Article(id=1320884011107463636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040085, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744128000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852889086, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852889086, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852889086, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852889086, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=251, endPage=261, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884011505922517, articleId=1320884011107463636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Process Optimization and Flavor Quality Analysis of Eurotium cristatum Fermented Penthorum chinense Pursh Leaf Tea, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the present work, Eurotium cristatum fermentation was applicated in Penthorum chinense Pursh (PCP) leaf tea production, to reduce the bitterness, astringent tastes and pronounced herbaceous flavor of PCP leaves. Based on the results of single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) according to sensory evaluation, the optimal fermentation conditions were determined as follows: water contents 27%, incubation amount 21%, with 16 days of incubation time. The E. cristatum fermented PCP leaf tea produced in the optimal condition had orange-yellow infusion appearance with abundant E. cristatum colonization, tasting smooth and mellow with harmonious aroma, which achieved the sensory score at 91.60, while the total polyphenols and total flavonoids contents were reduced by 16.95% and 18.70%, respectively. Compared with the unfermented samples, the ratio of bitter and sweet amino acids of fermented PCP leaf tea decreased by 7.16%. The results of HS-SPME-GC-MS showed that the undesirable volatile components (VOCs), including hexanal, trans-2-hexenal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one representing grassy, pungent, and irritating odors, remarkably decreased, and the VOCs associated with floral, fruity, and fungal aromas, including acetophenone, linalool, and 2-butanone were newly generated and increased in PCP leave tea after fermentation. In summary, the optimal E. cristatum fermentation was confirmed to significantly improve the sensory quality of PCP leaf tea, especially eliminating the undesirable flavors and tastes, which could be a promising technology applicated in PCP tea process.

, authors=Ailin CHEN1, Qinghua YANG1, Qian LAI2, Feixia DUAN1, Li ZENG1, *, Xu RAN1, *, authorsList=Ailin CHEN, Qinghua YANG, Qian LAI, Feixia DUAN, Li ZENG, Xu RAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li ZENG, Xu RAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884015238853092, articleId=1320884011107463636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=冠突散囊菌发酵赶黄草叶茶工艺优化及风味品质分析, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对目前赶黄草叶茶产品普遍存在滋味苦涩、青草味重的问题,本文以感官评分为指标,采用单因素-响应面试验优化接种冠突散囊菌发酵赶黄草叶茶的最佳工艺条件,通过比较发酵前后赶黄草叶茶的感官品质、滋味物质及挥发性化合物差异,探究发酵对赶黄草叶茶风味的影响。研究结果表明:当加水量27%、接种量21%、发酵时间16 d时,发酵赶黄草叶茶金花普遍茂盛,茶汤色泽橙黄、口感醇和、香气协调,感官评分为91.60分。此条件下总多酚、总黄酮含量比未发酵赶黄草叶茶分别降低了16.95%和18.70%,苦味与鲜甜味氨基酸比值下降7.16%。发酵后赶黄草叶茶挥发性化合物的组分和相对含量发生显著变化,正己醛、反式-2-己烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、甲基庚烯酮等具有青辛气、刺激性等不良气味的挥发性成分相对含量下降明显,而苯乙酮、芳樟醇、2-丁酮等具有花果香、菌香的挥发性成分新产生或相对含量上升,掩盖了赶黄草叶茶的青草味,促进了发酵赶黄草叶茶花果香、菌香的形成。上述结果表明赶黄草叶茶经冠突散囊菌发酵后感官品质更佳, 本研究为赶黄草叶茶的进一步开发与应用提供理论基础和参考。

, authors=陈艾琳1, 杨清华1, 赖谦2, 段飞霞1, 曾里1, *, 冉旭1, *, authorsList=陈艾琳, 杨清华, 赖谦, 段飞霞, 曾里, 冉旭, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曾里, 冉旭, authorNote=

陈艾琳(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与营养健康,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
曾里(1973−),女,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:保健食品与健康食品的研究与开发,E-mail:。
冉旭(1968−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:新资源食品的研究与开发,E-mail:。
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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2025, 46(16): 221−234., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320884015737975269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884015951884774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, companyId=1320884015737975269, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Biomass and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884015968661991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, companyId=1320884015737975269, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1四川大学轻工科学与工程学院,四川成都 610065)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320884016035770856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884016048353769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, companyId=1320884016035770856, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Gulin County, Luzhou 646500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884016069325290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, companyId=1320884016035770856, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2古蔺县农业农村局,四川泸州 646500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320884020263629333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Process flow for preparing FPT inoculated with Eurotium cristatum, figureFileSmall=jVvNeW6TeEblxErlWnGQAw==, figureFileBig=uqP9LTesSZaFwPwsKM9yCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020330738198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=CN, label=图1, caption=接种冠突散囊菌制备发酵赶黄草叶茶工艺流程, figureFileSmall=jVvNeW6TeEblxErlWnGQAw==, figureFileBig=uqP9LTesSZaFwPwsKM9yCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020544647703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of water addition (A), inoculation amount (B) and fermentation time (C) on FPT, figureFileSmall=wRY8pAD4fvYHpXUn8AcjWA==, figureFileBig=wZBImr9iWWwX05eORdOmmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020615950872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=CN, label=图2, caption=加水量(A)、接种量(B)、发酵时间(C)对发酵赶黄草叶茶的影响

注:图中不同字母表示差异显著,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=wRY8pAD4fvYHpXUn8AcjWA==, figureFileBig=wZBImr9iWWwX05eORdOmmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020678865433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Response surface diagram of the sensory score of the FPT, figureFileSmall=oAs6ZaUjEVvQLpg7Flgs+A==, figureFileBig=6C8Vooa9OVvMhIdcIbueiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020758557210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=CN, label=图3, caption=发酵赶黄草叶茶感官评分的响应面图, figureFileSmall=oAs6ZaUjEVvQLpg7Flgs+A==, figureFileBig=6C8Vooa9OVvMhIdcIbueiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020829860379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of the Penthorum chinense Pursh leaf tea infusion before (A) and after (B) fermentation, figureFileSmall=0LeaMwHKGMv/vrkBhg7Zmg==, figureFileBig=O6KwvZ0HChSNOCTxWFlWnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020905357852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=CN, label=图4, caption=赶黄草叶茶发酵前(A)后(B)对比, figureFileSmall=0LeaMwHKGMv/vrkBhg7Zmg==, figureFileBig=O6KwvZ0HChSNOCTxWFlWnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020985049629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Total phenolic and flavonoids contents of Penthorum chinense Pursh leaf tea infusion before and after fermentation, figureFileSmall=nJDZCHvertApuAK0X06lGg==, figureFileBig=GoO2kIUtkNiu5YzyKIx0IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884021047964190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=CN, label=图5, caption=赶黄草叶茶发酵前后总多酚及总黄酮含量

注:图中不同字母表示同一指标在两个样本中差异显著,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=nJDZCHvertApuAK0X06lGg==, figureFileBig=GoO2kIUtkNiu5YzyKIx0IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884021131850271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Volatile organic compounds profile of the PT and FPT, figureFileSmall=IUzBHTLyWqPRgoTRIFYUrQ==, figureFileBig=21cHGG3jo3Nqy7RVaLlDhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884021198959136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=CN, label=图6, caption=赶黄草叶茶发酵前后挥发性物质组成

注:图中不同字母表示同一指标在两个样本中差异显著,P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=IUzBHTLyWqPRgoTRIFYUrQ==, figureFileBig=21cHGG3jo3Nqy7RVaLlDhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884021287039521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=OPLS-DA score plots (A), replacement test results (B) and VIP scores (C) of volatile substances in PT and FPT, figureFileSmall=KJ9HJIz1TVRM9I5Jf4rTFg==, figureFileBig=5IY4nrnCe3vHfHeI65etAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884021366731298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=CN, label=图7, caption=赶黄草叶茶发酵前后香气成分OPLS-DA得分图(A)、置换检验图(B)、VIP得分图(C), figureFileSmall=KJ9HJIz1TVRM9I5Jf4rTFg==, figureFileBig=5IY4nrnCe3vHfHeI65etAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884021442228771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Response surface experimental design and factor levels for FPT preparation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A加水量(%)B接种量(%)C发酵时间(d)
−1201514
0302016
1402518
), ArticleFig(id=1320884021517726244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

FPT制备响应面试验设计因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A加水量(%)B接种量(%)C发酵时间(d)
−1201514
0302016
1402518
), ArticleFig(id=1320884021597418021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensory evaluation standard

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标评价标准评分
汤色较显绿,较浑浊,欠明亮60~69
黄绿色,稍显浑浊,尚明亮70~79
橙黄色,稍显浑浊,明亮80~89
橙红色,不浑浊,清澈明亮90~99
香气无菌香,青草气浓,赶黄草香显60~69
无菌香,稍淡青草气,赶黄草香较显70~79
显菌香,淡青草气,赶黄草香较显80~89
显菌香,略有青草气,赶黄草香略显90~99
滋味苦涩味,有辛味,欠醇和60~69
较苦涩,稍弱辛味,尚醇和70~79
略有涩味,略有辛味,醇和80~89
略有涩味,口感圆润、醇和90~99
叶底黄褐,叶片较完整,较软亮60~69
棕褐,叶片较完整,较软亮70~79
棕褐,叶片完整,较软亮80~89
棕褐,叶片完整,软亮90~99
发花状态没有发金花60~69
少量金花70~79
金花颗粒较小或欠饱满80~89
金花颗粒大而饱满90~99
), ArticleFig(id=1320884021685498406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

感官评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标评价标准评分
汤色较显绿,较浑浊,欠明亮60~69
黄绿色,稍显浑浊,尚明亮70~79
橙黄色,稍显浑浊,明亮80~89
橙红色,不浑浊,清澈明亮90~99
香气无菌香,青草气浓,赶黄草香显60~69
无菌香,稍淡青草气,赶黄草香较显70~79
显菌香,淡青草气,赶黄草香较显80~89
显菌香,略有青草气,赶黄草香略显90~99
滋味苦涩味,有辛味,欠醇和60~69
较苦涩,稍弱辛味,尚醇和70~79
略有涩味,略有辛味,醇和80~89
略有涩味,口感圆润、醇和90~99
叶底黄褐,叶片较完整,较软亮60~69
棕褐,叶片较完整,较软亮70~79
棕褐,叶片完整,较软亮80~89
棕褐,叶片完整,软亮90~99
发花状态没有发金花60~69
少量金花70~79
金花颗粒较小或欠饱满80~89
金花颗粒大而饱满90~99
), ArticleFig(id=1320884021752607271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Experimental design and results of response surface analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A加水量B接种量C发酵时间Y感官评分(分)
1−1−1085.20
21−1083.76
3−11087.84
411084.90
5−10−186.46
610−182.86
7−10185.65
810181.20
90−1−184.64
1001−187.28
110−1183.66
1201184.88
1300089.86
1400090.25
1500091.30
1600089.64
1700090.56
), ArticleFig(id=1320884021844881960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A加水量B接种量C发酵时间Y感官评分(分)
1−1−1085.20
21−1083.76
3−11087.84
411084.90
5−10−186.46
610−182.86
7−10185.65
810181.20
90−1−184.64
1001−187.28
110−1183.66
1201184.88
1300089.86
1400090.25
1500091.30
1600089.64
1700090.56
), ArticleFig(id=1320884021928768041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Variance analysis of regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方差FP显著性
模型141.61915.7331.61<0.0001显著
A-加水量19.31119.3138.790.0004**
B-接种量7.317.314.660.0065**
C-发酵时间4.2814.288.590.022*
AB0.562510.56251.130.3231
AC0.180610.18060.36280.5659
BC0.504110.50411.010.3478
A237.51137.5175.35<0.0001**
B215.4115.430.930.0008**
C245.71145.7191.81<0.0001**
残差3.4870.4978
失拟项1.7930.5961.40.3641不显著
纯误差1.740.4242
总离差145.0916
), ArticleFig(id=1320884022008459818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源平方和自由度均方差FP显著性
模型141.61915.7331.61<0.0001显著
A-加水量19.31119.3138.790.0004**
B-接种量7.317.314.660.0065**
C-发酵时间4.2814.288.590.022*
AB0.562510.56251.130.3231
AC0.180610.18060.36280.5659
BC0.504110.50411.010.3478
A237.51137.5175.35<0.0001**
B215.4115.430.930.0008**
C245.71145.7191.81<0.0001**
残差3.4870.4978
失拟项1.7930.5961.40.3641不显著
纯误差1.740.4242
总离差145.0916
), ArticleFig(id=1320884023690375723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Color difference parameters of tea infusion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*ΔE
PT94.09±0.06b−2.28±0.01a14.34±0.03a−
FPT92.48±0.03a−2.49±0.00a23.70±0.04b9.50
), ArticleFig(id=1320884023812010540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

茶汤色度色差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*ΔE
PT94.09±0.06b−2.28±0.01a14.34±0.03a−
FPT92.48±0.03a−2.49±0.00a23.70±0.04b9.50
), ArticleFig(id=1320884023874925101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Profile of free amino acids in PT and FPT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称呈味阈值[7,20](mg/g)含量(mg/100 g)TAV
PTFPTPTFPT
丙氨酸甜味0.629.33±0.59a2.52±0.08b0.490.04
天冬酰胺甜味1.5135.43±3.38a8.19±0.09b0.90.05
谷氨酰胺甜味2.53.32±0.03b16.46±0.26a0.010.07
甘氨酸甜味1.32.51±0.09a0.86±0.03b0.020.01
脯氨酸甜味314.85±0.60a2.33±0.03b0.050.01
丝氨酸甜味1.530.77±0.42a3.18±0.13b0.210.01
苏氨酸甜味2.626.70±0.92a2.57±0.13b0.670.01
甜味氨基酸总量242.91±3.80a36.11±0.40b
天冬氨酸鲜味188.2±0.36a10.24±0.08b0.880.1
γ-氨基丁酸鲜味0.29.92±0.16a1.12±0.01b0.50.06
谷氨酸鲜味0.354.25±2.09a26.35±1.22b1.810.88
鲜味氨基酸总量152.37±2.61a37.71±1.12b
精氨酸苦味0.53.81±0.03a0.41±0.01b0.080.01
胱氨酸苦味0.020.92±0.03a0.75±0.03b0.460.38
组氨酸苦味0.26.51±0.08a1.76±0.05b0.330.09
异亮氨酸苦味0.921.43±0.35a0.79±0.03b0.240.01
亮氨酸苦味1.99.44±0.25a0.66±0.02b0.050
赖氨酸苦味0.510.08±0.41a1.80±0.03b0.20.04
蛋氨酸苦味0.30.76±0.01a0.71±0.00b0.030.02
苯丙氨酸苦味0.912.97±0.49a1.50±0.01b0.140.02
酪氨酸苦味2.610.51±0.13a1.77±0.05b0.040.01
缬氨酸苦味0.432.50±0.01a1.75±0.04b0.810.04
色氨酸苦味0.918.30±1.02a6.58±0.32b0.20.07
苦味氨基酸总量127.23±2.22a18.48±0.45b
21种氨基酸总量 522.51±1.03a92.30±1.07b  
甜味氨基酸占比(%)46.49±0.01a39.12±0.00b
鲜味氨基酸占比(%)29.16±0.00a40.86±0.01b
苦味氨基酸占比(%)24.35±0.00a20.02±0.01b
), ArticleFig(id=1320884023958811182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

赶黄草叶茶发酵前后游离氨基酸组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称呈味阈值[7,20](mg/g)含量(mg/100 g)TAV
PTFPTPTFPT
丙氨酸甜味0.629.33±0.59a2.52±0.08b0.490.04
天冬酰胺甜味1.5135.43±3.38a8.19±0.09b0.90.05
谷氨酰胺甜味2.53.32±0.03b16.46±0.26a0.010.07
甘氨酸甜味1.32.51±0.09a0.86±0.03b0.020.01
脯氨酸甜味314.85±0.60a2.33±0.03b0.050.01
丝氨酸甜味1.530.77±0.42a3.18±0.13b0.210.01
苏氨酸甜味2.626.70±0.92a2.57±0.13b0.670.01
甜味氨基酸总量242.91±3.80a36.11±0.40b
天冬氨酸鲜味188.2±0.36a10.24±0.08b0.880.1
γ-氨基丁酸鲜味0.29.92±0.16a1.12±0.01b0.50.06
谷氨酸鲜味0.354.25±2.09a26.35±1.22b1.810.88
鲜味氨基酸总量152.37±2.61a37.71±1.12b
精氨酸苦味0.53.81±0.03a0.41±0.01b0.080.01
胱氨酸苦味0.020.92±0.03a0.75±0.03b0.460.38
组氨酸苦味0.26.51±0.08a1.76±0.05b0.330.09
异亮氨酸苦味0.921.43±0.35a0.79±0.03b0.240.01
亮氨酸苦味1.99.44±0.25a0.66±0.02b0.050
赖氨酸苦味0.510.08±0.41a1.80±0.03b0.20.04
蛋氨酸苦味0.30.76±0.01a0.71±0.00b0.030.02
苯丙氨酸苦味0.912.97±0.49a1.50±0.01b0.140.02
酪氨酸苦味2.610.51±0.13a1.77±0.05b0.040.01
缬氨酸苦味0.432.50±0.01a1.75±0.04b0.810.04
色氨酸苦味0.918.30±1.02a6.58±0.32b0.20.07
苦味氨基酸总量127.23±2.22a18.48±0.45b
21种氨基酸总量 522.51±1.03a92.30±1.07b  
甜味氨基酸占比(%)46.49±0.01a39.12±0.00b
鲜味氨基酸占比(%)29.16±0.00a40.86±0.01b
苦味氨基酸占比(%)24.35±0.00a20.02±0.01b
), ArticleFig(id=1320884024021725743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Qualitative analysis and relative content of volatile compounds of the PT and FPT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号保留时间(min)CAS香气化合物名称相对含量(%)气味描述[4,20,34−35]
PTFPT
醛类
113.80466-25-1正己醛3.25±0.83a0.15±0.07b豆腥味、青草味
215.021576-87-0反式-2-戊烯醛0.74±0.34a−油脂香、青草味
316.18111-71-7庚醛1.40±0.12a−油脂味、柑橘香、青草味、腐臭气味
416.8776728-26-3反式-2-己烯醛7.28±0.55a0.63±0.04b青草味
519.103106-72-92,6-二甲基-5-庚烯醛0.17±0.03a−青草味、柑橘香
620.531432-24-6α−环柠檬醛0.25±0.11a−柑橘香
720.7034313-03-5(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛7.42±0.54a−青草味
822.49557-48-2反-2-,顺-6-壬二烯醛0.84±0.19a0.18±0.04b青草味
923.446122-78-1苯乙醛0.68±0.07a−花香
1023.22740702-26-91,3,4-三甲基-3-环己烯-1-甲醛3.91±0.88a−/
1123.589116-26-7藏红花醛1.21±0.10a−木香
1219.69124-19-6壬醛1.38±0.30a0.61±0.31b脂肪香、甜橙香
酮类
1318.822110-93-0甲基庚烯酮15.82±1.71a6.38±1.65b青草味
1419.95478-59-1异佛尔酮3.64±0.39a2.84±0.27b樟脑味、薄荷香
1521.45238284-27-4(E,E)-3,5-辛二烯-2-酮1.76±0.05a−烘焙香、甜香
1622.5641604-28-06-甲基-3,5-庚二烯-2-酮2.41±0.22a−青草味、果香
1724.2461125-21-9茶香酮0.34±0.17a−茶香
1826.686689-67-8香叶基丙酮18.10±1.01a1.48±0.24b生青味、青草味
1928.40779-77-6β−紫罗兰酮2.46±0.68a−紫罗兰香、花香
2031.589502-69-2植酮0.14±0.02a0.13±0.03a青草味、木香
2131.9043548-78-5(E)-ψ-紫罗兰酮0.07±0.01a−青草味
2229.37223267-57-4环己酮0.71±0.18a0.26±0.07b/
2337.2111117-52-8法尼基丙酮1.60±0.47a1.12±0.41a木香
2422.40830434-65-23,4,4-三甲基环戊-2-烯酮0.52±0.14a−/
2523.6298-86-2苯乙酮1.30±0.45b50.38±1.35a玫瑰香、芳香
268.39678-93-32-丁酮−3.57±1.40a果香、清香
2717.944111-13-7仲辛酮−1.72±0.54a果香、甜香
2818.5652408-37-92,2,6-三甲基环己酮−0.39±0.03a花香、甜香
2926.55317283-81-7β−二氢紫罗兰酮−0.49±0.11a花香
醇类
3020.2113391-86-41-辛烯3-醇1.81±0.05a2.89±1.44a药草香、真菌清香
3115.558616-25-11-戊烯-3-醇0.15±0.05a−果香
3218.3871576-95-0顺-2-戊烯醇0.43±0.05a−青草味
3321.55178-70-6芳樟醇0.99±0.29b8.45±1.76a铃兰花香、青木香、柑橘香
3417.612100-42-5苯乙醇0.05±0.03b0.71±0.09a玫瑰香、芳香
3528.01167858-77-95,9,13-三甲基-4,8,12-十四碳三烯-1-醇0.47±0.04a−/
3629.698142-50-7橙花叔醇0.21±0.06a−玫瑰香、苹果香
3726.262106-25-2橙花醇0.13±0.08a−花香、柠檬果香
3820.208104-76-72-乙基己醇2.16±0.38a−青草味、玫瑰香
3917.2366728-31-0CIS-4-庚烯醇1.96±0.45a−青草味、油脂味
4016.643137-32-62-甲基丁醇−0.21±0.08a/
4118.9111-27-3正己醇−0.18±0.06a果香
4225.90198-85-1苏合香醇−1.55±0.21a花香、果香
烷烃类
4316.611112-40-3十二烷2.54±0.35a4.05±1.61a/
4427.52636144-40-81-丁烯叉基环己烷0.11±0.02a−/
4517.736527-84-4邻-异丙基苯0.32±0.13a−/
4618.8998-82-8异丙基苯0.06±0.01a−/
4713.6317312-54-83,7-二甲基癸烷−0.19±0.11a/
4830.131209-61-64,9,12,12-四甲基-5-氧杂三环辛烷[8.2.0.04,6]十二烷−0.40±0.12a/
4914.5423387-41-5桧烯0.72±1.39a−/
5015.511123-35-3月桂烯3.95±0.51a0.55±0.36b花香、柠檬香、木香
5116.485138-86-3柠檬烯0.57±0.54a−柑橘香、柠檬香
5217.524100-42-5苯乙烯0.11±0.33a−芳香
5323.02687-44-5β−石竹烯0.75±0.26a−辛香、木香
5415.17599805-90-0环戊二烯−0.08±0.04a木香
5535.52830021-74-0γ−茂伦烯0.14±0.02a−木香、青草味
酯类
5621.9492270-60-23,7-二甲基-6-辛烯酸甲酯−1.79±0.23a玫瑰香、柑橘香
5724.4873050-69-9正己酸乙烯酯0.33±0.12a−菠萝果香味
5837.27515356-74-8二氢猕猴桃内酯0.68±0.26a1.16±0.07a清香
5934.558628-97-7棕榈酸乙酯0.06±0.01a−辛香
6016.973123-66-0正己酸乙酯−0.75±0.06a果香、甜香
其他
6121.2741192-62-72-乙酰基呋喃0.20±0.05b1.82±0.59a甜香、焦糖香
6218.20570424-14-5(E)-2-(2-戊烯基)呋喃1.49±0.45a−豆香
6328.7921072-83-92-乙酰基吡咯0.25±0.02a0.37±0.23a甜香、坚果香
6419.419103-9-3对乙酰氨基酚−0.78±0.11a/
655.32671773-95-0(S)-2-氨基-N-乙基丙酰胺1.96±0.68b3.74±0.68a/
), ArticleFig(id=1320884024105611824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

赶黄草叶茶发酵前后挥发性成分定性及相对含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号保留时间(min)CAS香气化合物名称相对含量(%)气味描述[4,20,34−35]
PTFPT
醛类
113.80466-25-1正己醛3.25±0.83a0.15±0.07b豆腥味、青草味
215.021576-87-0反式-2-戊烯醛0.74±0.34a−油脂香、青草味
316.18111-71-7庚醛1.40±0.12a−油脂味、柑橘香、青草味、腐臭气味
416.8776728-26-3反式-2-己烯醛7.28±0.55a0.63±0.04b青草味
519.103106-72-92,6-二甲基-5-庚烯醛0.17±0.03a−青草味、柑橘香
620.531432-24-6α−环柠檬醛0.25±0.11a−柑橘香
720.7034313-03-5(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛7.42±0.54a−青草味
822.49557-48-2反-2-,顺-6-壬二烯醛0.84±0.19a0.18±0.04b青草味
923.446122-78-1苯乙醛0.68±0.07a−花香
1023.22740702-26-91,3,4-三甲基-3-环己烯-1-甲醛3.91±0.88a−/
1123.589116-26-7藏红花醛1.21±0.10a−木香
1219.69124-19-6壬醛1.38±0.30a0.61±0.31b脂肪香、甜橙香
酮类
1318.822110-93-0甲基庚烯酮15.82±1.71a6.38±1.65b青草味
1419.95478-59-1异佛尔酮3.64±0.39a2.84±0.27b樟脑味、薄荷香
1521.45238284-27-4(E,E)-3,5-辛二烯-2-酮1.76±0.05a−烘焙香、甜香
1622.5641604-28-06-甲基-3,5-庚二烯-2-酮2.41±0.22a−青草味、果香
1724.2461125-21-9茶香酮0.34±0.17a−茶香
1826.686689-67-8香叶基丙酮18.10±1.01a1.48±0.24b生青味、青草味
1928.40779-77-6β−紫罗兰酮2.46±0.68a−紫罗兰香、花香
2031.589502-69-2植酮0.14±0.02a0.13±0.03a青草味、木香
2131.9043548-78-5(E)-ψ-紫罗兰酮0.07±0.01a−青草味
2229.37223267-57-4环己酮0.71±0.18a0.26±0.07b/
2337.2111117-52-8法尼基丙酮1.60±0.47a1.12±0.41a木香
2422.40830434-65-23,4,4-三甲基环戊-2-烯酮0.52±0.14a−/
2523.6298-86-2苯乙酮1.30±0.45b50.38±1.35a玫瑰香、芳香
268.39678-93-32-丁酮−3.57±1.40a果香、清香
2717.944111-13-7仲辛酮−1.72±0.54a果香、甜香
2818.5652408-37-92,2,6-三甲基环己酮−0.39±0.03a花香、甜香
2926.55317283-81-7β−二氢紫罗兰酮−0.49±0.11a花香
醇类
3020.2113391-86-41-辛烯3-醇1.81±0.05a2.89±1.44a药草香、真菌清香
3115.558616-25-11-戊烯-3-醇0.15±0.05a−果香
3218.3871576-95-0顺-2-戊烯醇0.43±0.05a−青草味
3321.55178-70-6芳樟醇0.99±0.29b8.45±1.76a铃兰花香、青木香、柑橘香
3417.612100-42-5苯乙醇0.05±0.03b0.71±0.09a玫瑰香、芳香
3528.01167858-77-95,9,13-三甲基-4,8,12-十四碳三烯-1-醇0.47±0.04a−/
3629.698142-50-7橙花叔醇0.21±0.06a−玫瑰香、苹果香
3726.262106-25-2橙花醇0.13±0.08a−花香、柠檬果香
3820.208104-76-72-乙基己醇2.16±0.38a−青草味、玫瑰香
3917.2366728-31-0CIS-4-庚烯醇1.96±0.45a−青草味、油脂味
4016.643137-32-62-甲基丁醇−0.21±0.08a/
4118.9111-27-3正己醇−0.18±0.06a果香
4225.90198-85-1苏合香醇−1.55±0.21a花香、果香
烷烃类
4316.611112-40-3十二烷2.54±0.35a4.05±1.61a/
4427.52636144-40-81-丁烯叉基环己烷0.11±0.02a−/
4517.736527-84-4邻-异丙基苯0.32±0.13a−/
4618.8998-82-8异丙基苯0.06±0.01a−/
4713.6317312-54-83,7-二甲基癸烷−0.19±0.11a/
4830.131209-61-64,9,12,12-四甲基-5-氧杂三环辛烷[8.2.0.04,6]十二烷−0.40±0.12a/
4914.5423387-41-5桧烯0.72±1.39a−/
5015.511123-35-3月桂烯3.95±0.51a0.55±0.36b花香、柠檬香、木香
5116.485138-86-3柠檬烯0.57±0.54a−柑橘香、柠檬香
5217.524100-42-5苯乙烯0.11±0.33a−芳香
5323.02687-44-5β−石竹烯0.75±0.26a−辛香、木香
5415.17599805-90-0环戊二烯−0.08±0.04a木香
5535.52830021-74-0γ−茂伦烯0.14±0.02a−木香、青草味
酯类
5621.9492270-60-23,7-二甲基-6-辛烯酸甲酯−1.79±0.23a玫瑰香、柑橘香
5724.4873050-69-9正己酸乙烯酯0.33±0.12a−菠萝果香味
5837.27515356-74-8二氢猕猴桃内酯0.68±0.26a1.16±0.07a清香
5934.558628-97-7棕榈酸乙酯0.06±0.01a−辛香
6016.973123-66-0正己酸乙酯−0.75±0.06a果香、甜香
其他
6121.2741192-62-72-乙酰基呋喃0.20±0.05b1.82±0.59a甜香、焦糖香
6218.20570424-14-5(E)-2-(2-戊烯基)呋喃1.49±0.45a−豆香
6328.7921072-83-92-乙酰基吡咯0.25±0.02a0.37±0.23a甜香、坚果香
6419.419103-9-3对乙酰氨基酚−0.78±0.11a/
655.32671773-95-0(S)-2-氨基-N-乙基丙酰胺1.96±0.68b3.74±0.68a/
), ArticleFig(id=1320884024197886513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Differential volatile compounds screening results of the PT and FPT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号香气化合物气味描述[4,34−35]VIP值P值
1苯乙酮玫瑰香、芳香4.604<0.05
2香叶基丙酮生青味、青草味2.682<0.05
3甲基庚烯酮青草味2.000<0.05
4(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛青草味1.818<0.05
5芳樟醇铃兰花香、青木香、柑橘香1.796<0.05
6反式-2-己烯醛青草味1.693<0.05
71,3,4-三甲基-3-环己烯-1-甲醛/1.351<0.05
82-丁酮果香、清香1.244<0.05
9月桂烯花香、柠檬香、木香1.206<0.05
10正己醛豆腥味、青草味1.139<0.05
11β-紫罗兰酮紫罗兰香、花香1.031<0.05
126-甲基-3,5-庚二烯-2-酮青草味、清香1.022<0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1320884024281772594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884011107463636, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

赶黄草叶茶发酵前后差异挥发性化合物筛选结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号香气化合物气味描述[4,34−35]VIP值P值
1苯乙酮玫瑰香、芳香4.604<0.05
2香叶基丙酮生青味、青草味2.682<0.05
3甲基庚烯酮青草味2.000<0.05
4(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛青草味1.818<0.05
5芳樟醇铃兰花香、青木香、柑橘香1.796<0.05
6反式-2-己烯醛青草味1.693<0.05
71,3,4-三甲基-3-环己烯-1-甲醛/1.351<0.05
82-丁酮果香、清香1.244<0.05
9月桂烯花香、柠檬香、木香1.206<0.05
10正己醛豆腥味、青草味1.139<0.05
11β-紫罗兰酮紫罗兰香、花香1.031<0.05
126-甲基-3,5-庚二烯-2-酮青草味、清香1.022<0.05
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冠突散囊菌发酵赶黄草叶茶工艺优化及风味品质分析
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陈艾琳 1 , 杨清华 1 , 赖谦 2 , 段飞霞 1 , 曾里 1, * , 冉旭 1, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(7): 251-261
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (7) : 251 -261
冠突散囊菌发酵赶黄草叶茶工艺优化及风味品质分析
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陈艾琳1 , 杨清华1, 赖谦2, 段飞霞1, 曾里1, * , 冉旭1, *
作者信息
  • 1四川大学轻工科学与工程学院,四川成都 610065
  • 2古蔺县农业农村局,四川泸州 646500
通讯作者:
曾里(1973−),女,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:保健食品与健康食品的研究与开发,E-mail:。
冉旭(1968−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:新资源食品的研究与开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

陈艾琳(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与营养健康,E-mail:

Process Optimization and Flavor Quality Analysis of Eurotium cristatum Fermented Penthorum chinense Pursh Leaf Tea
Ailin CHEN1 , Qinghua YANG1, Qian LAI2, Feixia DUAN1, Li ZENG1, * , Xu RAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Biomass and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
  • 2Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Gulin County, Luzhou 646500, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040085
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针对目前赶黄草叶茶产品普遍存在滋味苦涩、青草味重的问题,本文以感官评分为指标,采用单因素-响应面试验优化接种冠突散囊菌发酵赶黄草叶茶的最佳工艺条件,通过比较发酵前后赶黄草叶茶的感官品质、滋味物质及挥发性化合物差异,探究发酵对赶黄草叶茶风味的影响。研究结果表明:当加水量27%、接种量21%、发酵时间16 d时,发酵赶黄草叶茶金花普遍茂盛,茶汤色泽橙黄、口感醇和、香气协调,感官评分为91.60分。此条件下总多酚、总黄酮含量比未发酵赶黄草叶茶分别降低了16.95%和18.70%,苦味与鲜甜味氨基酸比值下降7.16%。发酵后赶黄草叶茶挥发性化合物的组分和相对含量发生显著变化,正己醛、反式-2-己烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、甲基庚烯酮等具有青辛气、刺激性等不良气味的挥发性成分相对含量下降明显,而苯乙酮、芳樟醇、2-丁酮等具有花果香、菌香的挥发性成分新产生或相对含量上升,掩盖了赶黄草叶茶的青草味,促进了发酵赶黄草叶茶花果香、菌香的形成。上述结果表明赶黄草叶茶经冠突散囊菌发酵后感官品质更佳, 本研究为赶黄草叶茶的进一步开发与应用提供理论基础和参考。

赶黄草  /  发酵  /  冠突散囊菌  /  工艺优化  /  风味  /  滋味

In the present work, Eurotium cristatum fermentation was applicated in Penthorum chinense Pursh (PCP) leaf tea production, to reduce the bitterness, astringent tastes and pronounced herbaceous flavor of PCP leaves. Based on the results of single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) according to sensory evaluation, the optimal fermentation conditions were determined as follows: water contents 27%, incubation amount 21%, with 16 days of incubation time. The E. cristatum fermented PCP leaf tea produced in the optimal condition had orange-yellow infusion appearance with abundant E. cristatum colonization, tasting smooth and mellow with harmonious aroma, which achieved the sensory score at 91.60, while the total polyphenols and total flavonoids contents were reduced by 16.95% and 18.70%, respectively. Compared with the unfermented samples, the ratio of bitter and sweet amino acids of fermented PCP leaf tea decreased by 7.16%. The results of HS-SPME-GC-MS showed that the undesirable volatile components (VOCs), including hexanal, trans-2-hexenal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one representing grassy, pungent, and irritating odors, remarkably decreased, and the VOCs associated with floral, fruity, and fungal aromas, including acetophenone, linalool, and 2-butanone were newly generated and increased in PCP leave tea after fermentation. In summary, the optimal E. cristatum fermentation was confirmed to significantly improve the sensory quality of PCP leaf tea, especially eliminating the undesirable flavors and tastes, which could be a promising technology applicated in PCP tea process.

Penthorum chinense Pursh  /  fermentation  /  Eurotium cristatum  /  process optimization  /  flavor  /  taste
陈艾琳, 杨清华, 赖谦, 段飞霞, 曾里, 冉旭. 冠突散囊菌发酵赶黄草叶茶工艺优化及风味品质分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 251 -261 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040085
Ailin CHEN, Qinghua YANG, Qian LAI, Feixia DUAN, Li ZENG, Xu RAN. Process Optimization and Flavor Quality Analysis of Eurotium cristatum Fermented Penthorum chinense Pursh Leaf Tea[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 251 -261 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040085
赶黄草(Penthorum chinense Pursh),为虎耳草科扯根菜亚科扯根菜属多年生草本植物,主要分布于东亚地区。在我国主产于四川、贵州、湖南等地,为四川古蔺县道地药材。赶黄草的基础营养成分不突出[1],但活性成分丰富,其中黄酮类化合物是主要的活性成分,占从赶黄草中分离得到化合物的1/3以上[2]。2020年,国家卫生健康委员会第4号公告将赶黄草列为新食品原料,建议热水冲泡饮用;2022年,国家卫生健康委员会批准将赶黄草的食用范围扩大至饮料,推荐食用量≤8 g/d[3]。当前,赶黄草在食品中的开发利用以赶黄草叶茶为主,包括赶黄草叶绿茶[4]、赶黄草袋泡茶[5]、赶黄草复合茶饮料[6]等。然而,上述赶黄草叶茶产品普遍存在青草味重、滋味苦涩[7]等问题,导致市场认可度较低。
冠突散囊菌(Eurotium cristatum),又称“金花菌”,是茯砖茶渥堆过程中的优势真菌,对茯砖茶的风味形成起着重要作用[8]。近年来利用冠突散囊菌发酵茶叶[9−10]及药食两用植物原料[11−12]的研究层出不穷,冠突散囊菌能从植物原料中获取营养物质并进行自身代谢转化[13],同时产生多种酶类[14],起到改善茶汤的香气和滋味的作用。赶黄草是一种药食两用的新食品原料,目前国内外尚没有通过接种发酵赶黄草叶茶的报道。因此,发酵赶黄草叶茶作为一种新型赶黄草产品既能丰富现有的赶黄草产品种类,又可以改善传统赶黄草叶茶滋味苦涩、青草味重的弊端。
本研究以赶黄草叶茶为原料,拟采用单因素-响应面试验确定接种冠突散囊菌发酵赶黄草叶茶最佳工艺条件,通过对发酵和未发酵赶黄草叶茶的感官品质、滋味物质及挥发性化合物进行测定分析,探究冠突散囊菌发酵对赶黄草叶茶风味的影响,开发出一款口感醇和,具有协调菌香、花果香气的发酵赶黄草叶茶,为赶黄草资源的高值化利用提供新思路。
赶黄草叶茶(经绿茶工艺加工,水分含量<6%) 由四川醇香茶业有限公司提供;冠突散囊菌(菌种保藏号BNCC146563) 购自商城北纳创联生物科技有限公司;芦丁标准品、没食子酸标准品 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;无水乙醇、硝酸铝、亚硝酸钠、氢氧化钠 成都金山化学试剂有限公司,以上试剂均为分析纯;甲醇、乙腈、甲酸 色谱纯,美国Sigma公司。
FTT-1000C-旋钮多功能粉碎机 东莞市房太有限公司;QP-2010SE气相色谱质谱联用仪 日本岛津公司;FA2204C电子天平 上海天美天平仪器有限公司;DSX-30L-1手提式高压蒸汽灭菌锅 上海申安医疗器械厂;SW-CJ-1-FD洁净工作台 苏净集团苏州安泰空气技术有限公司;1260 Infinity II液相色谱仪 美国安捷伦公司;A300 全自动氨基酸分析仪 德国曼默博尔公司。
冠突散囊菌发酵赶黄草叶茶发酵工艺参照孟庭宇[15]、王罗[16]的方法并做适当修改,工艺流程如图1。取赶黄草叶茶(PT)80 g,加水混合在1000 mL三角瓶中,搅拌均匀后放置12 h,使水分均匀分布到叶片,然后用高压灭菌器在121 ℃下灭菌20 min,冷却后无菌接种冠突散囊菌孢子悬浮液(细胞密度为8.25×107个/mL),在28 ℃下发酵14 d,得到湿发酵赶黄草叶茶;取出冻干,使其水分含量≤6%,即得到发酵赶黄草叶茶(FPT)。
根据查阅相关文献,发现28 ℃为冠突散囊菌生长的最适温度[16],因此本实验将28 ℃确定为恒定的发酵温度。设定加水量20%、接种量15%(接种量为mL孢子液/g赶黄草叶茶)、发酵时间14 d为基础发酵条件,改变单一条件,考察在恒定发酵温度下,加水量(10%、20%、30%、40%、50%)、接种量(10%、15%、20%、25%、30%)、发酵时间(12、14、16、18、20 d)对成品发酵赶黄草叶茶的感官评分的影响。
通过单因素实验选择合适的因素水平,并根据响应面的Box-Behnken设计(BBD)原理,进行了冠突散囊菌发酵赶黄草叶茶工艺的优化(表1)。以加水量(A)、接种量(B)、发酵时间(C)为考察因素,感官评分(Y)为响应值,利用Design Expert 13软件设计响应面优化试验。
参考GB/T 23776-2018《茶叶感官审评方法》,分别取3.0 g发酵前后赶黄草叶茶,按茶水质量体积比1:50加注沸水,浸泡2 min后将茶汤沥入茶杯中,此为第一泡;沥出茶汤后再加水冲泡5 min,此为第二泡。依次审评汤色、香气、滋味、叶底,汤色以第一泡为主评判,香气、滋味以第二泡为主评判。
参考GB/T 23776-2018《茶叶感官审评方法》以及吴凯为[17]和曾桥[18]的评分标准并稍作修改。感官评价小组由实验室10名经过评茶培训的人员组成,感官评分=0.2×汤色+0.3×香气+0.35×滋味+0.05×叶底+0.1×发花状态,结果取平均值。感官评分标准如表2所示。
将未发酵赶黄草叶茶及1.2.1最优条件下制得的发酵赶黄草叶茶冻干至水分含量≤6%,完整叶片用于测定色度色差,粉碎后过60目筛的样品用于测定滋味物质及挥发性化合物。
按照1.2.2.1的方法制备待测茶汤(第一泡),使用色度色差仪测定,并计算ΔE来表示颜色变化程度。
$ \Delta E=\sqrt{\left[{\left({\Delta L}^{*}\right)}^{2}+{\left({\Delta a}^{*}\right)}^{2}+{\left({\Delta b}^{*}\right)}^{2}\right]} $
式中, ΔL*、Δa*、Δb*分别表示发酵后赶黄草叶茶与未发酵样品颜色之间的L*、a*、b*值之差。
样品提取:准确称量1.0 g样品,加入25 mL体积分数为70%的乙醇溶液,于40 ℃下超声提取30 min后离心(4000 r/min,10 min)。重复提取一次,合并两次滤液,用70%乙醇溶液定容至50 mL,备用。
总黄酮的测定方法采用亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝比色法[19],使用体积分数为70%的乙醇溶液配制不同质量浓度芦丁标准溶液,绘制标准曲线为y=0.6581x+0.0418,R2=0.9997。取1 mL提取液,于510 nm下显色。
总多酚的测定方法参考GB /T 8313-2018《茶叶中茶多酚和儿茶素类含量的检测方法》,使用分光光度计测定,得到标准曲线为y=0.0058x+0.0534,R2=0.9995。
参考GB/T 30987-2020《植物中游离氨基酸的测定》,使用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定。游离氨基酸的滋味活度值(TAV)按如下公式计算:
$ \rm TAV=\frac{C}{T} $
式中,TAV表示滋味活力值;C表示滋味化合物含量(mg/g);T为滋味化合物呈味阈值(mg/g)。
准确量取1 g发酵赶黄草叶茶粉末于20 mL顶空瓶中,注入5 mL沸水,加搅拌磁子搅拌均匀,迅速加盖密封;然后放入60 ℃的恒温水浴锅中,静置30 min,萃取吸附30 min,250 ℃下解析5 min[7]。
色谱柱:SAAB-57330U;载气为高纯氦气(纯度≥99.999%);柱流量:1 mL/min(恒流模式)。升温程序:40 ℃保持5 min,以5 ℃/min升到80 ℃,再以25 ℃/min升到140 ℃,然后以5 ℃/min升到210 ℃,保持5 min后,以10 ℃/min升到250 ℃,保持5 min。
EI;离子源:230 ℃;离子化:80 eV;四级杆:150 ℃;全扫描式;扫描范围:30~600 m/z;接口:250 ℃,柱温:40 ℃,进样口:250 ℃。
根据总离子图中各色谱峰的质谱信息,经NIST20标准库谱库检索,匹配指数大于85%作为物质鉴定标准,结合文献[7,20−21]及待测香气物质的保留时间对各挥发性成分进行定性,采用峰面积归一法计算各挥发性物质的相对含量。
采用Microsoft Excel 2021处理实验数据,所有数据以平均值±标准差显示;SPSS Statistic 25.0软件进行显著性分析,Design Expert 13进行响应面试验分析,SIMCA软件进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA),所有数据和实验至少重复三次。
水是冠突散囊菌吸收利用各种营养成分的重要介质[22],对茶叶“发金花”效果有重要作用。如图2(A)所示,当加水量为10%~30%时,感官评分随加水量的增加而升高,由74.87分上升至85.25分,之后缓慢降低。这可能是因为加水量过低时冠突散囊菌的生长受到抑制,发酵程度不足;而加水量过高会改变冠突散囊菌的生长特性,影响茶叶外观和滋味[23]。因此,选择加水量20%、30%、40%进行响应面分析。
接种量是影响发酵茶品质的重要因素,接种量过高可能会导致茶叶基质无法提供微生物生长所需的营养成分[24],合适的接种量能够缩短发酵周期,利于发酵茶良好品质形成。如图2(B)所示,随着接种量的增加,感官评分先升高后降低,当接种量为20%时感官评分达到最大值。因此,选择接种量15%、20%、25%进行响应面分析。
在发酵12~16 d时,随着发酵时间延长,赶黄草内部“金花”茂盛,冠突散囊菌长势良好,呈现金黄色;但当发酵至18 d时,发酵茶金花色泽逐渐变黯淡,与曾桥[18]的研究一致。感官评分结果如图2(C)所示,发酵16 d时感官评分最高,之后随着发酵时间延长感官评分显著下降(P<0.05),这可能是发酵时间过长导致产物的再利用或产生其他不良产物[25]。因此,选择发酵14、16、18 d进行响应面分析。
基于单因素实验结果,根据响应面的Box-Behnken设计(BBD)原理,设计响应面试验对冠突散囊菌发酵赶黄草叶茶工艺进行优化。以加水量(A)、接种量(B)、发酵时间(C)为考察因素,感官评分(Y)为响应值,试验设计方案和结果如表3所示。由Design Expert 13 软件对实验结果进行分析,得到感官评分(Y)与加水量(A)、接种量(B)、发酵时间(C)之间的二次三元回归模型,模型的拟合方程如下:Y=90.3220−1.55375A+0.9550B−0.73125C−0.3750AB−0.2125AC−0.3550BC−2.98475A2−1.91225B2−3.29475C2。对响应面优化发酵赶黄草叶茶感官评分进行方差分析,结果见表4,模型中的P<0.01,失拟项P=0.3641>0.05,模型极显著且失拟项不显著。决定系数R2=0.976,校正系数R2adj=0.9451,模型能够科学体现响应值变化。F值体现了各因素对响应值的影响大小,发现三因素对赶黄草发酵叶茶感官评分的影响大小顺序为:加水量(A)>接种量(B)>发酵时间(C),其中一次项C为显著影响因素(P<0.05),一次项A、B及二次项A2、B2和C2为极显著影响因素(P<0.01),交互项不显著。加水量、接种量和发酵时间对赶黄草叶茶感官评分的影响如图3所示,其两两交互作用对发酵茶的感官评分影响不显著,加水量的曲面坡度最陡,表明该因素对感官评分的影响最为显著,与方差分析的结果一致。
模型预测的最佳发酵工艺为加水量27.26%,接种量21.43%,发酵时间15.77 d,在此条件下发酵赶黄草叶茶感官评分为90.71分。考虑到生产实际,调整工艺条件为加水量27%,接种量21%,发酵时间16 d。为验证实验可靠性,在此条件下多次实验,该条件下赶黄草发酵叶茶感官评分为91.60分,该优化条件可行。
由表5可知,茶汤亮度L*在接种冠突散囊菌发酵后显著降低(P<0.05),表明发酵赶黄草叶茶的汤色变暗;a*表示由绿到红的色彩变化,发酵前后茶汤a*值无显著差异;发酵赶黄草茶汤b*显著升高(P<0.05),表明茶汤黄度增强。ΔE表示总色差程度,当ΔE值为3.5~5之间被认为色差差异明显,大于5时表示颜色已为两种色彩[26];本实验中ΔE为9.50,说明发酵前后赶黄草叶茶颜色差异大,由茶汤青绿变为橙黄,如图4所示。
多酚是影响茶叶滋味的重要物质,主要呈现苦涩味[18]。有研究发现普洱茶发酵过程中酚类化合物被积极代谢,含量降低,有利于发酵茶味道从涩味转变为醇厚[27]。总黄酮是赶黄草中含量较高的成分,其中黄酮醇类物质被认为具有涩味,同时还有增强茶汤中咖啡碱苦味的作用[28]。因此,总酚、总黄酮含量下降可能会影响茶叶滋味,起到降低其苦涩味的作用。黄酮类物质性质不稳定,易在热、酶和氧化作用下发生降解;冠突散囊菌接种发酵会促进酚类和黄酮类物质转化为其他物质,从而导致含量下降[29]。在本研究中,发酵赶黄草叶茶总多酚和总黄酮含量分别为115.04 mg/g和68.17 mg/g,与未发酵茶相比总多酚含量下降16.95%,总黄酮含量下降18.70%,使得发酵赶黄草叶茶苦涩味减弱、口感醇和(图5)。
游离氨基酸是茶汤中的重要呈味物质,也是多种反应的前体物质,能提供甜味、鲜味、苦味等滋味[30]。由表6可知,发酵前后赶黄草叶茶中均检测出21种游离氨基酸,甜味氨基酸7种、鲜味氨基酸3种、苦味氨基酸11种。21种游离氨基酸的总量在发酵后显著下降(P<0.05),各呈味氨基酸总量均呈下降趋势,其中苦味氨基酸下降幅度最大。这可能与微生物代谢活动、美拉德反应、氨基酸氧化分解和氨基酸转化形成挥发物质等作用有关[29,31]。有研究结果表明,通过降低苦味氨基酸能降低茶叶的苦涩味,增加鲜味、甜味氨基酸能提升茶叶的鲜爽和甘甜味[32]。进一步分析可得,经发酵后的赶黄草叶茶鲜甜味氨基酸比例由75.65%显著增高至79.98%,苦味氨基酸所占比例由24.35%显著降低至20.02%,苦味与鲜甜味氨基酸比值显著下降了7.16%(P<0.05),这也可能是赶黄草叶茶经过发酵后苦涩味降低,回味甘醇的原因。
滋味活度值(TAV)大于1的成分被认为具有味觉活性[28]。发酵前后赶黄草叶茶苦味氨基酸和甜味氨基酸TAV均小于1,表明单一氨基酸对苦味和甜味贡献有限。鲜味氨基酸在发酵茶中TAV均小于1,在未发酵茶中仅有谷氨酸TAV大于1。
以上结果表明,赶黄草叶茶游离氨基酸在发酵过程中被大量利用,发酵能显著促进氨基酸转化,TAV分析表明游离氨基酸不是发酵赶黄草叶茶的主要呈味物质。
为研究发酵前后赶黄草叶茶的香气特征,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用的方法(HS-SPME- GC-MS)对发酵赶黄草叶茶的挥发性物质成分及相对含量进行分析鉴定。由表7可知,发酵前后赶黄草叶茶中共鉴定出65种挥发性物质,包括醛类12种、酮类17种、醇类13种、烃类13种、酯类5种、其他类5种。其中共有化合物为20种,占所有鉴定出挥发性化合物的30.77%,说明发酵前后挥发性成分差异较大。
如图6展示了发酵前后赶黄草叶茶挥发性物质的种类和相对含量。比较发酵前后检测到的挥发性化合物的种类和相对含量(图6、表7),发酵后比发酵前减少了32种挥发性化合物,这些化合物主要提供青草味、木香、辛香、果香等气味;同时,发酵后新产生了13种挥发性化合物,这些化合物主要为发酵赶黄草叶茶提供了花香、果香和甜香。赶黄草叶茶发酵后挥发性醛类物质种类和相对含量均减少,其中,呈青草味的(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、反式-2-己烯醛、正己醛、反-2-,顺-6-壬二烯醛等物质,在发酵后相对含量显著下降(P<0.05)。酮类是发酵前后赶黄草叶茶中相对含量最高的挥发性成分,发酵后酮类物质总相对含量显著升高(P<0.05),其中苯乙酮的相对含量上升最明显,并新产生了2-丁酮、仲辛酮、2,2,6-三甲基环己酮和β-二氢紫罗兰酮。醇类物质相对含量显著上升(P<0.05),以芳樟醇、1-辛烯-3-醇相对含量较高,此外,发酵新产生了苏合香醇、2-甲基丁醇和正己醇。烷烃类物质总的相对含量变化不显著,除十二烷相对含量略有上升,月桂烯、β-石竹烯、柠檬烯等具有柠檬香、木香的物质相对含量均减少。发酵后酯类化合物总相对含量略有上升,可能是因为在发酵过程中微生物酶从其氨基酸前体生物合成风味活性酯化合物[33],新产生了呈花果香的3,7-二甲基-6-辛烯酸甲酯和正己酸乙酯,呈木香、清香的二氢猕猴桃内酯含量增加。发酵后赶黄草叶茶中其他类化合物共鉴定出4种,2-乙酰基呋喃、2-乙酰基吡咯、对乙酰氨基酚和(S)-2-氨基-N-乙基丙酰胺,共同构成发酵赶黄草叶茶的香气特征。
正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)是一种有监督的分类方法,能够有效区分样本并提取关键差异参数[36]。为进一步明确发酵前后赶黄草叶茶风味差异的原因,基于发酵前后赶黄草叶茶的挥发性成分相对含量建立的OPLS-DA模型如图7(A)和7(B)所示,可以看出,该模型对两个茶样进行了有效分离,其拟合参数为R2X=0.957、R2Y=0.995,R2X和R2Y越接近1模型越稳定,解释能力越强;Q2=0.998,Q2大于0.5说明模型的预测能力越强。为验证模型的可靠性,通过200次交叉验证,所得模型的Q2回归线与纵轴的相交点为负数(−0.589),说明模型未出现过拟合现象,模型验证有效。
OPLS-DA变量重要性因子(VIP)能够量化各个变量对分类的贡献度,从而筛选出重要的特征物质。图7C为发酵前后赶黄草叶茶中共检测出的65种挥发性化合物的VIP得分图,根据P<0.05且VIP>1的标准,如表8所示,筛选出12种发酵前后赶黄草叶茶的差异香气物质,包括苯乙酮、香叶基丙酮、甲基庚烯酮、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、芳樟醇、反式-2-己烯醛、1,3,4-三甲基-3-环己烯-1-甲醛、2-丁酮、月桂烯、正己醛、β-紫罗兰酮、6-甲基-3,5-庚二烯-2-酮,这些特征挥发物质的含量变化是造成发酵前后赶黄草叶茶风味差异的关键因子。
差异香气酮类化合物中,苯乙酮具有玫瑰香和芳香,发酵后相对含量由1.30%上升至50.38%,差异显著(P<0.05),是发酵赶黄草叶茶中相对含量最高的化合物,其余成分在样本中含量均较低。有研究表明,苯乙酮是茯砖茶菌香、花香的关键香气化合物,其香气强度的增加可能与优势曲霉菌的代谢有关[37]。甲基庚烯酮、香叶基丙酮和6-甲基-3,5-庚二烯-2-酮具有青草气[38],经发酵后甲基庚烯酮相对含量由15.82%显著降低至6.38%,香叶基丙酮相对含量由18.10%显著降低至1.48%(P<0.05),6-甲基-3,5-庚二烯-2-酮发酵后未检出。2-丁酮是发酵后新产生的物质,赋予发酵茶清果香和清香[7]。差异香气醛类化合物中,呈青草味的(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、反式-2-己烯醛、正己醛等物质[38],在发酵后相对含量显著降低(P<0.05)。芳樟醇具有铃兰花香、柑橘香和花香[18],在发酵后相对含量由0.99%显著上升到8.45%(P<0.05),研究发现,芳樟醇是普洱茶及六堡茶中醇类物质的主体[35],同时,芳樟醇及其氧化物还被认为是发酵绿茶“菌香”的关键组分[10],赋予发酵赶黄草叶茶特征花香及菌香。上述香型挥发性化合物相对含量增高,而呈青草味的挥发性化合物含量降低,使得发酵赶黄草叶茶香型由青草香向花果香、菌香转化。
本文通过单因素-响应面试验确定了发酵赶黄草叶茶的最佳工艺条件为:加水量27%,接种量21%,发酵时间16 d,该条件下赶黄草发酵叶茶感官评分为91.60分。此条件下金花普遍茂盛,茶汤色泽橙黄、口感醇和,具有协调的花香、果香和菌香。与未发酵的赶黄草叶茶相比,总多酚、总黄酮含量分别降低了16.95%和18.70%,苦味与鲜甜味氨基酸含量比值下降7.16%。发酵后赶黄草叶茶挥发性物质的组分和含量发生显著变化,正己醛、反式-2-己烯醛、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、甲基庚烯酮等具有青辛气、刺激性等不良气味的挥发性成分相对含量下降明显,而苯乙酮、芳樟醇、2-丁酮具有花果香、清香的挥发性成分新产生或相对含量上升,掩盖了赶黄草叶茶的青草味,促进了发酵赶黄草叶茶花果香、菌香的形成。综上所述,赶黄草叶茶经冠突散囊菌发酵后,其滋味和风味得到显著改善,优于未发酵赶黄草叶茶。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040085
  • 接收时间:2025-04-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-09
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    1四川大学轻工科学与工程学院,四川成都 610065
    2古蔺县农业农村局,四川泸州 646500

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曾里(1973−),女,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:保健食品与健康食品的研究与开发,E-mail:。
冉旭(1968−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:新资源食品的研究与开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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