Article(id=1320884047006516045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030061, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741276800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852897645, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852897645, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852897645, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852897645, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=387, endPage=396, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884047199454030, articleId=1320884047006516045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects and Mechanisms of Bone Polypeptide on Improving Osteoporosis in Ovariectomized Rats via Regulation of Autophagy and Apoptosis, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: To investigate whether bone polypeptide (GDT) exerts protective effects against osteoporosis in rats through autophagy and apoptosis pathways. Methods: A postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model (POMP) was established via ovariectomy. Rats were randomly divided into Sham-operated, model, diethylstilbestrol (25 μg/kg), and GDT low-, medium-, and high-dose groups (50, 100, 200 mg·kg−1). Intragastric administration was performed for 90 days post-surgery. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone biomechanical properties were evaluated via three-point bending tests. Bone microstructure was analyzed by morphometry. Serum bone metabolism markers were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). mRNA and protein expressions of autophagy-related genes (p62, Beclin-1, LC3-II) and apoptosis-related genes (Caspase-3, Caspase-9, BAX, Bcl-2) were determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Results: GDT significantly increased calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and hydroxyproline contents in bone tissues (P<0.05 or P<0.01), elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and estradiol (E2) levels, reduced osteocalcin(BGP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and testosterone (T) levels, and improved bone metabolism. Bone trabecular number was increased, trabecular separation was decreased, and biomechanical properties and BMD were enhanced, with improved bone microstructure. Within the 50~200 mg·kg−1 dose range, GDT activated the autophagy pathway and inhibited apoptosis. mRNA and protein expressions of p62 were down regulated, while Beclin-1 and LC3-II were upregulated. Expressions of BAX, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9 were reduced, whereas Bcl-2 was increased. Significant differences were observed in the high-dose group compared to the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion: GDT ameliorates osteoporosis through dual regulatory mechanisms: Activating the autophagy pathway via the Beclin-1/LC3-II axis and inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis via the Bcl-2/BAX-Caspase cascade. This study provides a novel strategy for targeted osteoporosis therapy.

, authors=Huiming ZHU1, Huixin ZHANG1, Zizhe ZHOU1, Yanan ZHANG2, Yuran WANG1, Yansong LIU1, Feng XU3, 4, Xiaolong FENG1, *, authorsList=Huiming ZHU, Huixin ZHANG, Zizhe ZHOU, Yanan ZHANG, Yuran WANG, Yansong LIU, Feng XU, Xiaolong FENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaolong FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884049485349731, articleId=1320884047006516045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=骨多肽通过调控自噬与凋亡改善去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的作用及机制, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:探讨骨多肽是否通过自噬与凋亡途径对骨质疏松大鼠发挥保护作用。方法:建立去卵巢骨质疏松大鼠模型(Postmenopausal osteoporosis,POMP),随机分为假手术组、模型组、己烯雌酚组(25 μg/kg)及骨多肽低中高剂量组(50、100、200 mg·kg−1)。术后灌胃给药90 d,采用双能X射线法检测骨密度(Bone mineral density,BMD),三点弯曲试验检测骨生物力学指标,形态计量学观察骨微结构,酶联免疫吸附实验法(ELISA)检测血清骨代谢指标,RT-qPCR和Western blot方法检测自噬相关基因(p62、Beclin-1、LC3-II)与凋亡相关基因(Caspase-3、Caspase-9、BAX、Bcl-2)的mRNA和蛋白表达。结果:骨多肽可显著提高骨质疏松大鼠骨组织钙、镁、磷、羟脯氨酸含量(P<0.05或P<0.01),增加血清甲状旁腺素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)、雌二醇(estradiol,E2)水平,降低骨钙素(osteocalcin,BGP)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP)、睾酮(testosterone,T)水平,改善骨代谢;增加骨质疏松大鼠骨小梁数量,减小骨小梁分离度,增强骨生物力学特性和骨密度,改善骨微结构。骨多肽在50~200 mg·kg−1剂量范围内,激活自噬通路并抑制凋亡,p62的mRNA和蛋白表达降低,Beclin-1、LC3-II的mRNA和蛋白表达升高;BAX、Caspase-3、Caspase-9的mRNA和蛋白表达降低,Bcl-2的mRNA和蛋白表达升高,其中高剂量组与模型组相比均具有统计学差异(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:骨多肽可通过Beclin-1/LC3-II轴激活自噬通路、Bcl-2/BAX-Caspase级联抑制线粒体凋亡双重调控机制改善骨质疏松,为骨质疏松的靶向治疗提供了新策略。

, authors=朱慧明1, 张会欣1, 周子喆1, 张亚楠2, 王羽然1, 刘颜松1, 许峰3, 4, 冯小龙1, *, authorsList=朱慧明, 张会欣, 周子喆, 张亚楠, 王羽然, 刘颜松, 许峰, 冯小龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=冯小龙, authorNote=

朱慧明(1976−),女,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:多肽类功能性食品研究与开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
冯小龙(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:功能性食品开发,E-mail:。
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朱慧明(1976−),女,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:多肽类功能性食品研究与开发,E-mail:

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朱慧明(1976−),女,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:多肽类功能性食品研究与开发,E-mail:

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注:与Sham比较,*表示P<0.05,**P<0.01;与OVX比较,∆表示P<0.05,∆∆P<0.01;图2、图4~图8同。

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Primer sequence of PCR

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基因名称上游引物(5'→3')下游引物(5'→3')长度(bp)
p62GAAGATAGCCTTGGAGTCGGTCTGGAGTTCACCTGTGGATG127
Beclin-1GCCTCTGAAACTGGACACGACCTGGGCTGTGGTAAGTAATG86
LC3-ⅡCTCCCAAGAAACCTTCGGCTAAGCCTAACAAGACTGGCCC215
BAXGGTTGCCCTCTTCTACTTTGCTCTTCCAGATGGTGAGCGAG239
Caspase-3GCGGTATTGAGACAGACAGTGGGGTGCGGTAGAGTAAGCATA95
Caspase-9ACTGCTTCGTGGTGGTCATCCATCCATCTGTGCCATAGACA85
Bcl-2GGATGACTTCTCTCGTCGCTACTGACATCTCCCTGTTGACGCT100
GAPDHTG AACGGGAAGCTCACTGGGCTTCACCACCTTCTTGATGTC120
), ArticleFig(id=1320884054732424120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884047006516045, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引物序列

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基因名称上游引物(5'→3')下游引物(5'→3')长度(bp)
p62GAAGATAGCCTTGGAGTCGGTCTGGAGTTCACCTGTGGATG127
Beclin-1GCCTCTGAAACTGGACACGACCTGGGCTGTGGTAAGTAATG86
LC3-ⅡCTCCCAAGAAACCTTCGGCTAAGCCTAACAAGACTGGCCC215
BAXGGTTGCCCTCTTCTACTTTGCTCTTCCAGATGGTGAGCGAG239
Caspase-3GCGGTATTGAGACAGACAGTGGGGTGCGGTAGAGTAAGCATA95
Caspase-9ACTGCTTCGTGGTGGTCATCCATCCATCTGTGCCATAGACA85
Bcl-2GGATGACTTCTCTCGTCGCTACTGACATCTCCCTGTTGACGCT100
GAPDHTG AACGGGAAGCTCACTGGGCTTCACCACCTTCTTGATGTC120
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骨多肽通过调控自噬与凋亡改善去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的作用及机制
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朱慧明 1 , 张会欣 1 , 周子喆 1 , 张亚楠 2 , 王羽然 1 , 刘颜松 1 , 许峰 3, 4 , 冯小龙 1, *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(6): 387-396
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (6) : 387 -396
骨多肽通过调控自噬与凋亡改善去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的作用及机制
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朱慧明1 , 张会欣1, 周子喆1, 张亚楠2, 王羽然1, 刘颜松1, 许峰3, 4, 冯小龙1, *
作者信息
  • 1石家庄学院化工学院,河北石家庄 050035
  • 2河北医科大学第二医院心内科,河北石家庄 050061
  • 3河北智同生物制药股份有限公司,河北保定 072656
  • 4河北省动物源性肽类生化药物技术创新中心,河北石家庄 050035
通讯作者:
冯小龙(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:功能性食品开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

朱慧明(1976−),女,博士,正高级工程师,研究方向:多肽类功能性食品研究与开发,E-mail:

Effects and Mechanisms of Bone Polypeptide on Improving Osteoporosis in Ovariectomized Rats via Regulation of Autophagy and Apoptosis
Huiming ZHU1 , Huixin ZHANG1, Zizhe ZHOU1, Yanan ZHANG2, Yuran WANG1, Yansong LIU1, Feng XU3, 4, Xiaolong FENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
  • 2Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
  • 3Hebei Zhitong Bio Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Baoding 072656, China
  • 4Hebei Province Animal Derived Peptide Biochemical Drug Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030061
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目的:探讨骨多肽是否通过自噬与凋亡途径对骨质疏松大鼠发挥保护作用。方法:建立去卵巢骨质疏松大鼠模型(Postmenopausal osteoporosis,POMP),随机分为假手术组、模型组、己烯雌酚组(25 μg/kg)及骨多肽低中高剂量组(50、100、200 mg·kg−1)。术后灌胃给药90 d,采用双能X射线法检测骨密度(Bone mineral density,BMD),三点弯曲试验检测骨生物力学指标,形态计量学观察骨微结构,酶联免疫吸附实验法(ELISA)检测血清骨代谢指标,RT-qPCR和Western blot方法检测自噬相关基因(p62、Beclin-1、LC3-II)与凋亡相关基因(Caspase-3、Caspase-9、BAX、Bcl-2)的mRNA和蛋白表达。结果:骨多肽可显著提高骨质疏松大鼠骨组织钙、镁、磷、羟脯氨酸含量(P<0.05或P<0.01),增加血清甲状旁腺素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)、雌二醇(estradiol,E2)水平,降低骨钙素(osteocalcin,BGP)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP)、睾酮(testosterone,T)水平,改善骨代谢;增加骨质疏松大鼠骨小梁数量,减小骨小梁分离度,增强骨生物力学特性和骨密度,改善骨微结构。骨多肽在50~200 mg·kg−1剂量范围内,激活自噬通路并抑制凋亡,p62的mRNA和蛋白表达降低,Beclin-1、LC3-II的mRNA和蛋白表达升高;BAX、Caspase-3、Caspase-9的mRNA和蛋白表达降低,Bcl-2的mRNA和蛋白表达升高,其中高剂量组与模型组相比均具有统计学差异(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:骨多肽可通过Beclin-1/LC3-II轴激活自噬通路、Bcl-2/BAX-Caspase级联抑制线粒体凋亡双重调控机制改善骨质疏松,为骨质疏松的靶向治疗提供了新策略。

骨多肽  /  去卵巢大鼠  /  自噬  /  凋亡  /  骨质疏松

Objective: To investigate whether bone polypeptide (GDT) exerts protective effects against osteoporosis in rats through autophagy and apoptosis pathways. Methods: A postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model (POMP) was established via ovariectomy. Rats were randomly divided into Sham-operated, model, diethylstilbestrol (25 μg/kg), and GDT low-, medium-, and high-dose groups (50, 100, 200 mg·kg−1). Intragastric administration was performed for 90 days post-surgery. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone biomechanical properties were evaluated via three-point bending tests. Bone microstructure was analyzed by morphometry. Serum bone metabolism markers were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). mRNA and protein expressions of autophagy-related genes (p62, Beclin-1, LC3-II) and apoptosis-related genes (Caspase-3, Caspase-9, BAX, Bcl-2) were determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Results: GDT significantly increased calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and hydroxyproline contents in bone tissues (P<0.05 or P<0.01), elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and estradiol (E2) levels, reduced osteocalcin(BGP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and testosterone (T) levels, and improved bone metabolism. Bone trabecular number was increased, trabecular separation was decreased, and biomechanical properties and BMD were enhanced, with improved bone microstructure. Within the 50~200 mg·kg−1 dose range, GDT activated the autophagy pathway and inhibited apoptosis. mRNA and protein expressions of p62 were down regulated, while Beclin-1 and LC3-II were upregulated. Expressions of BAX, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9 were reduced, whereas Bcl-2 was increased. Significant differences were observed in the high-dose group compared to the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion: GDT ameliorates osteoporosis through dual regulatory mechanisms: Activating the autophagy pathway via the Beclin-1/LC3-II axis and inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis via the Bcl-2/BAX-Caspase cascade. This study provides a novel strategy for targeted osteoporosis therapy.

bone polypeptide  /  ovariectomy rats  /  apoptosis  /  autophagy  /  osteoporosis
朱慧明, 张会欣, 周子喆, 张亚楠, 王羽然, 刘颜松, 许峰, 冯小龙. 骨多肽通过调控自噬与凋亡改善去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的作用及机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 387 -396 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030061
Huiming ZHU, Huixin ZHANG, Zizhe ZHOU, Yanan ZHANG, Yuran WANG, Yansong LIU, Feng XU, Xiaolong FENG. Effects and Mechanisms of Bone Polypeptide on Improving Osteoporosis in Ovariectomized Rats via Regulation of Autophagy and Apoptosis[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 387 -396 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030061
绝经后骨质疏松症(postmenopausal osteoporosis,POMP)是一种因雌激素缺乏而诱发的系统性骨代谢失衡疾病。流行病学调查数据显示,POMP是发病率最高的骨质疏松症[1],50岁以上女性POMP的患病率高达32.1%,同时POMP所致髋骨骨折后1年内死亡率高达23.5%[2]。随着全球老龄化的加剧,POMP已成为世界卫生组织高度关注并亟待解决的主要公共卫生问题[3]。目前临床POMP药物治疗策略以抗骨吸收药物(如双膦酸盐、雌激素等)和促骨形成药物(如特立帕肽)为主,但存在长期安全性风险、患者依从性差及部分药物疗效局限性等不足[4−6]。因此,寻求疗效确切、毒副作用小,可口服的新型治疗药物成为迫切需求。
近年研究表明,哺乳动物骨骼来源骨多肽作为一种内源性成骨生长因子,具有富含Gly-Pro-Hyp三肽序列、分子量小于10 kDa的独特分子特征,其氨基酸序列保守,高度同源,参与骨细胞间的通讯[7],具有骨靶向性[8],具有刺激骨细胞增殖和分化、调节骨矿物质代谢、促进骨骼生长与修复以及加速骨折愈合等多重作用,已成为功能性食品、药品研发的热点。鹿茸多肽通过PI3K/AKT信号通路促进成骨细胞的增殖、分化和骨形成进而抑制POMP[9];羊骨肽钙螯合物可促进小鼠胚胎成骨细胞前体细胞 MC3T3-E1细胞增殖,增加矿化染色面积和矿化结节数量,提高Runx2、CoL I、Osterix等分化相关基因mRNA的表达量,促进骨形成抑制骨吸收而改善大鼠POMP[10];注射用骨肽可上调ALP促进骨形成,下调TRAP抑制骨吸收,增加骨矿物质元素钙、磷含量,增强骨密度,改善骨形态而改善大鼠POMP[11];复方骨肽注射液可加快骨质疏松症伴转子下粉碎性骨折患者内固定术后关节功能恢复,减轻疼痛,改善骨密度,促进骨折端愈合[12]。目前临床上骨多肽研究多以改善骨质疏松,促进骨折愈合临床观察为主,改善POMP分子机制尚不明确。
自噬与凋亡的动态平衡对维持骨组织稳态具有决定性作用,是骨代谢调控的核心机制。近年来研究证实,骨细胞自噬-凋亡轴的功能失调是骨质疏松症发生发展的关键病理基础[13−14],在骨关节炎等骨疾病中发挥重要作用[15]。从药理学角度分析,衰老或雌激素缺乏导致的自噬抑制与凋亡激活,不仅破坏了骨重建的精细平衡,还可能通过影响成骨细胞存活和功能发挥,导致骨量流失[14]。在分子机制层面,自噬相关基因(如Beclin 1、DRAM)的异常表达可通过调控线粒体途径等凋亡信号通路,直接影响骨细胞的命运决定:Beclin 1基因突变不仅抑制自噬活性,还可能通过激活凋亡信号通路加剧骨丢失;而DRAM基因的调控则展现出保护性作用。深入研究自噬凋亡途径可为骨质疏松症的治疗提供新的靶点和策略[16−18]。POMP模型能够重现人类绝经后因雌激素缺乏导致的骨质疏松[19−20],是骨质疏松药物评价推荐模型。本研究采用大鼠去卵巢骨质疏松模型,探究猪骨来源的骨多肽对骨质疏松大鼠的骨保护作用以及是否与调节自噬与凋亡途径有关。
雌性SPF级SD大鼠 60只,3月龄,体质量220~240 g,斯贝福(北京)有限公司,许可证号:SCXK(京)2019-0010;大鼠维持饲料 批号20230614,斯贝福(北京)有限公司,许可证号:SCXK(京)2019-0010;骨多肽 河北智同生物制药股份有限公司;猪筒骨(冷冻) 石家庄双鸽食品有限责任公司;动物蛋白酶(4000 U/g) 南宁东恒华道生物科技有限责任公司;己烯雌酚片 合肥久联制药有限公司;碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP)、骨钙素(osteocalcin,OC)、甲状旁腺素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)、雌二醇(estradiol,E2)、睾酮(testosterone,T)测试盒 上海酶联生物科技有限公司;镁(Magnesium,Mg)、磷(phosphorus,P)、羟脯氨酸(hydroxyproline,Hyp)、总蛋白(BCA protein)测试盒 南京建成生物工程研究所;小鼠抗人B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)单克隆抗体 美国Santa Cruz Biotechnology;兔抗人BCL2-Associated X的蛋白质(BCL2-Associated X,BAX)多克隆抗体、兔抗人自噬相关基因(B-cell lymphoma-2-interacting myosin-like coiled-coil protein 1,Beclin1)多克隆抗体 美国Proteintech Group, Inc.;兔抗人半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(cysteine aspastic acid-specific protease 3,Caspase-3)单克隆抗体、兔抗人胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶9(cysteine aspastic acid-specific protease 9,Caspase-9)多克隆抗体、兔抗人p62多克隆抗体 美国Abcam Plc;兔抗人微管相关蛋白轻链3 II(Human microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II,LC3-II)单克隆抗体 碧云天生物技术公司;RT-qPCR引物 上海生工生物技术公司。
Leica 2155硬组织切片机、MC170HD成像系统 德国徕卡公司;Nikon NIS-Elements半自动图像数字化分析仪 日本尼康株式会社;YM-Ⅲ型石膏打磨机 西北医疗仪器集团有限公司;RS36全自动染色机 常州派斯杰医疗设备有限公司;PHY-Ⅲ病理组织漂烘仪 杭州中威电子股份有限公司;XD 711酶标分析仪 上海迅达医疗仪器公司;GE Lunarprodigy骨密度测试仪 美国General Electric Company公司;7300型实时荧光定量(qRT-PCR)仪 美国 Applied Biosystems Inc.公司;EPS-300电泳仪 上海天能科技有限公司;Mini Trans-Blot蛋白转印系统 伯乐生命医学产品有限公司;KSS图像分析软件 KSS Scientific Consultants, UT, USA。
本课题组参照专利[21],选用健康新鲜(刚解冻)猪筒骨,经自来水清洗、剔肉后粉碎,按照1:4比例加入水性介质140 ℃提取3 h,提取液降至40 ℃时分离除去脂肪,提取液加5%骨蛋白酶水解40 ℃水解2 h,100 ℃加热15 min使酶灭活,130 ℃高温灭菌50 s,用1 μm滤膜预过滤滤液后,滤器预滤物再经过10 kDa超滤收集滤液,旋转蒸发仪浓缩至干,倒入玻璃板冷冻干燥,获得骨多肽。高效液相色谱法测定骨多肽中游离氨基酸含量和多肽含量[22]。骨多肽冷冻保存,现用现配。
大鼠适应性喂养1周后,按体重随机分为6组:假手术组(Sham)、模型组(OVX)、阳性药组己烯雌酚组(DES,25 μg/kg·day),骨多肽低剂量组(GDTL,50 mg/kg·day,0.5倍临床等效剂量)、中剂量组(GDTM,100 mg/kg·day,临床等效剂量[23])、高剂量组(GDTH,200 mg/kg·day,2倍临床等效剂量),每组10只。除假手术组外,其余各组腹腔注射40 mg/kg戊巴比妥钠进行麻醉,结扎子宫,切除双侧卵巢,复制绝经后骨质疏松模型[24],Sham组仅切除卵巢周围部分等量的脂肪组织。术后连续3 d给予青霉素钠预防感染;术后第4 d起各组灌胃予以相应药物,Sham组和OVX组予以等量0.5% CMC-Na,10 mL·kg−1,每日1次,连续给药12周。实验过程遵守石家庄学院生物医学伦理委员会相关规定,伦理号:20230216002。
实验期间,观察大鼠体重、饮食、活动等一般状况。给药结束,大鼠禁食过夜,腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠麻醉,腹动脉采血,全血静置后离心制备血清。快速取骨组织,分离除净附着肌肉及结缔组织,右侧胫骨、右侧股骨生理盐水润湿的纱布包裹,铝箔纸包裹,编号,−20 ℃保存备测;左侧股骨液氮转−80 ℃超低温冰箱保存备检,子宫、左侧胫骨用10%福尔马林磷酸缓冲液固定备测。
取1.2.3右侧胫骨,采用双能X线吸收扫描仪检测骨密度。
取1.2.3各组大鼠右侧股骨,设置支点距离20 mm,股骨中段载荷速度2 mm·min−1,直至股骨断裂,采用三点弯曲实验,描计负荷-位移曲线,并测量最大弯曲力、抗弯强度、断裂挠度、弹性段终点荷等生物力学参数。
取福尔马林固定的左侧胫骨,经不脱钙包埋、硬组织切片机切片,甲苯胺蓝(toluidineblue,TB)染色,脱水、透明、封片,于显微镜下放大100倍观察骨组织形态变化,并采用图像分析系统进行骨形态计量学测定,参数包括骨小梁体积百分比(percentage of trabecular bone volume,TBV%)、骨小梁吸收表面百分比(percentage of trabecular bone resorbed surface,TRS%)、骨小梁形成表面百分比(percentage of bonetrabeculation surface,TFS%)、活性生成表面百分比(active surface fraction,AFS%)、骨小梁矿化率(mineralization rate of trabecular bone,MAR)、类骨质平均宽度(average osteoid width,OSW)、骨皮质矿化率(mineralization rate of cortical bone,mAR)[25]。
取1.2.4检测完骨密度的右侧胫骨烘干至恒重,盐酸消化过滤,取滤液调pH至6,按试剂盒说明依次检测Ca、Mg、P、Hyp。
腹主动脉采血,静置4 h后,4 ℃,3000 r·min−1离心10 min分离血清,按照试剂盒说明书测定骨代谢指标ALP、TRAP、PTH、BGP、E2、T。
将左侧股骨于液氮中研碎,于无核酸酶的离心管中,按照试剂盒提取总RNA并定量,逆转录成cDNA,RT-qPCR扩增检测p62、Beclin-1、LC3-Ⅱ、BAX、Caspase-3、Caspase-9、Bcl-2的mRNA表达。PCR扩增程序:95 ℃变性30 s,95 ℃退火5 s,60 ℃延伸30 s,进行40个循环,以GAPDH为内参基因,根据2−ΔΔCt计算目标mRNA相对表达量。引物信息见表1。
检测自噬相关基因蛋白表达p62、Beclin1和LC3-Ⅱ以及凋亡相关基因的BAX、Caspase-3、Caspase-9、Bcl-2蛋白表达。
采用RIPA法裂解大鼠骨组织碎片,提取总蛋白,BCA法测各组骨组织总蛋白浓度。上样、电泳后进行转膜,PVDF膜5%脱脂牛奶中封闭30 min,加入一抗(1:1000),4 ℃孵育过夜,回收一抗,次日加入二抗(1:10000),室温慢摇孵育60 min,回收二抗,用TBST清洗膜,最后加入ECL显影液进行显影。采用ImageJ软件对凝胶条带灰度值分析,以β-actin为内参,计算各目的蛋白的相对表达量。
实验数据用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,用SPSS 26.0处理,符合正态分布的数据进行单因素方差分析,若方差齐,两两比较采用最小显著差法(LSD)-t检验,若方差不齐则采用Dunnett’s T3检验行两两比较;如不符合正态分布,则用非参数检验进行统计分析。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
骨多肽中多肽量(以总氮计)为11.11 g/100 g,含量为69.43%,其中分子量小于10 kDa的多肽占比100%;游离氨基酸(以总氮计)为3.30 g/100 g,含量为20.63%,精氨酸是最主要的氨基酸,其次是赖氨酸、缬氨酸、组氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸和甘氨酸,共计17种游离氨基酸(附表1,详见本刊官网http://www.spgykj.com/文章的网络版)。
由图1可见,各组初始体重无统计学差异(P>0.05),去卵巢4周起,OVX组大鼠体重增长明显快于假手术组(P<0.01),与Yeh等[26]报道一致,OVX大鼠体重异常增加与切除卵巢后雌激素、孕激素合成骤减有关。雌激素参与脂肪代谢的调控,影响基础代谢率;雌激素水平降低可使基础代谢率下降,脂肪沉积而出现肥胖现象[27−28]。与OVX组相比,阳性药DES组4周起体重极显著降低(P<0.01);GDTL、GDTM、GDTH均有轻微体重下降趋势,但均无统计学差异(P>0.05),说明骨多肽对POMP大鼠体重增加无明显影响。
骨密度测量是一种具有较高检测准确度和灵敏度,可直接反映骨量和骨结构变化,估计骨质疏松的程度,评价骨质疏松药物疗效的必要手段,是公认的诊断骨质疏松的“金标准”[1,17]。骨生物力学指标反映骨的强度和韧性[29]。由图2可见,与Sham组相比,OVX组骨密度及各项骨生物力学指标均极显著下降(P<0.01),表明POMP模型构建成功。与OVX组相比,各治疗组大鼠的骨密度及骨生物力学指标均不同程度升高,且骨多肽治疗组上述指标作用随着剂量增加而增强,其GDTH和DES作用相当,均较OVX组显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与韩龙等[25]报道一致,表明口服骨多肽可以增强POMP大鼠骨密度和骨强度。
图3直观反映了胫骨骨组织病理学变化: Sham组大鼠骨小梁组织分布均匀,排列致密,骨小梁网状结构正常;OVX组骨小梁组织疏松,排列紊乱,骨小梁数量减少、分离度增加,网状结构破坏。各治疗组较OVX组骨小梁数目增多,分离度减小,排列相对有序,其中DES对造模造成的骨小梁损伤改善尤为明显。图4表征胫骨骨形态计量学变化:与Sham组相比,OVX组TBV%降低,TRS%、TFS%、AFS%、MAR、OSW、mAR极显著增高(P<0.01),呈现典型的骨质疏松状态。与OVX组相比,骨多肽各剂量组均可不同程度增加骨小梁数目、骨小梁面积、减小骨小梁分离度,修复网状结构,且随剂量增加作用增强,其中DES和GDTH对TBV%、TRS%、TFS%、AFS%、MAR、OSW和mAR的作用有显著统计学差异(P<0.05或P<0.01),与文献[25]报道一致,说明骨多肽对骨质疏松症状具有一定的改善作用。
血清钙、磷、镁是骨矿化指标,具有促骨基质合成作用,是骨骼强度和硬度基础。羟脯氨酸是构成骨骼和软骨组织的关键物质胶原蛋白的重要组成部分,其含量变化可以反映骨健康状态。由图5可见,与Sham组相比,OVX组大鼠骨Ca、Mg、P、Hyp极显著下降(P<0.01),提示去卵巢可造成骨有机质与骨无机质同时丢失,呈现明显POMP表现。与OVX组相比,GDT各治疗组均可以明显提高骨钙、骨镁、磷、Hyp(P<0.05或P<0.01)。表明GDT具有促进骨矿物质沉积,同步减少骨无机质和有机质丢失,促进成骨细胞增殖作用,与周广运等[24]报道一致。
如图6所示,与Sham组相比,OVX组血清E2显著下降(P<0.05),血清T(P>0.05,)、血清BGP升高(P<0.05),PTH略有下降(P>0.05);骨形成和成骨细胞活性标志物ALP与骨吸收和破骨细胞活性的标志物TRAP均显著增高(P<0.01),符合绝经期高转换型骨质疏松特点[30−31]。与OVX组相比,GDT有明显改变上述变化的趋势,且GDT对上述指标的作用随剂量增加而增强,GDTH组各骨代谢指标较OVX组改善具有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01),说明GDT可以代偿去卵巢导致的雌激素骤减,同步提高血清雄激素水平,改善体内激素紊乱,通过调节BGP、PTH和ALP促进骨形成,调节TRAP抑制骨吸收,多途径改善大鼠POMP。
自噬和凋亡与骨质疏松的发生发展,特别是在绝经后雌激素水平快速下降和氧化应激增加的情况下的骨质疏松密切相关[32−33]。雌激素具有维持骨细胞活力作用,去卵巢后雌激素缺乏会降低自噬并增加凋亡[34]。图7显示,相较于Sham组,OVX组骨组织自噬相关基因p62 mRNA表达升高,Beclin1、LC3-Ⅱ mRNA表达降低,凋亡相关基因BAX、Caspase-3、Caspase-9 mRNA表达显著升高,Bcl-2 mRNA表达显著降低,上述指标变化具有显著统计学差异(P<0.01),与文献[35−36]报道一致。与OVX组相比,DES组和GDT不同剂量组均可不同程度逆转上述指标变化,除GDTL组Caspase-3、p62表达外,其余各组对上述指标的作用均具有显著统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。
如图8~图10所示,在蛋白表达水平,去卵巢后骨组织自噬与凋亡对应相关蛋白表达变化趋势与其各自mRNA表达一致:与Sham组相比,OVX组骨组织p62表达显著升高(P<0.01),Beclin1、LC3-Ⅱ表达显著降低(P<0.01,P<0.01);BAX、Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白显著升高(P<0.01、P<0.01、P<0.01),Bcl2显著降低(P<0.01);与OVX组相比,各治疗组对造模引起的p62、Beclin1、Caspase-3、Caspase-9和Bcl2蛋白表达变化有逆转趋势,且均具有显著统计学差异(P<0.01);另外GDTM、GDTH组还可显著升高造模导致的LC3-Ⅱ蛋白表达减少(P<0.01),但各组对BAX蛋白表达变化无逆转趋势,且GDTL和GDTH组BAX蛋白表达较OVX组升高有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。实验数据显示GDT可以增强大鼠股骨骨细胞自噬,抑制骨细胞凋亡,而改善去卵巢导致的骨质疏松[34−35]。
本研究通过建立去卵巢骨质疏松大鼠模型,系统评估了骨多肽对骨代谢的调控作用及其分子机制。结果表明,骨多肽能显著改善骨质疏松大鼠的骨密度、骨生物力学特性及骨微结构,表现为骨小梁数量增加、分离度降低,骨矿物质(钙、镁、磷)及胶原成分(羟脯氨酸)含量回升,血清骨形成标志物(ALP、PGH、E2)水平上调,骨吸收标志物(TRAP、BGP)水平下调。机制研究表明,骨多肽通过上调Beclin-1、LC3-II表达,下调p62表达激活自噬相关信号通路,增强骨组织自噬活性,同时通过下调BAX、Caspase-3、Caspase-9表达,上调Bcl-2表达抑制凋亡相关通路,从而减轻骨细胞凋亡,维持骨代谢平衡,提示骨多肽能通过自噬与凋亡途径对骨质疏松大鼠发挥骨保护作用。
本研究充分论证了骨多肽口服治疗骨质疏松的功效性,丰富了骨多肽功效性基础研究数据。本研究所用骨多肽来源于与人类高度同源的猪的四肢骨,具有骨靶向性,是69.43%多肽(分子量小于10 kDa)、17种游离氨基酸和少量矿物质元素的天然组合物。若用于改善骨质疏松、促进骨折愈合等骨相关疾病预防,与中医的“以形补形、以脏补脏”理论及饮食滋养人体的观念相契合;专利酶解工艺可以保证口服骨多肽的生物利用度和稳定性;猪四肢骨相对廉价易得,经济性高,市场开发前景广阔。本研究也为自噬凋亡途径作为骨质疏松症的治疗新的策略提供了新思路。但不同相对分子量、不同来源、不同给药途径的骨多肽的功效关系还有待验证,其质量控制和功能食品开发等相关法规标准也有待规范健全。骨多肽的产品开发与推广应用还面临一些问题。随着新技术研究手段的不断出现,分离纯化工艺升级精进,相关法规标准的逐步完善,骨多肽的开发将迎来跨越式发展。
本项目组后续将进一步深入探讨骨多肽介导自噬与凋亡途径的具体作用靶点和信号通路,明确主要药效成分或肽段,以期为其产品转化提供更坚实的理论基础和实践案例。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030061
  • 接收时间:2025-03-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-07
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    1石家庄学院化工学院,河北石家庄 050035
    2河北医科大学第二医院心内科,河北石家庄 050061
    3河北智同生物制药股份有限公司,河北保定 072656
    4河北省动物源性肽类生化药物技术创新中心,河北石家庄 050035

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冯小龙(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:功能性食品开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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