Article(id=1320883743779303781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881884691808691, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.202508178, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755446400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852825349, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1782835200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852825349, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852825349, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852825349, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881884691808691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='522', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782835200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852382109, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852382109, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=177, endPage=184, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883743976436070, articleId=1320883743779303781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Improvement of Emulsifying Properties of Almond Kernel Protein by L-Lysine and L-Arginine and Its Structural Effects, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the water solubility of Badam kernel protein (BKP) and expand its application scope, this study prepared BKP-L-arginine (L-Arg)/L-lysine (L-Lys) mixed emulsions by introducing L-Arg and L-Lys into BKP, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and other analytical techniques were employed to characterize the structural and physicochemical properties of the mixed emulsions. The results demonstrated that L-Arg/L-Lys primarily enhanced the water solubility of BKP by elevating the pH of the BKP solution. Compared with the pH-adjustment treatment group (control group), the L-Arg treatment group and L-Lys treatment group significantly improved the water solubility of BKP. Specifically, the L-Arg treatment and L-Lys treatment increased the water solubility of BKP from 67.83% in the control group to 83.57% and 81.77%, respectively (P<0.05). Furthermore, the introduction of L-Arg and L-Lys also significantly improved the emulsifying activity index (EAI) and emulsifying stability index (ESI) of BKP, compared with the control group, the L-Arg and L-Lys treatments increased EAI by approximately 64.13 m2/g and 57.24 m2/g, respectively (P<0.05), and increased ESI by 37.00% and 29.02%, respectively (P<0.05). Modification with L-Arg and L-Lys can effectively overcome the inherent water solubility limitation of BKP and confer better emulsifying capacity to it. Owing to its excellent water solubility and emulsifying properties, the modified BKP is anticipated to serve as a high-performance natural protein additive, finding widespread application in emulsion-type food systems such as beverages, sauces, and dairy products, thus possessing broad application prospects.

, authors=Na XIA1, *, Yongsong ZHANG1, Yanan ZHANG1, Yueli WANG1, Ming YU2, authorsList=Na XIA, Yongsong ZHANG, Yanan ZHANG, Yueli WANG, Ming YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Na XIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883746266526069, articleId=1320883743779303781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=L-赖氨酸与L-精氨酸对巴旦木仁蛋白乳化性能的改良及其结构的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了改善巴旦木蛋白(Badam Kernel Protein,BKP)的水溶性和拓展其应用,本研究分别向巴旦木蛋白中引入L-精氨酸(L-Arginine,L-Arg)和L-赖氨酸(L-Lysine,L-Lys)制备BKP-L-Arg/L-Lys的混合乳液。利用傅里叶红外光谱、内源荧光光谱、紫外光谱等来表征混合乳液的结构特性和理化特性。结果表明,L-Arg/L-Lys主要通过提高BKP溶液的pH来达到改善BKP水溶性的目的。与pH变化处理组(对照组)相比,L-Arg处理组和L-Lys处理组能更显著地提高BKP的水溶性。L-Arg处理组和L-Lys处理组分别使BKP的水溶性从对照组的67.83%提高到83.57%和81.77%(P<0.05)。此外,引入L-Arg和L-Lys也显著改善了BKP的乳化活性(Emulsifying Activity Index,EAI)及其稳定性(Emulsifying Stability Index,ESI),与对照组相比,L-Arg处理组和L-Lys处理组分别使EAI提高约64.13 m2/g和57.24 m2/g(P<0.05),ESI提高了37.00%和29.02%(P<0.05)。L-Arg与L-Lys改性可有效克服BKP原有的水溶性限制,并赋予其更好的乳化能力。经改性的BKP因其优良的水溶性和乳化性,有望作为一种高性能的天然蛋白添加剂,应用于饮料、酱料、乳制品等乳液型食品体系中,具有广阔的应用前景。

, authors=夏娜1, *, 张永松1, 张亚楠1, 王月丽1, 余铭2, authorsList=夏娜, 张永松, 张亚楠, 王月丽, 余铭, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=夏娜, authorNote=

夏娜(1985−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:生物活性物质研究,E-mail:

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夏娜(1985−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:生物活性物质研究,E-mail:。
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注:不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05);图3~图5同。

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注:组间不同小写字母表示具有显著性差异,P<0.05。

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L-赖氨酸与L-精氨酸对巴旦木仁蛋白乳化性能的改良及其结构的影响
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夏娜 1, * , 张永松 1 , 张亚楠 1 , 王月丽 1 , 余铭 2
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(13): 177-184
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (13) : 177 -184
L-赖氨酸与L-精氨酸对巴旦木仁蛋白乳化性能的改良及其结构的影响
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夏娜1, * , 张永松1, 张亚楠1, 王月丽1, 余铭2
作者信息
  • 1喀什大学生命与地理科学学院,新疆帕米尔高原生物资源与生态重点实验室,新疆喀什 844000
  • 2广东海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,广东阳江 529500
通讯作者:
夏娜(1985−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:生物活性物质研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

夏娜(1985−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:生物活性物质研究,E-mail:

Improvement of Emulsifying Properties of Almond Kernel Protein by L-Lysine and L-Arginine and Its Structural Effects
Na XIA1, * , Yongsong ZHANG1, Yanan ZHANG1, Yueli WANG1, Ming YU2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Life and Geographic Sciences, Kashi University, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecology of Pamirs Plateau, Kashi 844000, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China
出版时间: 2026-07-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.202508178
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为了改善巴旦木蛋白(Badam Kernel Protein,BKP)的水溶性和拓展其应用,本研究分别向巴旦木蛋白中引入L-精氨酸(L-Arginine,L-Arg)和L-赖氨酸(L-Lysine,L-Lys)制备BKP-L-Arg/L-Lys的混合乳液。利用傅里叶红外光谱、内源荧光光谱、紫外光谱等来表征混合乳液的结构特性和理化特性。结果表明,L-Arg/L-Lys主要通过提高BKP溶液的pH来达到改善BKP水溶性的目的。与pH变化处理组(对照组)相比,L-Arg处理组和L-Lys处理组能更显著地提高BKP的水溶性。L-Arg处理组和L-Lys处理组分别使BKP的水溶性从对照组的67.83%提高到83.57%和81.77%(P<0.05)。此外,引入L-Arg和L-Lys也显著改善了BKP的乳化活性(Emulsifying Activity Index,EAI)及其稳定性(Emulsifying Stability Index,ESI),与对照组相比,L-Arg处理组和L-Lys处理组分别使EAI提高约64.13 m2/g和57.24 m2/g(P<0.05),ESI提高了37.00%和29.02%(P<0.05)。L-Arg与L-Lys改性可有效克服BKP原有的水溶性限制,并赋予其更好的乳化能力。经改性的BKP因其优良的水溶性和乳化性,有望作为一种高性能的天然蛋白添加剂,应用于饮料、酱料、乳制品等乳液型食品体系中,具有广阔的应用前景。

扁桃仁蛋白  /  改性  /  溶解度  /  乳化性  /  结构变化

To improve the water solubility of Badam kernel protein (BKP) and expand its application scope, this study prepared BKP-L-arginine (L-Arg)/L-lysine (L-Lys) mixed emulsions by introducing L-Arg and L-Lys into BKP, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and other analytical techniques were employed to characterize the structural and physicochemical properties of the mixed emulsions. The results demonstrated that L-Arg/L-Lys primarily enhanced the water solubility of BKP by elevating the pH of the BKP solution. Compared with the pH-adjustment treatment group (control group), the L-Arg treatment group and L-Lys treatment group significantly improved the water solubility of BKP. Specifically, the L-Arg treatment and L-Lys treatment increased the water solubility of BKP from 67.83% in the control group to 83.57% and 81.77%, respectively (P<0.05). Furthermore, the introduction of L-Arg and L-Lys also significantly improved the emulsifying activity index (EAI) and emulsifying stability index (ESI) of BKP, compared with the control group, the L-Arg and L-Lys treatments increased EAI by approximately 64.13 m2/g and 57.24 m2/g, respectively (P<0.05), and increased ESI by 37.00% and 29.02%, respectively (P<0.05). Modification with L-Arg and L-Lys can effectively overcome the inherent water solubility limitation of BKP and confer better emulsifying capacity to it. Owing to its excellent water solubility and emulsifying properties, the modified BKP is anticipated to serve as a high-performance natural protein additive, finding widespread application in emulsion-type food systems such as beverages, sauces, and dairy products, thus possessing broad application prospects.

almond kernel protein  /  modified  /  solubility  /  emulsification  /  structural change
夏娜, 张永松, 张亚楠, 王月丽, 余铭. L-赖氨酸与L-精氨酸对巴旦木仁蛋白乳化性能的改良及其结构的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (13) : 177 -184 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.202508178
Na XIA, Yongsong ZHANG, Yanan ZHANG, Yueli WANG, Ming YU. Improvement of Emulsifying Properties of Almond Kernel Protein by L-Lysine and L-Arginine and Its Structural Effects[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (13) : 177 -184 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.202508178
植物蛋白是一种从植物中提取的蛋白,在健康饮食和环保意识剧增的今天,它在人们的膳食中扮演着越来越重要的角色。近年来,由于健康意识的提高及对动物福利和环境影响的关注以及素食主义者的流行,植物蛋白正迅速占领相关市场。植物蛋白质在食品配方中扮演着重要的角色,包括胶凝剂、增稠剂、发泡剂、乳化稳定剂、水和脂肪结合剂等[1]。然而,大多数植物蛋白由于水溶性和乳化性较差,以及对pH、离子强度和温度等的敏感性,造成其功能性较差和应用有限。因此,对植物蛋白质进行改性以改变植物蛋白的理化性质,可以改善其功能性和生物活性,并克服其局限性[2]。巴旦木蛋白(Badam Kernel Protein,BKP)是一种优质蛋白质,主要由分子量为20~22和42~46 kDa的肽段组成[3]。BKP含有丰富的氨基酸,包括人体必需的八种氨基酸,具有很大的利用空间。蛋白质的功能和营养特性决定了其作为食品配料和工业产品的重要性。有研究显示BKP的等电点为pH4.0~5.0[4],当溶液pH接近BKP等电点时,其分子表面净电荷接近0,分子间静电斥力较小,蛋白质容易发生聚集沉淀,这会导致其溶解性降低,可能影响到产品均匀性和稳定性[5]。而在食品加工中,为了提高其溶解性和功能特性,pH一般会控制在6~8之间,应用的酸碱调节剂主要是氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾等[6],而这些调节剂具有强腐蚀性,需要严格控制用量,对设备要求较高。因此,可以将蛋白质与其他具有不同功能特性的成分,如多糖、多酚,甚至是氨基酸进行复配,达到改性BKP水溶性的目的。
氨基酸修饰蛋白质被认为是一种有效的改性方法,被广泛应用于蛋白质的改性工作中。其中尤以碱性氨基酸:精氨酸(Arginine,Arg)和赖氨酸(Lysine,Lys),在对蛋白质改性过程中被频繁使用。Arg和Lys的侧链含有氨基和胍基等带正电的基团,能够在蛋白质表面形成带正电的环境,在水中易溶解,表现出较强的亲水性[7],这对于蛋白质的稳定性、功能以及与其他分子的相互作用都有重要影响。此外,Arg和Lys的侧链都较长,这使得它们能够较容易地与蛋白质的其他部分或其他分子通过氢键、疏水作用等发生相互作用[8]。它们各自侧链的氨基和胍基可以链接额外的分子或者用于交联反应,更容易对蛋白质进行修饰[9]。因此,Arg和Lys因其独特的化学和物理特性,在蛋白质改性中被广泛使用,以改善蛋白质的功能、稳定性和应用范围。
Zhang等[7]利用Lys对猪血红蛋白进行改性,显著改善了蛋白肽的抗氧化活性和构象稳定性。还有研究显示Lys和Arg通过调节鸡肌原纤维蛋白的乳化和溶解性能[10]。Zhu等[11]的研究显示Lys和Arg对大豆蛋白水解物的溶解度、荧光强度和表面疏水性有增强作用,大豆蛋白的α-螺旋含量减少。随着食品工业向精准化与功能化方向发展,通过氨基酸改性实现对蛋白质结构的精确调控已成为前沿热点。现有研究表明,Lys与Arg是改善蛋白质功能特性的有效修饰剂,但这些研究未能深入揭示其引起二级结构定量转变(如α-螺旋与β-折叠的转化比例)的规律,这使得目前的改性策略仍带有一定的经验性。对于营养价值高但加工性能受限的BKP,这一关键机理研究尚属空白。填补这一空白,不仅能为BKP的高值化利用提供坚实的理论依据,更将为植物蛋白领域的精准改性提供重要参考。
本研究考察了Lys和Arg对BKP的粒径分布、Zeta电位、溶解性、乳化活性指数(Emulsifying Activity Index,EAI)和乳化稳定性指数(Emulsification Stability Index,ESI)等的影响。并利用紫外光谱、荧光光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,FTIR)、游离巯基和游离氨基等对BKP的结构进行了研究。研究结果有助于理解Lys和Arg改性BKP的理化性质,为碱性氨基酸改性植物蛋白的应用提供理论依据。
巴旦木 广东南兴天虹果仁制品有限公司;L-精氨酸(L-Arg)、L-赖氨酸(L-Lys)、考马斯亮蓝等 深圳润慧生物科技公司;5,5′-Dithiobide(2-nitrobenzoic acid)(DTNB)、1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrhydrazyl(DPPH)、2,2′-Biazo-bis-3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid(ABTS)等 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)试剂盒(试剂规格等)、1-苯胺基-8-萘磺酸盐(1-Aniline-8-naphthalene sulfonate,ANS)等 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;其他试剂均为分析纯级。
MTW220电子天平 深圳市美孚电子有限公司;4-20R高速冷冻离心机 湖南恒诺仪器设备有限公司;PHSJ-3F pH计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、RF-6000荧光检测器、UV-1800紫外可见分光光度计 日本岛津仪器厂;DGJ-5C实验型冻干机 上海博登生物科技有限公司;Nicolet iN 10傅里叶变换红外光谱 Thermo Fisher Scientific公司。
根据陈复生等[12]方法,采用碱溶酸沉法制备巴旦木分离蛋白。将巴旦木仁初步粉碎,用正己烷脱脂后再次粉碎并且过80目筛网。设置脱脂巴旦木仁粉与水的料液质量比1:10混合,调节pH为7.0。室温下搅拌3 h后,将提取液以6000 r/min离心20 min。将上清液用透析袋(MD77,8000~14000)透析,最后冷冻干燥得到BKP。
采用Zhu等[11]的方法制备氨基酸修饰后的BKP,并进行了适当的修改。称取适量的BKP溶解于蒸馏水里,室温条件下搅拌至蛋白全部溶解,最终得到20 mg/mL BKP溶液,测得BKP溶液的pH为6.89,取部分溶液设为对照组。在上述BKP溶液中添加不同量的L-Lys/L-Arg,使蛋白溶液中L-Lys/L-Arg的最终质量浓度为1、2 mg/mL。测得添加氨基酸后对应的BKP溶液pH分别为:赖氨酸是9.04和9.60,精氨酸是9.31和9.74,并分别命名为“+1L”“+2L” L-Lys(mg/mL)和“+1A”“+2A”L-Arg(mg/mL)。同时对未添加氨基酸的BKP溶液进行了pH调整,使其与添加两种氨基酸后的蛋白溶液有相同的pH,并分别标注为“−1L”“−2L”L-Lys(mg/mL)和“−1A”“−2A”L-Arg(mg/mL)。将改性后的BKP溶液部分进行冷冻干燥后低温保存,部分在4 ℃下保存。
根据Mosleh等[13]的方法,用十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)测定BKP的分子量分布。将只进行pH变化处理和改性前后的BKP粉末溶解于蒸馏水中,取20 μL BKP溶液与10 μL上样缓冲液混合并沸水浴5 min。将10 μL样品混合液上样至凝胶中,在电压为120 V的条件下进行电泳。电泳完成后,将凝胶用考马斯亮蓝G-250染色40 min,用脱色液(甲醇:冰乙酸:水以体积比=2:1:7混合)脱色。
参照Sun等[14]方法并进行了适当的修改。对5种样品溶液进行适当稀释,在6000 r/min下离心30 min。采用双缩脲法测上清液中的蛋白质含量,以牛血清蛋白建立标准曲线:y=0.0925x+0.0068,R2=0.997,使用公式(1)计算BKP的溶解度:
$ \rm 溶解度({\text{%}})=\frac{{C}_{1}}{{C}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中,C0是BKP溶液中的蛋白质总含量(mg/mL);C1是上清液中蛋白质的含量(mg/mL)。
参照Jiang等[15]的方法检测BKP溶液的浊度。将BKP溶液用水进行稀释,使稀释后BKP的质量浓度保持为5 mg/mL,用分光光度计在波长为600 nm下检测其吸光度。
根据Wang等[16]的方法对BKP溶液的EAI和ESI进行测试。将5 mL还没有冻干的五组BKP溶液与5 mL玉米油混合,在12000 r/min下进行2 min均质。取均质液底部的50 μL乳化液和5 mL 1 mg/mL的SDS溶液混合,分光光度计在500 nm下测其吸光度值,用水作为空白对照。10 min后再次从均质液底部吸取50 μL乳化液进行重复操作。根据公式(2)和(3)计算BKP的EAI和ESI:
$\rm EAI({{m}^{2}}/{g})=\frac{2.303\times 2\times {A}_{0}\times N}{{10}^{4}\times C\times V} $
$ \rm ESI({\text{%}})=\frac{{A}_{10}}{{A}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中,A0和A10分别表示初始和10 min后的吸光度;N为稀释倍数;C是BKP的质量浓度(20 mg/mL);V是油相的体积分数(0.5)。
蛋白质表面的疏水性测定方法根据Malhotra等[17]进行改进。将BKP粉末溶于磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS,10 mmol/L,pH7.2)中,得到5 mg/mL的BKP溶液。再用PBS溶液将此BKP溶液稀释为0.1~0.5 mg/mL的梯度浓度。各取2 mL BKP溶液与20 μL 10 mol/L疏水型荧光探针ANS-Mg混匀,室温下避光静置15 min,最后利用荧光光谱仪检测其荧光强度的变化情况。设置λex=365 nm,λem=484 nm。通过拟合回归直线,以蛋白质的质量浓度(mg/mL)和荧光强度分别作为横、纵坐标,以直线斜率来作为BKP的表面疏水性数值(H0)。
参照Zhao等[18]的研究方法稍加改动测定游离巯基含量。将20 mg/mL的BKP溶液用去离子水稀释到2 mg/mL。取1 mL BKP溶液与4 mL的DTNB试剂(含0.086 mol/L Tris,0.09 mol/L甘氨酸和4 mmol/L DTNB,pH8.0)混合,在避光条件下放置15 min后用荧光光谱仪测定在412 nm处的吸光度。通过式(4)计算游离巯基含量:
$\rm 游离巯基含量=73.5 \times A_{412}\times {N}/{C} $
式中,N是稀释倍数,C是BKP浓度(2 mg/mL)。
使用荧光光谱仪记录样品的荧光光谱。将1 mg/mL稀释液置于比色皿中,选择荧光光谱检测模式。设置仪器激发波长为290 nm,发射波长范围为300~420 nm,数据间隔为1 nm,并设定扫描速度为600 nm/s。
使用去离子水将BKP溶液稀释至0.2 mg/mL,取2 mL稀释液使用分光光度计进行全波长扫描,记录220~400 nm波长范围内的光谱。
利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术对样品进行分析,在频率区间4000~500 cm−1内扫描32次,设定扫描分辨率为4 cm−1,获得红外吸收光谱。对特征吸收峰波数在1700~1600 cm−1范围内样品的红外光谱图进行基线校正、去卷积、二阶求导和曲线拟合等处理。通过分析蛋白中各个二级结构的波段位置和相应吸收峰的面积大小,研究各样品中蛋白质二级结构的变化。
所有实验进行三次平行实验,结果以平均值±标准差显示,对结果使用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件进行单因素方差分析和Duncan检验(P<0.05)。使用Origin 2024软件作图和数据分析。
BKP的分子量变化结果如图1所示。未经任何处理的BKP分子量在17~48 kDa之间出现3或4个条带,这与前人的研究结果类似:组成BKP的两种亚基(都由两个肽段组成)的肽段的分子量约为20~22 kDa和42~46 kDa[3]。经过pH变化处理以及L-Lys和L-Arg改性后的BKP,其分子量亦处于相同范围内,且主要集中分布于17~25 kDa,特别是在“−2”“+1”和“+2”这三种处理条件下。进一步分别比较两种氨基酸组内“−1”“−2”与“+1”组别的结果可知,pH变化并非导致BKP分子量改变的主要因素。较低浓度的L-Lys或L-Arg同样能发挥与较高pH环境下相似的作用,同时避免了强碱对蛋白质的不利影响,如引起氧化还原反应和导致蛋白质失活等不良反应[11]。这一现象可能与氨基酸介导的特定蛋白质修饰或降解途径有关。有研究表明碱性氨基酸可通过改变溶液离子环境及与蛋白的静电相互作用,影响蛋白质聚集状态,并可能激活内源性蛋白酶或诱导特定肽键的断裂[19]。本研究中L-Lys/L-Arg处理导致35~48 kDa高分子量条带减弱或模糊,很可能源于42~46 kDa亚基在修饰后发生了选择性降解,这与Wang等[20]在乳清蛋白–组氨酸、精氨酸和赖氨酸体系中发现氨基酸促进大亚基解聚为小分子肽段的结果相呼应。该分子量分布向低分子量区集中的结构变化,可能对BKP的功能性质产生双重影响:一方面,较小的蛋白片段通常更易溶解,从而有助于提升水溶性;另一方面,作为乳化功能关键组分的大分子亚基的降解[10],也可能在一定程度上影响界面吸附与薄膜稳定性,从而改变其乳化特性。
水溶性是蛋白质最重要的功能性质之一,其能直接影响蛋白质在食品等行业中的应用。为理清碱性氨基酸(L-Lys/L-Arg)本身及其引起的pH变化对BKP水溶性的各自贡献,本研究设置了对应pH的对照组(即“−1”“−2”组)。结果如图2所示。L-Lys处理后的水溶性:“+1L”是81.23%,“+2L”是81.77%;L-Arg处理后的水溶性:“+1A”是82.70%,“+2A”是83.57%,它们均显著高于未经过任何处理组的水溶性(67.83%)(P<0.05)。此外,在相同pH水平下(如同为pH10.5的“+1”组与“−1”组),L-Lys与L-Arg处理组的水溶性均显著高于其对应的pH对照组(P<0.05)。这一对比有力地证明,水溶性的提升并非仅由pH变化驱动,碱性氨基酸分子本身起到了关键性的增效作用。这种增效作用可能源于L-Lys的氨基和L-Arg的胍基能与蛋白质及水分子形成更多氢键,从而增强了蛋白质的水合能力[21]。
蛋白质的浊度是指当蛋白质溶液中蛋白质浓度增加到一定程度时,由于光散射作用导致溶液透明度下降的现象[22]。L-Lys/L-Arg对BKP浊度的影响结果如图3所示。一般情况下,蛋白质的浊度与溶解度呈负相关的关系。经L-Lys/L-Arg和溶液pH变化处理的浊度都相较于原始BKP溶液显著下降(P<0.05),这与溶解度提升的结果(图2)相吻合,符合蛋白质远离其等电点(pI)时溶解度增加、浊度降低的一般规律。然而,深入分析发现,尽管各处理组间浊度无显著差异,但L-Lys与L-Arg处理组的浊度值普遍略低于其对应的pH对照组。说明碱性氨基酸的引入可能产生了超越单纯pH调节的附加效应。L-Arg和L-Lys可通过其带电侧链与蛋白质发生特异性静电相互作用,并干扰蛋白质分子间的疏水聚集,从而在表观上表现出比单纯pH调节更优的溶液澄清度[23]。L-Lys和L-Arg在pH小于其等电点(L-Lys的pI是9.74,L-Arg的pI是10.76)的环境中带正电荷,能与BKP产生静电相互作用,这可能是碱性氨基酸与BKP之间的主要相互作用力[20]。L-Lys和L-Arg处理的BKP的浊度均小于它们对应的pH变化处理后的浊度,可能是L-Lys和L-Arg的氨基和胍基等与水形成氢键[21],两者的协同作用共同促进了BKP的溶解并降低了其浊度。
对乳状液的性能可以通过乳化活性指数(EAI)和乳化稳定性指数(ESI)来评价[24]。EAI表示每克蛋白所能维持的水与油界面的总表面积;ESI衡量的是系统抵御外界影响、避免分层的可能性[25]。L-Lys/L-Arg影响BKP的EAI和ESI分别如图4A、图4B所示。相较于未处理的BKP,pH变化处理和L-Lys/L-Arg处理后的BKP的EAI均有显著提高(P<0.05)。“+2A”相较于“−2A”提高了25.02 m2/g,“+1L”和“+2L”分别对应提高了21.23和8.15 m2/g。这一结果明确表明,碱性氨基酸的引入带来了超越单纯pH提升的增效作用。可能是Lys/Arg的氨基或胍基不仅能增强蛋白质的净电荷,还能通过特定的阳离子-π或静电相互作用改变蛋白质构象,使其更易于在油-水界面展开并吸附,从而创造出更大的界面面积[26]。图4B显示pH变化处理后蛋白质的ESI不如L-Lys/L-Arg处理。两种氨基酸的“−1”和“−2”组与纯BKP的ESI无显著差异,而“+1A”和“+2A”相较于BKP分别提高了37.00%和34.01%,“+1L”和“+2L”则分别提高了25.01%和29.02%。经L-Arg/L-Lys改性后的BKP能更轻易地在油滴表面构建界面膜,进而推动油滴的散布和维持乳液的稳定[27]。这种效果可能源于高浓度的碱性氨基酸能大幅改善蛋白溶液水合状态和分散性能,使它们形成稳定的胶束结构来充当有效的乳化成分[28]。同时 L-Arg/L-Lys 导致 BKP 溶液 pH 上升,BKP 的带电数量增多,从而增强了乳液小球间的静电力,使之能更好地吸附到油滴表层并生成空间障碍,防止乳液分子的接触[29]。这种由氨基酸介导的界面膜“修补”与“强化”效应,是单纯依靠调节pH所无法实现的,这合理解释了为何氨基酸处理组能获得显著更优的乳化稳定性。
BKP的游离巯基含量和表面疏水性结果如图5A、图5B所示。对比图5A中两种氨基酸处理的“+1”“+2”组,发现碱性氨基酸处理能够显著降低BKP的游离巯基含量(P<0.05)。同时,图5A中还能看出环境pH升高也能不同程度地影响BKP的游离巯基含量。可能是因为环境pH升高时,溶液中氢氧根离子(OH−)浓度增加,会促使巯基解离出氢离子(H+),形成硫负离子(-S−),从而使蛋白质表面的巯基含量降低[30]。而碱性氨基酸处理除了起到pH调控外,氨基酸与BKP表面负电荷之间的静电作用和氢键等的作用下,破坏蛋白质原有折叠,还有氨基酸自身导致巯基氧化,导致巯基含量减少。而添加L-Arg/L-Lys可以在此基础上,通过影响蛋白质的空间结构进一步影响BKP的游离巯基含量。
图5B是L-Arg/L-Lys对BKP表面疏水性的影响。通常认为,蛋白质表面疏水性的变化是由于部分蛋白质分子结构展开、疏水/亲水残基暴露以及分子间集会等多种原因共同作用的结果[31]。可以看出,pH变化和添加L-Arg/L-Lys都可以在一定程度上降低BKP的表面疏水性。与pH变化处理相比,L-Arg/L-Lys处理对BKP表面疏水性的降低效果不显著,说明L-Arg/L-Lys引起蛋白质表面疏水性降低主要是因为环境pH升高。此外,L-Arg/L-Lys的加入会增加蛋白质表面正电荷密度,使蛋白质分子与水分子的相互作用增强[32],增加了蛋白质的亲水性,降低了疏水性。同时,L-Arg/L-Lys可能会改变蛋白质的构象,使原本埋藏在蛋白质内部的亲水性氨基酸残基暴露到表面,同时减少了疏水氨基酸残基在表面的暴露程度[33]。在多种作用的影响下,降低了蛋白质的表面疏水性。
BKP的荧光光谱如图6A所示,经过L-Arg/L-Lys两种浓度处理后,BKP的荧光强度显著下降。此外,pH对照组的结果也表明适当提高溶液的pH,也可降低其荧光强度。结合这两种现象,可能是pH升高,蛋白质分子构象变化使部分疏水性较强的荧光基团更多地转移到非极性环境中,导致荧光强度降低[34],L-Arg/L-Lys的加入除了引起蛋白质构象变化外,还与荧光基团发生相互作用,进一步降低荧光强度[11]。
BKP的紫外光谱如图6B所示,pH变化和L-Arg/L-Lys处理后都会使BKP的紫外强度下降,可知溶液pH变化对BKP的紫外吸收有较大的影响,结合荧光强度的变化,疏水性较强的芳香族氨基酸也可能转移到极性环境中,导致蛋白质在碱性条件下的紫外吸收强度降低[35],而L-Arg/L-Lys的加入可能会与芳香族氨基酸形成氢键,影响了芳香族氨基酸朝非极性环境中移动[36],或者缓解由于pH增加导致的蛋白质表面芳香族氨基酸残余物的屏蔽效应[37],从而导致紫外吸收强度的变化。
BKP的FTIR结果如图7A所示。图中可以看出,对BKP结构影响最大的是“+1L”和“+2L”处理,使BKP在1637 cm−1处代表C=O的特征峰蓝移至1571 cm−1。这一显著的位移现象表明,碱性氨基酸的引入直接参与了蛋白质酰胺键的化学环境改变,导致酰胺键电子云密度改变或与酰胺基团形成的氢键作用被破坏[38]。“+1A”和“+2A”处理也有类似变化,C=O特征峰蓝移至1631 cm−1。而其余pH变化处理则没有显著变化。该位移可归因于:L-Lys的氨基(-NH2)或L-Arg的胍基与BKP肽链上的羰基氧(C=O)之间形成了新的强氢键网络,从而改变了键的力常数;氨基酸与蛋白质之间可能发生了有限的酰化或美拉德反应初期共价相互作用,改变了酰胺键本身的电子云密度[38]。
酰胺Ⅰ带(1700~1600 cm−1)可以反映蛋白质二级结构的组成和变化[38]。1600~1640 cm−1为β-折叠,1641~1650 cm−1为无规则卷曲,1651~1660 cm−1为α-螺旋,1661~1700 cm−1为β-折叠[39]。根据酰胺Ⅰ带得出的BKP的二级结构变化如图7B所示。可以看出,pH变化和L-Arg/L-Lys处理对BKP的无规则卷曲和β-折叠结构无显著影响(P>0.05),pH变化处理对BKP的β-转角结构有显著影响(P<0.05),而L-Arg/L-Lys对α-螺旋有显著影响(P<0.05)。α-螺旋作为一种由规则分子内氢键维持的紧密结构,能有效将疏水侧链包裹于螺旋内部,同时将亲水骨架暴露于水相,从而从本质上提升蛋白质的溶解性[40]。结合图7B,L-Arg/L-Lys通过诱导或稳定BKP的α-螺旋结构,优化了其表面亲疏水平衡,这从分子构象层面直接解释了其水溶性显著提升的根本原因(图2)。相比之下,pH处理仅显著影响β-转角,其对溶解度的提升作用相对有限,这表明氨基酸诱导的α-螺旋重构是功能改善的关键途径。
本研究通过L-Arg与L-Lys对BKP进行改性,系统探讨了其结构、理化特性、溶解性与乳化性能的变化。结果表明,相较于单纯的pH调节,L-Arg/L-Lys处理能够在温和调节pH的同时,更显著地提升BKP的水溶性与乳化性能,说明其改善机制不仅源于溶液碱化,更与蛋白质分子结构的定向调整密切相关。进一步分析发现,L-Arg/L-Lys的引入改变了BKP分子的静电相互作用,促使蛋白构象发生转变,疏水基团更多地暴露于非极性环境,从而在一定程度上降低了表面疏水性,这一结构变化为解释其功能增强提供了内在依据。不仅确认了这两种氨基酸在改善蛋白功能方面的普适性,更进一步在BKP体系中揭示了其驱动二级结构转变的潜在调控机制,弥补了该方面在BKP研究中的量化分析空白。为BKP的高值化利用提供了新的改性策略与理论支持,也为植物蛋白的氨基酸精准改性研究提供了参考。然而,目前对L-Arg/L-Lys诱导BKP构象转变的具体路径,以及其与乳化行为之间的动态关联机制尚不明确。后续研究可结合分子动力学模拟与高级光谱技术,深入揭示其构效关系的分子基础,并探索改性BKP在具体食品体系中的实际应用性能。

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2026年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.202508178
  • 接收时间:2025-08-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-18
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    1喀什大学生命与地理科学学院,新疆帕米尔高原生物资源与生态重点实验室,新疆喀什 844000
    2广东海洋大学食品科学与工程学院,广东阳江 529500

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夏娜(1985−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:生物活性物质研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
Genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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