Article(id=1320884006384685363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030396, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743436800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852887960, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852887960, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852887960, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852887960, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=407, endPage=416, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884006632149300, articleId=1320884006384685363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Improvement Mechanism of Raw Foxtail Millet Prolamin on High-Fat Diet Combined with STZ Induced Diabetic Mice Based on Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Transcriptomics, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Both raw and cooked millet prolamin (RFMP and CFMP) exhibited significant functions in improving glucose metabolism. Compared to RFMP, the protein quality of CFMP significantly decreased. Therefore, RFMP was more valuable as a potential food-derived hypoglycemic functional substance. In order to study the effects of RFMP on the intestinal flora and liver of type 2 diabetes (T2D) mice, C57BL/6J mice were used as the objects, and T2D models were established by high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin. The T2D mice were continuously intervened with RFMP for five weeks. Subsequently, 16S rRNA sequencing and transcriptomics technology were employed to analyze the composition of the gut microbiota and liver gene expression, respectively. The results showed that RFMP could improve glucose metabolism by alleviating the intestinal flora disorder induced by diabetes. At the genus level, RFMP intervention significantly increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, norank_f_Muribaculaceae, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group in T2D mice. Liver transcriptome results showed that the intervention of RFMP upregulated the expression levels of Fgf21, Dusp1, Rasgrp1, and Hk3, while downregulated the expression level of Pck1, which were the key genes for regulating glucose metabolism. This study elucidated the mechanism of improving glucose metabolism with RFMP, providing a theoretical basis for the development of functional FMP product.

, authors=Yongxia FU1, 2, Han WANG2, Zhenyu LIU3, Haizhen WANG1, Shang GUO1, Qun SHEN2, *, authorsList=Yongxia FU, Han WANG, Zhenyu LIU, Haizhen WANG, Shang GUO, Qun SHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qun SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884010889367875, articleId=1320884006384685363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于肠道菌群和转录组学分析生小米醇溶蛋白对高脂膳食联合STZ诱导的糖尿病小鼠的改善机制, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

生和熟小米醇溶蛋白均具有显著的糖代谢改善功能。与生小米醇溶蛋白相比,熟小米醇溶蛋白的蛋白质质量显著下降。因此,生小米醇溶蛋白作为潜在的食源性降糖功能物质更有价值。为了研究生小米醇溶蛋白对2型糖尿病(Type 2 diabetes,T2D)小鼠肠道菌群及肝脏的影响,通过高脂膳食+链脲佐菌素注射构建T2D模型,采用生小米醇溶蛋白对T2D小鼠连续干预5周,并利用16S rRNA 测序和转录组学技术分别对小鼠肠道菌群组成和肝脏基因表达进行分析。结果显示:结果表明,RFMP可通过缓解糖尿病引起的肠道菌群紊乱来改善葡萄糖代谢。生小米醇溶蛋白干预显著增加了T2D小鼠中乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、未分类穆里氏菌属(norank_f_Muribaculaceae)和毛螺菌科_NK4A136_group属(Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group)丰度。肝脏转录组学分析发现,生小米醇溶蛋白干预后,成纤维细胞生长因子21(Fgf21)、双特异性磷酸酶1(Dusp1)、Ras鸟嘌呤核苷酸释放蛋白1(Rasgrp1)和己糖激酶3(Hk3)的基因表达量上调,磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶1(Pck1)的基因表达量下调,这些均为其调控糖代谢的关键基因。研究结果完善了生小米醇溶蛋白改善糖代谢的机制,为开发功能性小米醇溶蛋白产品提供了理论依据。

, authors=付永霞1, 2, 王晗2, 刘振宇3, 王海珍1, 郭尚1, 沈群2, *, authorsList=付永霞, 王晗, 刘振宇, 王海珍, 郭尚, 沈群, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=沈群, authorNote=

付永霞(1995−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:杂粮营养与健康,E-mail:

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沈群(1967−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=fjxYYLGJo4UDK/ghNiFVsg==, magXml=LoUaKgJ9Q/kUg38VzObWxQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=2fEPKUkiHY5KIVfzftguhg==, pdfFileSize=5624156, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=YHJU/Bs6vx8wJCNCpf5JGQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=zL4qjGbXeTBmYZld+2ISdg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320884012495786318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=fuyongxia@sxau.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320884012793581905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, authorId=1320884012495786318, language=EN, stringName=Yongxia FU, firstName=Yongxia, middleName=null, lastName=FU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
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Endocrinology, 2013, 154(9): 3089−3098., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320884011635953988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884011673702725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, companyId=1320884011635953988, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884011707257158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, companyId=1320884011635953988, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山西农业大学山西功能食品研究院,山西太原 030031)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320884011904389447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884011954721096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, companyId=1320884011904389447, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University/National Center of Technology Innovation (Deep Processing of Highland Barley) in Food Industry/Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Protein and Grain Processing/National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884012021829961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, companyId=1320884011904389447, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院/国家粮食产业(青稞深加工)技术创新中心/植物蛋白与谷物加工北京市重点实验室/国家果蔬加工工程技术研究中心,北京 100083)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320884012177019210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884012239933771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, companyId=1320884012177019210, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3College of Biomass Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320884012328014156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, companyId=1320884012177019210, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3四川大学轻工科学与工程学院,四川成都 610065)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320884017306653046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of raw foxtail millet prolamin on gut microbial composition in diabetic mice, figureFileSmall=mK15xwmgkYNcQ1nxW8Rivg==, figureFileBig=YHJU/Bs6vx8wJCNCpf5JGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884017377956215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, language=CN, label=图1, caption=生小米醇溶蛋白对糖尿病小鼠肠道微生物组成的影响

注:a. Shannon稀释曲线;b. 门水平微生物相对丰度;c. 科水平微生物相对丰度;d. 属水平微生物相对丰度。

, figureFileSmall=mK15xwmgkYNcQ1nxW8Rivg==, figureFileBig=YHJU/Bs6vx8wJCNCpf5JGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884019168924024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of raw foxtail millet prolamin on the β diversity of gut microbial diversity in diabetic mice, figureFileSmall=1nj3V7v2UR25X4lF+pe/8Q==, figureFileBig=amzy5xrmrynRugtfVgtJUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884019244421497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, language=CN, label=图2, caption=生小米醇溶蛋白对糖尿病小鼠肠道菌群β多样性的影响

注:a. PCoA图;b. NMDS图。

, figureFileSmall=1nj3V7v2UR25X4lF+pe/8Q==, figureFileBig=amzy5xrmrynRugtfVgtJUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884019319918970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of raw foxtail millet prolamin on mean proportion of differential microbiota at phylum, class, and genus level in diabetic mice, figureFileSmall=AHhrHBy7HKyvlzY8qzLKpQ==, figureFileBig=pCvlyVWlSAGkrb0eRI8yqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884019399610747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, language=CN, label=图3, caption=生小米醇溶蛋白对糖尿病小鼠在门、科和属水平差异微生物平均相对丰度的影响

注:a. Model vs Prolamin比较组在门水平的差异微生物平均相对丰度;b. Model vs Prolamin比较组在科水平的差异微生物平均相对丰度;c. Model vs Prolamin比较组在属水平的差异微生物平均相对丰度。

, figureFileSmall=AHhrHBy7HKyvlzY8qzLKpQ==, figureFileBig=pCvlyVWlSAGkrb0eRI8yqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884019479302524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Differences in gut microbiota composition and characteristic microbiota of different groups, figureFileSmall=YdvNXn4hJlFJYwMi3PCaLA==, figureFileBig=jvpzTP6njC7CHq0CI3xS7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884019584160125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同组的肠道菌群组成差异和特征菌群

注:a. LDA Effect Size(LEfSe)进化分支图;b. LDA 值分布柱状图(LDA 值>4)。

, figureFileSmall=YdvNXn4hJlFJYwMi3PCaLA==, figureFileBig=jvpzTP6njC7CHq0CI3xS7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884019814846846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Volcanic map of differentially expressed genes in different comparison groups, figureFileSmall=rNUikmU7iSfcbSXtf0s4sA==, figureFileBig=b/Cln73yFCFeBFXcvz5Hfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884019890344319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同比较组的差异基因火山图

注:a. Control vs. Model比较组的差异基因火山图;b. Model vs. Prolamin比较组的差异基因火山图。

, figureFileSmall=rNUikmU7iSfcbSXtf0s4sA==, figureFileBig=b/Cln73yFCFeBFXcvz5Hfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884019970036096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=KEGG enrichment histogram of raw foxtail millet prolamin intervention on differential expressed genes in liver of diabetes mice, figureFileSmall=PFMDdoKfB1JibnHSEKxncg==, figureFileBig=3qmywRUdIhYNnQ2O/rHLrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020188139905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, language=CN, label=图6, caption=生小米醇溶蛋白干预后的糖尿病小鼠肝脏差异基因KEGG 富集柱状图

注:a. Control vs. Model比较组的KEGG富集柱状图;b. Model vs Prolamin比较组的KEGG富集柱状图。

, figureFileSmall=PFMDdoKfB1JibnHSEKxncg==, figureFileBig=3qmywRUdIhYNnQ2O/rHLrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020272025986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=KEGG enrichment bubble diagram of raw foxtail millet prolamin on differential expressed genes in liver of diabetes mice, figureFileSmall=e/cd7gi4SJvriCiy6Utjqw==, figureFileBig=TGbFySgJUFL1YPNvUlkI5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020343329155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, language=CN, label=图7, caption=生小米醇溶蛋白对糖尿病小鼠肝脏差异基因的KEGG富集气泡图, figureFileSmall=e/cd7gi4SJvriCiy6Utjqw==, figureFileBig=TGbFySgJUFL1YPNvUlkI5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884020456575364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Differentially expressed genes enriched in signaling pathways between diabetes and raw foxtail millet prolamin groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称通路名称基因描述log2 FC调节
Gadd45aMAPK通路,FoxO通路生长阻滞与DNA损伤基因45a−1.107393908下调
Klk1b4MAPK通路激肽释放酶1-相关肽酶b41.021388945上调
Gadd45gMAPK通路,FoxO通路生长阻滞与DNA损伤基因45g3.300911802上调
Fgf21MAPK通路成纤维细胞生长因子211.766947018上调
Dusp1MAPK通路双特异性磷酸酶11.958640886上调
Rasgrp1MAPK通路Ras鸟嘌呤核苷酸释放蛋白12.264187583上调
Pck1PPAR通路,FoxO通路磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶1−1.073984126下调
Cyp4a14PPAR通路细胞色素P450ω-羟化酶−2.491301767下调
Cyp7a1PPAR通路胆固醇7α-羟化酶1.038793755上调
Plin2PPAR通路脂蛋白2−1.090866026下调
Hk3淀粉与蔗糖代谢己糖激酶31.107044419上调
Treh淀粉与蔗糖代谢重组海藻糖酶−1.543396148下调
Bcl6FoxO通路B细胞淋巴瘤6−1.136054336下调
), ArticleFig(id=1320884020624347525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884006384685363, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

糖尿病和生小米醇溶蛋白组间富集在信号通路上的差异表达基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称通路名称基因描述log2 FC调节
Gadd45aMAPK通路,FoxO通路生长阻滞与DNA损伤基因45a−1.107393908下调
Klk1b4MAPK通路激肽释放酶1-相关肽酶b41.021388945上调
Gadd45gMAPK通路,FoxO通路生长阻滞与DNA损伤基因45g3.300911802上调
Fgf21MAPK通路成纤维细胞生长因子211.766947018上调
Dusp1MAPK通路双特异性磷酸酶11.958640886上调
Rasgrp1MAPK通路Ras鸟嘌呤核苷酸释放蛋白12.264187583上调
Pck1PPAR通路,FoxO通路磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶1−1.073984126下调
Cyp4a14PPAR通路细胞色素P450ω-羟化酶−2.491301767下调
Cyp7a1PPAR通路胆固醇7α-羟化酶1.038793755上调
Plin2PPAR通路脂蛋白2−1.090866026下调
Hk3淀粉与蔗糖代谢己糖激酶31.107044419上调
Treh淀粉与蔗糖代谢重组海藻糖酶−1.543396148下调
Bcl6FoxO通路B细胞淋巴瘤6−1.136054336下调
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基于肠道菌群和转录组学分析生小米醇溶蛋白对高脂膳食联合STZ诱导的糖尿病小鼠的改善机制
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付永霞 1, 2 , 王晗 2 , 刘振宇 3 , 王海珍 1 , 郭尚 1 , 沈群 2, *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(8): 407-416
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (8) : 407 -416
基于肠道菌群和转录组学分析生小米醇溶蛋白对高脂膳食联合STZ诱导的糖尿病小鼠的改善机制
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付永霞1, 2 , 王晗2, 刘振宇3, 王海珍1, 郭尚1, 沈群2, *
作者信息
  • 1山西农业大学山西功能食品研究院,山西太原 030031
  • 2中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院/国家粮食产业(青稞深加工)技术创新中心/植物蛋白与谷物加工北京市重点实验室/国家果蔬加工工程技术研究中心,北京 100083
  • 3四川大学轻工科学与工程学院,四川成都 610065
通讯作者:
沈群(1967−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

付永霞(1995−),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向:杂粮营养与健康,E-mail:

Improvement Mechanism of Raw Foxtail Millet Prolamin on High-Fat Diet Combined with STZ Induced Diabetic Mice Based on Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Transcriptomics
Yongxia FU1, 2 , Han WANG2, Zhenyu LIU3, Haizhen WANG1, Shang GUO1, Qun SHEN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University/National Center of Technology Innovation (Deep Processing of Highland Barley) in Food Industry/Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Protein and Grain Processing/National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3College of Biomass Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030396
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生和熟小米醇溶蛋白均具有显著的糖代谢改善功能。与生小米醇溶蛋白相比,熟小米醇溶蛋白的蛋白质质量显著下降。因此,生小米醇溶蛋白作为潜在的食源性降糖功能物质更有价值。为了研究生小米醇溶蛋白对2型糖尿病(Type 2 diabetes,T2D)小鼠肠道菌群及肝脏的影响,通过高脂膳食+链脲佐菌素注射构建T2D模型,采用生小米醇溶蛋白对T2D小鼠连续干预5周,并利用16S rRNA 测序和转录组学技术分别对小鼠肠道菌群组成和肝脏基因表达进行分析。结果显示:结果表明,RFMP可通过缓解糖尿病引起的肠道菌群紊乱来改善葡萄糖代谢。生小米醇溶蛋白干预显著增加了T2D小鼠中乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、未分类穆里氏菌属(norank_f_Muribaculaceae)和毛螺菌科_NK4A136_group属(Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group)丰度。肝脏转录组学分析发现,生小米醇溶蛋白干预后,成纤维细胞生长因子21(Fgf21)、双特异性磷酸酶1(Dusp1)、Ras鸟嘌呤核苷酸释放蛋白1(Rasgrp1)和己糖激酶3(Hk3)的基因表达量上调,磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶1(Pck1)的基因表达量下调,这些均为其调控糖代谢的关键基因。研究结果完善了生小米醇溶蛋白改善糖代谢的机制,为开发功能性小米醇溶蛋白产品提供了理论依据。

糖尿病  /  生小米醇溶蛋白  /  肠道菌群  /  转录组  /  机制

Both raw and cooked millet prolamin (RFMP and CFMP) exhibited significant functions in improving glucose metabolism. Compared to RFMP, the protein quality of CFMP significantly decreased. Therefore, RFMP was more valuable as a potential food-derived hypoglycemic functional substance. In order to study the effects of RFMP on the intestinal flora and liver of type 2 diabetes (T2D) mice, C57BL/6J mice were used as the objects, and T2D models were established by high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin. The T2D mice were continuously intervened with RFMP for five weeks. Subsequently, 16S rRNA sequencing and transcriptomics technology were employed to analyze the composition of the gut microbiota and liver gene expression, respectively. The results showed that RFMP could improve glucose metabolism by alleviating the intestinal flora disorder induced by diabetes. At the genus level, RFMP intervention significantly increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, norank_f_Muribaculaceae, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group in T2D mice. Liver transcriptome results showed that the intervention of RFMP upregulated the expression levels of Fgf21, Dusp1, Rasgrp1, and Hk3, while downregulated the expression level of Pck1, which were the key genes for regulating glucose metabolism. This study elucidated the mechanism of improving glucose metabolism with RFMP, providing a theoretical basis for the development of functional FMP product.

diabetes  /  raw foxtail millet prolamin  /  gut microbiota  /  transcriptome  /  mechanism
付永霞, 王晗, 刘振宇, 王海珍, 郭尚, 沈群. 基于肠道菌群和转录组学分析生小米醇溶蛋白对高脂膳食联合STZ诱导的糖尿病小鼠的改善机制. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 407 -416 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030396
Yongxia FU, Han WANG, Zhenyu LIU, Haizhen WANG, Shang GUO, Qun SHEN. Improvement Mechanism of Raw Foxtail Millet Prolamin on High-Fat Diet Combined with STZ Induced Diabetic Mice Based on Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Transcriptomics[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 407 -416 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030396
2型糖尿病(Type 2 diabetes, T2D)已成为全球范围内的一种慢性代谢性疾病。胰岛素抵抗、高血糖和β细胞衰竭是T2D的主要特征[1]。长期使用降血糖药物,包括双胍类、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂和噻唑烷二酮类,成本高昂,并且会出现器官功能障碍或胃肠道问题等副作用[2−3]。因此,功能性食品因其高营养价值、易获得性、相对较低的价格和无毒特性,得到了人们的广泛关注。在这些功能性食品中,全谷物已被证明与T2D的发生有负相关关系[4−5]。小米属于全谷物的一种,在亚洲和非洲地区广泛种植,具有改善糖尿病引起的代谢紊乱的作用[6−7]。小米对T2D的有益作用部分归因于其蛋白质的抗糖尿病潜力[8−9]。醇溶蛋白在小米蛋白中占比高达60%。鉴于谷物普遍采用热加工方式食用的特性,本研究探究了生和熟小米醇溶蛋白的糖代谢调控功效,发现无论是生小米还是经蒸煮处理的熟小米,其醇溶蛋白均展现出显著的糖代谢调节功能[10−11]。然而,与生小米醇溶蛋白相比,熟小米醇溶蛋白持水、持油、发泡、乳化能力,以及表面疏水性和Zeta电位均显著下降,平均粒径显著增大,进而引起消化率与水解度降低,水解氨基酸含量明显减少,蛋白质质量下降[12−14]。因此,生小米醇溶蛋白作为潜在的食源性功能性组分更有营养价值。然而,前期研究中只对生小米醇溶蛋白干预糖尿病小鼠后的基础指标和血清代谢组学进行了研究[11]。
多项研究表明,肠道微生物紊乱与T2D有正相关关系[15−16]。膳食干预可以通过调节肠道微生物群组成,从而影响T2D的发生和发展[17−18]。研究表明,绿豆分离蛋白、红豆蛋白和燕麦蛋白可通过调节肠道微生物发挥降脂或降血糖作用,从而降低肥胖率,进而减缓T2D的发展[19−21]。因此,肠道菌群可能是生小米醇溶蛋白改善糖代谢的关键。此外,前期研究进一步证实,生小米醇溶蛋白干预可显著改善糖尿病模型小鼠的肝功能指标异常[11],提示肝脏可能作为该蛋白调控糖代谢紊乱的关键靶器官。因此,有必要通过转录组测序技术系统阐明生小米醇溶蛋白干预对肝脏组织基因表达谱的影响,进而揭示其调控糖尿病病理进程的潜在分子机制。本研究旨在采用16S rRNA测序和转录组学技术阐明生小米醇溶蛋白的降糖机制。
‘东方亮’小米 山西东方物华农业科技有限公司提供,并在4 ℃冷库中储藏;低脂饲料(10% kcal, D12450J)和高脂饲料(60% kcal, D12492) 美国Research Diets公司;雄性C57BL/6J小鼠(4周龄,SPF级,20 ±1 g) 北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司,许可证号SCXK(J) 2019-0010,初始体重20±1 g,于恒温恒湿屏障环境(22±1 ℃,55%±5%湿度)中饲养;链脲佐菌素(Streptozocin,STZ) 美国Sigma Aldrich公司;6~8 kDa截留分子量透析袋 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;Omega 基因组DNA抽提试剂盒 美国Omega生物技术公司;TRIzol™ 总RNA提取试剂及SuperScript™ 双链cDNA合成试剂盒 美国Invitrogen公司;脱氧核糖核酸酶Ⅰ(DNaseⅠ) 日本Takara公司;TruSeqTM RNA样品制备试剂盒 美国Illumina公司。
2100型生物分析仪 安捷伦科技有限公司;TBS-380微型荧光计 赛默飞世尔科技公司;NovaSeq 6000型测序系统、Miseq PE300型DNA测序分析仪 美国Illumina公司;Centrifuge 5430R型高速冷冻离心机 德国Eppendorf公司;SWE-C6高通量组织破碎仪 武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司。
参考文献[11]的方法,将小米研磨成粉,过60目筛。小米粉以1:5(w/v)的比例分散到正己烷中,并在37 ℃下水浴搅拌4 h。静置分层后弃去上层正己烷,残留粉体置于通风橱中,使其挥发溶剂至恒重。随后,将脱脂小米粉以1:7(w/v)与70%乙醇混合,37 ℃条件下采用水浴振荡提取2 h。提取结束后,将样品在8000 r/min下离心15 min,收集上清液。上清液经6~8 kDa截留分子量透析袋对抗超纯水透析48 h,透析后溶液在7000 r/min下离心5 min,收集沉淀,真空冷冻干燥后得到生小米醇溶蛋白。真空冷冻干燥参数如下:冷阱温度小于−50 ℃,腔室压力保持在10 Pa以下,干燥时间为48 h,蛋白质含量为90%。
参考文献[11]的方法,所有小鼠适应性培养1周后,分为两组。动物实验通过了中国农业大学动物伦理委员会批准,伦理编号为AW03401202-4-1。设置正常对照组(Control),饲喂低脂饲料,其余小鼠为高脂组,饲喂高脂饲料,持续4周。在第5周,通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin, STZ)(90 mg/kg小鼠体重, 现用现配,溶于预冷的柠檬酸盐缓冲液)诱导高脂组小鼠建立糖尿病模型。同时,给Control组小鼠注射等量的柠檬酸缓冲液。实验第6周,于早晨8点对高脂组小鼠实施6 h禁食(自由饮水),采用血糖仪经尾静脉采血测定空腹血糖,并依据空腹血糖大于11.1 mmol/L的条件筛选糖尿病模型构建成功的小鼠。随后,所有小鼠被分为3组,其中,糖尿病模型小鼠随机分为2组:模型对照组(Model),每日灌胃0.9%生理盐水,和生小米醇溶蛋白组(Prolamin),每日灌胃生小米醇溶蛋白混悬液(200 mg/kg BW,溶解于等体积生理盐水),等效于人体剂量17.82 mg kg−1 d−1[8],而Control组则给予等量生理盐水溶液。持续干预5周后,将所有小鼠禁食6 h,实施安乐死后收集肝和粪便等样品。
参考文献[10]的方法,收集小鼠新鲜粪便,置于无菌管,液氮速冻后,置于−80 ℃冰箱保存。首先根据Omega 基因组DNA抽提试剂盒说明书进行粪便总DNA抽提,采用超微量分光光度计检测DNA浓度与纯度,并通过1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证基因组完整性。通过PCR使用引物338F(5'-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3')与806R(5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3')靶向扩增V3-V4高变区。用2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳回收PCR产物,利用AxyPrep DNA凝胶提取试剂盒进行纯化,用Tris-HCl洗脱凝胶,并通过2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测纯度。凝胶电泳中使用TAE缓冲液。凝胶电泳条件为100 V电压下运行30 min。然后采用Quanti FluorTM-ST荧光定量系统对PCR产物进行定量。具体步骤如下:首先使用1×TE缓冲液梯度稀释QuantiFluor™-ST dsDNA 标准品,同时稀释待测PCR产物。取100 μL QuantiFluor™-ST dsDNA染料,分别与样品和标准品等体积混匀,加入黑色96孔板,避光孵育5 min。启动仪器并预热,设置激发光波长为480 nm,发射波长为520 nm。将孔板放入检测槽读取荧光值,软件自动生成标准曲线并计算样品浓度。利用Illumina公司的Miseq PE300平台进行测序。对所有序列首先使用QIIME进行质量和嵌合体检查以及低质量片段的剔除,使用UPARSE鉴定97%相似度水平的OTU,之后使用核糖体数据库计划(RDP)进行序列分类和注释。
参考文献[22]的方法,取新鲜肝脏组织样本于预冷研钵中,液氮速冻后迅速研磨至粉末状,转移至无RNA酶的离心管中。加入1 mL预冷裂解缓冲液,涡旋振荡30 s,室温静置5 min促进核酸释放。4 ℃条件下以12000×g离心5 min,转移上清至新管,加入200 μL氯仿,混匀15 s,室温静置3 min后同条件离心15 min。收集上层水相至新管。加入0.5体积预冷异丙醇,混匀后于−20 ℃静置30 min,4 ℃、12000×g离心10 min,可见管底白色沉淀。弃上清,加入1 mL预冷75%乙醇洗涤沉淀,离心5 min,重复洗涤两次。加入30 μL 超纯水溶解沉淀。利用超微量分光光度计测定RNA的浓度和纯度(OD260 nm/OD280 nm介于1.8~2.2),具体步骤如下:用2 μL超纯水调准基线。取2 μL提取的总RNA溶液,读取OD260 nm和OD280 nm数值,OD260 nm/OD280 nm比值在1.8~2.0范围内证明RNA纯度高。然后配制1%琼脂糖凝胶,加入核酸染料,取1 μg RNA,上样后110 V电泳20 min,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测RNA完整性。最后准备Agilent RNA Nano/Pico芯片,注入凝胶-染料混合液。将1 μL RNA样本与标记物混合,加入芯片对应孔。运行Agilent 5300分析仪,软件自动生成电泳图谱。软件计算RQN值(1~10,≥6.5为优质)。
利用带有Oligo(dT)的磁珠捕获总RNA中的mRNA, 随后使用DNase I消除基因组DNA残留。将mRNA与破碎缓冲液孵育,获得200 bp片段,使用N6随机引物和逆转录酶合成单链cDNA,然后在反应体系中加入dNTPs、RNase H和DNA聚合酶I孵育,进而合成双链cDNA。双链的cDNA经磁珠纯化后,进行末端修复和接头连接。通过PCR富集并筛选200~300 bp的片段。使用TBS380测定样品库浓度。采用Illmina HiSeq xten/NovaSeq 6000对文库产物进行测序,并产生原始测序数据,测序读长为PE 150。
首先对原始测序数据进行质量控制,包括去除低质量碱基、截断N含量>5%的读段以及过滤接头污染,进而输出高质量的测序数据,然后与参考基因组比对,获得mapped data(Reads),进行后续转录本组装、表达量计算等。同时,对该次转录组测序的比对结果进行质量评估,主要包括测序饱和度、基因覆盖度、Reads在参考基因组区域分布以及Reads染色体分布均一性。最后,通过定位到基因组区域的序列数量(reads counts)来计算基因的表达水平。
在肠道菌群分析中,采用Mothur(版本1.30.2)分析菌群α多样性,包括稀释性曲线(Rarefaction Curves);使用QIIME(版本1.9.1)进行了β多样性的距离计算,包括主坐标分析(Principal Coordinate Analysis,PCoA)和非度量多维尺度分析(Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling,NMDS)。使用威尔科克森秩和检验(Wilcoxon rank sum test)分析了不同组在门、科和属水平的菌群丰度变化;通过线性判别分析效果大小(Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size,LEfSe)和线性判别分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis,LDA)识别不同组中肠道菌群的组成。使用软件RSEM(版本1.3.1)对基因表达量进行测定;使用软件DESeq2(版本1.24.0)对不同组基因的差异表达水平进行定量分析。设置筛选条件为P<0.05和log2(差异倍数),即log2(FC)≥2,筛选不同组间的差异表达基因。基于KEGG数据库对差异基因进行通路富集分析。通路显著性P<0.05,即为在差异表达基因中显著富集的KEGG通路。
2型糖尿病会导致肠道菌群失调,因此本研究首先研究了生小米醇溶蛋白干预对糖尿病小鼠肠道菌群组成的影响。香农曲线趋于平坦,表明本次测序数据量可以反映所有样品中的绝大多数微生物信息(图1a)。图1b~图1d展示了Control、Model和Prolamin组肠道微生物在门、科和属水平的相对丰度。门水平上,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是小鼠肠道菌群中两个主要的门。可以看到,与Control组相比,Model组的Firmicutes相对丰度上升,Bacteroidetes的相对丰度则下降。生小米醇溶蛋白干预后,糖尿病小鼠肠道菌群的Firmicutes相对丰度下降,而Bacteroidetes的相对丰度上升。科水平上,毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae)、乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)和穆里氏菌科(Muribaculaceae)是小鼠肠道菌群中四个主要的科。与Control组相比,Model组的Lachnospiraceae和Ruminococcaceae相对丰度增加,Lactobacillaceae和Muribaculaceae相对丰度下降。生小米醇溶蛋白干预后,糖尿病小鼠肠道菌群的Lachnospiraceae和Ruminococcaceae相对丰度下降,Lactobacillaceae和Muribaculaceae相对丰度增加。分析小鼠肠道菌群属水平微生物相对丰度变化,结果显示,与Control组相比,Model组的乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、未分类穆里氏菌属(norank_f_Muribaculaceae)和毛螺菌科_NK4A136_group属(Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group)相对丰度下降。生小米醇溶蛋白干预后,糖尿病小鼠肠道菌群的Lactobacillus、norank_f_Muribaculaceae和Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group相对丰度增加。
进一步对生小米醇溶蛋白干预对小鼠肠道微生物群组成的影响进行研究。如图2a~图2b所示,Control组的分组椭圆与Model组的分组椭圆明显分开,这表明糖尿病小鼠出现了肠道微生物群紊乱。生小米醇溶蛋白干预5周后,Prolamin组的分组椭圆与Model组的分组椭圆部分分离,表明补充生小米醇溶蛋白后,糖尿病小鼠的肠道微生物组成发生了变化。
进一步分析门、科和属水平上肠道微生物群的相对丰度变化。在门水平上,小鼠肠道微生物中的Firmicutes和脱铁杆菌门(Deferribacteres)水平发生显著变化(P<0.05)(图3a)。在科水平上,Model组的Lachnospiraceae较Control组显著增加,Lactobacillaceae、Muribaculaceae和普雷沃氏菌科(Prevotellaceae)水平较Control组显著下降(P<0.05)。生小米醇溶蛋白干预后,Lachnospiraceae相对丰度较Model组显著下降,Lactobacillaceae、Muribaculaceae和Prevotellaceae水平较Model组显著上升(图3b)。在属水平上,Model组的Lactobacillus、norank_f_Muribaculaceae和Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group较Control组显著下降,生小米醇溶蛋白干预后,以上三种菌属相对丰度较Model组显著上升(图3c)。
和LDA分析表明每组的特征菌群不同(图4)。Control组的特征菌群是Lactobacillus、普雷沃氏菌UCG-001(Prevotellaceae UCG-001)和双歧杆菌(Bifdobacterium)。Model组中富集的为Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, Ruminiclostridium_9和Intestinibacter 菌属。与正常对照组和模型对照组相比,布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)和粪杆菌属(Faecalibaculum)在Prolamin组中富集。
如图5a所示。与Control组小鼠相比,T2D小鼠肝脏组织累计1475个基因表达量变化,其中,831个基因显著下调,644个基因显著上调。如图5b所示,生小米醇溶蛋白的干预影响了糖尿病小鼠肝脏基因表达水平,其中,诱导上调了144个基因,诱导下调了82个基因,累计226个基因。
采用KEGG数据库对T2D和Prolamin组之间的226个差异表达基因进行功能注释(图6)。可以看到,T2D和Prolamin组之间的差异基因注释于以下六大类KEGG一级代谢通路中,其中,代谢通路与机体病理状态密切相关。8个差异基因显著注释于脂质代谢的相关通路中,碳水化合物代谢相关的通路中注释了7个差异基因,辅助因子和维生素代谢相关的通路上富集了6个差异基因,氨基酸代谢相关的通路富集了5个差异基因。以上代谢通路与糖尿病存在密切联系。
如图7所示,T2D和Prolamin组间的差异表达基因参与了多种不同代谢通路的调控,包括PPAR信号通路、MAPK信号通路、FoxO信号通路和淀粉和蔗糖代谢通路等。其中,生长阻滞与DNA损伤基因45a(Gadd45a)、激肽释放酶1-相关肽酶b4(Klk1b4)、生长阻滞与DNA损伤基因45g(Gadd45g)、成纤维细胞生长因子21(Fgf21)、双特异性磷酸酶1(Dusp1)和Ras鸟嘌呤核苷酸释放蛋白 1(Rasgrp1)富集在MAPK信号通路;磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶1(Pck1)、细胞色素P450ω-羟化酶(Cyp4a14)、胆固醇7α-羟化酶(Cyp7a1)和脂蛋白 2(Plin2)富集在PPAR信号通路;己糖激酶3(HK3)和重组海藻糖酶(Treh)富集在淀粉与蔗糖代谢通路上;B细胞淋巴瘤6(Bcl6)、Gadd45a、Gadd45g和Pck1富集在FoXo信号通路(表1)。Prolamin干预后,T2D小鼠肝脏中的Gadd45a、Pck1、Cyp4a14、Plin2、Treh和Bcl6表达量下调,而Klk1b4、Gadd45g、Fgf21、Dusp1、Rasgrp1、Cyp7a1和Hk3表达量上调。
本研究发现,生小米醇溶蛋白干预对糖尿病小鼠的肠道菌群组成产生了一定的影响。这可能是因为来自上消化道(胃和十二指肠)的未消化蛋白质以及部分未被吸收的肽进入小肠后被水解为氨基酸,产生的氨基酸一部分被肠上皮细胞吸收,一部分被肠道菌群利用。剩余的未消化蛋白及部分未吸收的肽继续进入大肠,进一步被水解为氨基酸,但是绝大部分不能被大肠上皮细胞吸收,只能被肠道中微生物利用产生代谢产物进而被大肠上皮细胞吸收或者排出体外,因此蛋白的摄入会对肠道菌群组成有影响[23−24]。肠道中蛋白质水解产生的氨基酸越多,对肠道菌群的影响就越大。在Firmicutes中,高丰度的Lachnospiraceae与葡萄糖和脂质代谢呈正相关,提示发生了代谢紊乱[25]。同时,在葡萄糖代谢受损或代谢综合征患者中观察到高水平的Lachnospiraceae菌属,因此Lachnospiraceae菌属丰度也可用于反映宿主代谢健康状况[26]。本研究中,Model组中Lachnospiraceae的相对丰度显著高于对照组,表明糖尿病引起小鼠肠道菌群紊乱。除此之外,Muribaculaceae因其对宿主健康的有益作用而受到广泛关注。Muribaculaceae可以产生短链脂肪酸,调节肠道屏障功能和免疫反应[27]。Lactobacillus则被证实可以用于改善2型糖尿病小鼠葡萄糖稳态受损、炎症和氧化应激[28]。因此,Model组中Muribaculaceae、Lactobacillaccae、Lactobacillus及norank_f_Muribaculaceae相对丰度的降低也提示小鼠肠道菌群稳态受损。生小米醇溶蛋白干预后,以上三种菌属相对丰度较Model组显著上升。总体而言,生小米醇溶蛋白治疗改变了糖尿病小鼠的肠道微生物组成,有助于其抗糖尿病作用。
KEGG功能富集分析发现,关键差异表达基因富集在MAPK信号通路、FoXo信号通路、PPAR信号通路和淀粉和蔗糖代谢等。其中,MAPK信号通路中的Fgf21、Dusp1和Rasgrp1基因表达量上调。FGF21是一种肝脏来源的激素,已成为关键的代谢调节因子,可以改善胰岛素抵抗小鼠肝脏胰岛素敏感性,维持全身葡萄糖稳态[29]。Seternes等[30]研究发现,Dusp1的敲除会导致小鼠出现高血糖和糖异生途径激活。Albanus等[31]发现,Rasgrp1与糖尿病风险负相关;Rasgrp1基因的缺失会导致胰岛β细胞凋亡等,进而影响糖代谢。PPAR信号通路中,Pck1表达量下调。Pck1是肝脏中关键的糖异生酶,是催化肝脏糖异生的第一步。因此,Pck1下调表明肝脏中糖异生被抑制,进而使得葡萄糖生成减少,血糖水平下降[32]。淀粉可由蔗糖经过磷酸化、转移和合成反应合成,上述两种糖均可通过水解生成葡萄糖。因此,淀粉与蔗糖代谢通路的调控对糖代谢具有重要作用[33]。本研究发现,该通路中的Hk3表达量增加。HK是糖酵解代谢途径中的关键激酶,在生物体内起着催化葡萄糖磷酸化的作用,是糖代谢的第一步。HK将葡萄糖转化为葡萄糖-6-磷酸,这一过程为糖酵解提供了必要的能量[34]。因此,Hk3表达量的增加,提示糖酵解过程加快,因此生小米醇溶蛋白干预后血糖水平下降。
现有研究表明,植物蛋白可通过多种机制调控糖代谢,其作用路径具有显著多样性。以谷物蛋白为例,小麦、荞麦和芸豆蛋白质中含有α-淀粉酶抑制剂,能强烈抑制哺乳动物α-淀粉酶,从而防止血糖水平升高[35−37]。大米和米糠白蛋白来源的不可消化的高分子量肽段可以在肠道内与葡萄糖分子发生物理吸附,促进未吸收葡萄糖随粪便排出[38]。豌豆蛋白、玉米蛋白、大米胚乳和米糠经酶解产生的活性肽可直接作用于肠道L细胞,促进肠促胰岛素分泌,进而抑制餐后血糖水平增加[39−41]。相较之下,本研究发现生小米醇溶蛋白通过双重通路发挥作用:其一是缓解糖尿病诱导的肠道菌群紊乱;其二是调控肝脏转录组,使关键基因FGF21、Dusp1、Rasgrp1和HK表达量上调,Pck1表达量下降,与传统的直接酶抑制或激素调节路径形成显著区别。
本研究表明,生小米醇溶蛋白可以通过缓解糖尿病诱导的肠道菌群紊乱来改善糖代谢。门水平上显著降低了Firmicutes和Deferribacteres的丰度,属水平上,显著增加了Lactobacillus、norank_f_Muribaculaceae和Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group丰度。分析则表明,Blautia和 Faecalibaculum菌在Prolamin组中富集。此外,本研究还发现生小米醇溶蛋白干预显著改变了糖尿病小鼠的肝脏基因表达,差异基因富集在MAPK信号通路、FoXo信号通路、PPAR信号通路和淀粉和蔗糖代谢等。其中,FGF21、Dusp1、Rasgrp1、Pck1和HK是小米醇溶蛋白调控糖代谢的关键基因。但是,现有研究仅聚焦于生小米醇溶蛋白干预后糖尿病小鼠肠道菌群的结构性改变,尚未深入探究变化的菌属是如何发挥改善糖代谢作用。另外,仍需进一步对关键基因进行功能验证,同时深入挖掘转录组学结果,以全面揭示生小米醇溶蛋白缓解糖尿病的分子机理。此外,未来需明确生小米醇溶蛋白经胃肠道消化后产生的活性肽在体内的作用路径,并通过质谱联用技术精准鉴定其中发挥功效的肽段序列,为阐明其降糖作用的物质基础提供实验依据。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030396
  • 接收时间:2025-04-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-01
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    1山西农业大学山西功能食品研究院,山西太原 030031
    2中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院/国家粮食产业(青稞深加工)技术创新中心/植物蛋白与谷物加工北京市重点实验室/国家果蔬加工工程技术研究中心,北京 100083
    3四川大学轻工科学与工程学院,四川成都 610065

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沈群(1967−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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