Article(id=1320883885798441624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883859747615068, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040208, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744819200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852859210, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1773504000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852859210, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852859210, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852859210, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883859747615068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='505', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773504000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852852999, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852852999, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=496, endPage=505, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883886003962521, articleId=1320883885798441624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Transmission Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Norovirus in the Food Chain, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Norovirus is one of the primary pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis worldwide, and its highly contagious nature through the food chain poses a serious threat to public health. Norovirus is commonly transmitted through food such as shellfish, vegetable, and fruit during production, processing, and consumption. Traditional detection methods struggle to fully reveal the associated risks. Microbiological quantitative risk assessment combines data and mathematical models to systematically quantify the risk of pathogen transmission, providing a scientific tool for controlling foodborne viruses. This paper focuses on the transmission characteristics of norovirus in the food chain of shellfish, vegetable, and fruit, systematically outlined the contamination pathways and key risk points from production to consumption, and reviews the progress of quantitative risk research. The contamination of shellfish primarily originated from water body, and depuration and thermal processing could significantly reduce the viral load. The contamination of vegetable and fruit primarily stemmed from irrigation water and cross-contamination during manual harvesting. Thermal treatment and novel decontamination technologies could effectively reduce the viral load. Different dose-response models exhibited variations in risk assessment, and a comprehensive analysis of multiple models could enhance accuracy. In the future, interdisciplinary collaboration should be strengthened to utilize big data and machine learning to construct multidimensional risk assessment models, enhancing predictive and early warning capabilities. This will provide precise support for global food safety governance and promote the development of risk management toward systematization and intelligence.

, authors=Yinghuan XU1, 2, 3, Junshan GAO2, 3, Yang JIAO2, 3, Qingping WU2, 3, Jumei ZHANG2, 3, Liang XUE2, 3, *, authorsList=Yinghuan XU, Junshan GAO, Yang JIAO, Qingping WU, Jumei ZHANG, Liang XUE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Liang XUE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883886591165084, articleId=1320883885798441624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=食品链中诺如病毒传播特征及风险评估研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

诺如病毒是全球急性胃肠炎的主要病原体之一,通过食品链传播的高传染性对公共健康构成严重威胁。诺如病毒常通过贝类、蔬菜和水果等食品在生产、加工和消费环节传播,传统检测方法难以全面揭示其风险。微生物定量风险评估结合数据与数学模型,系统量化病原体传播风险,为防控食源性病毒提供了科学工具。本文聚焦诺如病毒在贝类、蔬菜和水果食品链中的传播特征,系统梳理了从产地到餐桌的污染路径及关键风险点,综述了定量风险研究进展。贝类污染主要源于养殖水体,净化和热加工可显著降低病毒载量;蔬菜和水果污染主要来自灌溉水及人工采摘的交叉污染,热处理和新型消杀技术能有效降低病毒载量。不同的剂量-反应模型在风险评估中存在差异,多模型综合分析可提升准确性。未来应加强跨学科合作,利用大数据和机器学习构建多维风险评估模型,提升预测与预警能力,为全球食品安全治理提供精准支持,推动风险管理向系统化、智能化方向发展。

, authors=徐颖欢1, 2, 3, 高珺珊2, 3, 教杨2, 3, 吴清平2, 3, 张菊梅2, 3, 薛亮2, 3, *, authorsList=徐颖欢, 高珺珊, 教杨, 吴清平, 张菊梅, 薛亮, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=薛亮, authorNote=

徐颖欢(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食源性病毒防控,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
薛亮(1982−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食源性病毒危害进化机制与防控关键技术,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=yEeR5uQ06FWWDBlp6j8UoQ==, magXml=TWwaoos2oKlpYxPgqwx8ig==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=oWT7+rBPHeGjLPIgBNfZKg==, pdfFileSize=2638156, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=/sKb9ioRVVjB96LzHuFyGQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=uB6Vwa6TwDZbV0hOTdmHkQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320883887056732839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883885798441624, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xuyh0757@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320883887144813227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883885798441624, authorId=1320883887056732839, language=EN, stringName=Yinghuan XU, firstName=Yinghuan, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Prediction of COVID-19 Cases based on human behavior using DNN regressor for Canada[C]//IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops, USA, IEEE, 2021: 9473812., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883899664810777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883885798441624, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BRAGAZZI N L, DAI H, DAMIANI G, et al. How big data and artificial intelligence can help better manage the COVID-19 pandemic[J]. 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注:a、b和c链分别表示贝类、蔬菜和水果。①和㉑分别表示:污水中诺如病毒浓度和食品从业者;②~⑪分别表示风、降雨、太阳辐射、潮汐、养殖水温、净化时间、净化温度、运输、生食和餐饮加工;⑫~⑰分别表示:灌溉、农药喷洒、人工采摘、运输和工业加工、生鲜和餐饮加工;⑱~⑳分别表示机械采摘、生鲜和食品工业产品;实线表示病毒顺食物链的逐级传递,虚线表示病毒进行反向污染。

, figureFileSmall=J2e0ughaYQy0+YliHs3rgQ==, figureFileBig=/sKb9ioRVVjB96LzHuFyGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883891238453975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883885798441624, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Commonly used dose-response models (infection)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
非聚集状态聚集状态(参数a或μa表示)参考文献
全体人群的易感特征(以α和β为参数的β-分布表示)
$ =1-_1F_1(\alpha,\alpha+\beta,-\mathrm{dose}) $
(α=0.04,β=0.055)
$ =1{-}_{2}{{\mathrm{F}}}_{1}\left(\alpha ,\dfrac{{\mathrm{dose}}\cdot (1-\mathrm{a})}{\mathrm{a}},\alpha+\beta ,-\dfrac{\mathrm{a}}{1-\mathrm{a}}\right) $
(α=0.04,β=0.055,a=0.9997)
Teunis等[43]
$ =1-\mathrm{exp}\{\mathrm{ln\mathit{\Gamma}}(\alpha+\beta)-\mathrm{ln}\mathit{\Gamma}(\alpha+\beta+\mathrm{dose})+\mathrm{ln}\mathit{\Gamma}(\alpha+\mathrm{dose})-\mathrm{ln}\mathit{\Gamma}(\alpha)\} $
(α和β取决于基因型和人群特征)
Thebault等[44]
部分人群的免疫保护特征(分别以φ和P表征)
$ =(1-\mathrm{P})\cdot\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{\frac{dose}{\mu_a}}}\right) $
(P=0.278,μa=1106)
Messener等[45]
$ =(1-\varphi)\cdot\left[\left(1-\theta\cdot_2{\mathrm{F}}_1\left(\beta,\dfrac{\mathrm{dose}\left(1-a\right)}{\mathrm{a}};\alpha+\beta\mathrm{;a}\right)\right)\right] $
$ \theta=\mathrm{e}^{\frac{\mathrm{dose}(1-\mathrm{a})\times\mathrm{ln}(1-\mathrm{a})}{\mathrm{a}}} $
($\varphi =0.2754, $α=2.91,β=2734,a→0)
Schmidt等[46]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883891313951448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883885798441624, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常用的剂量-反应模型(感染)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
非聚集状态聚集状态(参数a或μa表示)参考文献
全体人群的易感特征(以α和β为参数的β-分布表示)
$ =1-_1F_1(\alpha,\alpha+\beta,-\mathrm{dose}) $
(α=0.04,β=0.055)
$ =1{-}_{2}{{\mathrm{F}}}_{1}\left(\alpha ,\dfrac{{\mathrm{dose}}\cdot (1-\mathrm{a})}{\mathrm{a}},\alpha+\beta ,-\dfrac{\mathrm{a}}{1-\mathrm{a}}\right) $
(α=0.04,β=0.055,a=0.9997)
Teunis等[43]
$ =1-\mathrm{exp}\{\mathrm{ln\mathit{\Gamma}}(\alpha+\beta)-\mathrm{ln}\mathit{\Gamma}(\alpha+\beta+\mathrm{dose})+\mathrm{ln}\mathit{\Gamma}(\alpha+\mathrm{dose})-\mathrm{ln}\mathit{\Gamma}(\alpha)\} $
(α和β取决于基因型和人群特征)
Thebault等[44]
部分人群的免疫保护特征(分别以φ和P表征)
$ =(1-\mathrm{P})\cdot\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{\frac{dose}{\mu_a}}}\right) $
(P=0.278,μa=1106)
Messener等[45]
$ =(1-\varphi)\cdot\left[\left(1-\theta\cdot_2{\mathrm{F}}_1\left(\beta,\dfrac{\mathrm{dose}\left(1-a\right)}{\mathrm{a}};\alpha+\beta\mathrm{;a}\right)\right)\right] $
$ \theta=\mathrm{e}^{\frac{\mathrm{dose}(1-\mathrm{a})\times\mathrm{ln}(1-\mathrm{a})}{\mathrm{a}}} $
($\varphi =0.2754, $α=2.91,β=2734,a→0)
Schmidt等[46]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883891381060313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883885798441624, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Current status of Norovirus risk assessment levels in shellfish, vegetable and fruit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品种类国家/地区加工类型剂量-反应模型风险水平参考文献
贝类牡蛎美国生食FP60255例患病/年[19]
牡蛎加拿大生食FP6860例患病/年[19]
牡蛎日本生食FP1.13×10−3 DALYpppy[52]
牡蛎中国山东热加工幂函数模型a患病率8.45×10−7[53]
牡蛎中国杭州热加工FP感染率9.7×10−3(GI)和1.02×10−2(GII)[54]
蔬菜生菜西班牙生食1F1感染率3.90 × 10−2和1.11 × 10−3[55]
生菜荷兰生食1F1感染率3×10−4[33]
水果草莓美国冷冻幂函数模型a2例患病/次[57]
草莓中国冷冻幂函数模型a患病率9.6×10−4[58]
草莓中国生食幂函数模型a患病率1.21×10−4[58]
), ArticleFig(id=1320883891452363482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883885798441624, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

贝类、蔬菜和水果的诺如病毒风险评估水平现状

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品种类国家/地区加工类型剂量-反应模型风险水平参考文献
贝类牡蛎美国生食FP60255例患病/年[19]
牡蛎加拿大生食FP6860例患病/年[19]
牡蛎日本生食FP1.13×10−3 DALYpppy[52]
牡蛎中国山东热加工幂函数模型a患病率8.45×10−7[53]
牡蛎中国杭州热加工FP感染率9.7×10−3(GI)和1.02×10−2(GII)[54]
蔬菜生菜西班牙生食1F1感染率3.90 × 10−2和1.11 × 10−3[55]
生菜荷兰生食1F1感染率3×10−4[33]
水果草莓美国冷冻幂函数模型a2例患病/次[57]
草莓中国冷冻幂函数模型a患病率9.6×10−4[58]
草莓中国生食幂函数模型a患病率1.21×10−4[58]
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食品链中诺如病毒传播特征及风险评估研究进展
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徐颖欢 1, 2, 3 , 高珺珊 2, 3 , 教杨 2, 3 , 吴清平 2, 3 , 张菊梅 2, 3 , 薛亮 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(6): 496-505
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (6) : 496 -505
食品链中诺如病毒传播特征及风险评估研究进展
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徐颖欢1, 2, 3 , 高珺珊2, 3, 教杨2, 3, 吴清平2, 3, 张菊梅2, 3, 薛亮2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1华南农业大学食品学院,广东广州 510642
  • 2广东省科学院微生物研究所,华南应用微生物国家重点实验室,广东省微生物安全与健康重点实验室,国家卫健委微生物食品营养与安全科技创新平台,广东广州 510070
  • 3国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品微生物安全大数据技术),国家卫生健康委员会食品安全风险评估与标准研制特色实验室,粤港澳大湾区微生物安全与健康国际科技创新中心,广东广州 510070
通讯作者:
薛亮(1982−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食源性病毒危害进化机制与防控关键技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

徐颖欢(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食源性病毒防控,E-mail:

Research Progress on the Transmission Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Norovirus in the Food Chain
Yinghuan XU1, 2, 3 , Junshan GAO2, 3, Yang JIAO2, 3, Qingping WU2, 3, Jumei ZHANG2, 3, Liang XUE2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
  • 2National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Big Data Technologies for Food Microbiological Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, NHC Specialty Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Standard Development, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Microbiological Safety and Health International Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510070, China
出版时间: 2026-03-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040208
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诺如病毒是全球急性胃肠炎的主要病原体之一,通过食品链传播的高传染性对公共健康构成严重威胁。诺如病毒常通过贝类、蔬菜和水果等食品在生产、加工和消费环节传播,传统检测方法难以全面揭示其风险。微生物定量风险评估结合数据与数学模型,系统量化病原体传播风险,为防控食源性病毒提供了科学工具。本文聚焦诺如病毒在贝类、蔬菜和水果食品链中的传播特征,系统梳理了从产地到餐桌的污染路径及关键风险点,综述了定量风险研究进展。贝类污染主要源于养殖水体,净化和热加工可显著降低病毒载量;蔬菜和水果污染主要来自灌溉水及人工采摘的交叉污染,热处理和新型消杀技术能有效降低病毒载量。不同的剂量-反应模型在风险评估中存在差异,多模型综合分析可提升准确性。未来应加强跨学科合作,利用大数据和机器学习构建多维风险评估模型,提升预测与预警能力,为全球食品安全治理提供精准支持,推动风险管理向系统化、智能化方向发展。

诺如病毒  /  食品链  /  风险评估  /  传播特点  /  暴露评估

Norovirus is one of the primary pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis worldwide, and its highly contagious nature through the food chain poses a serious threat to public health. Norovirus is commonly transmitted through food such as shellfish, vegetable, and fruit during production, processing, and consumption. Traditional detection methods struggle to fully reveal the associated risks. Microbiological quantitative risk assessment combines data and mathematical models to systematically quantify the risk of pathogen transmission, providing a scientific tool for controlling foodborne viruses. This paper focuses on the transmission characteristics of norovirus in the food chain of shellfish, vegetable, and fruit, systematically outlined the contamination pathways and key risk points from production to consumption, and reviews the progress of quantitative risk research. The contamination of shellfish primarily originated from water body, and depuration and thermal processing could significantly reduce the viral load. The contamination of vegetable and fruit primarily stemmed from irrigation water and cross-contamination during manual harvesting. Thermal treatment and novel decontamination technologies could effectively reduce the viral load. Different dose-response models exhibited variations in risk assessment, and a comprehensive analysis of multiple models could enhance accuracy. In the future, interdisciplinary collaboration should be strengthened to utilize big data and machine learning to construct multidimensional risk assessment models, enhancing predictive and early warning capabilities. This will provide precise support for global food safety governance and promote the development of risk management toward systematization and intelligence.

Norovirus  /  food chain  /  risk assessment  /  transmission  /  exposure assessment
徐颖欢, 高珺珊, 教杨, 吴清平, 张菊梅, 薛亮. 食品链中诺如病毒传播特征及风险评估研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (6) : 496 -505 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040208
Yinghuan XU, Junshan GAO, Yang JIAO, Qingping WU, Jumei ZHANG, Liang XUE. Research Progress on the Transmission Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Norovirus in the Food Chain[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (6) : 496 -505 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040208
诺如病毒(Norovirus,NoV)是造成全球急性胃肠炎的主要病原体之一,与18%腹泻病例有关[1],每年导致约6.84亿腹泻病例和212000例死亡,产生42亿美元的卫生成本和603亿美元的社会成本[2−3]。诺如病毒易通过污染食品而带来严重危害,通常由于泄露的污水通过渗透或径流等方式污染灌溉水、养殖水或饮用水源进入食品链,食源性诺如病毒感染已成为全球广泛关注的公共卫生问题。含有诺如病毒污染的食品会使人感染诺如病毒,病毒随患者呕吐物及排泄物散播环境中,引起疫情暴发。同时,病毒以人传人等方式进行二次传播,进一步加剧暴发规模。在诺如病毒暴发中,食源性因素最为常见,在食品加工、储存、运输过程中进行病毒传染,通常与贝类、蔬菜、莓果类相关[4−5]。作者团队长期致力于食品中病毒危害特征与防控技术研究,前期发现我国贝类等食品中诺如病毒污染普遍存在,未来迫切需要加强病毒在食品传播链中的风险评估工作[6−8]。
微生物定量风险评估(Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment,QMRA)将信息和数据与数学模型相结合,描述病原微生物向人类的传播,量化病原微生物对人类的风险。根据国际食品法典委员会的标准,风险评估包括四个步骤:危害识别、暴露评估、危害特征和风险分析[9]。在危害监测过程中,多数只停留在对病原微生物的定性或定量的检测,仅对危害进行识别,并未结合人群的暴露特征及病原微生物的危害特征。在风险评估中,需要使用不同的数学模型去评估病原微生物在食品链中的传播风险并定量对人体的危害。基于定量风险评估模型,通过观察变量间的相互关系,对食品生产或流通的不同环节提供科学的指导[10−11]。QMRA可用于制定质量控制体系和设定食品安全目标两方面[12]。
近年来,诺如病毒在食源性传播链中风险评估研究已成为预防病毒暴发的重要热点,因此本文基于QMRA对诺如病毒在食品链污染中模型研究和全球风险评估现状进行综述,以期提升食品产业中病毒污染防控能力。
在食品链中,从初始生产到最终食用的过程中存在多种因素会影响病原体数量或活性。这些因素可能是病原体自身的生长与衰亡,也可能是外来的污染或外界环境影响因素等,从而导致消费者最终暴露的病原体水平有所改变。而病毒与细菌等病原体不一样,在食品中一般不具有生长能力,主要依靠外界的污染和消除方式。
食源性诺如病毒具有高传染性,易在人群中引发广泛暴发。流行病学研究表明,贝类、蔬菜和水果是食源性诺如病毒疫情暴发的主要食品载体,在食源性疾病暴发事件中占比显著[4,13−14]。这些食品在“从种养殖到消费”的全链条中面临多重病毒污染和传播风险。本文以贝类、蔬菜和水果为研究对象,介绍贝类、蔬菜和水果食品链在暴露评估中的不同影响因素。
在贝类从生长、收获到最终食用的食品链中,初始病毒载量与水体病毒浓度密切相关。收获后,贝类脱离水体,失去主要病毒来源,其体内病毒载量因自身失活或环境因素影响逐渐衰减。然而,由于初始病毒载量较高且受多种因素影响,病毒在食品链传播过程中存在较大不确定性,图1a显示了诺如病毒在贝类中的传播路径。
在贝类食品链中,污染主要源于养殖水环境中的持续存在的病毒。贝类通过滤食作用,利用鳃过滤大量水中有机碎屑进食,这一过程会同时富集水环境中的微小颗粒。当养殖水体受到病毒污染,病毒经鳃进入贝类体内,在其中蓄积并稳定存在。因此,养殖水体的污染程度直接影响贝类传播病毒的风险。污染排入水域后,病毒浓度会受水体动力学过程影响而逐渐稀释。河流流量、潮汐幅度和高水位持续时间是调控病毒扩散的关键环境参数[15]。通过建模关联水体动力学与病毒稀释,可划分缓解区与安全区,有效指导贝类安全生产,降低污染风险[16–17]。同时,环境因子也能作为牡蛎疫情暴发的预测因子,指导牡蛎召回或养殖区关闭管理[18]。值得注意的是,环境因素不仅直接影响牡蛎的生长状况,还会通过食物链途径对人体健康产生间接影响。Pouillot等[19]开发的风险评估模型系统性地纳入了风、降雨量、太阳辐射、潮汐变化等49个环境变量,定量结果显示,污水中病毒初始浓度的敏感性显著高于其他环境参数。这一发现具有重要的实践意义,表明相较于难以调控的自然环境因素,加强污水排放管理等人为干预措施能够更有效地降低食源性感染风险。
贝类从养殖到销售过程中,净化或中继处理可部分去除体内病毒,效果受时间、水温、盐度等因素影响。病毒载量分为易净化的稀释病毒和难以去除的非稀释病毒。Rupnik等[20]研究表明,温度高于11 ℃时,诺如病毒GII的去除效率显著高于7~9 ℃。Le等[21]也同样发现,温暖的海水更有利于诺如病毒的净化,18 ℃(24 d GI+GII下降1个log10)比在8 ℃下(41 d GI+GII下降1个log10)净化效率更高,凸显温度对净化时间的显著影响。此外,盐度和病毒基因群也显著影响牡蛎净化效率。当盐度接近养殖区时,净化效果更佳;而在相同温度下,GII基因群净化效率高于GI[22]。
运输过程中,病毒衰减与温度和时间密切相关,可以通过预测模型评估在运输过程中的变化。Yoo等[23]以鼠诺如病毒替代人类诺如病毒,采用Baranyi模型拟合病毒滴度,构建了预测牡蛎中诺如病毒变化的模型。尽管该研究首次探讨了诺如病毒衰减预测,但因病毒动力学复杂且具有宿主依赖性,Baranyi模型依旧存在局限性。
尽管牡蛎等贝类常作为生食消费,但对于受污染的贝类,热加工作为终端环节仍是控制诺如病毒风险的关键手段。我国消费者贝类的烹饪方式以热加工为主,煮、蒸、烤和炸是烹饪牡蛎的常见热加工技术,可以杀灭在净化过程中残留病毒,在充分加热后使病毒降低到安全水平,但灭活效果受加热温度、时间和食品基质等多方面的影响。Kim等[24]研究显示,感染GII.4的牡蛎在85 ℃下加热10 min,感染性颗粒减少超1个log10;100 ℃下加热15或20 min,清除率达99%(下降2个log10)。在贻贝中,GII.4在80 ℃下10 min减少1个log10,90 ℃下20 min减少超2个log10[25]。在不同贝类中,GII.4呈现相似的热灭活效果。此外,在这两项研究中都观察到一个相同的趋势——延长时间或提高温度都可以增强热灭活效果,但在一定的时间-温度下,升高温度比延长时间的灭活效果更好。这表明温度对诺如病毒的灭活效应强于热处理时间。
以上结果是基于病毒与贝类消化腺直接混合而得出的结果,虽然这些都呈现出相似的热灭活效果,但是都忽略了热量在贝类肉体中的传递。如果忽视了烹饪方式对热传递的影响,容易因烹饪不充分而带来的感染风险[26]。有研究指出,对于青口而言,至少在沸水中浸泡3 min才足够将热充分传递到内部进行有效的灭活[27]。虽然目前多项研究利用诺如病毒及其替代病毒来研究诺如病毒在贝类中的热灭活效应,但目前尚无推荐使用的贝类-诺如病毒热灭活温度-时间组合。为了防止食用牡蛎导致细菌和病毒性食源性疾病,加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省疾病控制中心制定了将贝类到90 ℃内部温度90 s的指南[28]。综合热传递及高温持续时间,像青口和牡蛎这类较大的贝类而言,理论上至少需4.5 min才能达到相对安全水平。
在蔬菜从种植、采摘到加工食用的食品链中,各环节均可能受到诺如病毒污染。如图1b所示,蔬菜中诺如病毒的传播途径主要包括内化病毒污染和外在表面污染。除了种植过程中内化的病毒外,蔬菜可食用部分的表面易受外部污染。因此,蔬菜食品链中的污染可分为内源性病毒内化和外源性病毒污染两类。
污染的灌溉水对农作物及人体健康构成严重威胁,其危害程度取决于水源及灌溉方式。诺如病毒在河水中高度稳定,感染活性可维持至少三周,使用受污染河水灌溉农作物将面临持续的感染风险[29]。受污染蔬菜对人体的威胁在于,病毒污染蔬菜后仍具有稳定的存活能力,维持感染活性。Wu等[30]通过鼠诺如病毒和杜兰病毒污染的灌溉水喷洒绿叶蔬菜表面,发现病毒在蔬菜表面可保持10~15 d的感染活性。此外,使用含人源诺如病毒或其替代病毒的培养液进行水培生菜种植时,病毒可通过根部内化并扩散至叶片和芽部,内化的GII.4型病毒颗粒在植物组织中至少存活14 d[31]。除灌溉水和培养液外,诺如病毒还可能通过配制农药污染蔬菜。Verhaelen等[32]发现人诺如病毒和鼠诺如病毒在稀释的杀虫剂中具有持久性,化学农药并不能影响病毒稳定性。这表明稀释的农药也可能是农产品中传染性诺如病毒的来源。
采摘和加工过程的交叉污染是新鲜食品中主要的污染来源。Bouwknegt等[33]针对欧洲新鲜农产品供应链开发了风险评估模型。结果显示,在生菜生产链中,采摘者手部对诺如病毒污染的贡献远超灌溉水。在人工采摘中,若无卫生措施,采摘者手部污染的诺如病毒会直接转移至蔬菜表面,并因病毒与蔬菜表面的结合而吸附,与喷洒灌溉的表面污染类似,只是污染途径不同。采摘中的交叉污染作为收获后污染的起点,采取手部卫生措施对降低后续污染至关重要。同样的,在食品工业生产链中,食品处理人员手部卫生影响消费者健康。Stals等[34]针对三明治制作中食品处理人员的诺如病毒脱落及生菜污染进行建模,评估了不同干预措施的效果。在最坏情景下(不戴手套、不消毒手部及表面、上厕所后不洗手),处理人员手上平均存在81±37个病毒颗粒。尽管单项干预措施可降低病毒数量,但仍高于18个颗粒的ID50感染剂量。只有综合采取所有干预措施,病毒数量才能降至4.4±0.7的相对安全范围。尽管佩戴和更换手套、上厕所后洗手、手部及表面消毒等措施均有助于降低公共卫生风险,但只有多项措施协同作用,才能显著降低污染风险至可接受水平。此外,交叉污染还涉及食品与器具表面、以及手与器具间的接触。诺如病毒GII.4从手套到不锈钢表面的转移率较低(0.2%±0.2%),但从食品到不锈钢表面的转移率较高,以生菜为供体时最高可达80%[35]。在工业生产中,食品与设备间的反复接触可能将病毒传播至更多食品。
与贝类一样,绿叶蔬菜在食用前可通过热加工处理降低诺如病毒污染水平。当在95 ℃下焯水2.5 min,绿叶蔬菜中的肠道病毒滴度立即显著降低,其中薄荷的诺如病毒滴度降低幅度最大(3个对数值以上),但在75 ℃下焯水2.5 min其病毒滴度下降仅1~2个log10值左右[36]。此外,在蔬菜中不同诺如病毒基因群受热处理的影响也不同,GI的耐热性显著高于GII[36]。
水果与蔬菜都属于新鲜农产品,与蔬菜不同的是,水果可以采用机械采摘且常经过冷冻加工成冻品或热加工成果泥等进一步处理(图1c)。与诺如病毒疫情相关的水果主要是覆盆子和草莓,多项研究以覆盆子或草莓为对象,探讨新鲜农产品的污染暴露。Jacxsens等[37]开发了诺如病毒在覆盆子生产链上的暴露模型,模型显示,从收获前、收获到进一步加工的病毒污染主要源于灌溉水、稀释农药和采摘者脱落,而最终污染结果主要由采摘者的交叉污染驱动。此结果与蔬菜食品链相似,再次凸显采摘过程中手部交叉污染的重要性。采用机械化采摘作业可有效规避人为污染因素,显著降低初始污染风险。然而注意的是,机械采收后往往仍需进行人工分拣工序,该环节存在二次引入交叉污染的潜在风险。Bouwknegt等[33]对机械采摘的覆盆子生产链评估发现,机械采收后无论是否经过人工挑选,平均浓度并没有显著差异,但人工挑选后的污染浓度波动很大,具有较大的变异性。尽管水果表面病毒浓度较低,其感染风险仍不可忽视。由于诺如病毒稳定性高且感染剂量低,即使低水平污染也可能引发感染。覆盆子等水果的感染与其低污染水平但高传染性的诺如病毒密切相关[38]。
因此,预防浆果病毒污染的核心策略应聚焦于种植和收获过程中的卫生条件,但额外的处理措施,如食用前微波加热冷冻浆果,同样有助于提升食品安全[24]。Bartsch等[39]的研究表明,在80 ℃下加热8 s,浆果中替代病毒和人诺如病毒分别下降超7个对数和3.5个对数。对于低污染水平的水果,此降幅足以确保安全。此外,一种名为蒸汽超声(结合蒸汽与超声波)的新型消杀技术被报道用于软水果表面净化。在95 ℃下,鼠诺如病毒和甲肝病毒在覆盆子表面分别仅需1.6~1.7 s和3.2~4.7 s即可下降1个log10,经4 s处理后,覆盆子仍能保持7 d的自然质地和新鲜外观[40]。这项技术不仅显著提升食品安全,还有助于水果保鲜。
病原的危害特征主要通过剂量-反应模型(Dose-Response Model,DRM)体现,它是定量风险评估过程中最关键的步骤之一,能够将病原暴露量转化为感染或患病概率,反映着剂量和结果之间的数学特征。DRM基于Teunis等[41]提出的单击命中模型(one-hit model),该模型假设微生物病原体需突破人体多重免疫屏障,至少一个病原颗粒存活并附着于肠道引发破坏性活动,并证明Beta-Poisson分布模型能有效描述志愿者实验结果,通过超几何函数进行近似表征。随着DRM研究的深入,诺如病毒的剂量-反应模型不断得到补充和完善。根据不同假设条件或参数类型,提出了多种剂量-反应模型,这也成为选择特定模型的重要依据。
$\rm {P}_{inf}(D;\alpha ,\beta )=1-_{1}{F}_{1}(\alpha ,\alpha+\beta ,-D) $
式中,1F1表示第一类超几何函数;α和β描述宿主易感性参数r分布的形状;D表示病原体的剂量,拷贝。
目前诺如病毒DRM研究的假设差异主要围绕着两点:病毒的聚集状态和易感者的分布[42]。根据不同的假设会推导出不同的模型和参数,一些常见的感染DRM总结在表1所示。于病原体而言,由于微生物悬浮在水中可以聚集成不同大小的聚集体,病毒受离子强度、pH和蛋白包膜性质影响,在悬浮液中更易以聚集体形式存在。聚集体会低估实际病毒粒子数量,且不同聚集体包含的病毒数差异可能导致风险评估中出现较大误差。因此,引入病毒聚集参数a值描述聚集病毒粒子的对数级数分布(log-series distribution),以减少误差,a值通常在0~0.997范围内[43]。于宿主而言,人群的先天易感性和诺如病毒感染后的获得性免疫等情况很复杂。根据FUT2基因表达,人群可分为分泌阳性(Se+)和分泌阴性(Se-)两类。然而,部分Se+群体可能存在异质性,部分个体可能因获得性免疫或其他因素表现出低易感性或免疫现象,即使病毒结合受体,宿主免疫系统仍可阻断感染。因此,引入免疫参数表征Se+人群中表现出的免疫现象。
Teunis基于单击命中模型拟合出了第一个诺如病毒的精确贝塔-泊松模型,在1F1函数中考虑宿主易感性r的异质性,并采用α和β描述r的分布。在此基础上,进一步引入病毒聚集状态,提出含聚集参数a的聚集精确贝塔-泊松模型。与Teunis不同,Thebault等[47]采用泊松-gamma混合分布模型拟合五次牡蛎源诺如病毒疫情数据,计算出不同基因型的感染力(GI=0.29,GII=0.4),与Teunis志愿者实验结果(0.5)相近。尽管不同疫情暴发信息的不确定性极大,但不应低估疫情数据在确定传染性方面的重要性,疫情信息可以作为DRM建立的重要数据补充。Messener的分数泊松(Fraction Poisson,FP)模型将人群描述为完全易感(r=1)或完全免疫(r=0),用一个参数P(即完全免疫人群比例)代替两个参数的Beta分布,并通过分析更多、更广泛的数据集,重新评估出病毒的平均聚集大小μa,较Teunis的聚集水平(μ=400)更高。在这里,Schmidt模型是一个带免疫的精确贝塔-泊松模型(2F1i),考虑了人群的免疫状态与易感人群的异质性,但由于对数据的要求极高,往往在现实处理中将a近似为0,2F1退化成1F1处理,未能可靠地同时对病毒聚集状态与人群免疫进行讨论。
目前没有公认的最优模型,建议采用多个模型共同使用来解释不确定性。Van等[48]分别采用两个聚集和两个非聚集模型来计算地表水中暴露的预测值,其中Teunis的1F1分解模型预测值显著高于Schmidt、Messener和聚合型的Teunis 2F1模型。Pouillot等[19]则采用了五个模型预测牡蛎的食用风险。预测结果中Teunis(1F1和2F1)、Messner和Thebault的预测结果数量级相同,但Schmidt的聚集且带免疫参数的精确贝塔-泊松模型(aggregated 2F1i)预测值远小于其他模型结果。本团队前期使用Teunis(1F1和2F1)、Messner和Schmidt(2F1i)四个模型分析贝类感染风险的不确定性时也得出了相似的结论:暴露水平在低于1000拷贝时Teunis的1F1模型结果远高于其他,当剂量超过1000拷贝后Teunis的两个模型结果相近而Messner和Schimidt(2F1i)的结果相近,并在靠近107拷贝时感染概率均达到0.7左右的饱和值[49]。在食品安全评估中,针对水果和蔬菜等低暴露水平的食品风险分析,若仅依赖单一DRM的评估结果,可能会引入显著的不确定性,特别是Teunis的1F1模型可能会有夸大可能的风险。为有效降低这种不确定性对评估结果的影响,建议采用多模型综合分析的方法。在选择使用模型前需要进行仔细考虑并对结果的不确定性进行解释,DRM的选择本身对风险评估结果的影响程度,可能超过病原体浓度与风险之间的相关性[50]。在快速风险评估应用中,Messner提出的分数泊松模型因其公式简洁,同时整合了病毒聚集参数和人群免疫状态等关键因素,成为快速评估场景下的优选模型。
目前,全球开展食品链中诺如病毒定量风险评估应用,重点围绕贝类、蔬菜和水果。诺如病毒的感染风险受到多种因素的综合影响,其中消费者层面的消费习惯差异构成了关键因素之一。由于文化差异,国内外饮食习惯与食品处理习惯存在不同,直接影响诺如病毒感染的风险水平。在中国,贝类(如牡蛎、贻贝)是传统饮食的重要组成部分,尤其在沿海地区。许多消费者偏好生食或轻微烹煮贝类,然而这可能因受污染水域的贝类而增加了诺如病毒感染风险。相比之下,西方国家对贝类的监测与处理标准更为严格。在英国和欧盟,为了确保贝类在采收前处于相对安全的水域中,贝类养殖水域会基于粪便指示菌(如大肠杆菌)的水平进行分类,同时西方国家也提出了90 ℃-90 s处理的安全指南[51]。尽管西方国家也存在生食或半熟贝类的消费习惯,但严密的监管和较高的公众卫生意识有助于降低感染风险。蔬菜和水果是西方国家诺如病毒疫情暴发的主要媒介,生食(如汉堡、沙拉等加工食品)是疫情暴发的重要原因之一,这与其饮食文化密切相关。然而,在中国,家庭烹饪通常会对蔬菜进行热处理,可以有效降低污染风险。此外,浆果类水果在西方是诺如病毒传播的常见来源,但在中国的消费比例较低,进一步降低了相关暴露风险。这些饮食习惯与食品处理方式的差异,凸显了诺如病毒风险特征在全球范围内的多样性。以下介绍国内外食品链中诺如病毒风险评估研究的应用及水平现状,全球贝类、蔬菜和水果中诺如病毒的风险水平现状如表2所示。
贝类污染始于养殖阶段,病毒沿食品链逐级传递,受多种因素影响,最终通过不同途径暴露于消费者,带来潜在健康风险。在美国和加拿大联合风险评估中,评估场景覆盖从污水厂到养殖区再到消费食用全过程,估算每年因生食受污水污染的贝类而发病的人数。但预测结果与临床数据相比,预测值略低于实际发生的数据,这可能是由于预测模型无法考虑特殊事件所导致的[19]。单向的静态模型可能无法捕捉此类特殊事件,相比之下,具有反馈功能的动态模型能更好地描述二次传播带来的风险。近年来,越来越多研究聚焦于病毒的感染活性,强调只有具备感染活性的病毒才具有传染力,以活性病毒数量评估感染风险才更具真实性。Ueki等[52]通过F-RNA噬菌体的感染性比例估算牡蛎中具有传染性的诺如病毒数量,在纳入感染比率后的DALYpppy(每人每年残疾调整生命年,Disability Adjusted Life Year per person per year)值相较于直接的拷贝数结果相比显著降低,从而避免不必要的风险放大,在风险评估中具有更科学的指导意义。
与国外研究相比,国内对贝类诺如病毒的风险评估主要聚焦于从零售到消费的终端环节,这主要源于我国居民普遍加热食用的消费习惯。基于日常监测数据和国人饮食习惯,Zhao等[53]首次对黄海和渤海地区的贝类消费风险进行了初步定量风险评估,针对不同的食用方式和年龄分层,评估了各人群的患病风险,结果显示19~64岁成年人群的患病风险最高。Yu等[54]也采用了类似的方法进行杭州本地的贝类消费风险评估,得出了与Zhao等研究相似的人群风险分布特征。比较两地结果,Zhao等估算的黄海和渤海全人群患病率为8.45×10−7,而Yu估算的杭州GI和GII感染率分别为9.7×10−3和1.02×10−2,按0.3的感染/患病比例换算后,杭州人群因食用贝类患病的风险明显高于黄海和渤海地区。
蔬菜种植过程中普遍采用二次用水或地下水灌溉方式,风险评估结果通常可以与世界卫生组织(WHO)和美国环境保护局(EPA)制定的水源性风险标准进行对比来评价污水处理系统或水源的安全性。Gonzales-Gustavson等[55]的研究对两个污水处理厂的病毒浓度监测发现,经不同工艺处理后的灌溉用水所种植蔬菜的食用风险均仍超过WHO规定的10−6 DALYpppy可接受限值,提示必须增加额外处理环节才能达标,这在实际生产中具有重要指导价值。也有研究采用更加精确的动态模型评价土培和水培生菜暴露于当地污染水源的食用风险,发现两种栽培方式均未能达到美国EPA和WHO制定的风险基准,提示水中的污染仍然是风险的主要影响因素[56]。
蔬菜安全风险主要源于交叉污染(1.2节),而西方国家普遍生食蔬菜(尤其在三明治、汉堡等加工食品中),增加了感染风险。Bouwknegt等[33]建立的综合模型显示,生菜沙拉的诺如病毒感染概率达3×10−4/次,按年消费20次计算,累积风险(5.98×10−3)远超EPA安全阈值(10−4),构成严重公共卫生威胁。
我国传统以熟食为主的蔬菜消费方式有效降低了感染风险,迄今未见相关病例报道。但随着饮食结构多元化发展,生食蔬菜消费量逐年上升。为确保食品安全,亟需强化农业用水质量监管和完善卫生防护措施,以应对新的食品安全挑战。
与蔬菜相比,水果在食品链中通常涉及进一步的加工,各工艺引入的差异化风险因素需纳入评估模型。Jacxsens等[37]构建覆盆子农场至加工模型表明:速冻覆盆子与覆盆子泥受灌溉水污染影响较小,主要风险源于食品处理人员(采摘及加工环节)。经热处理的覆盆子泥病毒载量显著低于速冻产品,属低风险品类。两种产品暴露水平均低于Teunis等[43]报告的18个病毒颗粒的ID50,因此整体感染风险较低。在冷冻草莓链模型中,近70%的消费者不会发病,即使发病,最常见的疾病数量是1[57]。
近年来,我国草莓进口量持续增长,进口草莓成为重要的潜在污染来源。Zhong等[58]通过QMRA评估美国和澳大利亚进口草莓全供应链的感染风险。模型纳入地表水和工人污染源,并考虑了病毒在运输下的衰减,以中国居民每日水果摄入量作为草莓暴露量,结果显示,澳大利亚草莓的污染水平普遍高于美国,其中冷冻草莓患病风险最高,约9.6×10−4。
诺如病毒作为最常见的食源性疾病病因之一,通过食品途径在人群中传播引起疫情,对人群健康带来严重危害。不同的食品种类中,诺如病毒的传播方式各有不同,需要把食品链区分开来,才能更好理解病毒在食品中的传递方式。本文针对诺如病毒的重点污染食品:贝类、蔬菜和水果,分别阐述其食品链中病毒的传播方式及各环节的影响因素。研究表明,这三类食品链的初始污染均源于水体中的诺如病毒,并沿食品链逐级传递。在多种因素作用下,人群通过特定途径暴露于一定水平的病毒,可能导致感染甚至发病。在贝类食品链中,除去难以控制的自然因素外,关键在于控制污水中诺如病毒的流入,确保养殖水质清洁。对于蔬菜和水果,作为新鲜农产品,加工环节作用有限,防控消费前的病毒污染至关重要。采摘过程中人工接触导致的交叉污染是主要污染来源,实施严格的人员卫生标准可显著降低采摘环节的污染。为进一步确保食品安全,适时采用加热等处理措施是保障安全的最后防线,能有效降低病毒活性,实现安全与美味的平衡。剂量-反应模型是反映病原体与机体之间的关系函数,大多模型都基于不同的假设条件并结合实验数据推导出来,在快速应用上首选更为简单的分数泊松模型。模型之间没有公认的最好的模型,使用多种模型来解释其中的不确定性也是科学性和准确性的一种体现。
近年来,One Health理念与大数据、机器学习的交叉融合在全球健康领域展现出巨大潜力。大数据整合人类、动物及环境健康信息,为One Health提供坚实的数据支撑;而机器学习通过深度分析复杂数据集,显著提升One Health的预测与决策能力,在新冠疫情的流行特征建模和预测中已取得显著成效[59–60]。这种高效处理海量复杂数据的技术组合,极大地提升了风险评估的模型效能。它不仅有助于构建集成多维风险评估模型,提高预测精准度,还能支持实时数据采集与分析,从而大幅强化风险早期预警能力[60]。展望未来,随着相关技术的持续演进与全球协作机制的深化,One Health、大数据与机器学习三者的深度整合,必将推动风险评估向更精准、更实时、更系统化的方向迈进。这将显著提升涵盖人类健康、环境健康及生态系统健康的综合治理效能,为构建一体化的风险管理体系提供强大动力。

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2026年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040208
  • 接收时间:2025-04-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-17
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    1华南农业大学食品学院,广东广州 510642
    2广东省科学院微生物研究所,华南应用微生物国家重点实验室,广东省微生物安全与健康重点实验室,国家卫健委微生物食品营养与安全科技创新平台,广东广州 510070
    3国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品微生物安全大数据技术),国家卫生健康委员会食品安全风险评估与标准研制特色实验室,粤港澳大湾区微生物安全与健康国际科技创新中心,广东广州 510070

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薛亮(1982−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:食源性病毒危害进化机制与防控关键技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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