高脂饮食(包括26%蛋白质(热量百分比为20 kcal%),35%脂肪(热量百分比为60 kcal%),和26%碳水化合物(热量百分比为20 kcal%),总热量为5.24 kcal/g)和0.2 mL生理盐水。依据Liu等[5]的报道,SE-IDFH组,给予高脂饮食和0.2 mL SE-IDF溶液(200 mg/kg/d SE-IDF);SE-IDFM组,给予高脂饮食和0.2 mL SE-IDF溶液(100 mg/kg/d SE-IDF);SE-IDFL组,给予高脂饮食和0.2 mL SE-IDF溶液(50 mg/kg/d SE-IDF)。所有动物实验均按照动物实验方案进行,并得到伦理委员会的批准(批准号:YLX20230619)。
实验开始后,每周记录小鼠的体重,所有小鼠通过灌胃给药治疗10周。最后,所有小鼠禁食16 h,称重后,处死小鼠。收集血液并以15000 r/min,4 ℃,离心5 min以获得血清,然后储存在−80 ℃以供后续实验使用。此外,取肝脏最大叶用4%的多聚甲醛固定,其余部分在液氮中冷冻并于−80 ℃储存。动物实验设计如图1所示。
通过试剂盒,测定血清和肝脏中的TG、TC、LDL-C和HDL-C水平;测定血清中肝功能指标ALT和AST的水平。
使用ELISA试剂盒测定肝脏中炎症因子LPS和IL-6的浓度。
根据试剂盒的说明,测定SOD、CAT、GSH和MDA来评估小鼠肝脏的氧化应激水平。
将收集的肝脏组织样品送至北京索莱宝科技有限公司进行油红O和HE染色,在光学显微镜下观察各组小鼠肝脏组织病理学变化情况。
所有实验均重复进行三次。数据使用SPSS 17.0进行分析。结果以平均值±标准差表示,并通过单因素方差分析和Tukey多重比较检验进行分析,置信区间为95%。P<0.05被认为具有显著性差异。
由表1可知,蒸汽爆破处理后IDF含量显著下降(P<0.05),由64.18%降至57.86%。这是由于蒸汽爆破的高压剪切和热效应均可以有效促进IDF向SDF转化,使原料中的纤维素、半纤维素类成分发生不同程度的降解,转化为水溶性糖类[27]。此外,IDF主要由纤维素、半纤维素及木质素构成。蒸汽爆破处理后,纤维素含量略有下降,半纤维素含量由23.51%降至17.69%,显著降低(P<0.05),这主要是由于半纤维素分子链短,分支多,易在蒸汽爆破处理过程中降解成低聚糖或单糖,导致含量明显降低。木质素含量降低了5.56%。
红外光谱可对膳食纤维的化学组成、官能团和化学键信息进行简单的定性,是鉴定、分析物质结构的重要手段。图2为蒸汽爆破前后金针菇菇脚IDF的红外光谱图,其中在3400 cm−1附近的吸收峰是纤维素和半纤维素羟基伸缩振动,2928 cm−1左右的吸收峰对应纤维素-CH和-CH2基团的振动,620 cm−1附近吸收峰为糖分子中β-型的C-H变角振动[28]。这表明汽爆前后金针菇菇脚IDF均具有糖类特征,且具有纤维素与半纤维素的典型结构[29]。此外,图谱中1640 cm−1和1078 cm−1分别为木质素中苯环的伸缩振动峰和纤维素的特征吸收峰[30]。汽爆处理后,纤维素的特征峰由1078 cm−1变成1073 cm−1,吸收强度相对减弱,说明此处发生分子间断裂,纤维素降解;木质素吸收峰的位置发生偏移,强度降低,推测汽爆处理在一定程度上促使木质素部分降解[30],这与表1中汽爆前后IDF化学组成结果相一致。综上,汽爆处理通过一系列水热反应,使木质素发生重排并部分降解成低分子酚聚合物,半纤维素和纤维素被水解成单糖和低聚糖形式。
持水力和膨胀力是评价膳食纤维亲水性的重要指标。由表2可知。蒸汽爆破处理后,IDF的持水力和膨胀力显著提高(P<0.05)。研究表明,持水力和膨胀力高的膳食纤维更容易使人产生饱腹感,减少食欲,达到减肥的目的[31]。汽爆处理后,金针菇菇脚IDF的持水力和膨胀力分别增加了10.92%和21.11%。持油力用于评估膳食纤维吸附脂肪的能力。由表可知,持油力由2.67±0.09 g/g提高至4.05±0.11 g/g,表明蒸汽爆破处理增强了金针菇菇脚IDF对油脂的吸附能力。这可能是由于蒸汽爆破的高温高压导致膳食纤维原本致密的结构变得疏松,比表面积增加,孔径增大,表面粗糙度增加,暴露更多亲水或亲油基团[32],从而改善IDF的性质。
研究表明,不溶性膳食纤维可与胆固醇结合形成沉淀,抑制胆固醇进入血液,从而达到降血脂的效果[33]。由表2可知,SE-IDF对胆固醇的吸附量增加至4.26±0.03 mg/g,增加了19.33%。说明金针菇菇脚不溶性膳食纤维对胆固醇具有良好的结合能力,具有一定的降血脂功效。上述结果表明,SE-IDF具有更好的吸水膨胀和油脂吸附能力,对于预防和控制糖脂代谢异常具有更好的效果。因此,选择SE-IDF进行后续动物实验研究。
金针菇菇脚SE-IDF对小鼠体重的影响如图3(A、B)所示。在实验期间,各组小鼠的体重均有不同程度的增加。HFD组喂养的小鼠体重增长速度明显高于ND组。与HFD组相比,不同剂量的SE-IDF处理均抑制了小鼠体重的增长。实验结束时,与ND组相比,HFD组的小鼠体重显著升高(P<0.05),而不同剂量SE-IDF干预显著降低了小鼠体重(P<0.05)(图3B)。结果表明,金针菇菇脚SE-IDF可以减少小鼠体重的增加,且高剂量组(SE-IDFH)效果最佳。由图3C可知,高脂饮食喂养组间摄食量无显著差异,表明SE-IDF对改善肥胖小鼠体重增加的影响并非由于减少摄食量所致。
高脂血症是指脂肪代谢或运转异常,使血液中血脂指标TC、TG含量高于正常范围的一种症状[34]。SE-IDF对高脂小鼠血清中TC和TG含量的影响如图3(D~E)所示。与ND组相比,经过高脂饮食诱导的HFD组小鼠血清中的TC、TG含量显著增加(P<0.05),说明造模成功。经过SE-IDF处理后,TG含量显著降低(P<0.05),并与IDF浓度呈量效关系。SE-IDFL、SE-IDFM和SE-IDFH的TG含量分别下降17.53%、35.71%和53.90%。同时,通过对比TC含量发现,HFD组中TC含量是ND组的1.56倍。经过SE-IDF处理后,TC含量有所降低,SE-IDFH组的TC含量最低,下降了31.18%。LDL-C和HDL-C是胆固醇的一种,可以反映高脂小鼠的血脂含量。如图3(F~G)所示,HFD组小鼠血清中LDL-C含量有所增加,HDL-C含量显著降低(P<0.05)。经过SE-IDF处理后,HDL-C含量增加,且与IDF浓度呈量效关系(P<0.05),LDL-C含量降低,其中,SE-IDFH组中LDL-C含量下降44.83%,HDL-C含量提高46.15%。说明金针菇菇脚SE-IDF能够抑制小鼠血清中TG、TC、LDL-C的产生,提高HDL-C含量,发挥降血脂作用。
ALT和AST是评估肝功能的重要指标,主要存在于细胞线粒体中。在正常情况下,血液中ALT和AST水平较低,当肝细胞受损时,ALT和AST会被释放到血液中,导致二者含量升高,所以通过AST和ALT水平可反映肝脏的损伤程度[35]。SE-IDF对高脂小鼠血清中ALT和AST水平的影响如图4所示。HFD组中ALT、AST水平显著高于ND组(P<0.05),表明长时间的高脂饮食使小鼠肝脏受到一定程度的损伤。而经过SE-IDF处理后,ALT、AST水平均下降,且SE-IDFH的抑制效果最好,分别下降了30.98%和14.51%。这些结果表明,SE-IDF可以减少肝脏损伤,保护肝脏健康。因此,金针菇菇脚不溶性膳食纤维对高脂饮食导致的肝损伤具有一定的改善作用。
长期血脂异常会导致肝脏炎症和损伤,刺激LPS炎性因子LPS、IL-6等的合成和释放,而肝脏炎症反应又反过来进一步加重脂质代谢紊乱,从而导致恶性循环。LPS和IL-6是机体重要的细胞因子,主要参与机体内的炎症病变,常用来反映机体炎症的严重程度。SE-IDF对高脂小鼠血清中LPS和IL-6含量的影响如图5所示。与ND组相比,HFD组中LPS和IL-6含量显著增加(P<0.05),而SE-IDF组中LPS和IL-6含量均显著下降(P<0.05),且呈剂量依赖性。其中,SE-IDFH对LPS和IL-6抑制效果最好,分别下降21.58%和53.68%,与正常饮食ND组无显著性差异(P>0.05),说明金针菇菇脚SE-IDF可以有效降低血清中LPS和炎症因子IL-6含量,从而改善高脂小鼠血清炎症反应。张颂[36]研究发现,杏鲍菇膳食纤维干预后可以明显降低小鼠血清中IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β含量,升高IL-10含量,在一定程度上缓解高脂饮食诱导的小鼠炎症反应。
由图6(A~C)可知,小鼠肝脏组织中TC、TG和LDL-C含量与血清中的变化趋势基本一致。与ND组相比,HFD组小鼠肝脏内TC、TG和LDL-C含量显著上升(P<0.05)。经过SE-IDF处理后,TC、TG和LDL-C含量随着SE-IDF含量的增加而显著降低(P<0.05),其中SE-IDFH组效果最好,显著降低至TC(0.58±0.03 mmol/g)、TG(1.20±0.05 mmol/g)、LDL-C(0.29±0.02 mmol/g)含量(P<0.05)。胆固醇可在人体内与蛋白质结合形成脂蛋白,其中HDL-C的水平与心血管疾病的患病风险呈负相关[37]。由图6(D)可知,与ND组相比,HFD组的HDL-C含量显著降低(P<0.05)。HDL-C含量随SE-IDF含量呈剂量依赖性增加,与血清中的趋势一致。其中SE-IDFH组中HDL-C含量最高,升至0.36±0.03 mmol/g。上述结果表明,金针菇菇脚不溶性膳食纤维具有良好的降血脂作用,改善高血脂小鼠脂质代谢。
研究表明,脂肪的过度积聚会导致氧化应激反应,体现在体内抗氧化酶的活力下降和氧化物的堆积[38]。SE-IDF对高脂小鼠肝脏中SOD和CAT活力的影响如图7(A~B)所示。与ND组相比,HFD组中SOD和CAT活性显著降低(P<0.05),分别降低了11.71%和28.90%,说明高脂饮食能够诱导小鼠在肝脏水平上遭受到严重的氧化损伤。与HFD组相比,SE-IDF以剂量依赖性方式显著提高了小鼠肝脏中SOD和CAT活性(P<0.05)。其中,SE-IDFH组中SOD(526.02±12.33 U/mg)和CAT(47.91±0.67 U/mg)活性最高,说明SE-IDF可以提高肝脏内抗氧化酶的水平,减缓氧化应激对机体造成的伤害。由图7C看出,HFD处理显著降低了小鼠肝脏中GSH含量(P<0.05)。经过SE-IDF处理后,小鼠肝脏内GSH含量显著提高(P<0.05)。但低、中剂量SE-IDF组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05),SE-IDFH组中GSH含量相较HFD组提高了68.42%,表明SE-IDF可以提高小鼠肝脏内GSH含量来提高抗氧化应激活性。
MDA含量可以用作脂质过氧化的衡量指标,在体内含量越多表明氧化损伤越严重。如图7D所示,HFD组中MDA含量较高,是ND组的1.64倍。而SE-IDF处理可以显著降低小鼠肝脏中MDA的含量(P<0.05)。SE-IDFH组抑制作用最明显,与ND组无显著性差异(P>0.05),说明高剂量SE-IDF治疗后,由高脂饮食引起的肝脏MDA含量升高已基本恢复到正常水平。综上所述,SE-IDF可以通过提高小鼠肝脏中SOD、CAT活力和GSH含量,抑制肝脏内MDA产生,对小鼠的肝损伤具有一定程度的修复作用。
肝脏作为脂质代谢的主要器官,当脂质摄入过多时会影响肝脏的正常功能。油红O染色主要用于肝脏脂滴的观察,而HE染色广泛用于观察组织病理结构。图8是SE-IDF对高脂小鼠肝脏组织切片的HE染色和油红O染色图及其量化图。由图8(C)可以看出,ND组肝脏切片的结构完整且排列致密有序,形态正常,未见明显脂肪空泡。与ND组相比,HFD组肝脏切片中肝细胞分布杂乱无章、大小不规整,脂肪大量囤积、脂肪空泡多,这说明小鼠肝脏由于长期摄入高脂饮食出现了明显的脂肪变性。经过SE-IDF处理后,小鼠肝脏组织形态变得相对致密。图8A显示了肝细胞空泡化区域在肝脏组织细胞中的百分比。结果表明,与ND组相比,HFD喂养的小鼠中肝细胞空泡化的百分比升高。SE-IDF干预减少了细胞中的空泡数和炎症浸润。
从油红O染色图(图8D)中可以看出,ND组小鼠肝脏组织的结构完整、形态正常,未见有橘红色脂滴积累。而HFD组小鼠肝脏细胞形态有明显的变形,存在显著异常的脂肪积累。中、高剂量SE-IDF干预后逆转了这一情况,脂滴的面积和数量逐渐降低(图8B)。综上,SE-IDF可以缓解高脂饲养造成的肝脏脂质积累和病理性损伤,具有一定肝脏保护作用。
持续摄入高能量高脂肪饮食,会导致脂质代谢异常,引起高脂血症、肥胖、心脑血管疾病[39]。其中,高脂血症是一种常见的脂质代谢异常疾病,主要表现为血液中胆固醇和甘油三酯水平异常升高。目前,高脂血症疾病的治疗以他汀类药物为主,该类药物虽能有效控制机体脂质代谢紊乱所引起的不适,但长期使用会造成机体肝脏损害、肌肉损伤等[40]。因此,通过饮食来调节体重变化、改善血脂及脂质代谢异常,已成为营养学家研究的主要方向。有研究结果表明,DF作为饮食干预的重要组成部分,展现了其在体重控制,降低血脂水平以及缓解脂质代谢紊乱方面的积极效应[41]。体外实验结果表明,汽爆处理后的SE-IDF表现出良好的持油力和胆固醇吸附能力。动物实验表明,SE-IDF可以抑制HFD引起的体重增加,减轻高脂饮食造成的血脂水平升高和脏器脂肪累积。刘静宜等[42]研究发现,南瓜膳食纤维组大鼠血清TC、TG和 LDL-C 水平显著降低(P<0.05),HDL-C水平显著提高(P<0.05);且不溶性膳食纤维的效果优于可溶性膳食纤维。
有文献报道,高脂血症与TC、TG和LDL-C呈正相关,与HDL-C呈负相关[43]。本实验结果表明,不同剂量的SE-IDF干预可以降低高脂饮食小鼠血清的TG、TC、LDL-C水平;增加HDL-C水平,肝脏组织中也表现出相似趋势,表明金针菇菇脚SE-IDF具有良好的降低血脂的作用。高血脂症与肝脏的脂代谢能力以及脂肪肝密切相关,血脂水平的异常增加,可能导致脂肪肝的发生与发展。油红O染色结果显示,不同剂量的SE-IDF干预后,脂滴的面积和数量逐渐减少;HE染色结果发现,SE-IDF干预显著减少细胞中空泡的数量和炎症浸润。黄嫒[44]研究了金针菇、胡萝卜和燕麦复合不溶性膳食纤维可以显著的抑制高脂饮食引起的体重增量和血液中ALT、AST和碱性磷酸酶的含量的增加,并减小了脂肪细胞的大小和肝脏组织中的脂肪含量。
有研究表明,长期血脂异常会导致炎症和氧化应激反应增强,而炎症反应和氧化损伤又反过来进一步加重脂质代谢紊乱,从而导致恶性循环[45−46]。本研究中,不同剂量的SE-IDF处理后,由高脂饮食引起的LPS和IL-6含量增加均显著下降(P<0.05)。Chuang等[47]研究发现,谷物DF的摄入可以有效降低血清IL-6和TNF-α水平。Yokozawa等[48]的研究发现,通过抑制脂质过氧化反应,能够有效减轻高脂血症的产生。而脂肪量与人类和动物的全身氧化应激有关[49]。MDA是脂质过氧化过程的终产物之一,也是最常见的氧化应激生物标志物之一。肥胖或高脂血症会增加氧化应激引起的脂质过氧化水平[50]。本研究探讨了小鼠灌胃SE-IDF降脂是否会缓解氧化应激反应,结果表明HFD组小鼠MDA含量明显升高,不同剂量的SE-IDF均可提高小鼠肝脏中SOD、CAT活性以及GSH含量,降低MDA的产生,表明小鼠灌胃SE-IDF过程中伴随着氧化应激的缓解。
SE-IDF干预能通过改善脂质水平和肝脏损伤来缓解高血脂小鼠的脂质代谢异常。这种通过SE-IDF干预产生的有益效应,可能抑制了甘油三酯合成及脂质代谢相关通路的基因表达,改善了肠道菌群结构及脂质代谢产物,从而延缓或预防高脂血症发展。大量研究表明,膳食纤维对肠道菌群具有调节作用,而良好的肠道菌群结构有利于改善脂代谢。这种改善的机制包括维护肠道完整功能,减少炎症、增加有益菌数量等。另一方面,调节肠道菌群可以促进乙酸、丁酸等短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)的产生,发挥降低宿主食欲、抑制脂肪酶活性、调节肠道屏障和炎症水平[51]。黄雨梦[52]制备的刺梨渣不溶性膳食纤维能有效降低高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠血脂水平和肝脏脂质积累,肠道菌群测序结果显示:IDF能够增加有益菌属如Ruminococcus、Coprococcus、Paraprevotell和Oscillospira丰度,降低有害或与肥胖相关的Allobaculum的丰度,重塑肠道菌群结构。此外,IDF干预促进了乙酸、丙酸和丁酸等SCFAs含量增加,激活和增强SCFAs介导的代谢途径,从而发挥对肥胖的有效调控作用。腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase,AMPK)是一种能量传感器,在维持能量平衡和脂质代谢动态平衡中发挥着关键作用[53],被认为是高脂血症、糖尿病等代谢类疾病治疗的关键靶点。固醇调节元件结合蛋白(sterol regulatory element binding proteins,SREBPs)和过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体(peroxidase proliferators activate receptors,PPARs)是该通路的关键受体蛋白,其中PPARs直接调控与脂肪酸β-氧化、胆固醇分解有关的基因[54]。SREBPs参与调控胆固醇、甘油三酯和脂肪酸的生物合成关键转录调控因子,其中SREBP-2是SREBPs典型的一种表达形式,主要调控与胆固醇合成和摄取相关的基因表达,例如低密度脂蛋白受体(LDCR)和HMGR[55]。Liu等[5]报道了佛手柑膳食纤维(DFs)对高脂饮食诱导小鼠呈现剂量依赖性的减肥和降脂效果:DFs能抑制体重增长、器官重量、血清与肝脏指标(如TG、TC、LDL-C)以及脂肪组织和肝脏的脂质蓄积,同时下调SREBP-1c、FAS、ACC和SREBP-2的表达,上调了棕色脂肪组织中的PGC-1α、PRDM16、UCP-1和PPARγ水平。Li等[56]研究发现灰树花多糖可上调AMPK-α、PPARα、GCK和CYP7A1的表达,同时下调SREBP-1c、FAS、ACC的表达,从而发挥降脂作用。因此,基于SE-IDF对脂质水平的积极影响,有理由推测SE-IDF可能通过调节高脂血症小鼠肠道菌群结构、SCFAs水平和脂质代谢相关通路蛋白,从而发挥降血脂和调控脂质代谢的功效。综上所述,蒸汽爆破过程中的水热反应促进金针菇菇脚IDF中纤维素、半纤维素的水解,促使木质素降解。SE-IDF可以改善HFD引起的血脂异常和氧化应激,促进脂质代谢,缓解肝脏中脂质的积累,达到降血脂的效果。
本研究以酶法提取的金针菇菇脚不溶性膳食纤维(SE-IDF)为原料,通过饲喂高脂饲料的方法建立高脂血症小鼠模型,发现SE-IDF可以抑制HFD引起的体重增加,显著降低小鼠血清中TC、TG和LDL-C水平,提高HDL-C水平,且与IDF浓度呈量效关系(P<0.05)。肝脏生化指标表明,SE-IDF有效减轻肝脏中TC、TG和LDL-C水平,并以剂量依赖性方式提高肝脏细胞中SOD、CAT等抗氧化酶的活性。这说明SE-IDF具有辅助降血脂、保肝的效果。肝脏组织病理学实验结果显示,经SE-IDF干预后,肝脏脂肪空泡减少,肝细胞脂肪化程度降低,表明SE-IDF可以缓解高脂饲养造成的肝脏脂质积累和病理性损伤,具有一定肝脏保护作用。本研究为汽爆后金针菇菇脚IDF的降血脂作用提供了基本理论依据,为其进一步开发和深加工提供了新的研究方向,但其降血脂机制和机理有待进一步研究,后续研究拟通过Western和qPCR等技术研究金针菇菇脚IDF调控脂质代谢的关键蛋白及其相关上下游信号因子的表达,阐明金针菇菇脚IDF基于基因-蛋白-代谢物层面调控脂质代谢的作用机制,为金针菇菇脚高值利用及功能食品开发提供进一步的理论支持。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030362
  • 接收时间:2025-03-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-28
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    1中华全国供销合作总社济南果品研究所,山东济南 250014
    2福建农林大学食品科学学院,福建福州 350002

通讯作者:

马超(1982−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:功能食品研发,E-mail:。
吴茂玉(1972−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬菌资源综合利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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