Article(id=1320883941125509939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883923090002610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040223, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744905600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852872400, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1774972800000, pubDateStr=2026-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852872400, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852872400, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852872400, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883923090002610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='510', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774972800000', pubDateStr='2026-04-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852868101, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852868101, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=442, endPage=451, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883941331030836, articleId=1320883941125509939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation of Fish Swim Bladder Glue: Physicochemical Properties, Changes in Maillard Reaction Products, and Bone Density-Increasing Function, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A novel swim bladder glue (SBG) was prepared with reference to the traditional processing technology of E'Jiao. The changes in its physicochemical properties and Maillard reaction products during preparation were systematically analyzed, and compared with unprocessed swim bladder collagen (SBC) and commercial EJ. An ovariectomized (OVX) osteoporosis mouse model was established to evaluate therapeutic efficacy, with femoral bone density assessed via micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and hepatic histopathology examined through H&E staining. Results demonstrated that SBG predominantly contained low-molecular-weight peptides (<5 kDa), with disrupted microstructure, altered secondary structure, and increased free amino acid content. In contrast, EJ and SBC exhibited dense microstructures and higher molecular weight distributions (>10 kDa). In terms of Maillard reaction, during the preparation of SBG, the contents of mid-stage Maillard reaction products (Maillard fluorescent substances, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural [HMF]) and late-stage product melanoidins all showed an upward trend, with a marked increase, particularly during the concentration stage. The reaction process was dominated by the mid-stage Maillard reaction. In contrast, EJ contained a high level of melanoidins and was mainly in the late stage of the Maillard reaction, while the Maillard reaction degree of SBC was low. SBG significantly increased femoral bone mineral density (BMD) in ovariectomized mice, with the high-dose SBG group (SBGH) exhibiting the most pronounced effect (206.44±17.65 mg/cm3). Moreover, SBG significantly alleviated liver inflammation, whereas neither EJ nor SBC significantly increased BMD or ameliorated liver inflammation. This study systematically analyzed the evolution of physicochemical properties and dynamic changes of Maillard reaction products during the preparation of SBG, and evaluated its bone density-improving function. The findings provide a theoretical basis for promoting the deep exploitation of swim bladder resources and elucidating the material basis of the medicinal efficacy of gelatinous traditional Chinese medicines.

, authors=Yaoying HUANG1, Bingbing SONG1, Yuan YUAN1, Xusi PAN1, Yutao PANG1, Jiabin LI1, Saiyi ZHONG1, 2, *, Hongying CAI3, authorsList=Yaoying HUANG, Bingbing SONG, Yuan YUAN, Xusi PAN, Yutao PANG, Jiabin LI, Saiyi ZHONG, Hongying CAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Saiyi ZHONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883944325763909, articleId=1320883941125509939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=鱼鳔胶制备过程中理化特性、美拉德产物变化及其增加骨密度功能, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

结合传统阿胶工艺,制备新型鱼鳔胶(Swim Bladder Glue,SBG),系统分析其制备过程中理化特性及美拉德产物变化,并与未熬煮鱼鳔胶原蛋白(Swim Bladder Collagen,SBC)及阿胶(E’Jiao,EJ)进行对比。构建去卵巢骨质疏松(OVX)小鼠模型,通过微型计算机断层扫描(Micro-Computed Tomography,Micro-CT)进行骨密度检测以及对肝脏进行HE染色。结果表明,SBG制备时分子量总体降低,以低分子量肽(<5 kDa)为主,微观结构逐渐被破坏,二级结构改变,游离氨基酸总量上升。EJ和SBC分子量集中在MW>10 kDa,微观结构更致密,游离氨基酸含量低。美拉德反应上,SBG在制备过程中,美拉德中期反应产物(美拉德荧光物质、5-羟甲基糠醛)及晚期产物类黑精含量均呈上升趋势,尤其在浓缩阶段增幅显著,反应进程以美拉德中期阶段为主;EJ含有大量类黑精,主要处于美拉德反应晚期;而SBC美拉德反应程度低。SBG显著增加了去卵巢小鼠股骨骨密度,其中SBGH组效果最为显著,BMD达到206.44±17.65 mg/cm3,且对肝脏炎症具有改善作用,然而EJ和SBC无明显作用。本研究系统分析了鱼鳔胶制备过程中的理化特性演变、美拉德产物动态变化及其增加骨密度功能,为推动鱼鳔资源深度开发以及胶类中药药效物质基础的阐明提供一定的理论依据。

, authors=黄耀莹1, 宋兵兵1, 袁媛1, 潘旭思1, 庞宇韬1, 李嘉彬1, 钟赛意1, 2, *, 蔡泓滢3, authorsList=黄耀莹, 宋兵兵, 袁媛, 潘旭思, 庞宇韬, 李嘉彬, 钟赛意, 蔡泓滢, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=钟赛意, authorNote=

黄耀莹(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:海洋资源利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
钟赛意(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康、农产品营养与功能化开发,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=3TEHNazbl0TilpIU9hh8ng==, magXml=Zy0wsmbE1dW0h4M8J3VRyw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=oyn4zekmkVFC0HnijavdRA==, pdfFileSize=10927797, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=EsCQF6F29b0DN5IjYJCr/w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=mY48ELmAVt13NXfFi7PRLA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320883944967492432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=18319120030@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320883945038795602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, authorId=1320883944967492432, language=EN, stringName=Yaoying HUANG, firstName=Yaoying, middleName=null, lastName=HUANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320883945105904467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, authorId=1320883944967492432, language=CN, stringName=黄耀莹, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1广东海洋大学食品科技学院,广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室,广东湛江 524088, bio={"content":"

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注:图中不同字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05),图5~图6同。

, figureFileSmall=AqqRoosN2va8d1GLpVvR5A==, figureFileBig=EsCQF6F29b0DN5IjYJCr/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883949375705986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Surface morphology for SBG, time-segmented samples of SBG, SBC, and EJ, figureFileSmall=BvEVPA78HrK94VFb5ydixg==, figureFileBig=Bn0oO1cQoaPjPgirYpv6xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883949463786371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SBG、SBG分段样品、SBC及EJ的表面形态图

注:SEM标尺:100 μm。

, figureFileSmall=BvEVPA78HrK94VFb5ydixg==, figureFileBig=Bn0oO1cQoaPjPgirYpv6xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883949535089540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Fourier transform infrared spectra of SBG, time-segmented samples of SBG, SBC and EJ, figureFileSmall=oUg2s2DDr/0M6+0KnyqEng==, figureFileBig=NG9/pFcwn0la1MNhRD5HOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883949606392709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=CN, label=图3, caption=SBG、SBG分段样品、SBC及EJ的傅里叶变换红外光谱结果图, figureFileSmall=oUg2s2DDr/0M6+0KnyqEng==, figureFileBig=NG9/pFcwn0la1MNhRD5HOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883949677695878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Maillard reaction fluorescent products determination graph for SBG, time-segmented samples of SBG, SBC and EJ, figureFileSmall=i3QIPsoohrzyRVkbHWXKsA==, figureFileBig=CM8bHJjEjKfiCQQXBIcCsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883949748999047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=CN, label=图4, caption=SBG、SBG分段样品、SBC及EJ的美拉德荧光产物测定图, figureFileSmall=i3QIPsoohrzyRVkbHWXKsA==, figureFileBig=CM8bHJjEjKfiCQQXBIcCsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883949820302216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=5-HMF content for SBG, and time-segmented samples of SBG, figureFileSmall=4ErZcpsvQPHKu1b7WuIxYw==, figureFileBig=jviqtXyhJWGe6CFKd7MktA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883949895799689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=CN, label=图5, caption=SBG和SBG分段样品的5-HMF含量, figureFileSmall=4ErZcpsvQPHKu1b7WuIxYw==, figureFileBig=jviqtXyhJWGe6CFKd7MktA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883949996462986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Melanoidins content for SBG, time-segmented samples of SBG, SBC, and EJ, figureFileSmall=wNPkmHGPv+G9mt+/RmSJTQ==, figureFileBig=vMGVqNWVamop2nxFtpFWqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883950055183243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=CN, label=图6, caption=SBG、SBG分段样品、SBC及EJ的类黑精含量, figureFileSmall=wNPkmHGPv+G9mt+/RmSJTQ==, figureFileBig=vMGVqNWVamop2nxFtpFWqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883950109709196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Results of quantitative of BMD of mice femur in each group, figureFileSmall=fYX5eaQss9HiWbnjvMZ/Sw==, figureFileBig=wy2v4kYkBDzehqX6Y7emEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883950193595277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各组小鼠股骨骨密度定量结果

注:###P<0.001(与Sham组比较);***P<0.001(与OVX组比较)。

, figureFileSmall=fYX5eaQss9HiWbnjvMZ/Sw==, figureFileBig=wy2v4kYkBDzehqX6Y7emEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883950260704142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=HE staining microscope images of liver, figureFileSmall=dvuUyxcSeBlnqmtiHRmwvA==, figureFileBig=SgpyjleNXeolxYtdGJ/JFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883950386533263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=CN, label=图8, caption=各组小鼠肝脏HE染色

注:HE染色标尺:100 μm。

, figureFileSmall=dvuUyxcSeBlnqmtiHRmwvA==, figureFileBig=SgpyjleNXeolxYtdGJ/JFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883950462030736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Amino acid composition of SBC, SBG and EJ

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸含量(g/100 g)
SBCSBGEJ
甘氨酸24.17±0.13a24.50±0.07a18.54±0.11b
脯氨酸13.12±0.10a12.29±0.18a10.81±0.18b
谷氨酸11.47±0.10a11.59±0.15a9.32±0.08b
丙氨酸10.59±0.28a10.40±0.23a7.19±0.11b
精氨酸8.66±0.04a8.66±0.05a6.48±0.07b
天冬氨酸6.34±0.05a6.38±0.05a5.06±0.05b
赖氨酸3.96±0.03a3.95±0.04a3.36±0.05b
丝氨酸3.37±0.04a3.35±0.0a3.14±0.05b
苏氨酸3.16±0.05a2.98±0.06a1.71±0.04b
亮氨酸2.67±0.05b2.63±0.05b3.06±0.05a
苯丙氨酸2.57±0.06a2.76±0.05a2.05±0.04b
缬氨酸2.34±0.04a2.45±0.06a2.37±0.06a
异亮氨酸1.81±0.07a1.67±0.06a1.44±0.07b
甲硫氨酸0.81±0.07c2.13±0.05a1.13±0.04b
组氨酸0.72±0.04b0.86±0.05a0.78±0.06ab
半胱氨酸0.63±0.06a0.53±0.04ab0.45±0.04b
酪氨酸0.38±0.07b0.48±0.07b0.74±0.07a
总氨基酸96.87±0.29a97.72±0.19a77.40±0.46b
), ArticleFig(id=1320883952110392209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SBC、SBG和EJ的氨基酸组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸含量(g/100 g)
SBCSBGEJ
甘氨酸24.17±0.13a24.50±0.07a18.54±0.11b
脯氨酸13.12±0.10a12.29±0.18a10.81±0.18b
谷氨酸11.47±0.10a11.59±0.15a9.32±0.08b
丙氨酸10.59±0.28a10.40±0.23a7.19±0.11b
精氨酸8.66±0.04a8.66±0.05a6.48±0.07b
天冬氨酸6.34±0.05a6.38±0.05a5.06±0.05b
赖氨酸3.96±0.03a3.95±0.04a3.36±0.05b
丝氨酸3.37±0.04a3.35±0.0a3.14±0.05b
苏氨酸3.16±0.05a2.98±0.06a1.71±0.04b
亮氨酸2.67±0.05b2.63±0.05b3.06±0.05a
苯丙氨酸2.57±0.06a2.76±0.05a2.05±0.04b
缬氨酸2.34±0.04a2.45±0.06a2.37±0.06a
异亮氨酸1.81±0.07a1.67±0.06a1.44±0.07b
甲硫氨酸0.81±0.07c2.13±0.05a1.13±0.04b
组氨酸0.72±0.04b0.86±0.05a0.78±0.06ab
半胱氨酸0.63±0.06a0.53±0.04ab0.45±0.04b
酪氨酸0.38±0.07b0.48±0.07b0.74±0.07a
总氨基酸96.87±0.29a97.72±0.19a77.40±0.46b
), ArticleFig(id=1320883952181695378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Molecular weight distribution results of SBG, time-segmented samples of SBG, SBC, and EJ

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别400 Da<MW≤5 kDa
(%)
5 kDa<MW≤10 kDa
(%)
MW>10 kDa
(%)
SBC0.35±0.010.67±0.0098.98±0.00
SBG242.55±0.095.21±0.0492.25±0.11
SBG485.94±0.0211.06±0.0183.03±0.01
SBG729.18±0.0415.81±0.0175.02±0.04
SBG9612.89±0.0120.23±0.0166.89±0.02
SBG12016.77±0.0624.03±0.0159.20±0.04
SBG14417.34±0.0123.11±0.0159.55±0.01
SBG16859.80±0.0213.85±0.0126.37±0.00
SBG19262.70±0.0513.81±0.0123.51±0.04
SBG21666.45±0.0413.45±0.0120.12±0.06
SBG63.71±0.0012.87±0.0023.46±0.00
EJ5.92±0.008.17±0.0085.90±0.00
), ArticleFig(id=1320883952257192851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SBG、SBG分段样品、SBC及EJ的分子量分布结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别400 Da<MW≤5 kDa
(%)
5 kDa<MW≤10 kDa
(%)
MW>10 kDa
(%)
SBC0.35±0.010.67±0.0098.98±0.00
SBG242.55±0.095.21±0.0492.25±0.11
SBG485.94±0.0211.06±0.0183.03±0.01
SBG729.18±0.0415.81±0.0175.02±0.04
SBG9612.89±0.0120.23±0.0166.89±0.02
SBG12016.77±0.0624.03±0.0159.20±0.04
SBG14417.34±0.0123.11±0.0159.55±0.01
SBG16859.80±0.0213.85±0.0126.37±0.00
SBG19262.70±0.0513.81±0.0123.51±0.04
SBG21666.45±0.0413.45±0.0120.12±0.06
SBG63.71±0.0012.87±0.0023.46±0.00
EJ5.92±0.008.17±0.0085.90±0.00
), ArticleFig(id=1320883952324301716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Free amino acid content (g/100 g) in SBG, time-segmented samples of SBG, SBC and EJ

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸SBCSBG24SBG48SBG72SBG96SBG120SBG144SBG168SBG192SBG216SBGEJ
Asp0.06±0.01k0.10±0.00k0.51±0.00i1.08±0.01h2.34±0.01g3.29±0.07f4.88±0.05e6.19±0.02d9.03±0.14c10.95±0.11b11.39±0.12a0.21±0.01j
Glu#0.07±0.00i0.09±0.01hi0.15±0.01g0.21±0.00f0.28±0.01e0.33±0.02d0.40±0.02c0.42±0.04c0.49±0.01b0.50±0.01ab0.51±0.01a0.10±0.00h
Ser#0.04±0.00l0.07±0.00k0.16±0.00j0.25±0.00i0.44±0.01g0.58±0.01f0.76±0.01e0.90±0.01d1.15±0.02c1.32±0.01b1.38±0.01a0.35±0.00h
His0.00±0.00g0.00±0.00g0.01±0.01f0.02±0.00e0.03±0.00d0.04±0.00c0.04±0.00c0.05±0.00b0.05±0.00b0.05±0.00b0.08±0.00a0.03±0.00d
Gly#0.14±0.01l0.27±0.00k0.62±0.02j1.05±0.00i1.94±0.04g2.49±0.03f3.28±0.03e3.73±0.03d4.81±0.06c5.571±0.04b5.99±0.04a0.95±0.01h
Thr#0.14±0.01j0.27±0.00j0.62±0.02i1.05±0.00h1.94±0.04g2.49±0.03f3.28±0.03e3.73±0.03d4.81±0.06c5.57±0.04b5.99±0.04a0.95±0.01j
Arg#0.03±0.00i0.04±0.00i0.06±0.01hi0.09±0.00gh0.16±0.01f0.17±0.08f0.32±0.01e0.40±0.00d0.47±0.02c0.66±0.01b0.76±0.02a0.13±0.00fg
Ala#0.09±0.02j0.09±0.00j0.17±0.00i0.25±0.00h0.43±0.01g0.59±0.02f0.76±0.01e0.89±0.07d1.10±0.07c1.21±0.02b1.55±0.00a0.43±0.00h
Tyr0.03±0.00hi0.04±0.00gh0.06±0.01g0.09±0.00f0.16±0.01e0.17±0.08d0.32±0.01c0.26±0.01b0.26±0.00b0.29±0.00a0.035±0.00i0.12±0.01f
Val0.08±0.00b0.09±0.01b0.06±0.02b0.06±0.03b0.09±0.00b0.33±0.15a0.16±0.04ab0.20±0.05ab0.27±0.09ab0.27±0.06ab0.26±0.04ab0.06±0.04b
Met#0.09±0.02c0.09±0.00bc0.17±0.00bc0.25±0.01bc0.43±0.01ab0.59±0.02ab0.76±0.01ab0.89±0.07a1.10±0.07ab1.21±0.02ab1.55±0.00ab0.43±0.00ab
Phe0.01±0.00j0.02±0.01j0.19±0.01de0.22±0.01cd0.13±0.01hi0.09±0.02i0.26±0.02bc0.16±0.00eh0.27±0.00b0.19±0.08de0.35±0.02a0.12±0.01hi
Ile#0.05±0.00h0.13±0.01h0.28±0.01g0.46±0.02f0.84±0.02e1.10±0.02d1.37±0.01c1.39±0.01c1.75±0.03b1.96±0.04a2.02±0.02a0.22±0.00g
Lys#0.00±0.00i0.05±0.00h0.07±0.01g0.10±0.00f0.16±0.01e0.18±0.01de0.33±0.02b0.19±0.01d0.39±0.01a0.24±0.01c0.39±0.03a0.12±0.01f
Leu#0.03±0.00j0.03±0.01j0.07±0.02i0.09±0.00h0.20±0.02f0.24±0.01e0.30±0.02d0.35±0.01c0.45±0.01b0.51±0.02a0.50±0.01a0.16±0.04g
Cys0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.01±0.00cd0.00±0.00cd0.02±0.00cd0.01±0.00cd0.01±0.00cd0.06±0.04b0.02±0.01cd0.02±0.02cd0.03±0.02c0.33±0.00a
Pro#0.03±0.00b0.08±0.01b0.11±0.01ab0.14±0.04ab0.30±0.03ab0.30±0.06ab0.69±0.05ab0.31±0.07ab0.93±0.07ab1.00±0.03ab1.10±0.17a0.23±0.02ab
药效氨基酸0.55±0.04i0.88±0.03f1.82±0.05e2.75±0.05h4.48±0.05g5.73±0.29f7.59±0.14e8.49±0.31d10.87±0.15c11.97±0.2b13.24±0.05a2.70±0.13h
氨基酸总量0.75±0.09l1.17±0.09k2.68±0.21j4.27±0.22h7.24±0.29g9.69±0.62f13.17±0.46e20.12±0.21d27.35±0.23c31.52±0.17b33.89±0.23a3.60±0.18i
), ArticleFig(id=1320883952424965013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883941125509939, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

SBG、SBG分段样品、SBC及EJ的游离氨基酸含量(g/100 g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸SBCSBG24SBG48SBG72SBG96SBG120SBG144SBG168SBG192SBG216SBGEJ
Asp0.06±0.01k0.10±0.00k0.51±0.00i1.08±0.01h2.34±0.01g3.29±0.07f4.88±0.05e6.19±0.02d9.03±0.14c10.95±0.11b11.39±0.12a0.21±0.01j
Glu#0.07±0.00i0.09±0.01hi0.15±0.01g0.21±0.00f0.28±0.01e0.33±0.02d0.40±0.02c0.42±0.04c0.49±0.01b0.50±0.01ab0.51±0.01a0.10±0.00h
Ser#0.04±0.00l0.07±0.00k0.16±0.00j0.25±0.00i0.44±0.01g0.58±0.01f0.76±0.01e0.90±0.01d1.15±0.02c1.32±0.01b1.38±0.01a0.35±0.00h
His0.00±0.00g0.00±0.00g0.01±0.01f0.02±0.00e0.03±0.00d0.04±0.00c0.04±0.00c0.05±0.00b0.05±0.00b0.05±0.00b0.08±0.00a0.03±0.00d
Gly#0.14±0.01l0.27±0.00k0.62±0.02j1.05±0.00i1.94±0.04g2.49±0.03f3.28±0.03e3.73±0.03d4.81±0.06c5.571±0.04b5.99±0.04a0.95±0.01h
Thr#0.14±0.01j0.27±0.00j0.62±0.02i1.05±0.00h1.94±0.04g2.49±0.03f3.28±0.03e3.73±0.03d4.81±0.06c5.57±0.04b5.99±0.04a0.95±0.01j
Arg#0.03±0.00i0.04±0.00i0.06±0.01hi0.09±0.00gh0.16±0.01f0.17±0.08f0.32±0.01e0.40±0.00d0.47±0.02c0.66±0.01b0.76±0.02a0.13±0.00fg
Ala#0.09±0.02j0.09±0.00j0.17±0.00i0.25±0.00h0.43±0.01g0.59±0.02f0.76±0.01e0.89±0.07d1.10±0.07c1.21±0.02b1.55±0.00a0.43±0.00h
Tyr0.03±0.00hi0.04±0.00gh0.06±0.01g0.09±0.00f0.16±0.01e0.17±0.08d0.32±0.01c0.26±0.01b0.26±0.00b0.29±0.00a0.035±0.00i0.12±0.01f
Val0.08±0.00b0.09±0.01b0.06±0.02b0.06±0.03b0.09±0.00b0.33±0.15a0.16±0.04ab0.20±0.05ab0.27±0.09ab0.27±0.06ab0.26±0.04ab0.06±0.04b
Met#0.09±0.02c0.09±0.00bc0.17±0.00bc0.25±0.01bc0.43±0.01ab0.59±0.02ab0.76±0.01ab0.89±0.07a1.10±0.07ab1.21±0.02ab1.55±0.00ab0.43±0.00ab
Phe0.01±0.00j0.02±0.01j0.19±0.01de0.22±0.01cd0.13±0.01hi0.09±0.02i0.26±0.02bc0.16±0.00eh0.27±0.00b0.19±0.08de0.35±0.02a0.12±0.01hi
Ile#0.05±0.00h0.13±0.01h0.28±0.01g0.46±0.02f0.84±0.02e1.10±0.02d1.37±0.01c1.39±0.01c1.75±0.03b1.96±0.04a2.02±0.02a0.22±0.00g
Lys#0.00±0.00i0.05±0.00h0.07±0.01g0.10±0.00f0.16±0.01e0.18±0.01de0.33±0.02b0.19±0.01d0.39±0.01a0.24±0.01c0.39±0.03a0.12±0.01f
Leu#0.03±0.00j0.03±0.01j0.07±0.02i0.09±0.00h0.20±0.02f0.24±0.01e0.30±0.02d0.35±0.01c0.45±0.01b0.51±0.02a0.50±0.01a0.16±0.04g
Cys0.00±0.00d0.00±0.00d0.01±0.00cd0.00±0.00cd0.02±0.00cd0.01±0.00cd0.01±0.00cd0.06±0.04b0.02±0.01cd0.02±0.02cd0.03±0.02c0.33±0.00a
Pro#0.03±0.00b0.08±0.01b0.11±0.01ab0.14±0.04ab0.30±0.03ab0.30±0.06ab0.69±0.05ab0.31±0.07ab0.93±0.07ab1.00±0.03ab1.10±0.17a0.23±0.02ab
药效氨基酸0.55±0.04i0.88±0.03f1.82±0.05e2.75±0.05h4.48±0.05g5.73±0.29f7.59±0.14e8.49±0.31d10.87±0.15c11.97±0.2b13.24±0.05a2.70±0.13h
氨基酸总量0.75±0.09l1.17±0.09k2.68±0.21j4.27±0.22h7.24±0.29g9.69±0.62f13.17±0.46e20.12±0.21d27.35±0.23c31.52±0.17b33.89±0.23a3.60±0.18i
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鱼鳔胶制备过程中理化特性、美拉德产物变化及其增加骨密度功能
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黄耀莹 1 , 宋兵兵 1 , 袁媛 1 , 潘旭思 1 , 庞宇韬 1 , 李嘉彬 1 , 钟赛意 1, 2, * , 蔡泓滢 3
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(7): 442-451
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (7) : 442 -451
鱼鳔胶制备过程中理化特性、美拉德产物变化及其增加骨密度功能
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黄耀莹1 , 宋兵兵1, 袁媛1, 潘旭思1, 庞宇韬1, 李嘉彬1, 钟赛意1, 2, * , 蔡泓滢3
作者信息
  • 1广东海洋大学食品科技学院,广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室,广东湛江 524088
  • 2广东海洋大学深圳研究院,广东深圳 518100
  • 3南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江),广东湛江 524004
通讯作者:
钟赛意(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康、农产品营养与功能化开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

黄耀莹(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:海洋资源利用,E-mail:

Preparation of Fish Swim Bladder Glue: Physicochemical Properties, Changes in Maillard Reaction Products, and Bone Density-Increasing Function
Yaoying HUANG1 , Bingbing SONG1, Yuan YUAN1, Xusi PAN1, Yutao PANG1, Jiabin LI1, Saiyi ZHONG1, 2, * , Hongying CAI3
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 2Shenzhen Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518100, China
  • 3Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524004, China
出版时间: 2026-04-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040223
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结合传统阿胶工艺,制备新型鱼鳔胶(Swim Bladder Glue,SBG),系统分析其制备过程中理化特性及美拉德产物变化,并与未熬煮鱼鳔胶原蛋白(Swim Bladder Collagen,SBC)及阿胶(E’Jiao,EJ)进行对比。构建去卵巢骨质疏松(OVX)小鼠模型,通过微型计算机断层扫描(Micro-Computed Tomography,Micro-CT)进行骨密度检测以及对肝脏进行HE染色。结果表明,SBG制备时分子量总体降低,以低分子量肽(<5 kDa)为主,微观结构逐渐被破坏,二级结构改变,游离氨基酸总量上升。EJ和SBC分子量集中在MW>10 kDa,微观结构更致密,游离氨基酸含量低。美拉德反应上,SBG在制备过程中,美拉德中期反应产物(美拉德荧光物质、5-羟甲基糠醛)及晚期产物类黑精含量均呈上升趋势,尤其在浓缩阶段增幅显著,反应进程以美拉德中期阶段为主;EJ含有大量类黑精,主要处于美拉德反应晚期;而SBC美拉德反应程度低。SBG显著增加了去卵巢小鼠股骨骨密度,其中SBGH组效果最为显著,BMD达到206.44±17.65 mg/cm3,且对肝脏炎症具有改善作用,然而EJ和SBC无明显作用。本研究系统分析了鱼鳔胶制备过程中的理化特性演变、美拉德产物动态变化及其增加骨密度功能,为推动鱼鳔资源深度开发以及胶类中药药效物质基础的阐明提供一定的理论依据。

鱼鳔  /  美拉德反应  /  骨质疏松症  /  胶原蛋白肽

A novel swim bladder glue (SBG) was prepared with reference to the traditional processing technology of E'Jiao. The changes in its physicochemical properties and Maillard reaction products during preparation were systematically analyzed, and compared with unprocessed swim bladder collagen (SBC) and commercial EJ. An ovariectomized (OVX) osteoporosis mouse model was established to evaluate therapeutic efficacy, with femoral bone density assessed via micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and hepatic histopathology examined through H&E staining. Results demonstrated that SBG predominantly contained low-molecular-weight peptides (<5 kDa), with disrupted microstructure, altered secondary structure, and increased free amino acid content. In contrast, EJ and SBC exhibited dense microstructures and higher molecular weight distributions (>10 kDa). In terms of Maillard reaction, during the preparation of SBG, the contents of mid-stage Maillard reaction products (Maillard fluorescent substances, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural [HMF]) and late-stage product melanoidins all showed an upward trend, with a marked increase, particularly during the concentration stage. The reaction process was dominated by the mid-stage Maillard reaction. In contrast, EJ contained a high level of melanoidins and was mainly in the late stage of the Maillard reaction, while the Maillard reaction degree of SBC was low. SBG significantly increased femoral bone mineral density (BMD) in ovariectomized mice, with the high-dose SBG group (SBGH) exhibiting the most pronounced effect (206.44±17.65 mg/cm3). Moreover, SBG significantly alleviated liver inflammation, whereas neither EJ nor SBC significantly increased BMD or ameliorated liver inflammation. This study systematically analyzed the evolution of physicochemical properties and dynamic changes of Maillard reaction products during the preparation of SBG, and evaluated its bone density-improving function. The findings provide a theoretical basis for promoting the deep exploitation of swim bladder resources and elucidating the material basis of the medicinal efficacy of gelatinous traditional Chinese medicines.

fish swim bladder  /  Maillard reaction  /  osteoporosis  /  collagen peptides
黄耀莹, 宋兵兵, 袁媛, 潘旭思, 庞宇韬, 李嘉彬, 钟赛意, 蔡泓滢. 鱼鳔胶制备过程中理化特性、美拉德产物变化及其增加骨密度功能. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (7) : 442 -451 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040223
Yaoying HUANG, Bingbing SONG, Yuan YUAN, Xusi PAN, Yutao PANG, Jiabin LI, Saiyi ZHONG, Hongying CAI. Preparation of Fish Swim Bladder Glue: Physicochemical Properties, Changes in Maillard Reaction Products, and Bone Density-Increasing Function[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (7) : 442 -451 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040223
鱼鳔(又称花胶、鱼胶或鱼肚)作为药食同源的“海味八珍”之一,其主要成分是胶原蛋白,同时富含糖胺聚糖、脂肪酸及矿物质等生物活性物质[1]。中医理论认为,鱼鳔性味甘、平,入肾经,具有补肾益精、养血止血之功[2]。现代研究证实,鱼鳔胶原蛋白以及胶原蛋白肽展现出保护卵巢[3]、改善生殖[4]、护肝[5]、抗氧化及促愈合[6]等多种生物活性,展现广阔的应用前景。当前鱼鳔加工仍以传统干制工艺为主,通过剖洗、晾晒等流程制成干胶半成品,或进一步开发为即食冻干零食或者保健酒等初级加工产品[7]。如林嘉珣等[8]将鱼鳔与谷物复合,研发出即食风味冻干鱼胶肽零食。尽管这类产品在一定程度上提升了鱼类附加值,但基于鱼鳔胶原蛋白的高附加值产品的研发,及其功效机制研究尚未成熟,导致鱼鳔资源未能充分开发利用。在此背景下,动物胶类中药的制备工艺为鱼鳔资源的创新开发提供了重要思路。传统的动物胶类中药是从富含胶原的哺乳动物组织中经炖煮、浓缩等复杂过程制备而成,多项研究表明其具有抗骨质疏松症潜力[9]。连雅君[10]研究发现狗骨胶可通过调节骨密度、骨代谢水平及RANKL/RANK/OPG信号通路抵抗骨质流失。蒙海燕等[11]研究发现鹿茸胶增加成骨细胞数量,降低破骨细胞活性,提高去势大鼠骨密度。然而,哺乳动物来源的动物胶类中药面临朊病毒传播风险、原料资源短缺以及宗教使用禁忌等现实问题,严重制约其市场应用,促使科研人员着手开发其他来源的动物胶剂[12−13]。
骨质疏松症是特征为骨密度低、骨量受损的代谢性骨病[14],中医将其归属于“骨痹”“骨痿”“骨枯”范畴,在治疗上,中医以“肾主骨”理论为核心,通过补肾填精来治疗骨质疏松[15]。鱼鳔具备低抗原性、低过敏性和良好生物相容性的优点[1],结合其补肾功效,具有开发为抗骨质疏松新型胶类中药原料的潜力。值得注意的是,美拉德反应广泛存在于食品加工及中药炮制过程中,其产物具有缓解骨骼疾病以及免疫调节等生物活性[16]。Wang等[17]研究表明,地黄中的活性成分5-羟甲基糠醛可有效缓解骨关节炎,改善软骨下硬化和软骨退化。Gerardi等[18]发现来自软面包的类黑精可以调节氧化应激,具有抗炎的生物活性。目前,关于胶类中药成分变化的研究主要聚焦于胶原蛋白及其水解产物、氨基酸等成分[19−20],而对美拉德反应产物的研究鲜见报道。
因此,本研究以鱼鳔为原料,结合传统阿胶工艺,制备新型鱼鳔胶(Swim Bladder Glue,SBG),系统分析其制备过程中理化特性及美拉德产物变化,并与未熬煮鱼鳔胶原蛋白(Swim Bladder Collagen,SBC)及阿胶(E’Jiao,EJ)进行对比。构建去卵巢骨质疏松(OVX)小鼠模型,通过微型计算机断层扫描(Micro-Computed Tomography,Micro-CT)进行骨密度检测以及对肝脏进行HE染色。本研究有利于推动为鱼鳔资源深度开发,有望解决哺乳动物来源动物胶类中药资源短缺和安全隐患问题,以及推动胶类中药药效物质基础的阐明。
42只SPF雌性C57BL/6小鼠 广州科轩生物科技有限公司(合格证编号:SYXK(粤)2024-0204),所有动物实验过程均经广东海洋大学动物管理与使用委员会批准(动物伦理编号:No. GDOU-LAE-2023-041);鳙鱼干鱼鳔 霞山水产品批发市场;阿胶 山东东阿阿胶有限公司;氨基酸标品(色谱纯) 阿拉丁生物科技有限公司;磷酸盐缓冲液(分析纯)、5-羟甲基糠醛(色谱纯) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;溴化钾(色谱纯) 美国Sigma公司;4%多聚甲醛(分析纯) 美国Biosharp公司;冰糖 太古糖业有限公司;绍兴黄酒 浙江古越龙山绍兴酒股份有限公司;茚三酮(色谱纯) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司。
Kjeltec-8400凯氏定氮分析仪 丹麦FOSS公司;RF-6000荧光光谱仪 日本Shimadzu公司;DGD22-22EWG电炖锅 广东天际电器股份有限公司;DHG - B50V7不粘锅、DHG-B50B8电磁炉 广东小熊电器股份有限公司;LGJ-10真空冷冻干燥机 北京松源华兴科技发展有限公司;HH-4数显恒温水浴锅 上海虔钧科学仪器有限公司;Cary 60UV-Vis紫外分光光度计、1260 Infinity II高效液相色谱 美国Agilent Technologies公司;STA 449 F3 Jupiter同步热分析仪 德国NETZSCH公司;TSKgel G3000SWXL尺寸排阻色谱 日本Tosoh Bioscience公司;JSM-7610F热场发射扫描电镜 日本电子株式会社;S433D全自动氨基酸分析仪 德国Sykam GmbH公司;Micro-CT系统 瑞士SCANCO MEDICAL公司;TENSOR-27傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 德国Bruker公司;FW-4压片机  天津市拓普仪器有限公司;Agilent1100液相色谱仪 美国Agilent公司;DFY-1000C摇摆式高速中药粉碎机 温岭大德药机有限公司。
鱼鳔胶的制备按照阿胶制备的方法稍加修改进行[21]。取干燥鳙鱼鱼鳔粉碎后,按料液比1:30加入去离子水,置于炖锅中武火煮沸。待沸腾后转文火维持80~90 ℃恒温浸提,每4 h补充去离子水至初始体积,连续熬煮216 h。取出胶液,所得胶液过400目筛,获取提取液,提取液注入不粘锅中进行浓缩。在提取液蒸发至粘度为连珠状流下形态,按鱼鳔原料质量的2%添加冰糖,持续浓缩至膏体呈半透明胶冻状,即可悬挂成旗时。随后加入2%黄酒充分搅拌,小火加热,继续浓缩至膏体滴落呈片状(密度1.35~1.40 g/cm3),得到浓缩胶液。所得胶液经−80 ℃预冻24 h后,真空冷冻干燥48 h,制得SBG成品,−20 ℃保存。
在SBG熬煮的216 h过程中,分别在熬煮时长为24、48、72、96、120、144、168、192、216 h取样检测。−80 ℃预冻24 h后,真空冷冻干燥48 h,−20 ℃保存备用。制得SBG分段样品分别命名为SBG24、SBG48、SBG72、SBG96、SBG120、SBG144、SBG168、SBG192、SBG216。
鱼鳔胶原蛋白的提取按照黄家宝等[22]方法稍加修改进行。粉碎后的鱼鳔样品与去离子水以1:10(w/v)的重量体积比混合。该水悬浮液在80 ℃下在恒定搅拌下进行2 h的热提取。提取后的混合物依次通过两层无菌纱布过滤,以去除不溶性残留物。澄清后的提取液通过旋转蒸发进行真空浓缩以减少溶剂体积,然后冻干48 h以获得最终的鱼鳔胶原蛋白(SBC)。
对EJ使用粉碎机进行粉碎处理,直至样品颗粒度达到100目的标准。将粉碎后的EJ粉末密封保存于干燥避光的容器中,以备后续实验使用。
依照GB 5009.5-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》对SBG、SBC和EJ进行蛋白质的测定[23]。依照GB 5009.124-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氨基酸的测定》进行氨基酸组成测定[24]。
将块状EJ切成约2 mm×2 mm的切块,与SBG、SBG分段样品、SBC一同固定于导电胶表面,经400 s真空喷金处理(加速电压10 kV)后,采用扫描电子显微镜在100×放大倍数下观察样品微观结构。
依照GB/T 22492-2008《大豆肽粉》[25],采用高效液相色谱(Agilent 1260 Infinity III)和TSKgel G2000SWXL尺寸排阻色谱柱(7.8 mm×300 mm,Tosoh Bioscience)分析SBG、SBG分段样品、SBC及EJ的分子量分布。流动相为0.1%(v/v)三氟乙酸,20%乙腈,流速为0.5 mL/min。采用紫外-可见分光光度法在220 nm处检测洗脱曲线。色谱图使用分子量标准曲线(y=−2.4942x+24.464,y:lgMW,x:时间,R2=0.9863),该曲线使用具有规定分子量的蛋白质和肽标准物建立。这些标准品的分子量如下:胰岛素(5754 Da)、杆菌肽(1412 Da)、甘氨酸-甘氨酸-酪氨酸-精氨酸(354 Da)和甘氨酸-甘氨酸-甘氨酸-甘氨酸(75 Da)。
使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析分子结构。将SBG、SBG分段样品、SBC及EJ与KBr粉末以1:200(w/w)的质量比均匀混合,然后手动研磨,用压片机进行压片。采用4 cm−1分辨率和64次重叠扫描,光谱范围为4000~400 cm−1。
根据王丽等[26]的方法,取SBG、SBG分段样品、SBC及EJ 0.5 g于液氮中速冻后研磨粉碎,转移至10 mL离心管。加入5 mL 0.01 mol/L盐酸(或超纯水),涡旋振荡混匀1 min,沸水浴30 min。10000×g离心10 min(4 ℃),取上清液;沉淀复悬于4 mL 0.01 mol/L盐酸,超声提取5 min(40 kHz,100 W),同条件离心后合并两次上清液,定容至10 mL。过0.22 μm水系滤膜,收集滤液,取400 μL加入到液相样品瓶中,由氨基酸自动分析仪测定。
根据Lertittikul等[27]的方法,将SBG、SBG分段样品、SBC及EJ稀释至质量浓度为1 mg/mL,在室温下使用荧光分光光度计进行荧光发射光谱扫描。参数设置:激发波长347 nm、发射波长370~550 nm。
根据高文军等[28]的方法,精密称取1 g SBG、SBG分段样品、SBC及EJ,加入5%乙腈溶液,定容至10mL,得到浓度为100 mg/mL的样品溶液。随后,使溶液通过0.22 μm微孔滤膜进行过滤,采用Agilent C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)作为分离介质,流动相体系为乙腈-水(5:95,v/v),柱温控制在30 ℃,流速设定为1.0 mL/min,检测波长选择284 nm,进样量为10 μL。标准曲线是y=59.415x−8.1843,y:峰面积,x:5-羟甲基糠醛浓度(mg/kg),R2=0.9948。
根据刘兰涛等[29]的方法,称取1 g SBG、SBG分段样品、SBC及EJ,溶于50 mL去离子水中,4000 r/min离心5 min,取上清液于420 nm波长处测定吸光度,然后按照公式(1)计算样品中类黑精含量。
$ \text{类黑精含量}(\text{mg}/\text{g})=\frac{\mathrm{A}\times 0.1\times 50}{0.269} $
式中:A为样品在420 nm波长处的吸光度;0.269为溶液中含有0.1 mg类黑精时的吸光度。
在本研究中,42只雌性C57BL/6小鼠,年龄在7~8周之间。根据张力[30]方法随机选取36只7~8周雌性C57BL/6小鼠进行去卵巢造模手术,6只假手术组小鼠仅切附近部位脂肪。术后休养1周,伤口无异常,再将造模组分为模型组6只(OVX组),阿胶组6只(EJ),鱼鳔胶原蛋白组6只(SBC),鱼鳔胶低剂量组6只(SBGL),鱼鳔胶中剂量组6只(SBGM),鱼鳔胶高剂量组6只(SBGH)。小鼠分组后开始对各组进行灌胃给药,鱼鳔胶低、中、高剂量组分别给予浓度为:0.75、1.5和3 g/kg。阿胶组和鱼鳔胶原蛋白组给予浓度为1.5 g/kg。假手术组和OVX模型组分别灌胃给予等体积的蒸馏水。以上各组小鼠每天给药一次,连续12周。给药结束后,取出各组小鼠左侧股骨和肝脏组织,剔除骨组织周围的软组织,4%多聚甲醛固定骨组织和肝脏组织。
采用微型计算机断层扫描(Micro-CT)对股骨远端干骺端进行检查和成像,体素分辨率为10.4 μm。光束强度设置为55 kV峰值和148 μA。用CTan软件进行小鼠股骨密度的测定。
肝脏组织经过脱水浸蜡、包埋和切片后常温备用。切片经过不同浓度二甲苯与酒精处理、脱蜡和水洗后,依次用苏木精和伊红染液脱水封片,于400×显微镜下拍照观察。
定量数据平行三次,以平均值±标准偏差(SD)表示。采用SPSS 22.0软件(IBM Corp,Armonk,NY,USA)中的单向方差分析(ANOVA)进行统计比较。统计显著性定义为P<0.05。用CTan软件进行小鼠股骨密度的测定。
采用凯氏定氮法测定EJ、SBC及SBG的蛋白质含量(图1),结果显示三者蛋白质含量分别为83.76%±0.20%、98.23%±0.17%和98.80%±0.17%,表明三者的成分以蛋白质为主。孙皓岩等[31]研究表明,鱼鳔、驴皮总蛋白含量分别为98.00%±0.19%和97.60%±0.21%,据此推测,驴皮加工过程中蛋白损失率高于鱼鳔,可能是导致EJ蛋白质含量较低的原因。
所测样品均富含17种必需和非必需氨基酸(表1),其中甘氨酸、脯氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、精氨酸和天冬氨酸为主要成分。SBC和SBG的氨基酸组成相似,与詹永献[32]测的从鱼鳔中提取的胶原蛋白氨基酸组成相似。EJ的氨基酸组成与已报道的结果一致[33]。作为胶原蛋白特征性氨基酸,样品中高含量的甘氨酸和脯氨酸组成进一步证实EJ、SBC和SBG均符合胶原蛋白及其水解物的成分特征[34]。此外,与EJ相比,SBC和SBG的氨基酸总含量是EJ的1.25和1.26倍,这一结果与蛋白质含量差异一致。
图2显示,SBC为白色致密的块状固体,SBG为深黄色粉末,而EJ为黑褐色块状固体,EJ的颜色最深,这一差异可能与美拉德反应进程相关[35]。随着熬煮时间的延长,SBG分段样品从初始致密的块状胶原蛋白冻干品逐步转化为粉末状颗粒,且颜色随制备时间持续而逐渐加深,这一现象可能与熬煮过程中胶原蛋白的水解及美拉德反应的协同作用有关。在扫描电镜下,SBC、EJ和熬煮了24 h后的胶液,呈现出较为致密、有序的胶原蛋白结构,纤维排列紧密且规整,相互交织形成稳定的网络状结构。随着熬煮的持续进行,这一结构开始逐渐被破坏,原本连续、完整的纤维结构出现了断裂,纤维之间的连接变得松散,不再呈现出明显的网络状结构。总的来说,SBG在制备过程中宏观和微观结构不断被破坏,而EJ和SBC保持较致密有序的形态。
随着熬煮时间延长,鱼鳔胶原蛋白整体分子量不断降低,低分子量区域(MW<5 kDa)含量占比持续上升(表2)。这表明长时间熬煮会使胶原蛋白的分子结构逐渐被破坏,分解为更小的分子,与前文表面形态结构变化结果相互佐证。相较于熬煮216 h未加辅料进行浓缩的胶液,SBG在低分子量区域(MW<5 kDa)占比更低,在大分子量区域(MW>10 kDa)占比较大。这可能是由于在加辅料浓缩过程中,美拉德反应晚期生成了大量的类黑精等高分子量聚合物,从而影响了SBG的分子量分布[36]。类黑精色素有研究证明具有一定的生物活性,比如抗炎[37]。虽然在大分子量区域有一定占比,但SBG的组成仍主要以低分子量肽(MW<5 kDa)为主。这种组成特点使其可能具有一定的生物活性。
除此之外,EJ和SBC的分子量集中在MW>10 kDa,而SBG的分子量分布更为分散,且在低分子量区域有一定占比。其中,EJ的分子量测定结果与廖峰等[38]的测定结果相符合。Song等[39]研究表明,低分子量肽(MW<5 kDa)具有更好的肠道通透性,并且具有更高的生物活性。Li等[40]研究表明,分子量在1~3 kDa之间的胶原蛋白水解物表现出最高的抗骨质疏松活性。因此,SBG可能具有更强的抗骨质疏松症的活性。
综上,SBG在熬煮过程中分子量逐步降低,后续浓缩加辅料步骤通过美拉德反应生成高分子量聚合物,导致大分子量区域占比增加,但仍以低分子量肽为主。而EJ、SBC分子量集中于大分子量区,SBG因低分子量肽占比高且可能发生美拉德反应,或为后文增加骨密度功能表现奠定结构基础。
图3显示,酰胺III带主要对应CN键的伸缩振动、酰胺键中NH的变形振动,以及甘氨酸主链和脯氨酸侧链的CH2振动[41]。研究表明,酰胺III带吸收峰波数与1450 cm−1峰的强度比值越接近1,表明胶原蛋白三螺旋结构越完整;比值越低,则结构破坏越严重[42]。SBC呈现典型的胶原蛋白三螺旋结构特征。相比之下,SBG、EJ及熬制过程中的胶液均表现出不同程度的结构破坏,其中SBG的破坏程度显著高于EJ,且随着熬煮时间的延长,三螺旋结构逐渐被破坏。酰胺A峰(3500~3000 cm−1)由NH和OH基团的伸缩振动引起的。与SBC和EJ相比,SBG的酰胺A峰更宽更强,表明其氢键相互作用更强,且其在制备过程中变化趋势一致,这归因于SBG中低分子量肽段与游离氨基酸含量的增加[39]。在酰胺I(1700~1600 cm−1,对应C=O伸缩振动)和酰胺II(1600~1500 cm−1,对应N-H弯曲与C-N伸缩振动)的特征振动区观察到明显蓝移,这表明二级结构从有序向无序转变,官能团所处的化学环境发生改变[43]。总之,说明SBG在制备过程中,其二级结构随着熬煮过程不断变化,三螺旋结构逐渐被破坏,EJ的二级结构同样遭到破坏,但氢键相互作用相较于SBG并不明显,SBC具有典型的胶原蛋白三螺旋结构吸收特征。
SBG中游离氨基酸组成丰富,含量最高的五种游离氨基酸为天冬氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸、异亮氨酸和丙氨酸(表3)。制备过程中,SBG的氨基酸含量呈现显著上升趋势(P<0.05),结合上文分子量测定结果,这一现象可归因于熬制过程促使胶原蛋白逐步降解为小分子肽,进而水解生成更多游离氨基酸。EJ除缬氨酸、酪氨酸、半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸外,其余游离氨基酸均显著低于SBG(P<0.05);SBC除缬氨酸、酪氨酸外,其余亦显著低于SBG(P<0.05),且二者游离氨基酸总含量远低于SBG。
食物中游离氨基酸及其衍生物不仅赋予食品独特风味,更具有多元健康价值[44]。本研究检测到SBG、EJ和SBC均含有甘氨酸、异亮氨酸、丙氨酸等具有抗骨质疏松活性的药效氨基酸[45–46,4747]。SBG的药效氨基酸含量在制备过程中呈现显著上升趋势,其含量分别为 EJ 的 4.91 倍和 SBC 的 24.07 倍,这提示 SBG 可能具有更优的抗骨质疏松症应用价值。此外,缬氨酸和半胱氨酸的含量呈现先升后降的趋势,苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸则表现为先升后降再升的波动特征,含量的变动可能和美拉德反应有关。已有研究表明氨基酸的美拉德反应产物具有抗炎、抗氧化、治疗伤口愈合等生物活性[48]。如Oh等[49]研究发现,由赖氨酸和半乳糖制备的美拉德反应产物Lys-Gal MRP具有一定的抗炎作用。因此,可合理推测SBG制备过程中可能生成具有生物活性的美拉德反应产物,从而赋予SBG独特的生物活性。
综上所述,SBG的游离氨基酸总含量显著高于EJ和SBC,其制备过程中的氨基酸动态变化与胶原蛋白降解及美拉德反应密切相关。SBG不仅富含具有抗骨质疏松活性的药效氨基酸,其制备过程中生成的美拉德反应产物亦可能为SBG的生物活性提供协同贡献。
美拉德反应由一系列级联反应构成,其中级阶段生成的荧光聚合产物通过与蛋白质和氨基酸交联形成,其生成与消耗的动态变化是判断反应进程的关键指标[49]。SBG制备过程中,美拉德反应荧光产物含量持续上升,浓缩阶段尤为显著,表明反应以中期为主导(图4)。同时,峰高波长发生红移,说明在制备过程中,荧光产物的组成在不断变化[50]。相比之下,EJ的荧光发射波长呈现蓝移,反映其与SBG的荧光产物组成差异;SBG成品荧光产物含量高于EJ,推测因EJ的美拉德反应以晚期阶段为主导,荧光物质大量转化为类黑精等终产物,导致荧光产物累积量降低[51]。SBC的荧光产物含量远低于SBG,可能是因为SBC美拉德反应程度降低。总的来说,鱼鳔胶在制备过程中美拉德反应以中期为主;EJ可能主要处于晚期阶段,而SBC的美拉德反应程度较低。
5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)作为中期产物的代表,是加热加工和制备多种食品和中药制剂过程中常见的反应产物。本研究发现,在SBG熬制过程中,直至第144 h才检测出5-HMF(图5)。随着熬制时间进一步延长,5-HMF含量持续上升,尤其是在浓缩阶段,其含量大幅提升。制备过程中未检测出5-HMF是由于加热的时间较短,游离氨基酸和小分子多肽的含量较低,美拉德反应的程度较低,与前文测定的美拉德中间产物的含量较低结果相对应。与之形成对比的是,在SBC和EJ中,均未检测出5-HMF。
5-HMF作为美拉德反应的中期产物,在阿胶中未被检测出,很可能是因为阿胶的美拉德反应已进行至晚期[52]。近年来,5-HMF已被证实有多种生物活性。Ziadlou等[53]研究表明,5-HMF对人骨关节炎软骨细胞炎症反应,表现出抗分解代谢和抗炎作用。Wang等[54]研究表明,地黄中的活性成分5-HMF可有效缓解骨关节炎、改善软骨下硬化和软骨退化。
综合来看,SBC和EJ未检出5-HMF,SBG在熬煮过程中,5-HMF含量会随着熬煮时长和浓缩阶段发生显著变化(P<0.05),5-HMF的存在可能赋予SBG在缓解骨质疏松症方面的潜在价值。
类黑精(Melanoidins)是高聚合、棕色、含氮的美拉德反应最终产物。本研究发现,SBG制备过程中类黑素浓度呈现显著的时间依赖性增长趋势(P<0.05),表明美拉德反应晚期阶段的进程随熬煮时间的延长持续推进(图6)。值得注意的是,在浓缩阶段类黑精含量大幅上升,可能与黄酒和冰糖的辅料有关。黄酒本来就含有大量的类黑精色素[55],以及冰糖的加入提供了还原糖,推动了美拉德反应进程。目前许多研究表明,类黑精具有多种生物活性,包括抗炎、抗氧化。Ding等[56]研究发现,高粱醋中的类黑精对CCl4诱导的大鼠肝损伤表现出显著的保护作用,抑制肝脏脂质过氧化和活性氧的水平,同时恢复抗氧化酶活性。由此推测,SBG制备过程中类黑精的持续生成,促成了其整体生物活性的显著提升。
然而,EJ的类黑精含量显著高于SBG(P<0.05),结合前文测定的美拉德中间产物和5-HMF含量测定结果,表明其美拉德反应晚期进程更为深入。此外,SBG的类黑精含量是SBC的10.51倍(P<0.001)。总的来说,SBG在制备过程中,类黑精的含量不断提高,且在浓缩阶段类黑精含量大幅上升,而EJ在熬制过程中表现出更高浓度的类黑精水平,表明其美拉德反应晚期进程更为深入;SBC的美拉德反应处于极低水平。
基于EJ、SBC和SBG在理化特性和美拉德反应活性产物方面存在明显差异,为进一步探究三者的实际生物活性,特别是骨健康领域作用的不同,本研究采用Micro-CT检测小鼠股骨远端骨密度(BMD)(图7)。OVX组小鼠股骨远端BMD较假手术组显著降低(P<0.001),证实骨质疏松模型建立成功。与OVX组相比,SBG各剂量组BMD显著升高(P<0.001),其中SBGH组效果最为显著,BMD达到206.44±17.65 mg/cm3。EJ组和SBC组与OVX组相比,BMD无统计学差异。上述结果表明,SBG有增加骨密度的作用,而EJ和SBC未显示显著疗效,进一步验证了SBG具有缓解骨质疏松症的潜力。
各组小鼠肝组织切片HE染色可见(图8),Sham组肝小叶结构正常,肝细胞清晰可见排列整齐,细胞核、细胞质无明显病理变化。在OVX中肝小叶周围出现炎症细胞浸润,并且OVX组小鼠肝脏且出现出血现象。与OVX组比,SBG组未见明显炎症浸润现象,而EJ组和SBC组仍有一定程度的炎症浸润现象。以上结果说明,SBG可改善骨质疏松导致的肝脏炎症反应,而SBC和EJ的改善作用不明显。
本研究探讨SBG制备过程中理化特性和美拉德产物的变化,以及SBG对OVX小鼠骨密度的影响。SBG制备时分子量先降低后因美拉德反应使大分子量区域占比增加但仍以低分子量肽为主,微观结构和二级结构改变,游离氨基酸总量上升。EJ和SBC分子量集中在MW>10 kDa,微观结构更致密,游离氨基酸含量低。美拉德产物分析结果显示,SBG在制备过程中,美拉德荧光产物、5-羟甲基糠醛和类黑精含量均呈上升趋势,尤其在浓缩阶段增幅显著,反应进程以美拉德中期阶段为主;EJ主要处于美拉德反应晚期,含有大量类黑精,而SBC美拉德反应程度低。SBG有效提高OVX小鼠骨密度,而EJ和SBG无此疗效。SBG可缓解OVX小鼠肝脏的炎症反应,而SBC和EJ的改善作用不明显。

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2026年第47卷第7期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040223
  • 接收时间:2025-04-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-18
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    1广东海洋大学食品科技学院,广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室,广东湛江 524088
    2广东海洋大学深圳研究院,广东深圳 518100
    3南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江),广东湛江 524004

通讯作者:

钟赛意(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品营养与健康、农产品营养与功能化开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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