Article(id=1320883891892769197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040159, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744560000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852860663, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852860663, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852860663, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852860663, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=457, endPage=471, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883892081512878, articleId=1320883891892769197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Advances in the Functional Properties and Product Applications of Yam, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Yam, as a traditional medicinal and edible plant, is enriched with multiple biologically functional components including polysaccharides, saponins, polyphenols, proteins, and allantoin, demonstrating significant development potential and broad application prospects in the food and health product sectors. Modern pharmacological studies are shown that yam possesses various efficacies such as blood glucose reduction, blood lipid lowering, immunity enhancement, antioxidation, anti-aging, and anti-tumor activity, with mechanisms involving the regulation of insulin signaling pathways, improvement of lipid metabolism, and activation of immune cells. In the food industry (powder, slices, beverages) and the health product sector (capsules, granules, oral liquids), yam is recognized as having extensive deep-processing potential, and its active ingredients are considered the critical foundation for developing novel functional products. In this review, the mechanisms of action of bioactive components derived from yam tubers are systematically summarized, along with their applications in food and health products, future research directions are also prospected. It is intended that this work will provide scientific support and innovative ideas for enhancing the level of yam deep processing and deepening functional research, thereby facilitating the in-depth expansion of research in this field.

, authors=Yuyu QIAO1, 2, Mengli ZHANG1, 2, Gege LEI1, 2, Ya DANG2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=Yuyu QIAO, Mengli ZHANG, Gege LEI, Ya DANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ya DANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883895575368129, articleId=1320883891892769197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=山药功能特性及产品研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

山药作为传统药食同源植物,富含多糖、皂苷、多酚、蛋白质、尿囊素等多种生物功能成分,在食品、保健品领域展现出巨大开发潜力和广阔应用前景。现代药理学研究表明,山药具有降血糖、降血脂、增强免疫、抗氧化、抗衰老、抗肿瘤等多种功效,其作用机制包括调节胰岛素信号通路、改善脂质代谢、激活免疫细胞等。山药在食品工业(粉、片、饮料)和保健品领域(胶囊、颗粒、口服液)具有广泛的深加工潜力,其活性成分是开发功能性产品的关键基础。本文系统综述了山药块茎生物活性成分的作用机制及其在食品和保健品中的应用,并展望未来研究方向,以期为提升山药精深加工水平、深化功能研究提供科学支撑与创新思路,助力该领域研究的深入拓展。

, authors=乔雨雨1, 2, 张梦丽1, 2, 雷格格1, 2, 党娅2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=乔雨雨, 张梦丽, 雷格格, 党娅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=党娅, authorNote=

乔雨雨(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:特色食品资源开发利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
党娅(1976−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:特色食品资源开发利用,E-mail:。
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Chinese Journal of Gerontology, 2023, 43(20): 4895−49093.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883922741875374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=109, rfOrder=152, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI M, CHEN H X, HUANG J C, et al. To explore the mechanism of astragalus-yam in the treatment of type 2 diabetes based on the miRNA-mRNA network[J]. Chinese Journal of Gerontology, 2023, 43(20): 4895−49093., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883922796401327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=110, rfOrder=153, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王薇, 刘祖雄, 覃贝. 2008年山药及其制剂临床应用文献综述[J]. 中国药业, 2010, 19(7): 85−86. [WANG W, LIU Z X, QIN B. Literature review on the clinical application of yam and its preparations in 2008[J]. China Pharmaceutical Industry, 2010, 19(7): 85−86.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883922867704496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=110, rfOrder=154, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG W, LIU Z X, QIN B. Literature review on the clinical application of yam and its preparations in 2008[J]. 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language=CN, label=图9, caption=山药保健食品原料功能, figureFileSmall=bRdPzEB4S6g7NL8z8v/bGQ==, figureFileBig=1UGYVSWiWIziqXgZWznTkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883903863312902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Hypoglycemic function and mechanism of yam

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性成分给药方式(剂量)实验模型/研究内容机制探讨作用效果参考文献
尿囊素Ig(0.5 mg/kg)链脲佐菌素诱导
糖尿病
用纳洛酮或纳洛酮嗪处理降低血糖水平血浆β-内啡肽、骨骼肌中葡萄糖摄取、肌肉中GLUT4 mRNA和蛋白质水平↑[16]
Ip(1000 mg/kg)改善维持正常胰岛素和葡萄糖水平的β细胞功能INS、GLP-1、C肽、MDA、SOD↑
TC、LDL、GSH↓
[17]
皂苷−FTIR、1H NMR和13C NMR分离鉴定,HPLC确认抑制α-淀粉酶及α-葡萄糖苷酶α-淀粉酶的内在荧光猝灭↑
Km、Vm、圆二色谱法中α-淀粉酶的
负驼峰↓
[18]
Ip(60 mg/kg)链脲佐菌素诱导
糖尿病
改善胰岛素抵抗,增加肝糖原含量、减弱脂质积累STAT3、GSK/3β、FoxO1的磷酸化水平↑
PEPCK、G-6-Pase、SREBP/1c、FAS、ACC和SCD 1的基因水平↑
[19]
多糖Ig(200 mg/kg)高脂饲料喂养肥胖
模型
改善糖尿病大鼠体重及肾功能BW、PRO、Scr、BUN↓[20]
Ig(20 mg/kg)提高胰岛素的敏感性并发挥针对高脂血症的保护作用TC、LDL、IL-1β、IL-10、瘦素水平、MMP-3↓[21]
Ig(150 mg/kg)地塞米松诱导糖尿病改善胰岛素抵抗葡萄糖/脂质代谢HK、SDH、M-MDH1↓[22]
山药提取物Ig(35 g/(kg·bw))灌胃脂肪乳建立糖调节受损模型改善小鼠糖代谢、脂代谢、氧化应激胰岛素敏感性、肝糖原合成、T-AOC、SOD↑
TG、TC、LDL、MDA↓
[23]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883903926227463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

山药降血糖功能及机制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性成分给药方式(剂量)实验模型/研究内容机制探讨作用效果参考文献
尿囊素Ig(0.5 mg/kg)链脲佐菌素诱导
糖尿病
用纳洛酮或纳洛酮嗪处理降低血糖水平血浆β-内啡肽、骨骼肌中葡萄糖摄取、肌肉中GLUT4 mRNA和蛋白质水平↑[16]
Ip(1000 mg/kg)改善维持正常胰岛素和葡萄糖水平的β细胞功能INS、GLP-1、C肽、MDA、SOD↑
TC、LDL、GSH↓
[17]
皂苷−FTIR、1H NMR和13C NMR分离鉴定,HPLC确认抑制α-淀粉酶及α-葡萄糖苷酶α-淀粉酶的内在荧光猝灭↑
Km、Vm、圆二色谱法中α-淀粉酶的
负驼峰↓
[18]
Ip(60 mg/kg)链脲佐菌素诱导
糖尿病
改善胰岛素抵抗,增加肝糖原含量、减弱脂质积累STAT3、GSK/3β、FoxO1的磷酸化水平↑
PEPCK、G-6-Pase、SREBP/1c、FAS、ACC和SCD 1的基因水平↑
[19]
多糖Ig(200 mg/kg)高脂饲料喂养肥胖
模型
改善糖尿病大鼠体重及肾功能BW、PRO、Scr、BUN↓[20]
Ig(20 mg/kg)提高胰岛素的敏感性并发挥针对高脂血症的保护作用TC、LDL、IL-1β、IL-10、瘦素水平、MMP-3↓[21]
Ig(150 mg/kg)地塞米松诱导糖尿病改善胰岛素抵抗葡萄糖/脂质代谢HK、SDH、M-MDH1↓[22]
山药提取物Ig(35 g/(kg·bw))灌胃脂肪乳建立糖调节受损模型改善小鼠糖代谢、脂代谢、氧化应激胰岛素敏感性、肝糖原合成、T-AOC、SOD↑
TG、TC、LDL、MDA↓
[23]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883904005919240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Study on the hypolipidemic function and mechanism of yam

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性成分给药方式(剂量)实验模型机制探讨作用效果参考文献
皂苷Ig(50 mg/kg)饲喂高胆固醇饮食改善血脂水平和调节氧化应激HDL、SOD、GSH-Px、CAT↑
TC、红细胞MDA和淋巴细胞DNA氧化损伤标志物8-OHdG↓
[28]
Ip(60 mg/kg)高脂饮食诱导T2DM模型改善葡萄糖耐量,减少脂质积累GLUT2↑
TG、LDL-C、TC、PEPCK及G-6-pase
蛋白表达↓
[29]
Ip(30 mg/kg)链脲佐菌素诱导
糖尿病
改善胰岛素抵抗,抑制脂质积累HepG2细胞摄取↑
INS、肝脏糖异生的基因表达↓
[29]
多糖Ig(100 mg/kg)高脂饮食诱导肥胖降低小鼠的体质量,改善肥胖
小鼠的血脂水平
HDL-C↑
GLU、TG、TC、LDL-C、AST、ALT↓
[30]
Ig(800 mg/kg)保护β细胞GSIS↑
IL-1β、NF-κB信号通路中p65及p-IκB↓
[31]
Ig(400 mg/kg)改善肝脏脂肪沉积,抑制脂质过氧化,维持脂质代谢平衡肠道菌群多样性↑
BW、TC、TG、脂肪细胞、PPARα、SCP-2、EHHADH、FADS2 蛋白水平↓
[32]
po(800 mg/次)2型糖尿病患者降糖脂作用明显HDL↑
BMI、FBG、2hPG、GSP、HbAlc、TC、TG、LDL↓
[33]
Ig/(240 mg/(kg·bw))链脲佐菌素诱导
糖尿病
提高大鼠口服葡萄糖耐受能力HDL-C、GSH-Px↑
BG、TC、TG、LDL-C、GHb、MDA↓
[34]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883904093999625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

山药降血脂功能及机制的研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性成分给药方式(剂量)实验模型机制探讨作用效果参考文献
皂苷Ig(50 mg/kg)饲喂高胆固醇饮食改善血脂水平和调节氧化应激HDL、SOD、GSH-Px、CAT↑
TC、红细胞MDA和淋巴细胞DNA氧化损伤标志物8-OHdG↓
[28]
Ip(60 mg/kg)高脂饮食诱导T2DM模型改善葡萄糖耐量,减少脂质积累GLUT2↑
TG、LDL-C、TC、PEPCK及G-6-pase
蛋白表达↓
[29]
Ip(30 mg/kg)链脲佐菌素诱导
糖尿病
改善胰岛素抵抗,抑制脂质积累HepG2细胞摄取↑
INS、肝脏糖异生的基因表达↓
[29]
多糖Ig(100 mg/kg)高脂饮食诱导肥胖降低小鼠的体质量,改善肥胖
小鼠的血脂水平
HDL-C↑
GLU、TG、TC、LDL-C、AST、ALT↓
[30]
Ig(800 mg/kg)保护β细胞GSIS↑
IL-1β、NF-κB信号通路中p65及p-IκB↓
[31]
Ig(400 mg/kg)改善肝脏脂肪沉积,抑制脂质过氧化,维持脂质代谢平衡肠道菌群多样性↑
BW、TC、TG、脂肪细胞、PPARα、SCP-2、EHHADH、FADS2 蛋白水平↓
[32]
po(800 mg/次)2型糖尿病患者降糖脂作用明显HDL↑
BMI、FBG、2hPG、GSP、HbAlc、TC、TG、LDL↓
[33]
Ig/(240 mg/(kg·bw))链脲佐菌素诱导
糖尿病
提高大鼠口服葡萄糖耐受能力HDL-C、GSH-Px↑
BG、TC、TG、LDL-C、GHb、MDA↓
[34]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883904177885706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Study on immune function enhanced by yam and its mechanism

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性成分给药方式(剂量)实验模型/研究内容机制探讨作用效果参考文献
多糖−分离纯化山药多糖研究对巨噬细胞免疫
调节作用
多糖促进了RAW 264.7巨噬细胞的吞噬活性NO释放、IL-6、TNF-α转录和发生↑
NF-κB信号通路中IκBα↓
[39]
Ig(400 mg/(kg·d))通过DOP-2(山药多糖)干预RAW264.7巨噬细胞和免疫功能低下小鼠的指标变化改善免疫功能和肠道健康,调节肠道菌群组成RAW264.7细胞分泌NO、IL-6、TNF-α水平↑[40]
−通过RNA测序技术分析RAW264.7细胞在共培养条件下的基因表达谱,研究硫酸化修饰山药多糖调节免疫作用增强免疫防御能力,提高淋巴细胞增值能力IL-1β、TNF-α↑[41]
po(100 mg/kg)研究山药多糖对断奶仔猪免疫性能和肠道形态结构的影响提高机体免疫力、改善肠道形态结构与增强消化酶活性IL-2、IL-6、IFN-γ、IgA、IgG、IgM
浓度、小肠绒毛高度,绒毛高度/隐窝深度、小肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性↑
小肠隐窝深度↓
[42]
−研究山药多糖纳米颗粒稳定剂对H9N2禽流感疫苗的影响提高脾脏和滑囊的免疫器官指数,没有免疫器官损伤CD4、CD8T、高淋巴细胞增殖指数、IL-4、IL-6、IFN-γ细胞因子表达↑[43]
山药提取物po(40 mg/kg)研究了山药提取物对虹鳟肠道菌群,消化酶和免疫反应的影响对代谢,抗菌和防御功能具有有益作用血清免疫因子和肠道免疫基因、胃肠道消化酶活性、杆菌属↑
门静脉↓
[44]
山药药液Ig(5g/kg)环磷酰胺建立免疫抑制模型提高抗体生成率,增强体液
免疫
血清溶血素、IgG、IL-12、IFN-γ、吞噬率、吞噬指数↑[45]
蛋白肽Ig(600mg/(kg·d))环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制小鼠模型激活和保护免疫系统中的免疫器官、免疫细胞和免疫活性物质IL-1α、IL-6、IFN-γ水平和IgG、IgM↑[46]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883904244994571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

山药增强免疫功能及机制的研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性成分给药方式(剂量)实验模型/研究内容机制探讨作用效果参考文献
多糖−分离纯化山药多糖研究对巨噬细胞免疫
调节作用
多糖促进了RAW 264.7巨噬细胞的吞噬活性NO释放、IL-6、TNF-α转录和发生↑
NF-κB信号通路中IκBα↓
[39]
Ig(400 mg/(kg·d))通过DOP-2(山药多糖)干预RAW264.7巨噬细胞和免疫功能低下小鼠的指标变化改善免疫功能和肠道健康,调节肠道菌群组成RAW264.7细胞分泌NO、IL-6、TNF-α水平↑[40]
−通过RNA测序技术分析RAW264.7细胞在共培养条件下的基因表达谱,研究硫酸化修饰山药多糖调节免疫作用增强免疫防御能力,提高淋巴细胞增值能力IL-1β、TNF-α↑[41]
po(100 mg/kg)研究山药多糖对断奶仔猪免疫性能和肠道形态结构的影响提高机体免疫力、改善肠道形态结构与增强消化酶活性IL-2、IL-6、IFN-γ、IgA、IgG、IgM
浓度、小肠绒毛高度,绒毛高度/隐窝深度、小肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性↑
小肠隐窝深度↓
[42]
−研究山药多糖纳米颗粒稳定剂对H9N2禽流感疫苗的影响提高脾脏和滑囊的免疫器官指数,没有免疫器官损伤CD4、CD8T、高淋巴细胞增殖指数、IL-4、IL-6、IFN-γ细胞因子表达↑[43]
山药提取物po(40 mg/kg)研究了山药提取物对虹鳟肠道菌群,消化酶和免疫反应的影响对代谢,抗菌和防御功能具有有益作用血清免疫因子和肠道免疫基因、胃肠道消化酶活性、杆菌属↑
门静脉↓
[44]
山药药液Ig(5g/kg)环磷酰胺建立免疫抑制模型提高抗体生成率,增强体液
免疫
血清溶血素、IgG、IL-12、IFN-γ、吞噬率、吞噬指数↑[45]
蛋白肽Ig(600mg/(kg·d))环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制小鼠模型激活和保护免疫系统中的免疫器官、免疫细胞和免疫活性物质IL-1α、IL-6、IFN-γ水平和IgG、IgM↑[46]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883904324686348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Study on anti-aging function and mechanism of yam

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性成分给药方式(剂量)实验模型/研究内容机制探讨作用效果参考文献
多糖Ip(450 mg/kg)D-半乳糖诱导的衰老小鼠模型修复器官功能和提高klotho基因在小鼠体内的表达SOD、CAT、GSH-Px↑
MDA、空间记忆障碍↓
[4]
Ip(50 mg/(kg·bw))减轻氧化损伤,改善肝脏细胞和神经
元细胞状态
IL-2、SOD、CAT、GSH-Px、T-AOC、胸腺指数、脾脏指数↑
MDA、IL-6↓
[49]
Ig(450 mg/mL)改善衰老小鼠海马组织中神经元细胞退化、变形现象SOD、CAT、GSH-Px↑
MDA↓
[50]
Ig(500 mg/(kg·d))显著抵抗大鼠肝、脑衰老损伤作用T-AOC、GSH-Px↑
MDA、衰老基因p53、p21蛋白表达↓
[51]
po(0.2 mg/mL)研究山药多糖抗衰老药效延长线虫的寿命,缓解衰老过程中咽泵频率以及身体活动频率的下降抗压能力、抗氧化性↑
脂褐素、活性氧积累↓
[52]
山药醇提物Ig(300 mg/(kg·d))D-半乳糖诱导的衰老小鼠模型调节体内炎症和氧化应激反应减轻衰
老组织损伤
IL-10、SOD、CAT、GSH-Px↑
IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、MDA↓
[53]
山药提取物po(4 mg/mL)研究紫山药提取物抗氧化活性与延长寿命作用延长果蝇平均寿命,改善抗氧化环境SOD、CAT mRNA↑
MDA↓
[54]
皂苷po(500 mg/kg)D-半乳糖诱导的衰老小鼠模型小鼠学习和记忆能力显著提高SOD、GPx↑
MDA
[55]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883904412766733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

山药抗衰老功能及机制的研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性成分给药方式(剂量)实验模型/研究内容机制探讨作用效果参考文献
多糖Ip(450 mg/kg)D-半乳糖诱导的衰老小鼠模型修复器官功能和提高klotho基因在小鼠体内的表达SOD、CAT、GSH-Px↑
MDA、空间记忆障碍↓
[4]
Ip(50 mg/(kg·bw))减轻氧化损伤,改善肝脏细胞和神经
元细胞状态
IL-2、SOD、CAT、GSH-Px、T-AOC、胸腺指数、脾脏指数↑
MDA、IL-6↓
[49]
Ig(450 mg/mL)改善衰老小鼠海马组织中神经元细胞退化、变形现象SOD、CAT、GSH-Px↑
MDA↓
[50]
Ig(500 mg/(kg·d))显著抵抗大鼠肝、脑衰老损伤作用T-AOC、GSH-Px↑
MDA、衰老基因p53、p21蛋白表达↓
[51]
po(0.2 mg/mL)研究山药多糖抗衰老药效延长线虫的寿命,缓解衰老过程中咽泵频率以及身体活动频率的下降抗压能力、抗氧化性↑
脂褐素、活性氧积累↓
[52]
山药醇提物Ig(300 mg/(kg·d))D-半乳糖诱导的衰老小鼠模型调节体内炎症和氧化应激反应减轻衰
老组织损伤
IL-10、SOD、CAT、GSH-Px↑
IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、MDA↓
[53]
山药提取物po(4 mg/mL)研究紫山药提取物抗氧化活性与延长寿命作用延长果蝇平均寿命,改善抗氧化环境SOD、CAT mRNA↑
MDA↓
[54]
皂苷po(500 mg/kg)D-半乳糖诱导的衰老小鼠模型小鼠学习和记忆能力显著提高SOD、GPx↑
MDA
[55]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883904484069902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Antioxidant function and mechanism of yam

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性成分给药方式(剂量)实验模型/研究内容机制探讨作用效果参考文献
多糖−通过建立氧化损伤的细胞模型评估抗氧化活性通过抑制p38和JNK亚型的磷酸化水平,山药多糖激活Nrf2信号通路,上调抗氧化酶(如HO-1、NQO1)的表达,从而减轻细胞
氧化损伤
细胞活力、SOD↑
ROS、MDA、H2O2-诱导
氧化损伤↓
[60]
po(10 g/5 L/(头·d))喂养山药多糖代乳粉研究对犊牛抗氧化能力维持机体自由基产生和清除之间的动态平衡SOD、GSH-Px↑
MDA↓
[61]
po(10 mg/kg)研究山药粗多糖对肉仔鸡生长性能、抗氧化影响调节肉仔鸡体能生长激素水平和氧化酶活性,进而提高肉仔鸡生长性能及改善
抗氧化性能
T3、T4、GH、INS、HDL、GSH-Px、ALB、T-SOD、T-AOC、GSH-ST↑
MDA、LDL↓
[62]
Ig(200 mg/(kg·bw))研究不同分子量山药球茎多糖在小鼠体内抗氧化酶活性两种不同分子量多糖均具有很强的
自由基清除活性
SOD、GSH-Px↑
血尿素氮、乳酸、MDA↓
[63]
po(1000 mg/kg)研究日粮添加山药多糖对肉鸡抗氧化能力的影响通过改善胴体质量、抗氧化能力改善
肉鸡品质
CAT、GSH-ST、GPX、T-SOD、T-AOC↑
MDA↓
[64]
皂苷po(20 mg/g/(只·d))D-半乳糖注射小鼠颈背诱导氧化应激通过皂苷减少小鼠学习功能障碍,减少氧化应激GSH、ORAC↑
MDA、iNOS↓
[65]
多糖铜Po(0.1 g/kg)在日粮中添加山药多糖研究肝脏抗氧化性能改善肉鸡肉品质、生化指标、抗氧化指标以及肝脏抗氧化指标T-AOC、T-SOD、GSH-ST、GSH-Px、Nrf2、SOD1、SOD2、CAT mRNA、SOD、T-AOC、GSH-Px↑
MDA↓
[66]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883904567955983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

山药抗氧化功能及机制的研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性成分给药方式(剂量)实验模型/研究内容机制探讨作用效果参考文献
多糖−通过建立氧化损伤的细胞模型评估抗氧化活性通过抑制p38和JNK亚型的磷酸化水平,山药多糖激活Nrf2信号通路,上调抗氧化酶(如HO-1、NQO1)的表达,从而减轻细胞
氧化损伤
细胞活力、SOD↑
ROS、MDA、H2O2-诱导
氧化损伤↓
[60]
po(10 g/5 L/(头·d))喂养山药多糖代乳粉研究对犊牛抗氧化能力维持机体自由基产生和清除之间的动态平衡SOD、GSH-Px↑
MDA↓
[61]
po(10 mg/kg)研究山药粗多糖对肉仔鸡生长性能、抗氧化影响调节肉仔鸡体能生长激素水平和氧化酶活性,进而提高肉仔鸡生长性能及改善
抗氧化性能
T3、T4、GH、INS、HDL、GSH-Px、ALB、T-SOD、T-AOC、GSH-ST↑
MDA、LDL↓
[62]
Ig(200 mg/(kg·bw))研究不同分子量山药球茎多糖在小鼠体内抗氧化酶活性两种不同分子量多糖均具有很强的
自由基清除活性
SOD、GSH-Px↑
血尿素氮、乳酸、MDA↓
[63]
po(1000 mg/kg)研究日粮添加山药多糖对肉鸡抗氧化能力的影响通过改善胴体质量、抗氧化能力改善
肉鸡品质
CAT、GSH-ST、GPX、T-SOD、T-AOC↑
MDA↓
[64]
皂苷po(20 mg/g/(只·d))D-半乳糖注射小鼠颈背诱导氧化应激通过皂苷减少小鼠学习功能障碍,减少氧化应激GSH、ORAC↑
MDA、iNOS↓
[65]
多糖铜Po(0.1 g/kg)在日粮中添加山药多糖研究肝脏抗氧化性能改善肉鸡肉品质、生化指标、抗氧化指标以及肝脏抗氧化指标T-AOC、T-SOD、GSH-ST、GSH-Px、Nrf2、SOD1、SOD2、CAT mRNA、SOD、T-AOC、GSH-Px↑
MDA↓
[66]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883904668619280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Study on antitumor function and mechanism of yam

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验对象给药方式(剂量)实验模型/研究内容机制探讨作用效果参考文献
皂苷−通过构建稳定表达UbG76V-GFP融合蛋白的HEK293T细胞系,筛选靶向泛素-蛋白酶体系统(UPS)的皂苷抑制剂薯蓣皂苷靶向泛素-蛋白酶体可显著抑制肿瘤细胞增殖泛素化水平↑
去泛素化酶活性、肿瘤细胞增殖、克隆形成↓
[75]
Ig(60 mg/(kg·d))通过JNK和STAT3通路抑制巨噬细胞M2极化来引发抗肿瘤免疫通过激活JNK信号通路和抑制STAT3磷酸化,皂苷诱导巨噬细胞向M1型极化,从而抑制肿瘤相关炎症反应3LL细胞的迁移、HUVEC的形成能力、IL-10↓[76]
山药提取物Ip(36 mg/kg)MTT法检测山药提取物联合替加氟对细胞的体内外杀伤作用抑制肿瘤血管生成瘤质量比、皮生长因子阳性率、PI3KR1、Wnt1、mRNA表达↓[77]
−研究从山药果肉和果皮的抗肿瘤活性山药皮的水提物比山药果肉提取物更具有抗肿瘤活性果皮提取物的尿囊素、总黄酮、总酚含量、清除ROS↑[78]
多糖Mc(80 ng/mL)细胞增殖/毒性检测试剂盒检测山药多糖对肿瘤细胞抑制率促进肿瘤细胞凋亡蛋白caspase-3和caspase-8蛋白酶原的活化肿瘤细胞凋亡↑
肿瘤细胞增值、蛋白caspase-3、caspase-8条带灰度、蛋白含量
表达↓
[79]
Ig(250 mg/kg)接种Lewis肺癌肿瘤细胞悬液T淋巴细胞增值能力降低,抑制小鼠体内肿瘤生长IL-2、TNF-α↑
NK↓
[80]
多酚Ig(100 mg/kg)氧化偶氮甲烷诱导的结肠炎相关结直肠癌缓解氧化偶氮甲烷诱导的结肠炎,抑制巨噬细胞浸入TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、IL-17A、CXCL1和MCP-1↑
促炎细胞因子产生、NF-κB和STAT3信号↓
[81]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883904748311057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

山药抗肿瘤功能及机制的研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验对象给药方式(剂量)实验模型/研究内容机制探讨作用效果参考文献
皂苷−通过构建稳定表达UbG76V-GFP融合蛋白的HEK293T细胞系,筛选靶向泛素-蛋白酶体系统(UPS)的皂苷抑制剂薯蓣皂苷靶向泛素-蛋白酶体可显著抑制肿瘤细胞增殖泛素化水平↑
去泛素化酶活性、肿瘤细胞增殖、克隆形成↓
[75]
Ig(60 mg/(kg·d))通过JNK和STAT3通路抑制巨噬细胞M2极化来引发抗肿瘤免疫通过激活JNK信号通路和抑制STAT3磷酸化,皂苷诱导巨噬细胞向M1型极化,从而抑制肿瘤相关炎症反应3LL细胞的迁移、HUVEC的形成能力、IL-10↓[76]
山药提取物Ip(36 mg/kg)MTT法检测山药提取物联合替加氟对细胞的体内外杀伤作用抑制肿瘤血管生成瘤质量比、皮生长因子阳性率、PI3KR1、Wnt1、mRNA表达↓[77]
−研究从山药果肉和果皮的抗肿瘤活性山药皮的水提物比山药果肉提取物更具有抗肿瘤活性果皮提取物的尿囊素、总黄酮、总酚含量、清除ROS↑[78]
多糖Mc(80 ng/mL)细胞增殖/毒性检测试剂盒检测山药多糖对肿瘤细胞抑制率促进肿瘤细胞凋亡蛋白caspase-3和caspase-8蛋白酶原的活化肿瘤细胞凋亡↑
肿瘤细胞增值、蛋白caspase-3、caspase-8条带灰度、蛋白含量
表达↓
[79]
Ig(250 mg/kg)接种Lewis肺癌肿瘤细胞悬液T淋巴细胞增值能力降低,抑制小鼠体内肿瘤生长IL-2、TNF-α↑
NK↓
[80]
多酚Ig(100 mg/kg)氧化偶氮甲烷诱导的结肠炎相关结直肠癌缓解氧化偶氮甲烷诱导的结肠炎,抑制巨噬细胞浸入TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、IL-17A、CXCL1和MCP-1↑
促炎细胞因子产生、NF-κB和STAT3信号↓
[81]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883904811225618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Main raw materials in health products that are compatible with the functional characteristics of yam

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号配方原料数量占比(%)
1葛根16.76
2茯苓15.03
3西洋参9.83
4灵芝8.10
5铁皮石斛6.94
6黄芪6.36
7山茱萸5.78
8蜂胶5.20
9玉竹4.46
10当归3.47
11淫羊藿2.89
12酸枣仁2.31
13银杏叶2.31
14五味子2.31
15生地黄1.73
16肉桂1.16
17罗布麻1.16
18金银花1.16
19薏苡仁1.16
20杜仲0.58
21芡实0.58
22知母0.58
23白芷0.58
), ArticleFig(id=1320883904882528787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

保健品中与山药功能特性相配伍的主要原料

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号配方原料数量占比(%)
1葛根16.76
2茯苓15.03
3西洋参9.83
4灵芝8.10
5铁皮石斛6.94
6黄芪6.36
7山茱萸5.78
8蜂胶5.20
9玉竹4.46
10当归3.47
11淫羊藿2.89
12酸枣仁2.31
13银杏叶2.31
14五味子2.31
15生地黄1.73
16肉桂1.16
17罗布麻1.16
18金银花1.16
19薏苡仁1.16
20杜仲0.58
21芡实0.58
22知母0.58
23白芷0.58
), ArticleFig(id=1320883904953831956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Health supplement dosage forms contained in the functional characteristics of yam

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剂型产品数量数量占比(%)
胶囊19236.29
颗粒9618.15
片剂8415.88
粉剂5610.59
口服液397.37
丸剂285.29
酒剂173.21
茶剂50.09
饮料50.09
膏剂50.09
其他20.04
), ArticleFig(id=1320883905016746517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883891892769197, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

山药功能特性含有的保健品剂型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剂型产品数量数量占比(%)
胶囊19236.29
颗粒9618.15
片剂8415.88
粉剂5610.59
口服液397.37
丸剂285.29
酒剂173.21
茶剂50.09
饮料50.09
膏剂50.09
其他20.04
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山药功能特性及产品研究进展
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乔雨雨 1, 2 , 张梦丽 1, 2 , 雷格格 1, 2 , 党娅 2, 3, 4, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(6): 457-471
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (6) : 457 -471
山药功能特性及产品研究进展
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3Shaanxi Fruit Industry Administration Qinba Mountain Blueberry Research Institute, Hanzhong 723000, China
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3陕西省果业管理局秦巴山区蓝莓研究所,陕西汉中 723000
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乔雨雨1, 2 , 张梦丽1, 2, 雷格格1, 2, 党娅2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1陕西理工大学生物科学与工程学院,陕西汉中 723000
  • 2陕西省资源生物重点实验室,陕西汉中 723000
  • 3陕西省果业管理局秦巴山区蓝莓研究所,陕西汉中 723000
  • 4陕西理工大学秦巴生物资源与生态环境省部共建国家重点实验室(培育),陕西汉中 723000
通讯作者:
党娅(1976−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:特色食品资源开发利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

乔雨雨(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:特色食品资源开发利用,E-mail:

Research Advances in the Functional Properties and Product Applications of Yam
Yuyu QIAO1, 2 , Mengli ZHANG1, 2, Gege LEI1, 2, Ya DANG2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
  • 2Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Resource Biology, Hanzhong 723000, China
  • 3Shaanxi Fruit Industry Administration Qinba Mountain Blueberry Research Institute, Hanzhong 723000, China
  • 4Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment (Incubation), Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040159
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山药作为传统药食同源植物,富含多糖、皂苷、多酚、蛋白质、尿囊素等多种生物功能成分,在食品、保健品领域展现出巨大开发潜力和广阔应用前景。现代药理学研究表明,山药具有降血糖、降血脂、增强免疫、抗氧化、抗衰老、抗肿瘤等多种功效,其作用机制包括调节胰岛素信号通路、改善脂质代谢、激活免疫细胞等。山药在食品工业(粉、片、饮料)和保健品领域(胶囊、颗粒、口服液)具有广泛的深加工潜力,其活性成分是开发功能性产品的关键基础。本文系统综述了山药块茎生物活性成分的作用机制及其在食品和保健品中的应用,并展望未来研究方向,以期为提升山药精深加工水平、深化功能研究提供科学支撑与创新思路,助力该领域研究的深入拓展。

山药  /  功能活性  /  作用机制  /  淀粉制食品  /  饮料  /  保健食品

Yam, as a traditional medicinal and edible plant, is enriched with multiple biologically functional components including polysaccharides, saponins, polyphenols, proteins, and allantoin, demonstrating significant development potential and broad application prospects in the food and health product sectors. Modern pharmacological studies are shown that yam possesses various efficacies such as blood glucose reduction, blood lipid lowering, immunity enhancement, antioxidation, anti-aging, and anti-tumor activity, with mechanisms involving the regulation of insulin signaling pathways, improvement of lipid metabolism, and activation of immune cells. In the food industry (powder, slices, beverages) and the health product sector (capsules, granules, oral liquids), yam is recognized as having extensive deep-processing potential, and its active ingredients are considered the critical foundation for developing novel functional products. In this review, the mechanisms of action of bioactive components derived from yam tubers are systematically summarized, along with their applications in food and health products, future research directions are also prospected. It is intended that this work will provide scientific support and innovative ideas for enhancing the level of yam deep processing and deepening functional research, thereby facilitating the in-depth expansion of research in this field.

yam  /  functional activity  /  mechanism of action  /  starch-based food  /  beverage  /  health food
乔雨雨, 张梦丽, 雷格格, 党娅. 山药功能特性及产品研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 457 -471 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040159
Yuyu QIAO, Mengli ZHANG, Gege LEI, Ya DANG. Research Advances in the Functional Properties and Product Applications of Yam[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 457 -471 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040159
作为薯蓣科多态性物种的典型代表,山药全球分布逾600个种质资源,我国以河南焦作怀山药、河南温县铁棍山药、河北保定麻山药、广西桂平金田淮山、广东雷州淮山药和山东菏泽陈集山药等地为核心规模化种植产业带[1]。山药药理价值源于特征活性组分多糖、多酚、黄酮、尿囊素以及特异性表达的薯蓣皂苷等,这些成分使其具有抗氧化[2]、抗肿瘤[3]、抗衰老[4]、降血脂[5]、调节免疫[6]等功效。
山药作为药食两用植物,是众所周知的滋补佳品[7]。山药凭借其卓越的营养价值,有力推动了食品和保健品功能拓展与健康选择的发展。其山药多糖具有免疫调节、抗氧化活性,可作为增强免疫力保健食品、营养强化食品的功能性添加剂[8];皂苷类对开发抗疲劳、耐缺氧的运动营养食品意义非凡,添加于运动能量棒、饮料中,起到补充能量、缓解疲劳的作用[9];黏液蛋白既能优化食品质地口感,又在调节肠道菌群等健康方面有所助益,在功能性酸奶、发酵乳制品里作用显著[10]。山药活性成分作为食品添加剂,被广泛应用于营养麦片、蛋糕、奶粉、饮料等功能性食品中,不仅拓宽了山药的市场应用范围,还为开发高附加值的营养食品提供了新方向。这些应用充分体现了山药在现代食品产业中的多元化潜力和广阔市场前景。本文对近年来山药活性成分功能机制及在食品和保健品中的应用进行阐述,为山药生物学功能的深入研究及功能性食品和保健品的开发和利用提供参考。
山药活性成分多糖、多酚、尿囊素、氨基酸、蛋白质及皂苷等具有降血糖、降血脂、抗衰老、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗突变、调节免疫系统等功能。
糖尿病是一种复杂的慢性代谢性疾病,全球患病率持续攀升,已成为内分泌领域亟待解决的问题,糖尿病的早期发现和饮食管理对于控制疾病进展[11]、预防并发症具有重要意义。研究表明,山药及其提取物在糖尿病治疗中展现出显著潜力。通过建立糖尿病动物模型(如高脂饮食诱导或遗传性糖尿病模型),发现山药及其提取物(皂苷、多糖、尿囊素等活性成分)能够有效改善血糖水平,具体表现为降低空腹血糖、减少葡萄糖吸收以及提高葡萄糖耐量试验后胰岛素水平[12]。山药在糖尿病治疗中的应用不仅限于作为食品补充剂,还可以与中药或降糖药物联合使用,且显示出良好安全性[13],其作用机制涉及调节胰岛素敏感性、改善胰岛β-细胞功能及促进胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)的释放。此外,山药中多糖和尿囊素通过抗氧化及抗炎作用显著提升降血糖效果。例如,尿囊素可增强骨骼肌葡萄糖摄取,以浓度依赖性方式提高离体骨骼肌中腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase,AMPK)的磷酸化,显著增加糖尿病大鼠胰岛素敏感性[14];皂苷含有较低的葡萄糖和胆固醇,可降低糖尿病小鼠高血糖、高血胰岛素和炎症水平,改善葡萄糖耐量和胰岛素抵抗,抑制α-淀粉酶及α-葡萄糖苷酶,诱导糖尿病小鼠AMPK/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)信号通路介导肝脏糖异生和脂质积累;而多糖通过增强肠道菌群的组成、调节代谢产物以促进胰岛素分泌、抑制胰高血糖素样肽分泌、促进糖原合成、降低炎症水平和缓解氧化应激来影响磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)-Akt信号通路,起到降血糖作用[15](图1),其作用机制的深入研究将为功能性食品和保健品开发提供重要理论依据。其作用效果及机制如表1所示。
高胆固醇饮食通过增加血液中LDL-C水平,促进泡沫细胞形成,从而加速动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成[24]。山药可通过调节脂代谢相关蛋白(如p-ACC/ACC、丙二酰辅酶A脱羧酶(malonyl-coa decarboxylase,MLYCD)和脂肪酸氧化关键酶(carnitine palmiyl transferase 1,CPT-1))表达,改善糖尿病大鼠AMPK磷酸化及肝脏AMPK通路来增加口服葡萄糖耐量、脂质代谢和胰岛素抵抗,并改善糖尿病大鼠的脂质代谢紊乱[25],表现为肝脏重量减轻、脂肪变性程度降低;氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α,PPARα)被膳食脂肪酸及其代谢物激活后,在肌肉、肝脏、心脏及肾脏中高度表达,调控脂质和脂蛋白代谢基因,已成为脂质代谢和能量平衡的重要调节通路[26](图2)。此外,山药多糖通过激活Wnt/β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)信号通路,上调CPT-1表达,从而降低肌内脂肪含量和饱和脂肪酸比例[27],进一步增强其在脂质代谢中的作用,为高血脂和糖尿病患者饮食管理提供了新的思路,其作用效果及机制如表2所示。
研究表明,山药可显著提升机体的非特异性免疫(巨噬细胞活性)和特异性免疫(T淋巴细胞增殖)功能[35−37]。其调节机制主要体现在以下几个方面:首先,山药通过促进巨噬细胞和脾细胞分泌生物活性分子(细胞因子和免疫球蛋白),增强机体免疫反应。这些生物活性分子在免疫防御和炎症调节中发挥重要作用,能够有效减少免疫损伤。其次,山药通过促进脾淋巴细胞向Th1亚型分化,上调干扰素γ(interferon-gamma,IFN-γ)和白细胞介素-12(interleukin-12,IL-12)表达,增强T细胞毒性功能,从而提升机体特异性免疫功能,这一过程涉及核转录因子-κB(nuclear transcription factor,NF-κB)和有丝分裂原活性蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路的协同调控,如通过抑制核因子-κB抑制蛋白(Nuclear factor-κB inhibitory protein,IκBα)降解,激活NF-κB核转位,从而促进巨噬细胞分泌白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)(图3)。此外,山药还通过调节短链脂肪酸和胆汁酸代谢途径,显著改变肠道菌群组成(增加双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌比例),增强肠道屏障功能,从而发挥免疫保护作用[38]。这种调节机制不仅改善了肠道微环境,增强了肠道屏障功能,还减少了免疫系统的过度激活和损伤,其作用效果及机制如表3所示。
随着全球老龄化问题的加剧,改善老年人群生活质量及延缓衰老进程已成为当前研究的重要方向[47]。山药的抗衰老机制主要通过以下途径实现:清除自由基;调控衰老相关基因[4];抑制p53/p21信号通路。具体而言,山药多糖能够有效清除自由基,减少氧化应激损伤,并通过调节抗氧化酶(如SOD、CAT和GSH-Px)的活性来增强机体抗衰老防御系统。此外,山药多糖通过调控klotho基因表达及p53/p21通路将衰老的肾脏与细胞衰老和慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)联系起来,靶向调控p53/p21通路的药物干预减缓衰老细胞积累和CKD进展,以去除有缺陷的衰老细胞[48],并通过抑制衰老相关信号的激活,减少细胞损伤和功能退化,同时通过抑制p53蛋白的磷酸化水平,减少p21基因表达,从而缓解细胞周期停滞并延缓衰老相关基因(如p16、β-半乳糖苷酶)的激活,维持细胞正常功能并延长细胞寿命(图4),其作用效果及机制如表4所示。
氧化应激可导致体内脂类、DNA和蛋白质的损伤,从而引发机体衰老。研究表明,山药的抗氧化作用主要通过清除羟自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子自由基(O2−·)及2,2-联苯基-1-苦基肼基(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基实现[56],其清除能力可达到维生素C的水平[57]。此外,山药多糖中的醛基和酮基通过释放氢原子,与O2−发生中和反应,起到抑制氧化应激损伤,且低分子量多糖更易通过细胞膜直接清除活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),而高分子量多糖需通过调控核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythyroid 2-re-lated factor2,Nrf2)信号通路间接增强抗氧化能力。并且山药提取物通过增强内源性抗氧化剂的表达和降低对乙酰氨基酚(Acetaminophen,APAP)处理细胞中内质网应激,显著抑制ROS过量生产,并通过核转位激活Nrf2相关信号通路导致下游抗氧化靶基因的上调[58](图5)。而其对DPPH自由基的清除能力可能与多糖的糖苷键及构型有关[59]。这些特性使山药在抗氧化和抗衰老领域具有重要应用潜力,其作用效果及机制如表5所示。
体外研究表明,山药多糖发酵液通过抑制血管内皮生长因子受体2(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2,VEGFR-2)信号通路减少肿瘤血管生成,激活半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶3(cysteinylaspartate specific proteinase-3,caspase-3)和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶8(cysteinylaspartate specific proteinase-8,caspase-8)蛋白酶原诱导细胞凋亡[67],并通过增强T淋巴细胞增殖能力提升机体免疫。此外,山药抗肿瘤特性也得到了广泛研究,其在多种癌细胞中表现出抑制细胞生长、诱导细胞凋亡和细胞周期停滞的作用。例如,在髓性白血病细胞[68]、鳞状细胞癌细胞[69]、口腔鳞状细胞癌细胞[70]和乳腺癌细胞[71]中,通过抑制VEGFR-2和Akt/MAPK信号通路,显著降低癌细胞中p-Akt和p-ERK蛋白表达[72],在抑制结肠癌细胞生长中,通过调控PI3K/Akt/雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)信号通路抑制前列腺癌细胞增殖。此外,山药中皂苷通过产生活性氧物种抑制含Src同源2结构域蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(Srchomology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase,SHP2)的表达,进而下调PI3K/Akt信号通路,克服对酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)的耐药性[73]。皂苷还通过负性调节VEGF和MAPK信号通路的表达,导致卵巢癌细胞存活率下降[74](图6)。这些研究表明,山药通过多种机制协同作用,展现出显著抗肿瘤潜力,为其在抗肿瘤药物开发应用中提供了理论依据。其作用效果及机制如表6所示。
山药不仅产量可观、营养丰富,还含有多种活性成分,因此在食品加工领域具有极高的开发价值和广阔的应用前景。在食品开发中,山药的应用主要集中在淀粉制食品和饮料制食品两大类。在淀粉制食品开发方面,山药凭借其高淀粉含量,可被加工成山药粉、山药糕、山药面包等多种产品。在饮料制食品开发方面,山药可以加工成山药汁、山药奶昔等饮品。这些饮料不仅保留了山药的营养成分,还具有醇厚的口感和较低的脂肪含量,既满足消费者对健康饮品的需求,又兼具美味可口的特点。
山药富含淀粉,常以山药粉或山药泥形式与其他功能性食物混合,用于制作蛋糕、饼干、面包、面条、粉条等淀粉制食品,能改善此类食品风味、口感和营养价值。截至2025年4月13日,通过检索国内外山药淀粉制食品的相关文献并进行筛选,筛选结果如图7所示。其中,主要以山药烘焙制品研发占比较高66.67%,分别为山药蛋糕(27.27%)、山药饼干(22.73%)、山药面包(16.67%)。相比之下,山药在主食工业化、代餐功能食品等领域的应用研究存在显著缺口,特别是在淀粉-脂质复合物构建、3D打印食品适应性等前沿方向上,尚缺乏深度探索。未来,应通过多学科交叉策略,重点突破淀粉分子结构修饰、功能组分稳态化保持等关键技术瓶颈,以加速山药淀粉制食品的产业化进程。
将山药粉添加到蛋糕中,对蛋糕的品质进行研究。通过构建山药淀粉-没食子酸复合物(extruded yam starch-gallic acid complex,EYS-GA),系统解析了其对小麦粉加工特性及蛋糕功能化改良的作用规律。研究发现,EYS-GA能够显著调节小麦粉的糊化特性,具体表现为降低糊化过程中的峰值黏度、崩解值、最终黏度及回生值,并随着EYS-GA添加量的递增,淀粉老化速率得到抑制,蛋糕的抗消化能力显著提高,从而提升蛋糕的营养品质[80],为功能性蛋糕的研发提供了新途径。Larief等[82]采用pH分光光度法和DPPH法分析加工前后紫山药中花青素类化合物的含量和抗氧化活性。结果表明,在紫山药加工成海绵蛋糕的过程中,其花青素含量出现了降低的情况。紫山药本身含有较高的花青素,含量能达到38.12 mg/100 g,然而,当利用10 g紫山药粉制作蛋糕时,花青素含量却降至最低,仅为2.99 mg/100 g。与此同时,紫山药的抗氧化活性也呈现出类似的变化趋势,紫山药的抗氧化活性高达79.08%,而添加了10 g紫山药的蛋糕抗氧化活性却只有22.64%,且抗氧化活性的降低与花青素水平的降低之间存在着正比关系。
山药饼干凭借其酥脆的质地、独特的风味及丰富的营养成分,已成为兼具休闲零食与健康代餐属性的烘焙食品。通过构建小麦粉(75%)、胡萝卜粉(5%)与山药粉(25%)的复配基质体系,结合正交实验优化工艺参数,成功开发出兼具营养强化与质构改良特性的功能型烘焙产品。实验分析表明,该饼干富含铁、锌、镁、磷等矿物质,以及维生素A、维生素B1、维生素C等营养成分[83]。进一步研究表明,山药饼干中钾元素含量较高,且酚类与类黄酮含量显著,通过淀粉-膳食纤维-多酚协同作用机制,有效抑制脂质过氧化反应,促进Fe3+还原为Fe2+[84]。这种协同效应不仅延缓了淀粉老化进程,还赋予饼干显著抗氧化活性,为开发具有自由基清除功能的即食型山药深加工产品提供了理论依据,并通过精准调控原料配比与加工工艺,实现了营养强化与感官品质的双重优化,为山药资源的高值化利用提供了创新路径。
研究山药粉替代小麦粉制作面包的可行性,并系统分析其对面包抗氧化特性和加工性能的影响。通过双因素方差分析发现,在170 ℃和180 ℃的焙烤温度下,面包基质中花青素保留率、总酚含量及DPPH自由基清除率均无显著性差异(P>0.05),表明这两个温度对山药面包抗氧化特性影响不大。然而,山药粉的添加量显著影响了花青素水平、总酚含量及抗氧化活性(P<0.05),且随着山药粉添加量的增加,这些活性指标呈现上升趋势,并在180 ℃的焙烤温度下,山药面包抗氧化活性达到48.53%,此时面包感官品质、营养成分和抗氧化能力均表现最佳[85]。此外,将山药粉替代部分小麦粉制作面包,随着山药粉的加入,面包体积有所减小,但实验结果显示,在不影响混合面包感官接受度的前提下,面包配方中可添加高达20%的山药粉。更值得一提的是,在DPPH自由基清除率和总抗氧化试验中,添加山药粉的面包抗氧化能力显著提高。总而言之,山药粉的添加不仅拓宽了山药的利用范围,还使面包成为一种有益健康的食品[86]。
随着经济持续增长和消费者健康意识不断提升,富含天然蛋白质及其他植物性功能成分的面条逐渐受到青睐。山药作为功能性食材,富含蛋白质、多糖等活性成分,通过将其功能成分融入面条中,可显著提升面条营养价值。
研究发现,将山药粉添加到小麦粉中,能够显著改变面条质地、蒸煮特性、流变学性质及微观结构。实验表明,当山药粉添加量为20%时,面条中麸质与淀粉颗粒能够形成稳定网络结构,这主要得益于山药粉含有较高的蛋白质含量和较低的面筋含量。然而,当山药粉添加量增加至40%时,在质构剖面分析(texture profile analysis,TPA)中观察到了不良变化,主要是由于面筋-蛋白质网络的中断,导致淀粉颗粒过早暴露。通过扫描电子显微镜分析结果进一步证实,20%的山药粉添加量能使面条呈现出更佳的口感,原因是山药粉的加入改变了淀粉颗粒结构,进而影响了面条微观结构[87]。将山药、山楂和小麦粉混合制成一种功能性面条,研究其对高脂血症小鼠体内模型中抗氧化和降血脂的作用,结果表明,实验组动物血清中TC、TG、HDL-C水平呈剂量依赖性下降,心脏、肝脏和肾脏中的TBARS氧化指数显著降低,血清中总抗氧化状态明显提高,其活性降脂成分包括膳食纤维、粘液蛋白、皂苷等的协同作用[88],表明山药-沙棘面条中的功能成分比传统面条具有更大健康益处[89]。刘欣等[90]基于传统面制品的工业化生产框架,创新性地构建了全组分山药粉与谷朊粉的协同增效体系,并以面条吸水率、蒸煮损失率、感官评价和色泽为考察指标,对山药全粉面条加工工艺进行了优化。研究结果显示,当小麦粉中添加10%的山药全粉(山药皮粉11%+山药粉89%)、1.5%的谷朊粉和35.5%的水时,所制得山药全粉面条具有淡淡的山药清香,口感清爽且色泽均匀,感官评分为91.91,蒸煮损失率仅为6.18%。质构特性分析表明,此时面条硬度适中,弹性较高,这为山药面条的工业化生产提供了重要的理论依据和技术支持。
山药还可制作其他淀粉制食品。郭卫芸等[91]以新鲜紫山药和红薯淀粉为原料,通过制粉、混合、调制、挤压、熟化、老化等工艺制备紫山药粉条。研究表明,当紫山药全粉添加量为9 g/100 g时,粉条感官评分和膨胀系数达到最大值,此时断条率为6.7%,膨胀系数为376.7%,蒸煮损失率为3.6%,多酚含量提高了76.9%,DPPH自由基清除率提高了121%,还原力提高了45.5%。刘建等[92]将黑蒜和山药加入马铃薯粉中,成功研制出烘烤型黑蒜山药薯片。实验表明,以马铃薯粉30 g为基础基质,复配黑蒜粉1.5 g与山药粉9 g,经热风焙烤22 min,所制得的薯片质地均匀,无裂纹,入口爽脆。该工艺通过淀粉与山药活性成分的协同作用,为开发低脂高营养值的焙烤休闲食品提供了可行方案。焦婷婷等[93]将山药粉、葛根粉混合制作湿薯类粉条,随着山药粉添加量的增加显著降低了混合粉的水分含量与白度,提高了吸水率,减小了糊化黏度,并延缓了淀粉回生。粉条的感官品质在特定山药粉添加量10%时达到最优,此时硬度最高1439.7 gf,但黏性、弹性和回复性随添加量增加总体呈下降趋势。利用该工艺生产的葛根-山药复合鲜湿薯类粉条,融合了两种原料的风味,感官评价好,质地爽滑,其抗老化能力增强,血糖生成指数降低,该研究结果为相关功能性薯类制品的产业化提供了理论基础和实践指导。
据Global Market Insights预测,到2025年,全球功能饮料市场规模将超过1800亿美元。山药凭借其低GI特性和风味的多样性,在健康饮品开发领域具有显著优势。基于数据库文献数量显示(图8),在现有山药饮料研究中,原浆类饮品占比42.86%,主要关注护色和稳定性问题;混合型饮品占比36.97%,多采用果汁进行调配;发酵类饮品占比7.56%,在益生菌定向筛选和代谢调控方面存在技术难题;固态饮品占比4.20%,其稳态化包埋技术研究相对薄弱。为了突破现有产品的同质化困境,建议未来研究应着重于提升固态饮品的速溶性能,并构建基于宏基因组学的发酵菌株筛选体系。同时,结合纳米乳液递送系统来增强功能成分的生物利用度,从而为山药在功能饮料领域的应用提供新的解决方案。
通过构建山药原汁饮料的工业化生产工艺体系,采用正交试验优化工艺参数。在原料预处理阶段,选用复合护色体系(VC 0.1%+CaCl2 0.4%+NaCl 0.5%)进行45 min护色处理,以保持山药色泽和营养成分。将护色后鲜山药与水按1:5比例进行湿法研磨,以确保充分提取山药的有效成分。在调味阶段,添加10%的蔗糖和0.1%的柠檬酸来调节饮料的风味曲线,使其更加符合消费者的口味偏好。此外,为了构建稳定的三维凝胶网络,添加0.8%的卡拉胶,以增强饮料口感和稳定性。在灭菌阶段,将饮料在100 ℃下灭菌10 min,确保产品的安全性和延长保质期。通过此工艺制得的山药原汁饮料,不仅风味浓郁、清新爽口,而且通过酚类-Ca2+螯合作用有效抑制了酶促褐变,同时结合多糖-蛋白质协同稳定机制,为开发低GI值功能饮品提供了技术范式[94]。Chen等[95]采用植物乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌联合发酵山药汁,分析发酵后山药汁的组成(酚类、有机酸、还原糖和挥发性物质)和功能特性(抗氧化活性和调节肠道菌群的能力)的变化。结果表明,发酵后山药汁中总酚含量从201.27 μg/mL升至285.77 μg/mL,抗氧化活性大幅提升,且对肠道菌群有益。汪伦记等[96]采用多级梯度处理工艺及标准化产品生产体系。在关键技术方面,通过正交试验优化褐变抑制体系,证实添加0.02%抗坏血酸钠(VC-Na)可有效清除自由基,阻断多酚氧化酶催化路径,复配0.5%苹果酸调节体系pH,使多酚氧化酶活性降低。针对饮料体系稳定性难题,创新性引入0.15%黄原胶与0.2%羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)形成三维网络结构,成功制备山药原汁饮料。研究数据为建立山药原汁饮料工业化生产提供关键工艺参数,特别是在抑制褐变作用机制、复合稳定体系构建等方面形成技术壁垒。
在复合饮料体系构建中,山药汁作为功能性添加成分,不仅赋予产品典型植物风味,还显著提升营养价值。但鲜榨山药浆中存在高含量淀粉固形物,易导致饮料出现分层和沉淀问题。黄天等[97]研究表明,α-淀粉酶能有效水解山药淀粉的α-1,4糖苷键,降低淀粉分子聚合度以改善胶体分散性,增强饮料稳定性。以青钱柳、怀山药及桑叶提取物为主要成分开发一款维持血糖健康的复合饮料,研究其对糖尿病小鼠的病症改善作用。结果表明,山药复合饮料能降低糖尿病小鼠空腹血糖值、血清胰岛素水平、糖化血清蛋白水平和血脂成分,提升血清GLP-1水平,改善肝功能[98]。陶林等[99]基于山药-枸杞-人参三元复合功能饮料体系,开发了一款益气扶正、健脾补肺、安神助眠功能的复合饮料。通过优化,确定山药枸杞复合饮料最佳制备工艺条件:浸泡时间60 min、料液比1:16、提取时间90 min、浓缩温度60 ℃、真空度−0.07 MPa。此工艺生产的山药复合饮料未添加任何防腐剂和色素,具有健康安全的特点,同时便携性与易饮性使其更易于被大众接受。
现代发酵工程技术研究表明,复合发酵体系较传统原汁饮料在营养增效方面具有更加明显的优势,其通过益生菌代谢转化,可产生γ-氨基丁酸、短链脂肪酸等生物活性物质,提高生物利用度。通过在酸奶中添加0.2%~0.6%的山药可以补充尿囊素,而没有对发酵和储存过程进行任何修改,这突出了山药在发酵食品中的潜在应用之一[100]。发酵过程中的微生物水解通过分解细胞壁来增加酚类化合物和类黄酮的释放,从而增强山药类食品中的抗氧化活性[101]。由嗜酸乳杆菌发酵的生山药已被发现是一种优质的功能性食品,可以治愈和预防大鼠的胃部病变[102]。山药酒可以将原材料的活性成分较好的保留,可用于制作保健酒和泡酒等,如以山药和桑黄为原料、酿酒酵母为发酵剂研制复合酒精饮料,研究发现,当山药与桑黄质量比19:1、料液比1:7(g:mL)、酵母接种量体积分数1%、发酵温度26.5 ℃、发酵时间76 h时,酒精饮料的酒精度为3.77%vol,具有酒精及特殊木质香气,且含有黄酮和三萜类物质[103]。另外,还可将山药和其他功能保健原料一同添加到白酒中制作泡酒,这种泡酒可保留山药等原材料的活性成分,具有一定的保健作用。
山药固体饮料采用现代食品工程定向加工技术实现营养组分的高效保留与功能强化,其生产过程包括原料科学配伍阶段,将山药与益生元、营养素进行精准复配,再通过干燥工艺,使终产品水分含量≤5%(GB 7101-2022 《食品安全国家标准 饮料》),实现常温贮藏期24个月的稳定性。肖德逊[104]以药食同源理论构建茯苓、山药、枸杞复合固体功能饮品体系,研发了一款具有缓解体力疲劳功能的植物固体饮料。在喷雾干燥工艺中,优化参数为进风温度170 ℃、恒流泵流速45 r/min、雾化器转速21000 r/min,并添加15%的麦芽糊精作为助干剂,从而使产品具有较高的集粉率。这种固体饮料不仅携带方便、易于冲饮,而且营养价值高,受到消费者的广泛欢迎,展现出良好的市场应用前景,也为山药的高值化利用提供了技术支持。
通过药智网及国家市场监督管理总局查询可知,截至2025年4月13日已有529种含有山药或山药活性成分的国产保健品[105–106]。查阅数据可以看出(图9),山药保健品功能主要包括增强免疫力、降血糖、补充维生素、抗疲劳、保护肝损伤、增加骨密度、辅助保护胃黏膜、清咽润喉、对辐射危害有保护作用、延缓衰老、补钙、改善记忆、祛黄褐斑、通便。其中以增强免疫力的产品数量最多,占比44.44%,其次是降血糖产品(30.86%)。这些当中有25.43%产品发挥两种及以上功能,例如增强免疫辅助降血脂、增强免疫辅助肝损伤、增强免疫辅助保护胃黏膜等,其余74.57%的产品发挥单一功效,这一结果凸显了以山药为原料在开发保健品方面的巨大市场潜力。
山药在保健品开发中多采用复方配伍策略,通过多组分协同作用实现功能增益与单体成分局限性的突破。数据显示,在已注册的含山药活性成分的保健食品配方库中,存在23个与之配伍组合(表7),其中与葛根、茯苓、西洋参等药食同源物质的协同配伍呈现显著统计学优势。
上述表格中原料在功能导向上呈现显著互补特性,其协同配伍体系通过多靶点调控网络实现生物效应的级联放大。具体而言:山药-葛根协同组合可显著下调IL-6、白细胞介素-1B(interleukin-1B,IL-1B)等促炎细胞因子表达水平,并通过NF-κB信号通路双重调控糖脂代谢紊乱[107];山药-茯苓配伍模式体现脾肾双补效应,经检测证实可提升血清IgG、IgM水平,其免疫调节机制与TLR4/MyD88通路抑制相关[108];2型糖尿病中存在多个miRNA-mRNA调控网络,而黄芪-山药药对以多组分、多功能、多途径的形式,介导IL-17、TNF、p53、HIF-1等信号通路,使miRNA-mRNA网络在黄芪-山药药对治疗2型糖尿病中发挥重要作用[109]。这些药食两用资源在人群中的持续性应用积累了显著毒理学循证证据,证明该类生物活性物质具有很好的安全阈值。
通过药智网及国家市场监督管理总局查询可知,截至2025年4月13日山药保健品中共有10种剂型,其中胶囊型的山药保健品居多,占比36.29%。原因可能是胶囊的生产工艺相对简单,尤其是软胶囊和硬胶囊的自动化填充技术成熟,适合大规模生产且胶囊可直接吞咽,适合快节奏生活的消费者。胶囊也是国际保健品主流剂型,企业倾向沿用成熟方案以降低研发风险。其次是颗粒型,占比18.15%。具体剂型占比,如表8所示。
现有研究表明,山药保健品专利形态多元,但市场以常规剂型为主,创新剂型成果转化较少[110],而山药本身富含多糖、皂苷、多酚等多种活性成分,具有抗氧化、免疫调节、降血糖等生物活性。目前山药保健品在应用现状上相对受限于常规剂型,难以满足高品质、高效保健品的需求。因此,为推动其市场化,需探究各制剂的工艺、稳定性及生物利用度,构建技术壁垒,同时拓展市场覆盖范围,加大研发投入,突破传统模式,构建健康维护方案,并通过精深加工技术与产品矩阵构建,延伸膳食营养应用场景,实现多维市场渗透。
山药作为重要的药食同源植物,其活性成分发掘与功能研究虽取得显著进展,但当前研究仍存在明显局限与挑战。尽管国内外对山药关注度较高,且证实其具有降糖降脂、抗氧化、抗衰老、抗突变、抗肿瘤及免疫增强等多重功效,但具体作用机制仍有待深入阐明。研究瓶颈主要体现为:活性成分研究过度集中于多糖等大分子,对尿囊素、多酚、黄酮等活性成分的研究较少,功能特性挖掘不完善;不同产地山药活性成分存在结构功能异质性,其发挥功能特性的研究不够深入;现有技术对山药活性成分的提取效率相对较低,制约资源深度开发;生物活性研究多停留于体外及动物模型层面,其在人体生理调节层面的系统性作用机制及深层次分子机制仍缺乏充分阐释。
因此,未来研究亟需:拓宽山药活性成分的研究范围,加强对尿囊素、多酚、黄酮等活性成分的关注,深入探究其生理功能和作用机制,使山药活性成分的研究更加全面;后续研究应注重分析不同产地山药活性成分的结构功能异质性,深入探究其背后的原因,以及这些差异如何影响山药活性成分的功能特性。同时,深入挖掘不同产地山药活性成分的独特优势,为山药的精准利用和品质评价提供更有力的科学依据;在后续研究中,应注重优化山药活性成分的提取工艺,探索更高效的提取方法和技术,提高提取效率。同时关注对提取副产物的综合利用,实现山药资源的深度开发,提升其整体利用价值;进一步加强山药活性成分在人体生理调节层面的作用机制研究,开展更多临床试验和人体研究。同时,构建多层次的分子机制阐释框架,综合运用多种技术手段,深入探究山药活性成分在人体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程,以及它们如何与人体生物分子相互作用,从而全面揭示山药活性成分对人体健康的有益影响。上述研究将为山药功能性产品的精准化、高效化开发奠定坚实的理论基础并提供科学依据。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040159
  • 接收时间:2025-04-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-14
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    1陕西理工大学生物科学与工程学院,陕西汉中 723000
    2陕西省资源生物重点实验室,陕西汉中 723000
    3陕西省果业管理局秦巴山区蓝莓研究所,陕西汉中 723000
    4陕西理工大学秦巴生物资源与生态环境省部共建国家重点实验室(培育),陕西汉中 723000

通讯作者:

党娅(1976−),女,硕士,副教授,研究方向:特色食品资源开发利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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