Article(id=1320883854773178562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881884691808691, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070292, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753372800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852851812, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1782835200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852851812, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852851812, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852851812, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881884691808691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='522', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782835200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852382109, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852382109, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=160, endPage=169, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883854940950723, articleId=1320883854773178562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Different Oligosaccharides on the Antioxidant Activity and Volatile Flavor Compounds of Fermented Green Tea, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different oligosaccharides on the quality and volatile aroma compounds of fermented green tea. Sucrose, isomalto-oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides, and fructo-oligosaccharides were added to Mao Jian green tea extract and subjected to fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum at 37 ℃. Changes in physicochemical properties, monomeric phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, organic acid composition, and volatile compounds were analyzed before and after 48 h of fermentation. The results showed that, compared with sucrose-supplemented fermented green tea, oligosaccharide supplementation significantly increased total phenolic and flavonoid contents, monomeric phenol content changed significantly (P<0.05). Among them, galacto-oligosaccharide supplementation yielded the highest total phenolic content (2552.21 mg GAE/L), while isomalto-oligosaccharide supplementation yielded the highest total flavonoid content (365.83 mg RE/L). Oligosaccharide supplementation also markedly enhanced antioxidant activity (P<0.05). Galacto-oligosaccharide supplementation produced the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity (79.20%) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (23.95 mmol Trolox/L); however, fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation produced the highest ABTS+ radical scavenging activity (89.40%). In addition, significant differences (P<0.05) in organic acid were observed between oligosaccharide-supplemented samples and sucrose-supplemented samples. Oligosaccharide-supplemented samples had higher total volatile aroma compound levels than sucrose-supplemented samples, with increased alcohol, alkene, and ketone levels, and the formation of new volatile aroma compounds, such as isoamyl alcohol, lauric acid, and ethyl acetate, thereby conferring distinctive aroma characteristics. Among the oligosaccharides, isomalto-oligosaccharide supplementation yielded the highest volatile aroma compound content (43987.09 μg/L). Overall, these findings indicate that oligosaccharide supplementation not only significantly enhances the nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of fermented green tea but also enriches its aroma profile, providing a theoretical basis for the development of functional fermented tea products.

, authors=Yuxuan FU1, Xinze YU2, Hongjie LEI1, *, authorsList=Yuxuan FU, Xinze YU, Hongjie LEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongjie LEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883858325754062, articleId=1320883854773178562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同低聚糖对发酵绿茶抗氧化活性及挥发性风味物质的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同低聚糖对发酵绿茶品质及挥发性风味物质的影响,本研究选用蔗糖、低聚异麦芽糖、低聚半乳糖和低聚果糖添加到陕南毛尖绿茶浸提液中,以植物乳植杆菌在37 ℃下对其进行发酵,分析发酵48 h前后理化性质、单体酚含量、抗氧化活性、有机酸含量以及挥发性风味物质的变化。结果表明,与添加蔗糖的发酵绿茶相比,添加低聚糖的发酵绿茶总酚和总黄酮含量增加,单体酚含量发生显著变化(P<0.05),其中,添加低聚半乳糖的发酵绿茶表现出最高的总酚含量(2552.21 mg GAE/L),添加低聚异麦芽糖的发酵绿茶表现出最高的总黄酮含量(365.83 mg RE/L)。添加低聚糖会使发酵绿茶的抗氧化活性显著提高(P<0.05),添加低聚半乳糖的DPPH自由基清除能力与铁离子还原力最高,分别为79.20%和23.95 mmol Trolox/L,添加低聚果糖的发酵绿茶表现出最高水平的ABTS+自由基清除活性(89.40%)。添加低聚糖后,有机酸含量与添加蔗糖的发酵绿茶组之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。添加低聚糖的发酵绿茶挥发性风味物质含量均高于添加蔗糖的发酵绿茶,其醇类物质、烯类物质和酮类物质等含量增加,同时生成异戊醇、月桂酸和乙酸乙酯等新的挥发性风味物质,赋予了发酵绿茶新的香气特征,添加低聚异麦芽糖的挥发性风味物质含量最高(43987.09 μg/L)。综上所述,低聚糖的添加不仅可显著提高发酵绿茶的营养成分含量和抗氧化活性,还能丰富绿茶的香气组成。研究结果为功能性发酵茶产品的开发提供了理论依据。

, authors=付羽譞1, 余心泽2, 雷宏杰1, *, authorsList=付羽譞, 余心泽, 雷宏杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=雷宏杰, authorNote=

付羽譞(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬贮藏与加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
雷宏杰(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品发酵与酿造,E-mail:。
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Food Science, 2016, 37(2): 147−152., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883873853067564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=范霞, 杨恒明, 陈荣顺. 基于顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法、电子鼻和电子舌技术分析绿茶饮料的风味物质[J]. 南京农业大学学报, 2023, 46(5): 960−974. [FAN X, YANG H M, CHEN R S. Analysis of flavor compounds in green tea beverages based on headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, electronic nose and electronic tongue technology[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2023, 46(5): 960−974.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883873920176429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FAN X, YANG H M, CHEN R S. Analysis of flavor compounds in green tea beverages based on headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, electronic nose and electronic tongue technology[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2023, 46(5): 960−974., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320883873995673902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIU Y, LIU X, LYU F, et al. Effects of fermentation of Eurotium cristatum on the flavor quality of Anji Baicha (Camellia sinensis) based on LC-MS and GC-MS[J]. Food Chem, 2025, 493(2): 145663., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320883858577412303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883858581606608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, companyId=1320883858577412303, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883858589995217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, companyId=1320883858577412303, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西北农林科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320883858661298386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883858669686995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, companyId=1320883858661298386, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320883858678075604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, companyId=1320883858661298386, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西北农林科技大学风景园林艺术学院,陕西杨凌 712100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320883860573901038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Changes in the viable counts of fermented green tea with different oligosaccharide additions, figureFileSmall=GTSylLQIIi7tv+7PNr1VPQ==, figureFileBig=IYt42GXQeHxRqMVp5hiMfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883860649398511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, language=CN, label=图1, caption=添加不同低聚糖发酵绿茶活菌数的变化

注:不同字母表示同一时间不同样品具有显著性差异(P<0.05),图2~图4同。

, figureFileSmall=GTSylLQIIi7tv+7PNr1VPQ==, figureFileBig=IYt42GXQeHxRqMVp5hiMfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883864277471472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in pH (a) and soluble solids content (b) of fermented green tea with different oligosaccharide additions, figureFileSmall=fQzsqjUjpG/Zo3bbF6I0iw==, figureFileBig=wipG+ZMx5yfjpJ78rwK9iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883864373940465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, language=CN, label=图2, caption=添加不同低聚糖发酵绿茶pH(a)和可溶性固形物含量(b)的变化, figureFileSmall=fQzsqjUjpG/Zo3bbF6I0iw==, figureFileBig=wipG+ZMx5yfjpJ78rwK9iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883864453632242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes in total phenolic (a) and total flavonoid (b) of fermented green tea with different oligosaccharide additions, figureFileSmall=HJIvv/6gPQhmkn5iZoWhAg==, figureFileBig=QD6WpN+z53EH8wxpu4hErA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883864529129715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, language=CN, label=图3, caption=添加不同低聚糖发酵绿茶总酚(a)和总黄酮(b)含量的变化, figureFileSmall=HJIvv/6gPQhmkn5iZoWhAg==, figureFileBig=QD6WpN+z53EH8wxpu4hErA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883864604627188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes in DPPH radical scavenging activity (a), ABTS+ radical scavenging activity (b) and FRAP (c) of fermented green tea with different oligosaccharide additions, figureFileSmall=eyntz4aGYonMl83qMBy5Bw==, figureFileBig=nNJIQy0jBciXoaBYmECWww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883864675930357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, language=CN, label=图4, caption=添加不同低聚糖发酵绿茶DPPH自由基清除活性(a)、ABTS+自由基清除活性(b)和铁离子还原力(c)的变化, figureFileSmall=eyntz4aGYonMl83qMBy5Bw==, figureFileBig=nNJIQy0jBciXoaBYmECWww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883864738844918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Heat map of volatile flavor substances in fermented green tea with different oligosaccharide additions, figureFileSmall=cAKHt3KXfoHGK1U+o6YMgQ==, figureFileBig=K9DInTTMGx530QNtZVrXyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883864822730999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, language=CN, label=图5, caption=添加不同低聚糖发酵绿茶挥发性风味物质热图, figureFileSmall=cAKHt3KXfoHGK1U+o6YMgQ==, figureFileBig=K9DInTTMGx530QNtZVrXyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883864885645560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Changes in phenolic profiles of fermented green tea with different oligosaccharide additions (mg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单体酚对照组发酵对照组FJ-IMOFJ-GOSFJ-FOS
没食子酸儿茶素30.81±0.09a26.46±0.05b11.85±0.03c14.87±0.03c19.22±0.05c
没食子酸23.83±0.01a23.42±0.03b21.12±0.01c21.33±0.02c23.25±0.02b
儿茶素13.42±0.06a13.46±0.03a13.48±0.06a13.66±0.03a13.54±0.02a
表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯58.06±0.07a59.32±0.03a60.03±0.02a60.06±0.03a60.12±0.06a
表没食子儿茶素48.89±0.02a48.59±0.07a48.62±0.05a48.84±0.02a48.41±0.09a
咖啡酸107.21±0.06a106.69±0.04a104.45±0.07c106.85±0.08a105.43±0.08b
表儿茶素41.90±0.04a40.41±0.09a38.05±0.05b39.75±0.08b35.70±0.06c
没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯26.98±0.02c28.08±0.03b27.30±0.04bc30.28±0.04a30.21±0.02a
表儿茶素没食子酸酯8.02±0.08b8.15±0.06b8.83±0.05a8.99±00.1a8.83±0.07a
), ArticleFig(id=1320883864982114553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

添加不同低聚糖发酵绿茶单体酚含量的变化(mg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单体酚对照组发酵对照组FJ-IMOFJ-GOSFJ-FOS
没食子酸儿茶素30.81±0.09a26.46±0.05b11.85±0.03c14.87±0.03c19.22±0.05c
没食子酸23.83±0.01a23.42±0.03b21.12±0.01c21.33±0.02c23.25±0.02b
儿茶素13.42±0.06a13.46±0.03a13.48±0.06a13.66±0.03a13.54±0.02a
表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯58.06±0.07a59.32±0.03a60.03±0.02a60.06±0.03a60.12±0.06a
表没食子儿茶素48.89±0.02a48.59±0.07a48.62±0.05a48.84±0.02a48.41±0.09a
咖啡酸107.21±0.06a106.69±0.04a104.45±0.07c106.85±0.08a105.43±0.08b
表儿茶素41.90±0.04a40.41±0.09a38.05±0.05b39.75±0.08b35.70±0.06c
没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯26.98±0.02c28.08±0.03b27.30±0.04bc30.28±0.04a30.21±0.02a
表儿茶素没食子酸酯8.02±0.08b8.15±0.06b8.83±0.05a8.99±00.1a8.83±0.07a
), ArticleFig(id=1320883865057612026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Changes in organic acids of fermented green tea with different oligosaccharide additions (g/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸对照组发酵对照组FJ-IMOFJ-GOSFJ-FOS
乳酸0.40±0.01d0.91±0.03c2.53±0.03a2.21±0.09a1.77±0.05b
苹果酸4.40±0.02a4.00±0.05a2.87±0.06c1.70±0.09d3.28±0.04b
乙酸1.04±0.05c1.20±0.05c2.85±0.02a1.47±0.04b3.10±0.01a
异丁酸0.19±0.01c0.20±0.07c0.22±0.01bc0.38±0.01a0.27±0.01b
柠檬酸0.23±0.03c0.25±0.02c0.65±0.02a0.52±0.01b0.32±0.02c
琥珀酸1.04±0.03c1.33±0.02b3.63±0.07a3.85±0.02a1.52±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1320883865124720891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

添加不同低聚糖发酵绿茶有机酸含量的变化(g/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸对照组发酵对照组FJ-IMOFJ-GOSFJ-FOS
乳酸0.40±0.01d0.91±0.03c2.53±0.03a2.21±0.09a1.77±0.05b
苹果酸4.40±0.02a4.00±0.05a2.87±0.06c1.70±0.09d3.28±0.04b
乙酸1.04±0.05c1.20±0.05c2.85±0.02a1.47±0.04b3.10±0.01a
异丁酸0.19±0.01c0.20±0.07c0.22±0.01bc0.38±0.01a0.27±0.01b
柠檬酸0.23±0.03c0.25±0.02c0.65±0.02a0.52±0.01b0.32±0.02c
琥珀酸1.04±0.03c1.33±0.02b3.63±0.07a3.85±0.02a1.52±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1320883865225384188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Changes in volatile compounds of fermented green tea with different oligosaccharide additions (μg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号挥发性风味物质对照组发酵对照组FJ-IMOFJ-GOSFJ-FOS
醇类
1alpha-松油醇1381.67±71.50d3069.14±147.25c4886.10±199.02a3838.48±169.63b3932.04±225.69b
2橙花醇365.83±9.39d597.75±20.63bc703.41±33.71a540.51±15.09c645.96±27.04ab
3香叶醇978.49±85.93d1923.40±114.38bc2298.97±162.99a1614.65±108.65c2008.28±172.62ab
42-甲基丁醇63.33±6.51d178.78±5.78b231.91±8.68a228.74±13.38a140.79±7.59c
5异戊醇NDND431.44±22.88a345.00±10.11bND
6叶醇ND1615.68±103.29b2613.78±185.71a2636.03±188.66a1247.98±74.59c
7正庚醇242.15±6.53c418.38±17.86a389.01±10.92ab359.72±18.57b359.10±14.64b
8苯甲醇ND283.69±13.21d2094.10±127.07a1809.89±161.87b602.32±22.83c
92-乙基己醇198.31±11.50d369.39±16.33c979.04±82.66a625.24±24.75b283.71±8.15cd
101-壬醇109.03±4.75d260.95±5.09c1003.35±84.73a221.58±7.14c701.72±38.13b
11十二醇278.57±6.59d401.40±27.87a378.57±15.85ab351.40±17.78bc329.88±13.52c
12反式-橙花叔醇ND121.45±9.77c166.07±8.57ab154.38±5.57b172.12±11.85a
13顺-Α,Α-5-三甲基-5-乙烯基四氢化呋喃-2-甲醇ND833.52±33.67a848.33±42.78a899.96±54.86a690.05±30.08b
142,2,6-三甲基-6-乙烯基四
氢-2H-呋喃-3-醇
ND607.35±39.98bND873.10±49.29aND
总计3617.3810680.8817024.0813873.4511113.94
烯类
1月桂烯881.67±47.81c2059.27±164.46b2506.47±208.91a2137.55±90.48ab2229.35±151.42ab
2(+)-柠檬烯556.43±19.15b1717.49±165.73a2136.51±124.11a1999.62±235.78a2082.57±201.23a
3(E)-β-罗勒烯188.66±7.04d699.56±51.99c904.58±69.54a739.46±55.56bc838.94±42.84ab
4罗勒烯异构体混合物585.97±28.81c1339.42±80.27b1683.47±121.62a1478.19±113.91ab1562.95±92.05ab
53-蒈烯62.51±4.89c162.35±9.05b204.82±9.80a225.62±9.93a180.14±7.78b
6萜品油烯81.78±4.20d641.66±37.89bc761.16±44.68b613.74±21.07c884.95±86.97a
7苯乙烯NDND124.25±6.21NDND
81,3-二甲基苯乙烯ND579.53±32.44bNDND727.98±42.94a
91,7,7-三甲雙環[2.2.1]庚-2-烯396.29±23.42d1119.11±136.50c1561.40±155.90a1488.72±120.25ab1228.98±78.88bc
总计2753.318318.399882.668682.909735.86
酸类
1丙二酸ND54.75±2.26c97.66±6.73a84.76±6.90b59.35±4.65c
2己酸ND44.84±4.10b55.21±3.28b92.01±6.39a55.20±6.12b
3法尼酸NDNDND21.07±3.66b38.63±5.67a
4月桂酸NDND69.19±5.76b95.85±8.34a97.18±9.25a
5辛酸ND30.87±6.75b75.53±8.49a76.53±8.64a64.38±3.20a
6正癸酸NDND42.89±7.98NDND
总计0.00130.46340.48370.22314.74
酮类
14-甲基-3-戊烯-2-酮299.68±15.34d322.93±10.90cd380.45±18.38ab343.38±14.51bc403.86±19.23a
2甲基庚烯酮NDND158.35±8.58bND177.32±9.09a
3beta-紫罗兰酮233.58±7.31c300.78±14.88b329.60±9.80b333.59±18.78b370.87±10.88a
45-甲基-2-己酮478.09±20.62a184.46±14.57bc151.85±9.46cd196.66±19.94b124.75±6.80d
52-庚酮173.82±4.31cd167.76±8.20d420.70±23.69b649.72±42.20a234.19±18.91c
6大马士酮575.87±42.58d877.42±38.82bc1113.55±117.41ab1172.79±166.92a852.38±35.10c
72-壬酮227.76±13.97e527.43±20.61d782.54±46.80c1174.86±87.51b1829.64±123.04a
82-十二烷酮102.38±4.21c200.93±13.68bc1827.34±167.30a216.77±8.44bc353.19±24.82b
9(3E,5E)-辛-3,5-二烯-2-酮77.56±4.79d118.30±7.57c159.60±8.27a144.03±7.95ab134.35±6.08bc
103,5-辛二烯-2-酮NDND164.62±16.93NDND
总计2168.742700.015488.604231.804480.55
酯类
1乙酸芳樟酯1275.82±121.20c1762.56±175.32bc2914.58±287.16a2902.09±228.23a1809.39±133.43b
2甲酸己酯163.12±7.79c220.95±9.46b306.59±12.64a222.83±5.39b208.16±7.37b
3水杨酸甲酯109.58±7.45d169.95±5.20b266.46±9.46a251.47±7.00a145.77±4.04c
4乙酸乙酯NDND114.91±5.03NDND
5甲酸辛酯NDND408.37±17.35aND258.91±12.35b
6对苯二甲酸二丁酯103.64±5.39b193.77±6.77a189.88±6.75a182.33±7.99a197.94±17.38a
7邻苯二甲酸-1-丁酯-2-异丁酯112.35±4.51c186.21±6.10a152.59±2.88b179.16±7.75a174.28±6.02a
总计1764.512533.444353.383737.882794.45
醛类
1苯甲醛237.61±8.67c283.69±9.67b547.99±19.15a566.73±29.42a293.40±9.97b
2癸醛NDNDND1222.84±133.80ND
3庚醛NDND116.39±3.20a114.55±5.78a91.19±4.89b
4正辛醛NDND367.71±11.38b433.73±26.76aND
52,4-二甲基苯甲醛NDND2133.57±183.95a860.66±77.60bND
总计237.61283.693165.663198.51384.59
烷烃类
1p-伞花烃103.33±4.82e201.45±6.07d401.07±17.78a366.44±7.34b279.96±8.02c
2茶香螺烷188.61±6.55d581.99±20.56bc671.34±62.49b797.19±25.94a557.04±37.46c
总计291.94783.441072.411163.63837.00
其他
13,5-二叔丁基苯酚1076.30±130.74ab901.73±88.98b1218.16±96.85a928.77±53.56b1032.63±120.36ab
2白柠檬环醚99.43±7.21d132.49±4.45c194.76±6.82b220.80±9.52a147.24±4.65c
33,6-二氢-4-甲基-2-(2-甲基-1-丙烯基)-2H-吡喃ND986.53±106.07b1246.90±82.92ab1365.51±130.29a1020.14±114.85b
总计1175.732020.752659.822515.082200.01
共计12009.2227451.0643987.0938398.7031861.15
), ArticleFig(id=1320883865313464573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883854773178562, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

添加不同低聚糖发酵绿茶挥发性风味物质含量的变化(μg/L)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号挥发性风味物质对照组发酵对照组FJ-IMOFJ-GOSFJ-FOS
醇类
1alpha-松油醇1381.67±71.50d3069.14±147.25c4886.10±199.02a3838.48±169.63b3932.04±225.69b
2橙花醇365.83±9.39d597.75±20.63bc703.41±33.71a540.51±15.09c645.96±27.04ab
3香叶醇978.49±85.93d1923.40±114.38bc2298.97±162.99a1614.65±108.65c2008.28±172.62ab
42-甲基丁醇63.33±6.51d178.78±5.78b231.91±8.68a228.74±13.38a140.79±7.59c
5异戊醇NDND431.44±22.88a345.00±10.11bND
6叶醇ND1615.68±103.29b2613.78±185.71a2636.03±188.66a1247.98±74.59c
7正庚醇242.15±6.53c418.38±17.86a389.01±10.92ab359.72±18.57b359.10±14.64b
8苯甲醇ND283.69±13.21d2094.10±127.07a1809.89±161.87b602.32±22.83c
92-乙基己醇198.31±11.50d369.39±16.33c979.04±82.66a625.24±24.75b283.71±8.15cd
101-壬醇109.03±4.75d260.95±5.09c1003.35±84.73a221.58±7.14c701.72±38.13b
11十二醇278.57±6.59d401.40±27.87a378.57±15.85ab351.40±17.78bc329.88±13.52c
12反式-橙花叔醇ND121.45±9.77c166.07±8.57ab154.38±5.57b172.12±11.85a
13顺-Α,Α-5-三甲基-5-乙烯基四氢化呋喃-2-甲醇ND833.52±33.67a848.33±42.78a899.96±54.86a690.05±30.08b
142,2,6-三甲基-6-乙烯基四
氢-2H-呋喃-3-醇
ND607.35±39.98bND873.10±49.29aND
总计3617.3810680.8817024.0813873.4511113.94
烯类
1月桂烯881.67±47.81c2059.27±164.46b2506.47±208.91a2137.55±90.48ab2229.35±151.42ab
2(+)-柠檬烯556.43±19.15b1717.49±165.73a2136.51±124.11a1999.62±235.78a2082.57±201.23a
3(E)-β-罗勒烯188.66±7.04d699.56±51.99c904.58±69.54a739.46±55.56bc838.94±42.84ab
4罗勒烯异构体混合物585.97±28.81c1339.42±80.27b1683.47±121.62a1478.19±113.91ab1562.95±92.05ab
53-蒈烯62.51±4.89c162.35±9.05b204.82±9.80a225.62±9.93a180.14±7.78b
6萜品油烯81.78±4.20d641.66±37.89bc761.16±44.68b613.74±21.07c884.95±86.97a
7苯乙烯NDND124.25±6.21NDND
81,3-二甲基苯乙烯ND579.53±32.44bNDND727.98±42.94a
91,7,7-三甲雙環[2.2.1]庚-2-烯396.29±23.42d1119.11±136.50c1561.40±155.90a1488.72±120.25ab1228.98±78.88bc
总计2753.318318.399882.668682.909735.86
酸类
1丙二酸ND54.75±2.26c97.66±6.73a84.76±6.90b59.35±4.65c
2己酸ND44.84±4.10b55.21±3.28b92.01±6.39a55.20±6.12b
3法尼酸NDNDND21.07±3.66b38.63±5.67a
4月桂酸NDND69.19±5.76b95.85±8.34a97.18±9.25a
5辛酸ND30.87±6.75b75.53±8.49a76.53±8.64a64.38±3.20a
6正癸酸NDND42.89±7.98NDND
总计0.00130.46340.48370.22314.74
酮类
14-甲基-3-戊烯-2-酮299.68±15.34d322.93±10.90cd380.45±18.38ab343.38±14.51bc403.86±19.23a
2甲基庚烯酮NDND158.35±8.58bND177.32±9.09a
3beta-紫罗兰酮233.58±7.31c300.78±14.88b329.60±9.80b333.59±18.78b370.87±10.88a
45-甲基-2-己酮478.09±20.62a184.46±14.57bc151.85±9.46cd196.66±19.94b124.75±6.80d
52-庚酮173.82±4.31cd167.76±8.20d420.70±23.69b649.72±42.20a234.19±18.91c
6大马士酮575.87±42.58d877.42±38.82bc1113.55±117.41ab1172.79±166.92a852.38±35.10c
72-壬酮227.76±13.97e527.43±20.61d782.54±46.80c1174.86±87.51b1829.64±123.04a
82-十二烷酮102.38±4.21c200.93±13.68bc1827.34±167.30a216.77±8.44bc353.19±24.82b
9(3E,5E)-辛-3,5-二烯-2-酮77.56±4.79d118.30±7.57c159.60±8.27a144.03±7.95ab134.35±6.08bc
103,5-辛二烯-2-酮NDND164.62±16.93NDND
总计2168.742700.015488.604231.804480.55
酯类
1乙酸芳樟酯1275.82±121.20c1762.56±175.32bc2914.58±287.16a2902.09±228.23a1809.39±133.43b
2甲酸己酯163.12±7.79c220.95±9.46b306.59±12.64a222.83±5.39b208.16±7.37b
3水杨酸甲酯109.58±7.45d169.95±5.20b266.46±9.46a251.47±7.00a145.77±4.04c
4乙酸乙酯NDND114.91±5.03NDND
5甲酸辛酯NDND408.37±17.35aND258.91±12.35b
6对苯二甲酸二丁酯103.64±5.39b193.77±6.77a189.88±6.75a182.33±7.99a197.94±17.38a
7邻苯二甲酸-1-丁酯-2-异丁酯112.35±4.51c186.21±6.10a152.59±2.88b179.16±7.75a174.28±6.02a
总计1764.512533.444353.383737.882794.45
醛类
1苯甲醛237.61±8.67c283.69±9.67b547.99±19.15a566.73±29.42a293.40±9.97b
2癸醛NDNDND1222.84±133.80ND
3庚醛NDND116.39±3.20a114.55±5.78a91.19±4.89b
4正辛醛NDND367.71±11.38b433.73±26.76aND
52,4-二甲基苯甲醛NDND2133.57±183.95a860.66±77.60bND
总计237.61283.693165.663198.51384.59
烷烃类
1p-伞花烃103.33±4.82e201.45±6.07d401.07±17.78a366.44±7.34b279.96±8.02c
2茶香螺烷188.61±6.55d581.99±20.56bc671.34±62.49b797.19±25.94a557.04±37.46c
总计291.94783.441072.411163.63837.00
其他
13,5-二叔丁基苯酚1076.30±130.74ab901.73±88.98b1218.16±96.85a928.77±53.56b1032.63±120.36ab
2白柠檬环醚99.43±7.21d132.49±4.45c194.76±6.82b220.80±9.52a147.24±4.65c
33,6-二氢-4-甲基-2-(2-甲基-1-丙烯基)-2H-吡喃ND986.53±106.07b1246.90±82.92ab1365.51±130.29a1020.14±114.85b
总计1175.732020.752659.822515.082200.01
共计12009.2227451.0643987.0938398.7031861.15
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不同低聚糖对发酵绿茶抗氧化活性及挥发性风味物质的影响
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付羽譞 1 , 余心泽 2 , 雷宏杰 1, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(13): 160-169
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (13) : 160 -169
不同低聚糖对发酵绿茶抗氧化活性及挥发性风味物质的影响
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付羽譞1 , 余心泽2, 雷宏杰1, *
作者信息
  • 1西北农林科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
  • 2西北农林科技大学风景园林艺术学院,陕西杨凌 712100
通讯作者:
雷宏杰(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品发酵与酿造,E-mail:。
作者简介:

付羽譞(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:果蔬贮藏与加工,E-mail:

Effects of Different Oligosaccharides on the Antioxidant Activity and Volatile Flavor Compounds of Fermented Green Tea
Yuxuan FU1 , Xinze YU2, Hongjie LEI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
  • 2College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
出版时间: 2026-07-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070292
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为探究不同低聚糖对发酵绿茶品质及挥发性风味物质的影响,本研究选用蔗糖、低聚异麦芽糖、低聚半乳糖和低聚果糖添加到陕南毛尖绿茶浸提液中,以植物乳植杆菌在37 ℃下对其进行发酵,分析发酵48 h前后理化性质、单体酚含量、抗氧化活性、有机酸含量以及挥发性风味物质的变化。结果表明,与添加蔗糖的发酵绿茶相比,添加低聚糖的发酵绿茶总酚和总黄酮含量增加,单体酚含量发生显著变化(P<0.05),其中,添加低聚半乳糖的发酵绿茶表现出最高的总酚含量(2552.21 mg GAE/L),添加低聚异麦芽糖的发酵绿茶表现出最高的总黄酮含量(365.83 mg RE/L)。添加低聚糖会使发酵绿茶的抗氧化活性显著提高(P<0.05),添加低聚半乳糖的DPPH自由基清除能力与铁离子还原力最高,分别为79.20%和23.95 mmol Trolox/L,添加低聚果糖的发酵绿茶表现出最高水平的ABTS+自由基清除活性(89.40%)。添加低聚糖后,有机酸含量与添加蔗糖的发酵绿茶组之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。添加低聚糖的发酵绿茶挥发性风味物质含量均高于添加蔗糖的发酵绿茶,其醇类物质、烯类物质和酮类物质等含量增加,同时生成异戊醇、月桂酸和乙酸乙酯等新的挥发性风味物质,赋予了发酵绿茶新的香气特征,添加低聚异麦芽糖的挥发性风味物质含量最高(43987.09 μg/L)。综上所述,低聚糖的添加不仅可显著提高发酵绿茶的营养成分含量和抗氧化活性,还能丰富绿茶的香气组成。研究结果为功能性发酵茶产品的开发提供了理论依据。

绿茶  /  乳酸菌发酵  /  低聚糖  /  抗氧化活性  /  挥发性风味物质

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different oligosaccharides on the quality and volatile aroma compounds of fermented green tea. Sucrose, isomalto-oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides, and fructo-oligosaccharides were added to Mao Jian green tea extract and subjected to fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum at 37 ℃. Changes in physicochemical properties, monomeric phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, organic acid composition, and volatile compounds were analyzed before and after 48 h of fermentation. The results showed that, compared with sucrose-supplemented fermented green tea, oligosaccharide supplementation significantly increased total phenolic and flavonoid contents, monomeric phenol content changed significantly (P<0.05). Among them, galacto-oligosaccharide supplementation yielded the highest total phenolic content (2552.21 mg GAE/L), while isomalto-oligosaccharide supplementation yielded the highest total flavonoid content (365.83 mg RE/L). Oligosaccharide supplementation also markedly enhanced antioxidant activity (P<0.05). Galacto-oligosaccharide supplementation produced the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity (79.20%) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (23.95 mmol Trolox/L); however, fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation produced the highest ABTS+ radical scavenging activity (89.40%). In addition, significant differences (P<0.05) in organic acid were observed between oligosaccharide-supplemented samples and sucrose-supplemented samples. Oligosaccharide-supplemented samples had higher total volatile aroma compound levels than sucrose-supplemented samples, with increased alcohol, alkene, and ketone levels, and the formation of new volatile aroma compounds, such as isoamyl alcohol, lauric acid, and ethyl acetate, thereby conferring distinctive aroma characteristics. Among the oligosaccharides, isomalto-oligosaccharide supplementation yielded the highest volatile aroma compound content (43987.09 μg/L). Overall, these findings indicate that oligosaccharide supplementation not only significantly enhances the nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of fermented green tea but also enriches its aroma profile, providing a theoretical basis for the development of functional fermented tea products.

green tea  /  lactic acid bacteria fermentation  /  oligosaccharides  /  antioxidant activity  /  volatile aroma compounds
付羽譞, 余心泽, 雷宏杰. 不同低聚糖对发酵绿茶抗氧化活性及挥发性风味物质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (13) : 160 -169 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070292
Yuxuan FU, Xinze YU, Hongjie LEI. Effects of Different Oligosaccharides on the Antioxidant Activity and Volatile Flavor Compounds of Fermented Green Tea[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (13) : 160 -169 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070292
绿茶是中国的传统饮品之一,然而,传统茶饮方式因其冲泡流程复杂,冲泡时间较长,不适于如今人们快节奏的生活方式,同时传统绿茶风味较为单一,难以满足消费者多样化的口感需求。乳酸菌发酵是一种能够有效改善饮品风味、提高健康功效的新技术[1]。近年来,乳酸菌发酵饮料越来越受消费者喜爱,已有研究将乳酸菌运用于绿茶饮料领域,发现乳酸菌发酵能够改善绿茶饮料的感官品质和功能特性,增强其健康功效[2−3]。Tu等[4]利用从康普茶中分离纯化的酵母菌发酵绿茶浸提液,得到的发酵茶饮料中总酚和总黄酮含量显著提升,同时具有良好的抗氧化和抗菌活性。Wang等[5]利用布拉氏酵母CNCMI-745和植物乳杆菌299V发酵绿茶,证明混菌发酵可以丰富、改善绿茶风味。廖雪[6]利用从绿茶发酵过程中筛选出的植物乳杆菌NCU001692发酵绿茶,制备了一款香气滋味俱佳、功能性优异、含有大量活性物质的益生菌新型茶饮料。以上研究均表明乳酸菌发酵能显著改善绿茶风味与营养价值。
目前,大部分研究侧重于乳酸菌发酵绿茶的工艺、风味及功能性研究,通常以蔗糖或者果葡糖浆作为外来碳源,很少有人研究不同低聚糖对绿茶乳酸菌发酵特性的影响。绿茶中大量的茶多酚表现出较强的抗菌活性[7−10],从而抑制了乳酸菌在绿茶中的存活与增殖,仅以乳酸菌接种发酵无法达到绿茶发酵的最大效益。低聚异麦芽糖、低聚果糖和低聚半乳糖三种益生元是被广泛应用于食品工业中的功能性低聚糖,研究表明低聚糖和益生菌的协同作用可以增强乳酸菌发酵的功能特性[11],对益生菌的生长具有增殖作用[12−13],添加低聚糖可以在一定程度上促进乳酸菌的发酵性能,从而提高产品的营养价值和感官品质。
本研究以陕南毛尖绿茶为原料制备绿茶浸提液,分别添加蔗糖、低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖和低聚异麦芽糖,选用植物乳植杆菌发酵制备发酵绿茶。以添加蔗糖发酵的绿茶为对照,对添加不同低聚糖的发酵绿茶的理化性质、单体酚含量、抗氧化活性、有机酸含量和香气成分进行比较,探究添加不同低聚糖对乳酸菌发酵绿茶品质及挥发性风味物质的影响,为开发营养风味良好、香气典型的功能性绿茶发酵饮品提供理论依据。
陕南毛尖绿茶 购于陕西杨凌,在保质期内;植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 90,Lp90) 上海华朴生命健康科技有限公司;蔗糖 广州福正东海食品有限公司;低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖、低聚异麦芽糖 山东百龙创园生物科技股份有限公司;MRS肉汤培养基 北京陆桥技术股份有限公司;甲醇、甲酸、乙腈、乳酸、苹果酸、乙酸、异丁酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、没食子酸、没食子酸儿茶素、儿茶素、表儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、咖啡酸 色谱纯,上海阿拉丁生化技术公司;2-辛醇 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、2,2'-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)、2,4,6-三吡啶基三嗪(TPTZ) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;其他化学试剂均为国产分析纯。
BKQ-B50II立式高压蒸汽灭菌锅 山东博科生物产业有限公司;LRH-250CL恒温培养箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;GL-10MD大容量高速冷冻离心机 湖南湘仪仪器开发有限公司;ALC-210.3电子分析天平 福州华志科学仪器有限公司;SW-CJ-1FD超净工作台 苏州安泰空气技术有限公司;PB-10 pH计 上海梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司;ATAGO手持式糖度计、QP2010气相色谱-质谱联用仪、LC-2030 PLUS高效液相色谱仪 日本岛津公司;DK-98-IIA电热恒温水浴锅、SHJ-A4水浴恒温振荡器 金坛市宏华仪器厂;UV1800PC紫外可见分光光度计 陕西天平仪器设备有限公司。
以85 ℃纯净水浸泡陕南毛尖绿茶20 min,茶水比为1:40(w/v),将100目尼龙纱布过滤后的3000 mL茶汤等分装入4个食品级的1000 mL锥形瓶中,分别添加8%的蔗糖、低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖和低聚异麦芽糖,充分搅拌溶解,在115 ℃条件下灭菌15 min,冷却至室温。
称取Lp90菌粉0.01 g,置于250 mL MRS肉汤培养基中,置于恒温培养箱中37 ℃恒温活化12 h后,离心(6000×g,15 min,4 ℃)弃去上清液,使用生理盐水洗涤菌泥2次,得到活化后的乳酸菌悬液。
将活化后的植物乳植杆菌按1%(v/v)的添加量接种至调糖后的绿茶浸提液中,封口后充分摇匀,置于恒温培养箱中37 ℃恒温发酵48 h,期间每隔12 h取一次样,以添加蔗糖发酵的绿茶为对照,对添加低聚异麦芽糖(IMO)的发酵绿茶、低聚半乳糖(GOS)的发酵绿茶和低聚果糖(FOS)的发酵绿茶进行相关指标测定。
活菌数:用标准涂布平板法测定活菌落数,首先用等梯度的0.9%生理盐水将1 mL发酵绿茶稀释至适当体积,将稀释后的绿茶均匀涂抹在固体培养基上进行培养。对菌落数在30~300 CFU范围内的平板进行菌落计数,并以log CFU/mL表示。
pH:将待测样品摇匀,取10 mL置于烧杯中,使用pH计在室温下测定pH,待数值稳定后读数。
可溶性固形物:在20 ℃下使用手持糖度仪进行测定,以蒸馏水为空白,结果以°Brix表示。
采用福林酚比色法测定发酵绿茶中总酚含量[14]。将2.5 mL福林酚试剂(10%,v/v)添加至0.5 mL经稀释的绿茶样品中,后加入2 mL 75 g/L Na2CO3溶液振荡1 min,避光反应40 min,于紫外波长760 nm测定绿茶样品的吸光度,根据没食子酸的标准曲线计算绿茶样品中的总酚含量,结果以每升茶汤中没食子酸的毫克当量(mg GAE/L)表示。
采用氯化铝比色法测定样品中的总黄酮含量[15]。将0.5 mL 50 g/L NaNO2溶液添加至4 mL经稀释的绿茶样品中,反应5 min后加入1 mL 100 g/L AlCl3溶液,反应5 min,最后加入2 mL 2 mol/L NaOH溶液,反应10 min后用分光光度计测定反应液在510 nm处的吸光度值,根据(+)-儿茶素(0.05~1.00 mg/mL)的标准曲线计算绿茶样品中的总黄酮含量,结果以每升茶汤中(+)-儿茶素当量(mg RE/L)表示。
使用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测绿茶在发酵过程中儿茶素、没食子酸和咖啡因含量[16]。发酵绿茶样品用0.45 μm亲水性滤器过滤至HPLC样品瓶中待测。选取色谱级的没食子酸、没食子酸儿茶素、儿茶素、表儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、表儿茶素没食子酸酯和咖啡酸标准品,用90%甲醇配制单体酚标准液(100.0 mg/L)并稀释,得到浓度为0.5~50.0 mg/L的单体酚工作液,测定前置于棕色瓶内在4 ℃保存。测定条件:流动相:A:甲酸溶液(1%,v/v),B:乙腈,梯度洗脱程序:0 min,5% B;5 min,5% B;25 min,12% B;40 min,30% B;50 min,45% B;51 min,5% B;60 min,5% B,流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长260 nm和320 nm,检测温度30 ℃,进样量10 μL。采用外标法对单体酚的检测结果进行峰保留时间定性和峰面积定量分析。
DPPH自由基清除能力的测定:将样品稀释2倍后,取2 mL经稀释的样品与4 mL 0.045 mg/mL DPPH甲醇溶液混合后避光反应30 min,用紫外分光光度计在517 nm处测定溶液吸光度值(Asample),以溶剂和DPPH甲醇溶液混合为对照(Acontrol)。DPPH自由基清除活性计算公式如下[17]:
$ \rm DPPH自由基清除活性({\text{%}}) =\frac{{A}_{control}-{A_{sample}}}{{A_{control}}}\times 100 $
ABTS+自由基清除能力的测定:将2.45 mmol/L K2S2O8溶液和7 mmol/L ABTS 1:1混合,避光反应16 h制备ABTS阳离子自由基,所得溶液用80%乙醇稀释至734 nm处吸光度为0.70±0.02即得到ABTS阳离子自由基试剂。将600 μL稀释后的样品与5.4 mL ABTS阳离子自由基试剂混合,反应6 min,用紫外分光光度计测定溶液在734 nm处的吸光度值(Asample)。以溶剂和ABTS阳离子自由基试剂混合为对照(Acontrol)。ABTS+自由基清除活性计算公式如下[18]:
$ \rm ABTS^+自由基清除活性({\text{%}}) =\frac{{A_{control}-A_{sample}}}{{A_{control}}}\times 100 $
铁还原能力的测定:稀释样品,将0.3 mol/L醋酸缓冲液(pH3.6)、10 mmol/L TPTZ溶液(用40 mmol/L HCl溶解)和20 mmol/L FeCl3溶液以10:1:1的体积比混合,37 ℃反应30 min制备FRAP试剂。随后将200 μL稀释后的样品与6 mL FRAP试剂混合,在593 nm处测定溶液的吸光度值,根据Trolox标准曲线计算绿茶样品的铁还原能力,结果以每升茶汤中Trolox的毫摩尔当量(mmol Trolox/L)表示[19]。
使用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定有机酸含量[20]。发酵绿茶样品用0.45 μm亲水性滤器过滤至HPLC样品瓶中待测。选取色谱级的乳酸、苹果酸、乙酸、异丁酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸标准品,用甲醇配制有机酸标准液(10.0 g/L)并稀释得到浓度为0.4~10.0 g/L的有机酸工作液,测定前置于棕色瓶内在4 ℃保存。测定条件:流动相:A:KH2PO4(0.01 mol/L,pH2.7),B:甲醇,A:B=97:3,等浓度洗脱,流速0.6 mL/min,检测波长210 nm,检测温度20 ℃,进样量10 μL。采用外标法对有机酸的检测结果进行峰保留时间定性和峰面积定量分析。
用顶空固相微萃取技术-气相色谱-质谱联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对绿茶样品的挥发性风味物质进行检测[21]。移取5 mL绿茶样品于含有2 g NaCl的进样瓶中,再加入10 μL 0.2 mg/mL的2-辛醇(用乙醇配制)作为内标。检测条件如下:进样瓶先在45 ℃环境下平衡15 min,再用老化处理过的萃取头插入进样瓶中,顶空吸附30 min后解吸,用GC-MS对解吸的挥发性风味物质进行分析。
色谱条件如下:色谱柱:DB-17MS毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm);升温程序:起始温度40 ℃,保持3 min后以4 ℃/min的速率升温至120 ℃,再以6 ℃/min的速率升温至240 ℃,保持9 min;自动进样;进样口温度250 ℃;载气为氦气;流速为1.93 mL/min;不分流进样。
质谱条件:电子电离源;电子能量70 eV;离子源温度230 ℃;接口温度230 ℃;质量扫描范围m/z 35~500。
根据气相色谱-质谱中的NIST 14质谱数据库、匹配度和保留时间对各个物质进行检索。选择匹配度大于85的物质作为有效的挥发性风味物质,采用2-辛醇作为内标物,按下式计算发酵绿茶中挥发性风味物质的含量:
$ {挥发性风味物质含量(\text{μg/L})=\dfrac{各物质的峰面积}{内标物的峰面积}\times 内标物质量浓度(\text{μg/L})} $
所有实验重复三次,结果以平均值±标准差表示。采用Minitab 21软件进行单因素方差分析,经Tukey检验,P<0.05表示样本之间存在显著性差异。用Origin 2023b软件制作图表、Excel 2019处理数据。
如如图1所示,发酵过程中,绿茶的活菌数均呈先上升后下降趋势,且发酵48 h后活菌数显著高于初始值(7.57 log CFU/mL)(P<0.05)。与添加蔗糖的发酵绿茶相比,添加低聚糖的发酵绿茶显示出更高活菌数,结果表明添加低聚糖能够促进植物乳植杆菌的生长和增殖。其中,添加低聚异麦芽糖的发酵绿茶的活菌数高于其他组,在发酵48 h时为7.84 log CFU/mL。
如图2a所示,发酵绿茶的pH均呈下降趋势。添加蔗糖的发酵绿茶pH从发酵初的5.14显著下降至3.84(P<0.05),添加低聚糖发酵绿茶pH的下降幅度大于对照组,其中,添加低聚半乳糖的发酵绿茶pH最低为3.62,这是因为添加低聚糖促进了发酵过程中乳酸的生成,从而使绿茶pH下降[22]。如图2b所示,绿茶的可溶性固形物含量均由发酵前的9.6°Brix下降为9.3°Brix~9.4°Brix,添加低聚糖的发酵绿茶可溶性固形物含量与对照组没有显著差异(P>0.05)。
如图3a所示,添加蔗糖、低聚半乳糖和低聚果糖的发酵绿茶总酚含量呈上升趋势,低聚异麦芽糖组呈上升后下降趋势,发酵后总酚含量显著高于初始含量(2116.04 mg GAE/L)(P<0.05),原因是乳酸菌通过产生β-半乳糖苷酶将复杂的酚类化合物水解为较为简单的形式,并能够从植物细胞壁释放可溶性共轭或不溶性结合酚类化合物,促进酚类物质的释放[23],同时,发酵过程中的酸性环境使茶多酚与咖啡碱等金属离子发生络合作用,抑制了茶多酚类氧化褐变,使其较发酵前含量增多[24]。低聚异麦芽糖组总酚含量在后期下降,可能是因为添加低聚异麦芽糖的发酵绿茶中活菌数最高,植物乳植杆菌的生长繁殖消耗过多营养物质,导致酚类物质减少。发酵48 h后,添加低聚糖的发酵绿茶总酚含量均显著高于对照组(2466.25 mg GAE/L)(P<0.05),其中,低聚半乳糖的发酵绿茶总酚含量最高(2552.21 mg GAE/L)。
如图3b所示,与未发酵绿茶相比,发酵绿茶的总黄酮含量显著增加(P<0.05),呈先上升后下降趋势,这是因为乳酸菌发酵会破坏细胞壁结构,从而促使黄酮类化合物释放,导致总黄酮含量上升[25];发酵后期,总黄酮含量下降,可能是因为植物乳植杆菌在发酵过程中分泌多种糖苷酶,导致黄酮糖苷物逐渐分解[26]。发酵48 h后,添加低聚糖的发酵绿茶总黄酮含量显著高于对照组(354.66 mg RE/L)(P<0.05),其中,添加低聚异麦芽糖的发酵绿茶总黄酮含量最高(365.83 mg RE/L)。
儿茶素可以通过中和氮氧自由基发挥抗氧化活性[27],是绿茶中最重要的多酚类物质。如表1所示,发酵48 h,除儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯和表没食子儿茶素含量外,添加低聚糖的发酵绿茶中单体酚含量与发酵对照组存在显著差异(P<0.05)。没食子酸儿茶素、没食子酸、咖啡酸和表儿茶素含量显著下降(P<0.05),添加低聚异麦芽糖的发酵绿茶没食子酸儿茶素(11.85 mg/L)、没食子酸(21.12 mg/L)和咖啡酸(104.45 mg/L)含量最低,添加低聚果糖的发酵绿茶表儿茶素含量(35.70 mg/L)最低。儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、表没食子儿茶素含量基本不变。没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯和表儿茶素没食子酸酯含量显著上升(P<0.05),其中,在添加低聚半乳糖的发酵绿茶中检测到没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(30.28 mg/L)和表儿茶素没食子酸酯(8.99 mg/L)含量最高。这是因为低聚糖添加能增强植物乳植杆菌的繁殖与活性,从而促进发酵期间绿茶中单体酚的转化、降解和生成反应。
本研究通过测定ABTS+自由基、DPPH自由基和铁还原能力进行发酵绿茶的抗氧化活性分析。自由基的过度积累会导致细胞内氧化应激,而氧化应激是导致衰老和冠心病、炎症感染和癌症等疾病的主要原因[28]。发酵过程中绿茶复杂多酚类物质降解成的小分子多酚物质可以提供电子来灭活自由基。如图4所示,发酵前后,除添加蔗糖的ABTS+自由基清除活性未发生显著变化外,其他抗氧化活性均得到显著提高,添加低聚糖的发酵绿茶抗氧化活性总体上显著高于添加蔗糖组(P<0.05),其中,在添加低聚半乳糖的发酵绿茶中检测到最高水平的DPPH自由基清除活性(79.20%)和铁离子还原力(23.95 mmol Trolox/L),在添加低聚异麦芽糖的发酵绿茶中检测到最高水平的ABTS+自由基清除活性(89.40%),这表明添加低聚糖能显著提高发酵绿茶的抗氧化活性,原因可能是多酚化合物与抗氧化活性有较强相关性,添加低聚糖会使发酵绿茶中总酚含量上升,进而增强其抗氧化活性。
有机酸与其他呈味物质相互协调,与茶汤“鲜爽醇和”的口感息息相关。如表2所示,绿茶发酵48 h后,其乳酸、乙酸、异丁酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸含量增加,苹果酸含量减少,与发酵对照组相比,添加低聚糖的发酵绿茶有机酸总含量增加。乳酸是绿茶发酵过程中产生的最主要的有机酸,其增加是由于葡萄糖作为糖酵解途径的前体转化为丙酮酸,在乳酸脱氢酶的参与下,丙酮酸被还原为乳酸[29]。苹果酸是绿茶发酵过程中产生的较为主要的有机酸,是植物乳植杆菌发酵过程中首选的底物。短链脂肪酸(乙酸、异丁酸)显著影响着茶的风味和人类健康[30]。在添加蔗糖和不同低聚糖的发酵绿茶中,添加低聚异麦芽糖的发酵绿茶中乳酸(2.53 g/L)和柠檬酸(0.65 g/L)含量最高;添加低聚半乳糖的发酵绿茶中苹果酸(1.70 g/L)含量最低,异丁酸(0.38 g/L)和琥珀酸(3.85 g/L)含量最高;添加低聚果糖的发酵绿茶中乙酸(3.10 g/L)含量最高。这可能是因为添加低聚糖促进了发酵过程中糖酵解等发酵途径,导致乳酸、乙酸等有机酸含量增加。结果表明添加低聚糖比蔗糖促进了更多有机酸的生成。
消费者对发酵绿茶的喜爱度与其挥发性风味物质的组成和含量密切相关,低聚糖的类型和结构能通过影响植物乳植杆菌的代谢途径和能力,进而影响最终发酵产品的风味特征。表3展示了绿茶发酵前后挥发性风味物质的变化,共检测到56种挥发性风味化合物,其中包括14种醇类、9种烯类、6种酸类、10种酮类、7种酯类、5种醛类、2种烷烃类和3种其他(呋喃、酚类等),香气特征通过ChemicalBook数据库查询。与未发酵绿茶相比,发酵绿茶总挥发性风味物质含量大幅增加,其中最高为添加低聚异麦芽糖的发酵绿茶(43987.09 μg/L),最低为添加蔗糖的发酵对照组(27451.06 μg/L)。
醇类是绿茶整个发酵阶段中占主导地位的挥发性风味物质,发酵后占绿茶挥发性风味物质总含量的35%~39%。添加低聚糖的发酵绿茶中醇类物质含量高于发酵对照组,其中,低聚异麦芽糖的发酵绿茶醇类物质含量最高,达17024.08 μg/L;添加蔗糖的发酵绿茶醇类物质含量最低,为10680.88 μg/L。其中,alpha-松油醇是醇类化合物的重要组成部分,具有紫丁香花香。发酵结束后,添加低聚糖的发酵绿茶alpha-松油醇含量高于添加蔗糖组,其中添加低聚异麦芽糖的alpha-松油醇含量最大为4886.10 μg/L。橙花醇、香叶醇和叶醇也是绿茶中的重要醇类化合物,分别具有甜天然柑橘香、花果香和青草香气[31],发酵后绿茶中三种醇含量显著增加(P<0.05),其中,添加低聚异麦芽糖的发酵绿茶中橙花醇、香叶醇和叶醇含量较高,分别为703.41、2298.97和2613.78 μg/L。此外,异戊醇是添加低聚糖额外产生的风味物质,为发酵绿茶赋予了全新的清新花果香气。苯甲醇、橙花醇和香叶醇等醇类的增加可能是β-葡萄糖苷酶水解糖苷的结果[32]。添加低聚半乳糖的发酵绿茶中醇类物质最多,共有14种,说明添加低聚糖发酵会增加绿茶中醇类物质的种类和含量。
烯类物质也是绿茶芳香化合物的重要组成部分,占发酵绿茶挥发性风味物质总含量的22%~31%,添加低聚异麦芽糖的发酵绿茶烯类物质含量最高为9882.66 μg/L,添加蔗糖的发酵绿茶最低为8318.39 μg/L。研究表明月桂烯对绿茶的主要风味有重要贡献,月桂烯是主要的烯类物质,具有强烈的花果香、青木香和白柠檬香[33],添加低聚异麦芽糖的发酵绿茶的月桂烯含量显著高于添加蔗糖组(P<0.05),为2506.47 μg/L。
酸类物质是绿茶发酵后才产生的风味物质,共鉴定出丙二酸、己酸、法尼酸、月桂酸、辛酸、正癸酸6种,添加蔗糖的发酵绿茶中检测出3种,添加低聚糖的发酵绿茶中检测出5种,其中添加低聚半乳糖的发酵绿茶酸类物质总含量最高为370.22 μg/L,占挥发性风味物质总含量的0.01%左右。低聚糖的添加使发酵绿茶新增法尼酸、月桂酸与正癸酸三种酸类物质,分别赋予了发酵绿茶丁香及仙来花香味、月桂油香味和坚果香气,说明添加低聚糖丰富了发酵绿茶中的酸类化合物,有助于改善发酵绿茶整体的香气,使其更受消费者青睐。
发酵绿茶独特的清爽香气与酮类、酯类和醛类化合物的含量有关,这些挥发性风味物质为发酵产品提供了可接受的风味[34]。绿茶中最具代表性的酮类化合物是大马士酮、beta-紫罗兰酮和2-壬酮[35],分别赋予绿茶玫瑰、蜂蜜与花果味、甜木质与坚果气味和草本气味,在添加低聚糖半乳糖的发酵绿茶中检测到大马士酮含量最高为1172.79 μg/L,在添加低聚果糖组中检测出beta-紫罗兰酮和2-壬酮含量最高分别为370.87 μg/L和1829.64 μg/L,有助于绿茶香气特征的形成。酮类是氧化反应的最终产物,低聚糖的添加促进了氧化反应发生,使绿茶中酮类物质的种类与含量增多。乙酸芳樟酯是绿茶中的主要酯类化合物,具有类似铃兰、薰衣草等香精油的幽雅香气,在添加低聚异麦芽糖的发酵绿茶中检测出最高含量2914.58 μg/L。添加低聚糖产生的两种新酯类物质是乙酸乙酯和甲酸辛酯,分别带有清灵果香和水果香气,酯类挥发性风味物质的增加与发酵过程中前体物质的代谢转化有关,可能是由氨基酸作为前体生成[36]。添加低聚糖的发酵绿茶新增葵醛、正辛醛、庚醛和2,4-二甲基苯甲醛4种醛类物质,其醛类物质总含量均高于添加蔗糖组,其中,低聚半乳糖发酵组含量最高为3198.51 μg/L。添加低聚异麦芽糖和低聚半乳糖的发酵绿茶中检测到较高醛类物质含量,这可能是因为低聚异麦芽糖和低聚果糖的添加能促进脂肪酸转化为醛类挥发性风味物质的降解反应。
如图5利用热图对挥发性风味物质进行了层次聚类分析,以揭示其中的关系。添加不同低聚糖的发酵绿茶主要分为四个聚类。添加低聚异麦芽糖的发酵绿茶为一类,香气组成与其他发酵绿茶有明显差别,其含有最丰富的酮类物质(甲基庚烯酮、3,5-辛二烯-2-酮)和酯类物质(乙酸乙酯、甲酸辛酯)。添加低聚半乳糖的发酵绿茶为一类,其含有丰富的醛类物质(癸醛、庚醛)。添加蔗糖的发酵绿茶为一类。添加低聚果糖的发酵绿茶为一类。分类结果表明,不同低聚糖对风味的形成有显著影响。
本研究分析了不同低聚糖对植物乳植杆菌发酵绿茶发酵后各项理化指标、抗氧化活性、挥发性风味物质及活性成分的影响。结果表明,与添加蔗糖的发酵绿茶相比,添加三种低聚糖的绿茶发酵后活菌数增加,pH降低,总酚和总黄酮含量显著增加,单体酚含量发生显著变化,抗氧化活性显著增强,有机酸含量与对照组存在显著差异,低聚糖的加入也会显著增加发酵绿茶中挥发性风味物质的含量(P<0.05)。在添加低聚糖的发酵绿茶中检测出13种新生成的挥发性风味物质,表明添加低聚糖发酵可以赋予绿茶新的风味,提高发酵绿茶香气的复杂程度,使其具有独特的绿茶香气。添加低聚糖不仅改善了发酵绿茶的品质与风味,还为功能性发酵茶产品的开发提供了理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070292
  • 接收时间:2025-07-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-07-01
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    1西北农林科技大学食品科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌 712100
    2西北农林科技大学风景园林艺术学院,陕西杨凌 712100

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雷宏杰(1984−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品发酵与酿造,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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total species (%)
属
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种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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