Article(id=1320883743259214358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881884691808691, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090049, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757001600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852825226, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1782835200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852825226, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852825226, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852825226, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881884691808691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='522', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782835200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852382109, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852382109, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=34, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883743452152343, articleId=1320883743259214358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Pulp Quality Characteristics of Prune Plum Fruits at Different Storage Periods, columnId=1261336279195726298, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the changes in pulp quality characteristics of prune plum fruits during storage and to establish quality standards for selecting suitable raw materials for pulping. Methods: Plums were stored at 4 ℃ for seven weeks and the dynamic variations in fruit quality indices and the physicochemical properties of the resulting pulp were monitored throughout the storage period. Results: Fruit firmness decreased markedly during storage, with peel and flesh firmness declining by 65.3% and 87.3%, respectively. Soluble solids content (SSC), reducing sugars, and the solid-acid ratio increased in both fruit and pulp, whereas titratable acidity (TA) decreased. The contents of extractable polyphenols and anthocyanins in the fruit increased by 40.08% and 83.73%, respectively. With prolonged storage, pulp turbidity increased, apparent viscosity decreased, and particle size distribution became concentrated within 300~350 μm. Correlation analysis revealed that the pulp's a* value was positively correlated with extractable polyphenols and anthocyanins in the fruit, while L* and b* values showed negative correlations. Moreover, pulp turbidity, suspension stability, and viscosity were significantly correlated with peel firmness (P<0.05). Conclusion: Principal component analysis identified the solid-acid ratio, consistency coefficient, and b* value of the pulp as the core quality indicators, reflecting its sweet-sour balance, rheological behavior, and color characteristics, respectively. Based on these core indicators, a multivariate linear regression model was established to predict overall pulp quality. By measuring the fruit's solid-acid ratio, total sugar, and peel b* value, this model enabled accurate prediction of pulp quality, providing a quantitative basis for determining the optimal harvest time and selecting suitable raw materials. Furthermore, the comprehensive quality score indicated that prune plums stored for 42 days exhibited the highest pulp quality, thereby defining the key parameters for optimal pulp production.

, authors=Zihan ZHANG1, Yasen ZAITUNGULI2, Xiyu JIANG1, Qiang ZHANG2, Jinfeng BI1, 3, Xuan LIU1, 3, *, authorsList=Zihan ZHANG, Yasen ZAITUNGULI, Xiyu JIANG, Qiang ZHANG, Jinfeng BI, Xuan LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883745910014504, articleId=1320883743259214358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同贮藏期西梅果实制浆品质特性研究, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:通过研究不同贮藏时间西梅果实制浆品质特性,探讨适宜制浆的西梅原料品质标准。方法:在4 ℃贮藏7周期间,监测西梅果实品质指标及其果浆理化特性的动态变化趋势。结果:果实硬度随贮藏时间延长显著下降,果皮和果肉硬度分别降低了65.3%和87.3%。果实和果浆可溶性固形物、还原糖和固酸比增加、可滴定酸降低。果实可萃取酚和花色苷含量分别增加了40.08%和83.73%。随果实贮藏时间延长,果浆浊度上升,表观黏度下降,粒径分布集中在300~350 μm。相关性分析表明果浆a*值与果实可萃取酚和花色苷含量呈正相关,果浆L*、b*值与果实可萃取酚和花色苷含量呈负相关,果浆浊度、悬浮稳定性和黏度与果皮硬度显著相关(P<0.05)。结论:通过主成分分析筛选出果浆固酸比、稠度系数、b*值为果浆核心品质指标,分别代表果浆酸甜口感、流变特性和色泽品质。基于以上核心品质指标,构建了果浆综合品质的多元线性回归预测赋分模型。模型可通过检测果实固酸比、总糖和果皮b*值预测果浆品质,为西梅采收期判断和加工原料筛选提供量化依据。此外,综合品质得分表明贮藏42 d的西梅果实制浆品质最佳,这一结果明确了西梅果实适宜制浆的关键指标参数。

, authors=张子涵1, 再屯古丽·亚森2, 姜溪雨1, 张强2, 毕金峰1, 3, 刘璇1, 3, *, authorsList=张子涵, 再屯古丽·亚森, 姜溪雨, 张强, 毕金峰, 刘璇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘璇, authorNote=

张子涵(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品化学与营养,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘璇(1982−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=S4b37uNlA2FSLCUIO1WPAA==, magXml=/hZ4D4TsfbrssSfhE4GOOQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=4thdJODo/vyiysT/SobBaw==, pdfFileSize=1555227, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=yk3dOQYHMFUVSWmQ7XSO4g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=6M/ZvHvH9FPTly+yTJ1kVw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320883746673377843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=15928650683@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320883747059253813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, authorId=1320883746673377843, language=EN, stringName=Zihan ZHANG, firstName=Zihan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320883747147334198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, authorId=1320883746673377843, language=CN, stringName=张子涵, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所,农业农村部农产品加工重点实验室,北京 100193, bio={"content":"

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注:不同小写字母表示不同贮藏时间下有显著性差异(P<0.05),图2同。

, figureFileSmall=T3pchDZJp1l7U9keliiL2Q==, figureFileBig=yk3dOQYHMFUVSWmQ7XSO4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883750276285024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Variation trends of color, extractable phenols, and anthocyanins of fresh and processed prune plum pulp during different storage periods, figureFileSmall=8DYQyPz1gkuQGKvMXotFow==, figureFileBig=v7XyyPFDizBa1o1pk/R5Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883750355976801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同贮藏期西梅果实及其制备果浆色泽、可萃取酚、花色苷含量的变化趋势

注:A为不同贮藏期果皮、果肉和果浆L*的变化趋势;B为不同贮藏期果皮、果肉和果浆a*的变化趋势;C为不同贮藏期果皮、果肉和果浆b*的变化趋势;D为不同贮藏期果皮、果肉和果浆ΔE的变化趋势;E为不同贮藏期西梅果实和果浆可萃取酚、花色苷的变化趋势。

, figureFileSmall=8DYQyPz1gkuQGKvMXotFow==, figureFileBig=v7XyyPFDizBa1o1pk/R5Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883750423085666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of storage period of prune plum fruit on particle size distribution in pulp, figureFileSmall=IRljBcoFZ4cSH+eOjAatTA==, figureFileBig=NyfY9vEi/KhaQ2F6ecArwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883750486000227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=CN, label=图3, caption=西梅果实贮藏期对制浆粒径分布的影响, figureFileSmall=IRljBcoFZ4cSH+eOjAatTA==, figureFileBig=NyfY9vEi/KhaQ2F6ecArwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883750557303396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of storage period on pulp turbidity and suspension stability of prune plum, figureFileSmall=aPolZZwGPQUQixNrTbNy6g==, figureFileBig=dMOajiBjfniMGiwUnuClcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883750628606565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=CN, label=图4, caption=西梅果实贮藏期对制浆浊度和悬浮稳定性的影响

注:不同小写字母表示不同贮藏时间下有显著性差异(P<0.05),悬浮稳定性为果浆离心前后浊度差值。

, figureFileSmall=aPolZZwGPQUQixNrTbNy6g==, figureFileBig=dMOajiBjfniMGiwUnuClcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883750699909734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of storage period of prune plum on rheological characteristics of pulp, figureFileSmall=KxspS7Ea60aAg47tGV6ngg==, figureFileBig=M2We0FW1K6VtRuw2YhisXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883750767018600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=CN, label=图5, caption=西梅果实贮藏期对制浆流变特性的影响

注:A西梅果实贮藏期对制浆剪切应力的影响;B西梅果实贮藏期对制浆表观黏度的影响;C西梅果浆储能模量(G')与角频率的关系;D西梅果浆损耗模量(G'')与角频率的关系。

, figureFileSmall=KxspS7Ea60aAg47tGV6ngg==, figureFileBig=M2We0FW1K6VtRuw2YhisXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883750838321769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Correlation heatmap of quality indicators of fresh prune fruit (A) and prune pulp (B), figureFileSmall=AISJ1J3QCuxF26cIvfB07w==, figureFileBig=LGcKyRaU1sHfn5EG7OLNAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883750913819242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=CN, label=图6, caption=西梅鲜果(A)和果浆(B)品质指标相关性热图, figureFileSmall=AISJ1J3QCuxF26cIvfB07w==, figureFileBig=LGcKyRaU1sHfn5EG7OLNAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883751014482539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Heat map of quality indexes of prune plum fruit (X axis) and pulp prepared at the same period (Y axis) under different storage periods, figureFileSmall=S8yCfKiVYewileI/AsJWMg==, figureFileBig=Y9ht/6KFXJr0HMgZFNwObw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883751098368620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同贮藏期下西梅鲜果(X轴)与同期制备果浆(Y轴)品质指标的相关性热图, figureFileSmall=S8yCfKiVYewileI/AsJWMg==, figureFileBig=Y9ht/6KFXJr0HMgZFNwObw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883751190643309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Two-dimensional ordination plots of PC1 vs. PC2 (A) and PC1 vs. PC3 (B) from principal component analysis, figureFileSmall=WoIbOcGFkP/begvctGDbGw==, figureFileBig=c82h0jdrJiBVPnW3ptRttw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883751253557870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=CN, label=图8, caption=主成分分析PC1 vs. PC2(A)与PC1 vs. PC3(B)二维排序图, figureFileSmall=WoIbOcGFkP/begvctGDbGw==, figureFileBig=c82h0jdrJiBVPnW3ptRttw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320883751316472431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Changes of soluble solids, titrable acid, solid-acid ratio, total sugar, and reducing sugar of prune plum and pulp during different storage periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏
时间(d)
鲜果果浆
可溶性固形物
(%)
可滴定酸
(%)
固酸比总糖(mg/g)还原糖(mg/g)可溶性固形物
(%)
可滴定酸
(%)
固酸比总糖(mg/g)还原糖(mg/g)
022.10±0.00d0.59±0.00a37.25±0.22f149.32±3.17bcd70.81±2.15d22.25±0.12c0.71±0.00a31.36±0.10f114.46±9.78ef104.47±1.86c
723.70±0.10b0.57±0.00b41.36±020e151.26±4.23ab71.53±3.30bc21.38±0.10e0.66±0.00b32.33±0.06e107.48±1.91f100.90±0.10d
1423.97±0.06a0.58±0.00b41.30±0.27e145.45±4.02bcd75.46±0.42ab22.81±0.06b0.65±0.00b35.010±0.26d118.94±2.26e108.80±2.26b
2123.63±0.06b0.52±0.00c45.55±0.13d140.11±2.86cd75.58±0.61a22.91±0.12b0.66±0.00b34.730±0.41d171.53±9.67b107.37±2.05b
2823.87±0.06a0.48±0.00d49.91±0.52c139.38±8.82d71.61±1.38bc22.25±0.12c0.61±0.00c36.29±0.41c152.45±6.43cd100.13±1.80d
3518.97±0.15e0.44±0.01e51.86±1.44b149.19±1.32bcd68.71±1.66d20.78±0.00f0.57±0.00d36.26±0.40c148.44±2.75d94.47±0.764e
4223.47±0.06c0.43±0.00f54.44±0.08a161.90±12.27a71.59±1.52bc23.35±0.06a0.58±0.00d40.10±0.58a160.92±6.59c106.53±0.25bc
4923.40±0.00c0.43±0.01f54.60±0.67a150.60±0.63bc72.18±3.41abc21.98±0.02d0.56±0.00e39.14±0.42b184.68±3.10a115.80±1.71a
变异系数
(%)
7.3713.7914.074.803.203.788.318.4419.566.15
), ArticleFig(id=1320883751425524336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同贮藏期西梅果实及其制备果浆可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、固酸比、总糖和还原糖的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏
时间(d)
鲜果果浆
可溶性固形物
(%)
可滴定酸
(%)
固酸比总糖(mg/g)还原糖(mg/g)可溶性固形物
(%)
可滴定酸
(%)
固酸比总糖(mg/g)还原糖(mg/g)
022.10±0.00d0.59±0.00a37.25±0.22f149.32±3.17bcd70.81±2.15d22.25±0.12c0.71±0.00a31.36±0.10f114.46±9.78ef104.47±1.86c
723.70±0.10b0.57±0.00b41.36±020e151.26±4.23ab71.53±3.30bc21.38±0.10e0.66±0.00b32.33±0.06e107.48±1.91f100.90±0.10d
1423.97±0.06a0.58±0.00b41.30±0.27e145.45±4.02bcd75.46±0.42ab22.81±0.06b0.65±0.00b35.010±0.26d118.94±2.26e108.80±2.26b
2123.63±0.06b0.52±0.00c45.55±0.13d140.11±2.86cd75.58±0.61a22.91±0.12b0.66±0.00b34.730±0.41d171.53±9.67b107.37±2.05b
2823.87±0.06a0.48±0.00d49.91±0.52c139.38±8.82d71.61±1.38bc22.25±0.12c0.61±0.00c36.29±0.41c152.45±6.43cd100.13±1.80d
3518.97±0.15e0.44±0.01e51.86±1.44b149.19±1.32bcd68.71±1.66d20.78±0.00f0.57±0.00d36.26±0.40c148.44±2.75d94.47±0.764e
4223.47±0.06c0.43±0.00f54.44±0.08a161.90±12.27a71.59±1.52bc23.35±0.06a0.58±0.00d40.10±0.58a160.92±6.59c106.53±0.25bc
4923.40±0.00c0.43±0.01f54.60±0.67a150.60±0.63bc72.18±3.41abc21.98±0.02d0.56±0.00e39.14±0.42b184.68±3.10a115.80±1.71a
变异系数
(%)
7.3713.7914.074.803.203.788.318.4419.566.15
), ArticleFig(id=1320883751501021809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of prune plum storage period on pulp D50, D[4,3] and D[3,2]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏时间(d)D50(μm)D[4,3](μm)D[3,2](μm)
0276.53±4.44a317.70±9.37abc210.43±2.66a
7261.67±0.40cd313.07±3.81abc195.1±0.87d
14266.4±2.6bcd303.7±1.80bc204.0±1.30ab
21267.27±3.97bc328.37±6.05ab201.43±3.40bcd
28266.23±0.86bcd325.97±2.05ab203.23±0.93bc
35260.73±4.97d293.5±0.10c196.67±1.62cd
42275.67±2.87a333.00±10.51a205.57±2.53ab
49268.16±6.25ab336.40±33.50a203.57±8.79ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320883751563936370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

西梅果实贮藏期对制浆D50、D[4,3]和D[3,2]的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏时间(d)D50(μm)D[4,3](μm)D[3,2](μm)
0276.53±4.44a317.70±9.37abc210.43±2.66a
7261.67±0.40cd313.07±3.81abc195.1±0.87d
14266.4±2.6bcd303.7±1.80bc204.0±1.30ab
21267.27±3.97bc328.37±6.05ab201.43±3.40bcd
28266.23±0.86bcd325.97±2.05ab203.23±0.93bc
35260.73±4.97d293.5±0.10c196.67±1.62cd
42275.67±2.87a333.00±10.51a205.57±2.53ab
49268.16±6.25ab336.40±33.50a203.57±8.79ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320883751635239539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of storage period of prune plum on static rheological fitting parameters of pulp

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏时间(d)k(Pa·sn)nR2
027.2079±2.2490a0.3241±0.0004cd0.9968
720.6000±0.5529b0.3329±0.0015b0.9934
1418. 4424±1.2216c0.3349±0.0001b0.9927
2115.7424±0. 7675d0.3402±0.0003a0.9922
2813.5998±0.6425e0.3421±0.0025a0.9919
359.6733±0.3398f0.3266±0.0052c0.9950
4215.9714±0.6974d0.3275±0.0047c0.9954
4912.1571±0.3301e0.3203±0.0022e0.9954
), ArticleFig(id=1320883751698154100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

西梅果实贮藏期对制浆静态流变拟合参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏时间(d)k(Pa·sn)nR2
027.2079±2.2490a0.3241±0.0004cd0.9968
720.6000±0.5529b0.3329±0.0015b0.9934
1418. 4424±1.2216c0.3349±0.0001b0.9927
2115.7424±0. 7675d0.3402±0.0003a0.9922
2813.5998±0.6425e0.3421±0.0025a0.9919
359.6733±0.3398f0.3266±0.0052c0.9950
4215.9714±0.6974d0.3275±0.0047c0.9954
4912.1571±0.3301e0.3203±0.0022e0.9954
), ArticleFig(id=1320883751782040181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Principal component load matrix, eigenvalue and variance contribution rate of prune plum pulp quality index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标PC1PC2PC3
悬浮稳定性0.894−0.4260.051
固酸比0.856−0.420.032
花色苷0.8320.243−0.3
a*0.8240.4−0.197
总糖0.796−0.390.079
浊度0.761−0.1540.47
L*−0.738−0.30.454
b*−0.711−0.140.644
D[4,3]0.5910.2550.366
稠度系数−0.4460.820.201
可滴定酸−0.5840.75−0.031
可萃取酚0.0160.724−0.52
可溶性固形物0.6210.652−0.088
D500.4520.6440.462
D[3,2]0.2520.6240.493
还原糖0.5290.1960.56
特征值6.9893.9562.205
贡献率(%)43.68024.72413.783
累积贡献率(%)43.68068.40482.187
), ArticleFig(id=1320883751853343350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

西梅果浆品质指标的主成分载荷矩阵、特征值和方差贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标PC1PC2PC3
悬浮稳定性0.894−0.4260.051
固酸比0.856−0.420.032
花色苷0.8320.243−0.3
a*0.8240.4−0.197
总糖0.796−0.390.079
浊度0.761−0.1540.47
L*−0.738−0.30.454
b*−0.711−0.140.644
D[4,3]0.5910.2550.366
稠度系数−0.4460.820.201
可滴定酸−0.5840.75−0.031
可萃取酚0.0160.724−0.52
可溶性固形物0.6210.652−0.088
D500.4520.6440.462
D[3,2]0.2520.6240.493
还原糖0.5290.1960.56
特征值6.9893.9562.205
贡献率(%)43.68024.72413.783
累积贡献率(%)43.68068.40482.187
), ArticleFig(id=1320883751920452215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Prune plum pulp judgment matrix Y-P

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
YP1P2P3权重
P11350.6333
P21/3130.2605
P31/51/310.1062
), ArticleFig(id=1320883752004338296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

西梅果浆判断矩阵Y-P

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
YP1P2P3权重
P11350.6333
P21/3130.2605
P31/51/310.1062
), ArticleFig(id=1320883752079835769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comprehensive quality scores of prune plum pulp after different storage periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏期(d)07142128354249
Y−0.28−0.44−0.08−0.38−0.020.190.770.62
), ArticleFig(id=1320883752188887674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同贮藏期西梅果实制浆综合品质得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏期(d)07142128354249
Y−0.28−0.44−0.08−0.38−0.020.190.770.62
), ArticleFig(id=1320883752272773755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Multiple linear regression equation of prune-plum pulp comprehensive quality score, pulp chemical components and raw fruit characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型回归方程R2Sig
Y1Y1=0.189X1−0.423X2+0.150X3−0.135X40.8160.001
Y2Y2=0.382x1−0.157x2−0.179x30.7260.001
), ArticleFig(id=1320883752348271228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

西梅果浆综合品质得分与果浆物质组分、果实原料特性间的多元线性回归方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型回归方程R2Sig
Y1Y1=0.189X1−0.423X2+0.150X3−0.135X40.8160.001
Y2Y2=0.382x1−0.157x2−0.179x30.7260.001
), ArticleFig(id=1320883752440545917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Optimal indicator parameters for prune-plum fruit suitable for pulp

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测指标参数检测指标参数
水分含量(%)76.63果皮硬度(N)3.16
可溶性固形物(%)23.47果肉硬度(N)0.24
可滴定酸(%)0.43果皮L*值35.79
固酸比54.44果皮a*值21.40
总糖(mg/g)161.90果皮b*值9.76
还原糖(mg/g)71.58果肉L*值38.34
总酚(mg/g)1.21果肉a*值24.68
花色苷(mg/100 g)5.71果肉b*值31.65
), ArticleFig(id=1320883752507654782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883743259214358, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

西梅果实适宜制浆指标参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测指标参数检测指标参数
水分含量(%)76.63果皮硬度(N)3.16
可溶性固形物(%)23.47果肉硬度(N)0.24
可滴定酸(%)0.43果皮L*值35.79
固酸比54.44果皮a*值21.40
总糖(mg/g)161.90果皮b*值9.76
还原糖(mg/g)71.58果肉L*值38.34
总酚(mg/g)1.21果肉a*值24.68
花色苷(mg/100 g)5.71果肉b*值31.65
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不同贮藏期西梅果实制浆品质特性研究
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张子涵 1 , 再屯古丽·亚森 2 , 姜溪雨 1 , 张强 2 , 毕金峰 1, 3 , 刘璇 1, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(13): 34-45
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (13) : 34 -45
不同贮藏期西梅果实制浆品质特性研究
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张子涵1 , 再屯古丽·亚森2, 姜溪雨1, 张强2, 毕金峰1, 3, 刘璇1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所,农业农村部农产品加工重点实验室,北京 100193
  • 2喀什地区瓜果蔬菜产业发展中心,新疆喀什 844000
  • 3中国农业科学院西部农业研究中心,新疆昌吉 831100
通讯作者:
刘璇(1982−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

张子涵(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品化学与营养,E-mail:

Pulp Quality Characteristics of Prune Plum Fruits at Different Storage Periods
Zihan ZHANG1 , Yasen ZAITUNGULI2, Xiyu JIANG1, Qiang ZHANG2, Jinfeng BI1, 3, Xuan LIU1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
  • 2Kashgar Prefecture Fruit and Vegetable Industry Development Center, Kashgar 844000, China
  • 3Institute of Western Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
出版时间: 2026-07-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090049
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目的:通过研究不同贮藏时间西梅果实制浆品质特性,探讨适宜制浆的西梅原料品质标准。方法:在4 ℃贮藏7周期间,监测西梅果实品质指标及其果浆理化特性的动态变化趋势。结果:果实硬度随贮藏时间延长显著下降,果皮和果肉硬度分别降低了65.3%和87.3%。果实和果浆可溶性固形物、还原糖和固酸比增加、可滴定酸降低。果实可萃取酚和花色苷含量分别增加了40.08%和83.73%。随果实贮藏时间延长,果浆浊度上升,表观黏度下降,粒径分布集中在300~350 μm。相关性分析表明果浆a*值与果实可萃取酚和花色苷含量呈正相关,果浆L*、b*值与果实可萃取酚和花色苷含量呈负相关,果浆浊度、悬浮稳定性和黏度与果皮硬度显著相关(P<0.05)。结论:通过主成分分析筛选出果浆固酸比、稠度系数、b*值为果浆核心品质指标,分别代表果浆酸甜口感、流变特性和色泽品质。基于以上核心品质指标,构建了果浆综合品质的多元线性回归预测赋分模型。模型可通过检测果实固酸比、总糖和果皮b*值预测果浆品质,为西梅采收期判断和加工原料筛选提供量化依据。此外,综合品质得分表明贮藏42 d的西梅果实制浆品质最佳,这一结果明确了西梅果实适宜制浆的关键指标参数。

西梅  /  主成分分析  /  相关性分析  /  贮藏  /  果浆  /  品质评价

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the changes in pulp quality characteristics of prune plum fruits during storage and to establish quality standards for selecting suitable raw materials for pulping. Methods: Plums were stored at 4 ℃ for seven weeks and the dynamic variations in fruit quality indices and the physicochemical properties of the resulting pulp were monitored throughout the storage period. Results: Fruit firmness decreased markedly during storage, with peel and flesh firmness declining by 65.3% and 87.3%, respectively. Soluble solids content (SSC), reducing sugars, and the solid-acid ratio increased in both fruit and pulp, whereas titratable acidity (TA) decreased. The contents of extractable polyphenols and anthocyanins in the fruit increased by 40.08% and 83.73%, respectively. With prolonged storage, pulp turbidity increased, apparent viscosity decreased, and particle size distribution became concentrated within 300~350 μm. Correlation analysis revealed that the pulp's a* value was positively correlated with extractable polyphenols and anthocyanins in the fruit, while L* and b* values showed negative correlations. Moreover, pulp turbidity, suspension stability, and viscosity were significantly correlated with peel firmness (P<0.05). Conclusion: Principal component analysis identified the solid-acid ratio, consistency coefficient, and b* value of the pulp as the core quality indicators, reflecting its sweet-sour balance, rheological behavior, and color characteristics, respectively. Based on these core indicators, a multivariate linear regression model was established to predict overall pulp quality. By measuring the fruit's solid-acid ratio, total sugar, and peel b* value, this model enabled accurate prediction of pulp quality, providing a quantitative basis for determining the optimal harvest time and selecting suitable raw materials. Furthermore, the comprehensive quality score indicated that prune plums stored for 42 days exhibited the highest pulp quality, thereby defining the key parameters for optimal pulp production.

prune plum  /  principal component analysis  /  correlation analysis  /  storage  /  pulp  /  quality evaluation
张子涵, 再屯古丽·亚森, 姜溪雨, 张强, 毕金峰, 刘璇. 不同贮藏期西梅果实制浆品质特性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (13) : 34 -45 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090049
Zihan ZHANG, Yasen ZAITUNGULI, Xiyu JIANG, Qiang ZHANG, Jinfeng BI, Xuan LIU. Pulp Quality Characteristics of Prune Plum Fruits at Different Storage Periods[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (13) : 34 -45 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090049
西梅(Prunus domestica L.),别名酸梅,是蔷薇科李属植物[1],富含丰富的膳食纤维、维生素和酚类化合物等功能成分,具有抗氧化[2]、抗结肠癌[3]、缓解便秘[4]等功能活性。近年来,以新疆伽师为代表的西梅主产区产量持续增长。然而,西梅果实采后易失水软化,成熟度高的果实易腐、贮藏周期有限[5]。目前,西梅加工以制浆/汁和干制为主,加工转化率较低,且标准化水平不高,全产业链发展韧性不足。因此,西梅产业亟需通过提质增效和加工转化来延长产业链和提升效益。制浆加工作为西梅加工的主要方式,但原料品质、加工工艺及成品品质缺乏统一标准,目前西梅果浆产品品质参差不齐。基于西梅采后贮运流通现状以及制浆与鲜食对原料品质要求的差异,不同贮藏期原料对制浆品质影响至关重要,但尚未明确,制约了西梅汁浆产品标准化进程,无法支撑优质优价和产品有序竞争与发展。
研究表明,采后贮藏过程中水果品质的变化显著影响其加工特性,西梅[6]、苹果[7]、桃[8]等水果在贮藏期间会发生色泽转变、质地软化、风味变化[9]及营养功能成分转化,进而影响加工产品的产出效率和综合品质。如苹果果实在长期贮藏过程中因水分流失导致果汁得率下降[10]。不同可溶性固形物含量(SSC)水平的阿克苏富士苹果贮藏90 d后,鲜榨汁品质均发生明显劣变[11]。苹果贮藏至呼吸高峰时(0 ℃贮藏45 d或20 ℃贮藏15 d),加工所得果汁稳定性最佳[12]。芒果浆表观黏度随芒果催熟时间延长而逐渐降低,其流变特性呈规律性变化[13]。由此可见,水果果实在贮藏期品质的变化,对汁浆的产出率、色泽、糖酸、流变等品质产生不同程度的影响。
采用单一品质指标描述水果及其制品的品质指标存在一定局限性,建立基于关键核心品质指标的综合评价方法并应用于原料品质分类评价具有重要意义。筛选核心品质指标并构建综合评价模型的方法有主成分分析法[14]、聚类分析法[15]、层次分析法[16]、神经网络综合评价法[17]等。其中,主成分分析(PCA)通过降维提取核心指标,从而支撑构建综合评价模型,在苹果[18]、桃[19]等水果的品质综合评价中已有报道。与传统多项式等建模算法相比,神经网络算法构建综合模型可以实现较高的运算速度和预测准确率,对样本量有一定体量要求,且模型可解释性,需要深入挖掘。因此,综合评价模型的选择,需要根据试材获取难易程度、样本数量、研究目标等因素综合考虑。聂继云等[20]通过对122个苹果品种进行相关分析、因子分析、概率分级等方法,建立了以果实SSC、固酸比、出汁率和单宁含量为指标的苹果品种鲜榨汁加工适宜性评价体系,从中筛选出59个适宜加工鲜榨汁的苹果品种。果浆的品质和制浆原料的加工适宜性通常通过色泽、质地、风味、流变学[21]及营养功能品质指标等进行综合评价,这些品质指标取决于原料的物质基础和初始品质,特别是果实色泽[22]、硬度[6,23]、SSC/TA比值[24]及糖、酸和酚类物质等[25]。制浆/汁是西梅加工的主要方式,但西梅浆/汁尚无统一的产品标准,影响其品质的重要因素—加工用原料品质特性不清晰,缺乏加工适宜性评价的方法和标准体系。
因此,本研究结合西梅鲜果供应链和产业结构特点,在鲜果采后的不同贮藏时期,检测果实及其制备的果浆的可溶性固形物、还原糖、总糖、总酚、花色苷、色泽、硬度、流变特性等品质指标,以明确西梅制浆原料品质特性,阐明西梅果实在贮藏中品质动态变化对果浆色泽、流变特性等加工指标的影响规律,构建西梅果浆综合品质评价模型并明确原料制浆适宜性,探索西梅果浆形成物质基础,为西梅制浆原料、成品标准化及加工过程品质调控提供理论支撑和技术指导。
西梅 品种为‘法兰西’,购于北京新发地,采收商业成熟度(硬度:7.33±0.25 N;可溶性固形物:22.10%±0%);L-抗坏血酸(食品级) 北京萃锋科技有限公司;葡萄糖(D(+)-Glucose)、浓硫酸、苯酚、没食子酸、碳酸钠、氯化钾、无水乙酸钠、盐酸、氢氧化钠、甲醇、冰醋酸 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;3,5-二硝基水杨酸试剂 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;福林酚 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;所有有机溶剂均为分析纯。
WZB 45折光仪 上海精密科学仪器有限公司;MCKZ-JD6精工电热蒸柜 北京美厨厨具有限公司;TA.HDplus质构仪 英国Stable Micro Systems;DHG-9023A恒温干燥箱 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;UV-1900i紫外分光光度计 岛津(香港)有限公司;HH-4水浴锅 常州荣华仪器制造有限公司;JM-30A胶体磨 廊坊市廊通机械有限公司;Metrohm 907 Titrando电位滴定仪 瑞士Metrohm公司;Sigma 3K15离心机 德国Sigma公司;2100N TURBIDIMETER浊度仪 美国哈希公司;Microtrac S3500粒度分析仪 美国Microtrac公司;JYZ-V18九阳打浆机 九阳股份有限公司;Physica MCR 301流变仪 奥地利Anton Paar有限公司;SB25-12DTN超声波清洗机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;Spark@多功能微孔板检测仪 瑞士Tecan公司;电子天平(精度0.1 mg) 德国Sartorius公司;LGJ-20BP冻干机 北京八方中大科技发展有限公司;lensEye-NET version1.5.5.0电子眼 美国LensEye-NET公司;CM-700d手持色差仪 日本KONICA公司。
西梅置于4 ℃冷库中贮藏,每隔7 d取一次样,连续取7周。每次取样4000 g,分为三份,一份用于检测果实硬度、水分、色泽和可溶性固形物;一份果实冷冻干燥打粉用于检测花色苷含量;其余部分洗净去核切块液氮速冻置于−40 ℃冰箱中备用制浆。
参考李瑞平[26]的方法稍作修改,西梅果实先采用高温蒸汽5 min灭酶,冷却后,经破碎打浆机初破碎2 min,添加0.3%抗坏血酸,再采用胶体磨40 Hz进行二次研磨3 min。用100目尼龙网过滤,去除研磨残余的皮渣,装入耐高温铝箔袋中沸水浴5 min,确保果浆中心温度达到85 ℃并维持30 s。以备后续品质检测和评价试验。
每批样品随机选取10颗西梅洗净擦干,用质构仪检测果实硬度(均在同一部位),采用P/2柱状探头,直径为2 mm,测试速率为1 mm/s(前/中/后),测试选取时间为5~10 s间的平均值为果肉硬度,最大峰值力为果皮硬度,结果表示为N;鲜果水分含量参考GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》[27]中的直接干燥法测定。
果实色泽采用电子眼设备,从每批样品中随机取5颗大小一致的西梅果实,一分为二切开去核,分别采集果皮和果肉的图片。采用lensEye-NET version1.5.5.0软件进行图像数据处理,取全果的平均值,即为每个果实的果皮色泽和果肉色泽。L*称为明度指数,a*表示红绿值,b*表示黄蓝值,ΔE为色差值,其中L0*、a0*和b0*为第0 d西梅色泽。果浆色泽采用手持色差仪测定。
$\Delta E= \sqrt{{({{L}^{\text{*}}}-{L_{0}^{\text{*}}})}^{2}+{({{a}^{\text{*}}}-{a_{0}^{\text{*}}})}^{2}+{({{b}^{\text{*}}}-{b_{0}^{\text{*}}})}^{2}} $
采用福林酚法测定总酚含量[28],取50 g西梅果肉样品研磨匀浆,称取2.5 g西梅果肉匀浆(西梅果浆2.5 g),加入20 mL 80%甲醇溶液,在室温下水浴超声90 min,11000 r/min 12 min离心取上清液,重复提取一次,合并上清液定容至50 mL,即为待测液。取上述待测样品0.4 mL于棕色离心管中,加入2 mL 10%福林酚显色剂,充分摇匀,6 min后加入2 mL 7.5%(w/w)Na2CO3溶液,混匀定容至10 mL,75 ℃水浴10 min,于765 nm波长下测其吸光度,以甲醇为空白对照,绘制标准曲线(Y=0.4951X+0.0613,R2=0.9993)。可萃取酚含量以每克样品的毫克没食子酸当量(Gallic acid equivalents,GAE)表示。
采用酸碱差示法测定花色苷含量[29],称取0.5 g西梅冻干粉(西梅果浆2 g)于50 mL棕色离心管中,加20 mL 60%酸化乙醇,调节pH2.0,在60 ℃水浴下浸提2 h,离心取上清液,定容至20 mL,4 ℃备用。取2只10 mL棕色离心管,各加4 mL提取液,分别用pH1、pH4.5缓冲液定容至10 mL,反应平衡15 min,在510 nm和700 nm下测吸光值。花色苷含量以毫克矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷当量每100 g样品表示。
$ \text{∆A=(A}_{510}^{\text{pH1.0}}-\text{A}_{700}^{\text{pH1.0}}) -( \text{A}_{510}^{\text{pH4.5}} - \text{A}_{700}^{\text{pH4.5}} ) $
$ \rm{X}(mg/100\; g)=\frac{\Delta\mathrm{A}\times\mathrm{Mw}\times\mathrm{DF}\times100\times\mathrm{V}}{\varepsilon\times l\times\mathrm{m}} $
式中:A为溶液吸光度;ε为矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷的摩尔吸收系数(26900 L·mol−1·cm−1);l为比色皿的光程(1 cm);Mw为矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷的相对分子质量(449.2);DF为稀释倍数;V为溶液体积(mL);m为样品质量(g)。
采用手持式折光仪测定法测定可溶性固形物。参考GB 12456-2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总酸的测定》[30]中自动电位滴定法测定可滴定酸含量,以苹果酸计。固酸比为可溶性固形物与可滴定酸比值。采用苯酚硫酸法[31]测定总糖含量。参考NY/T 2742-2015《水果及制品可溶性糖的测定 3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法》[32]行业标准,采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)比色法测定还原糖含量。
参照Augusto等[33]的方法,采用激光粒度分析仪测定西梅果浆的颗粒粒径分布,并绘制粒径分布图,西梅果浆粒径参数包括平均粒径(D50)、面积平均直径(D[4,3])和体积平均直径(D[3,2]),结果表示为μm。
参照Reiter等[34]的方法稍作修改。取1.5 mL西梅果浆,稀释20倍后,使用哈希浊度仪测定其浊度,结果表示为NTU。
取10 mL西梅果浆于15 mL离心管中,在11000 r/min转速下,离心12 min,取上清液,稀释20倍,使用哈希浊度仪测定其浊度。采用离心前、后的浊度差来表示果浆的悬浮稳定性,结果表示为NTU。
静态流变学测定:参照Ahmed等[35]的方法,采用流变仪对样品流变学数据进行测定。平行板(直径50 mm)的间隙尺寸为1 mm,样品测定温度为25±1 ℃。取3.5 mL西梅果浆置于夹具和平板转子之间,在稳态剪切模式下,测定从0.1~100 s−1范围内剪切应力和表观黏度随剪切速率的变化。
动态流变学特性测定:采用流变仪、平板转子(直径50 mm,间隙1 mm),用水循环系统控制测定温度为25±1 ℃。在振荡剪切模式下,测定储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')随角频率(0.1~100 rad/s)的变化情况。
所有实验重复3次,数据以平均值±标准差表示,采用Excel软件进行数据统计,Origin 2021软件作图。通过SPSS 27.0软件进行数据分析:采用单因素方差分析结合Duncan检验进行多组间差异显著性分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义,Pearson法进行相关性分析,运用主成分分析(PCA)进行降维分析,并采用多元线性回归建立预测模型。
果实硬度是反映西梅采后后熟的重要指标。不同贮藏期西梅果皮、果肉硬度的变化趋势如图1A所示,西梅果皮和果肉的硬度均呈现下降趋势,果皮硬度0 d到49 d从7.33 N下降到2.54 N,果肉的硬度从0.63 N下降到0.08 N。西梅成熟过程中硬度下降,果实软化,可能与果实采后成熟过程中细胞壁结构和组成发生改变,果胶、纤维素和半纤维素等细胞壁多糖部分或完全溶解有关[36]。马燕燕[6]研究发现随贮藏时间延长西梅果实硬度持续下降,其中水溶性果胶含量持续上升,螯合性果胶、碱溶性果胶、纤维素和半纤维素含量持续下降。水分含量是影响果实质地的因素之一,本研究检测了果实贮藏期间水分含量的变化(图1B)。果实水分含量始终维持在75%~77%的稳定范围内,变异系数为0.8%,其波动幅度对硬度测定结果的影响较小。
如图2A~图2D所示,西梅在贮藏过程中果皮、果肉和果浆L*、a*、b*和ΔE的变化显著(P<0.05),果皮和果肉L*值呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,果浆L*值呈现出降低的趋势,变异系数为1.46%,离散程度较小,这与Ruiz等[37]的研究结果一致,其研究表明杏果肉L*值的降低与类胡萝卜素的积累过程密切相关。果皮和果肉a*值整体呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,果浆a*值在第21 d和第42 d达到峰值。果皮和果肉b*值呈先升高后降低的趋势,果浆b*值呈缓慢下降趋势,变化较小。Ayour等[38]研究发现,杏果皮a*值的增加与L*值的降低表明果实的颜色加深,这一变化与成熟过程中叶绿素的降解及类胡萝卜素的合成密切相关,并发现a*值与b*值之间存在强相关性。Krapfenbauer等[39]发现当ΔE>2~3.5时,果浆色泽呈现肉眼可见的变化。如图2D所示果皮和果肉ΔE均大于2,果浆ΔE逐渐增加。
如图2E所示,随贮藏时间的延长,西梅果实和果浆的可萃取酚含量发生显著的变化(P<0.05)。西梅果实可萃取酚含量呈波动性变化,总体呈上升趋势。果浆可萃取酚含量均大于果实可萃取酚含量,这与鲜果易发生酶促褐变[40],导致酚类降解有关,而果浆加工过程中的烫漂处理抑制了酶促褐变,促进果胶纤维素等大分子降解,提高了酚类含量[26]。果浆可萃取酚含量在42 d达到较高水平后,于49 d显著下降,而同期果实可萃取酚含量仅小幅度降低,该变化可能与贮藏后期果实软化加剧及组织完整性下降有关,导致原料在灭酶处理过程中与氧气的接触面积增大,更易发生酚类氧化损失。果浆花色苷含量与可萃取酚含量变化趋势一致,在第21 d和第42 d较高,这与果浆色泽a*值(图2B)变化一致。
果浆色泽与花色苷、酚类物质紧密相关。前人研究表明果实花色苷[41]、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素[42]等呈色物质共同决定果实的颜色。
如表1所示,在贮藏期间,西梅果实的SSC含量从22.10%上升至第14 d达到峰值23.97%,之后维持较高水平。第35 d的SSC含量相对偏低,可能与生鲜原料随机取样过程中果实个体差异有关。Xiong等[43]发现在4 ℃下西梅呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率于第14 d达到峰值。Ma等[44]也发现在4 ℃下西梅乙烯产量于第9 d左右达到峰值。SSC峰值出现时间点与呼吸跃变高峰高度同步,这与呼吸跃变产生大量乙烯,促进淀粉、果胶等大分子有机物转变为可溶性糖和其他小分子物质有关[45]。跃变高峰后,虽然糖作为呼吸底物被消耗,但同时其他大分子物质的持续降解和水分蒸发可能补偿或超过消耗量,使得SSC得以维持。果实TA呈现持续下降趋势,从初始0.59%降至0.43%,在呼吸跃变峰值(第14 d)后降幅增加。在呼吸跃变期,为了满足急剧增加的能量需求,三羧酸循环活动增强,苹果酸、柠檬酸等有机酸被加速氧化分解,呼吸速率越高,酸的消耗速率也越快[46]。果浆TA虽然也呈下降趋势(从0.71%降至0.56%),但其整体水平始终高于果实,这与果浆制备过程中添加抗坏血酸有关。固酸比的变化趋势显示,果实和果浆分别从37.25和31.36升至54.60和39.14,证实贮藏过程酸甜口味持续改善。但果浆固酸比始终低于果实,这与其较高的TA水平直接相关。果实总糖含量变异系数为4.80%,变化较小。果浆总糖含量在贮藏期间呈上升趋势,增幅为61.35%。这与果实软化有关,呼吸跃变高峰后,果实硬度急剧下降,果胶、半纤维素等细胞壁多糖被水解为可溶性小分子糖,在制浆过程中与果实本身的糖一起被充分研磨释放,导致了果浆总糖含量在贮藏中后期(第21 d后)急剧上升。西梅果实在贮藏期间还原糖含量保持相对稳定(68.71~75.58 mg/g),而果浆的还原糖不仅整体水平显著高于果实(94.47~115.80 mg/g),还呈现“降低-升高-降低-升高”的波动模式(P<0.05)。这种差异主要源于加工过程中的烫漂处理:高温条件一方面促进多糖水解,加剧还原糖的释放[47];另一方面也可能加速美拉德反应[48],导致还原糖的消耗。两种相反作用的动态平衡最终表现为果浆还原糖含量的波动特征。
西梅果浆粒径分布特征如图3所示,其粒径分布表现为单峰正态分布。随着贮藏时间的延长,颗粒粒径分布更趋向于集中在300~350 μm区间内,颗粒粒径在1400~2000 μm的体积百分比增多。表2显示了平均粒径(D50)、面积平均直径(D[4,3])和体积平均直径(D[3,2])的值。D[4,3]主要受大颗粒的影响,D[3,2]主要受小颗粒的影响[49],所有样品的D[4,3]均约为D[3,2]的1.5倍,表明果浆大颗粒数量多于小颗粒。D50变异系数为2.3%相对稳定。贮藏后期D[4,3]显著增加(P<0.05),与果胶等大分子降解,胶体稳定性下降,进而促进颗粒(尤其是大颗粒)聚集加剧有关。
浊度是反映果浆中悬浮胶体颗粒含量的重要指标,悬浮稳定性反映了果浆的稳定性。如图4所示,随着贮藏时间的延长,西梅果浆浊度呈现显著上升趋势,而悬浮稳定性则相应下降(表现为果浆离心前后浊度差不断增大)。这一现象与可滴定酸含量的逐渐降低密切相关。Yu等[50]在研究酸化处理对胡萝卜汁品质及保质期的影响中发现,可滴定酸含量高的胡萝卜汁样品表现出较低浊度,这可能源于酸性环境下颗粒表面电荷状态的改变,从而影响了胶体颗粒的聚集行为[51]。除此之外,浊度升高还与果胶有关,根据Yamasaki等[52]的研究,苹果汁悬浮颗粒主要由蛋白质-碳水化合物复合物组成,其表面是带负电荷的果胶类物质。Zhao等[53]的研究表明,亲水胶体(如果胶)可通过增加体系黏度来维持果汁稳定性。在本研究中,随着贮藏时间延长,果胶分子逐渐降解,导致体系黏度下降、胶体稳定性降低。这一机制可进一步由斯托克斯定律(v=2r2g(ρp-ρ0)/9η)解释,颗粒粒径(r)和表观黏度(η)是影响沉降速率(v)的主要因素[54]。颗粒越小,黏度越大,沉降速率越小,系统越稳定。果浆稳定性降低主要是由于颗粒间发生了聚集使粒径增加和体系黏度因高分子物质降解而下降,从而在宏观上表现为悬浮稳定性降低与浊度升高。
如图5A所示,西梅果浆的剪切应力随着剪切速率的增加而增加,并且有剪切变稀的趋势(0<n<1),说明果浆表现出假塑性行为。如图5B所示,在0.1~100 s−1的范围内,所有处理样品的表观黏度均随剪切速率的增加而降低,果浆表现出剪切稀化行为。
不同贮藏时间的西梅果浆储能模量G'和损耗模量G''的变化如图5C~图5D所示。从图中可以看出G'始终大于G'',表示体系属于凝胶体系。并且随着角频率的增大,G'和G''值呈现上升的趋势。从第0 d到第35 d,G'和G''值呈现降低的趋势,可能与果浆体系中果胶含量下降及其网络结构的降解有关。do Nascimento等[55]研究发现随着果胶添加量由3%增至8%,G'和G''值显著上升。Massa等[56]通过对比桃浆稀释前后流变特性发现,当可溶性固形物从21%稀释到11.9%时,G'和G''值大幅降低,表明较高浓度果肉和果胶有助于形成更完善的三维网络结构。第42和49 d,G'和G''值出现回升,该现象可能与流变行为的主导因素发生转变有关。在贮藏前期,果胶构成的凝胶网络是体系黏弹性的主要贡献者,其降解直接导致G'与G''下降。然而,进入贮藏后期,尽管果胶网络可能已严重破坏,但持续上升的总糖含量开始主导体系的流变特性。Nourmohammadi等[57]研究发现G'和G''值随着糖浓度的增加而增加,糖浓度的增加会降低果胶-糖-酸混合物中的水分,从而降低氢键的可能性以及水与果胶聚合物链结合的可能性[58]。
采用Power-Law模型对剪切应力随剪切速率的变化曲线进行拟合,R2>0.99表明该模型拟合效果良好。从表3可知,西梅果浆的流动特性指数(n)和稠度指数(k)随贮藏时间的变化呈现不同结果。随着贮藏时间的增加,西梅果浆n提高,k下降,表明果浆黏度逐渐降低,流动性提高。这可能是由于贮藏过程中果胶降解导致果实软化[59],进而降低所制果浆黏度。Bezerra等[60]研究了果胶添加量对百香果果浆流变特性的影响,结果表明,果胶添加量越多,剪切应力随剪切速率的变化更大,这与果胶在酸性条件下与蔗糖产生的强相互作用有关。在贮藏后期西梅果浆n下降,k上升,主要源于悬浮颗粒聚集与糖浓度增加的协同效应。颗粒聚集增大了粒径,增强了流体内部阻力[61]。与此同时,糖含量增加提升了果浆体系的密度和黏度[62]。二者共同作用导致贮藏后期黏度增加和流动性降低。
西梅果实相关性如图6A所示。果皮果肉硬度与可滴定酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.001),与固酸比、可萃取酚、花色苷、果皮色泽及果肉a*值呈显著负相关(P<0.05),说明果实软化伴随着酸降解、色素积累及酚类物质增加。花色苷含量与可溶性固形物呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),Shi等[63]的研究表明,杨梅果实成熟过程中花色苷的积累与糖分含量呈正相关,高糖水平可能通过调控次生代谢途径促进花色苷的生物合成;Huang等[42]研究发现糖类与花青素含量存在显著相关性,表明糖类可能在杏花青素合成中起到信号分子的作用,本研究在西梅果实中观察到类似现象。
西梅果浆相关性如图6B所示,固酸比与花色苷、总糖、浊度及悬浮稳定性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与可滴定酸、稠度系数呈极显著负相关(P<0.001)。即固酸比越高,果浆中花色苷和总糖含量越高,可滴定酸含量越低,且浊度和悬浮稳定性增加,稠度系数降低;花色苷与a*值呈极显著正相关(P<0.001),与L*、b*值呈极显著负相关(P<0.001),表明其含量直接影响果浆色泽。
果实与果浆相关性如图7所示。果实可萃取酚和花色苷含量与果浆a*值呈正相关,与L*、b*值呈负相关;果皮硬度与果浆固酸比、总糖含量、浊度和悬浮稳定性呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与果浆可滴定酸、稠度系数呈极显著正相关(P<0.001)。随着后熟程度的增加,果胶酶等细胞壁水解酶活性增强[64],导致果实软化,硬度降低,同时糖分持续积累,酸度下降[65],进而使果浆浊度增加。果实花色苷积累会提升果浆a*值,导致果浆偏红。说明果实后熟状态直接影响果浆的颜色、口感、稳定性和加工适宜性。
西梅果浆指标间的相关性分析结果说明测定指标所反映的信息存在重叠现象,所以有必要对16项品质指标进行归类和简化。本研究采用主成分分析(PCA)对西梅果浆品质指标进行降维处理[14],通过消除指标间的冗余信息来筛选影响综合品质评价的核心指标。由表4所示,对果浆16项理化指标进行主成分分析,前3个主成分的特征值大于1,累计方差贡献率为82.187%。PC1与PC2的二维分析见图8A,与PC3的二维分析见图8B。综合图8A、图8B可以将L*、b*值归为一类,稠度系数和可滴定酸归为一类,悬浮稳定性、固酸比、花色苷、a*值、总糖、浊度、D[3,2]、D[4,3]、D50、可溶性固形物、还原糖归为一类。
L*值与b*值中,L*值变异系数为1.43%,而b*值变异系数为6.92%,因此选择b*值为核心因子;可滴定酸和稠度系数之间呈显著正相关,变异系数分别为7.91%和31.11%,考虑到果浆的流体黏度对综合品质也有很大影响,因此选择稠度系数为核心评价因子。悬浮稳定性、浊度、D[3,2]、D[4,3]、D50与果浆的物理性质有关,因此物理性质以稠度系数为代表,而固酸比、可溶性固形物、总糖、还原糖与果浆的酸甜口感有关,固酸比为可溶性固形物和可滴定酸的比值,因此选择固酸比作为核心评价因子。
为准确评估筛选得到的3项果浆核心品质指标(固酸比、稠度系数、b*值)对西梅果浆综合品质的重要程度,需考虑各指标对品质影响的差异性。由于直接赋予相同权重会导致评价结果偏离实际品质特征,因此本研究采用层次分析法中的1~9标度法建立Y-P判断矩阵(表5),对筛选出的5个核心指标赋予权重。计算得出其一致性比率(consistency ratio,CR)为0.037,CR<0.1,认为判断矩阵一致性可接受。对矩阵特征向量归一化处理后得到的西梅果浆核心品质指标固酸比、稠度系数、b*值的权重分别为0.6333、0.2605、0.1062,因此西梅果浆综合品质评价模型表示为Y(果浆综合得分)=固酸比×0.6333+稠度系数×0.2605+b*值×0.1062。对原始数据进行标准化后,计算不同贮藏期果实制浆得分如表6所示。在第0~7 d,果浆的固酸比较低,但第0 d较高的稠度系数有效弥补了其在风味属性上的不足,对综合得分起到了关键的支撑作用,因此得分相对较高(−0.28)。贮藏至第21 d时,果浆品质处于一个关键的过渡阶段:其固酸比虽略有回升,但仍未恢复至理想水平;同时,前期作为主要支撑的稠度系数出现明显下降,而表征色泽的b*值亦处于整个贮藏期的最低点。在此阶段,三项核心指标均未表现出优势,未能对综合得分形成有效拉动,从而导致该时间点出现暂时的品质低谷(−0.38)。
基于西梅果浆综合品质得分,通过多元线性回归分析,构建果浆综合品质得分与果浆物质含量之间的定量关系模型(Y1)及果浆综合品质得分与果实基础理化指标之间的定量关系模型(Y2)。采用数学统计学分析,挖掘影响西梅果浆综合品质的物质基础。通过SPSS软件进行多元线性回归模型分析,以西梅果浆综合得分(Y)为因变量,相关物质组成指标为自变量,对所有候选变量分别进行统计学检验(除去变化不显著的量,统计学上不显著的“t”值也被删除)。其中X1、X2、X3、X4分别代表果浆可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、还原糖和总糖;x1、x2、x3分别代表果实固酸比、总糖含量、果皮b*值。
如表7所示,果浆综合品质得分与果浆物质组分及果实原料特性间的定量关系模型极显著相关,表明所建立的回归方程具有统计学意义。Y1与Y2存在紧密的内在关联。Y1模型中,可溶性固形物回归系数为0.189,呈正向贡献,可滴定酸回归系数为−0.423,呈负向相关,表明“高糖低酸”的物质组分能够提升果浆品质,本质是与固酸比关联的物质组分对综合品质产生显著影响。而Y2模型中,果实固酸比的回归系数为0.382,与Y1的核心结论一致,果实原料的固酸比决定了果浆的糖、酸含量从而影响果浆综合品质。同时Y2模型中果皮b*值的负向影响(b*值越低,黄色调越弱)揭示了果实色泽对果浆品质的重要作用。果皮b*值与果实固酸比为西梅采收期判断和加工原料筛选提供了重要的量化依据。
Y1(R2=0.816)对品质变异的解释度高于Y2(R2=0.726),表明果浆物质组分是品质形成的直接决定因素,而Y2则揭示了果浆品质形成的原料品质关键参数。Y2模型的预测效果优化,应更广泛挖掘影响果浆品质形成的果实物质组分,例如果胶多糖等与质构特性相关的成分对品质的贡献的量化;其次,品质参数间可能存在复杂的非线性关系或交互作用,而线性回归模型难以完全捕捉这些复杂关系。尽管当前模型的解释已能为原料筛选和品质调控提供可靠指导,但通过引入更多关键变量、尝试非线性建模方法、扩大样本量或采用深度挖掘算法等措施,有望进一步提升模型的预测精度和理论价值。基于本研究结论,用于指导采用更大规模数据和更新算法建模,对深入理解果浆品质形成机制具有重要意义。
通过对不同贮藏期西梅果实制浆综合品质得分(表6)分析,发现贮藏初期(0~14 d),西梅果实硬度和酸度处于较高水平,导致所制果浆固酸比低,黏度高,口感较差,综合品质处于较低水平;贮藏中期(21~35 d),随着果实逐渐成熟软化,细胞壁结构降解,果浆黏度下降,果浆流动性有所提升,但总酸含量偏高,综合得分较初期虽有所上升但未达到峰值。当贮藏期达到42 d时,西梅果实达到最适宜制浆状态,该时期的西梅果实具有较高的可溶性固形物含量和较低的酸度,所制果浆固酸比高,具有适宜的口感和良好的色泽,综合得分最高。基于此研究结果,确定了西梅果实适宜制浆的关键指标参数,具体数据如表8所示。西梅原料与下表中相接近的品质指标,有利于加工制备综合品质较好的西梅果浆。
研究发现,随贮藏时间延长,西梅果实硬度显著下降,可溶性固形物、还原糖及固酸比上升,可滴定酸含量降低,可萃取酚和花色苷增加;细胞壁降解使果实软化,导致果浆体系黏度下降、胶体稳定性降低,浊度增加;而果实可萃取酚和花色苷影响果浆色泽。主成分分析结果表明,固酸比、稠度系数和b*值适宜作为核心品质指标用于评价果浆综合品质得分。果浆综合品质得分与果实基础理化指标之间的定量关系模型Y2可通过检测果实固酸比、总糖和果皮b*值实现对果浆品质的预测,为西梅采收期的判断和加工原料的筛选提供了重要量化依据。综合品质评价得分结果表明,贮藏42 d的西梅果实制浆品质最佳,具有适宜的酸甜口感和良好的色泽。综上所述,果实原料内在品质与制浆酸甜口感、流变特性及色泽密切相关。从科学研究支撑产业应用的深化需求来看,不同初始成熟度的果实在贮藏期、品质变化规律及制浆适宜性等方面均可能存在差异,未来可进一步研究并建立原料分级体系。

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2026年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025090049
  • 接收时间:2025-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-05
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    1中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所,农业农村部农产品加工重点实验室,北京 100193
    2喀什地区瓜果蔬菜产业发展中心,新疆喀什 844000
    3中国农业科学院西部农业研究中心,新疆昌吉 831100

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刘璇(1982−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:果蔬加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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