Article(id=1320883615613964721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040179, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744646400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852794793, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852794793, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852794793, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852794793, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=77, endPage=87, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320883617262326194, articleId=1320883615613964721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Evolution of Physicochemical Properties and Volatile Compounds in Potatoes during Boiling, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To systematically investigate the dynamic changes and underlying mechanisms of physicochemical properties and volatile compounds in potatoes during cooking, samples subjected to five cooking durations were comprehensively characterized using multidimensional techniques, including texture analyzers, rheometers, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to assess texture properties, water migration, microstructure, and volatile profiles. It was revealed that cooking time had no significant effect on total moisture content (P>0.05). However, a decrease in the transverse relaxation time (T2) at the core was observed, indicating partial conversion of bound water to free water. Chromaticity parameters (L*, a*, b*) were significantly reduced (P<0.05), reflecting progressive darkening. Hardness, chewiness, and gumminess decreased significantly between 16.5 min and 20.5 min of boiling (P<0.05) and then remained stable with no significant changes between 20.5 min and 24.5 min (P>0.05). Rheological studies revealed that the viscosity versus frequency trends became increasingly similar for samples boiled between 18.5 min and 24.5 min, and the curves for 22.5 min and 24.5 min almost completely overlapped. Microstructural examination revealed that starch granules underwent swelling, rupture, and fragmentation, accompanied by progressive disintegration of the core matrix. Additionally, 67 volatile compounds were identified, among which aldehydes and pyrazines were enhanced by cooking. Prolonged cooking (>20.5 min) led to the formation of off-flavor compounds (e.g., 1-propanethiol, propanol, butyric acid, nonanoic acid). A critical threshold was identified at 20.5 min of boiling, with stabilized color parameters, water distribution, textural properties, and rheological characteristics, accompanied by elevated levels of characteristic flavor compounds and superior overall quality.

, authors=Jiankai PANG1, Zhili JI1, 2, Wangyang SHEN1, 2, Zhongze HU1, 2, Fengli LUO3, Xiwu JIA1, 2, *, authorsList=Jiankai PANG, Zhili JI, Wangyang SHEN, Zhongze HU, Fengli LUO, Xiwu JIA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiwu JIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320883619254620613, articleId=1320883615613964721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=马铃薯煮制过程中物化特性及挥发性成分的变化, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为系统探究马铃薯在煮制过程中物化特性及挥发性化合物的动态变化规律及其机制,本文选取5个不同煮制时间的样品,采用物性分析仪、多功能流变仪、低场核磁共振仪、气相色谱-离子迁移谱和扫描电子显微镜等多维度分析手段,对马铃薯的质构特性、水分迁移、微观结构及挥发性成分进行了全面表征。结果表明,煮制时间对马铃薯样品水分含量无显著影响(P>0.05),但样品中心的横向弛豫时间(T2)整体呈下降趋势,部分结合水转变为自由水;色度值L*、a*、b*呈现显著下降的趋势(P<0.05),表明色泽逐渐变暗;硬度、咀嚼性、胶黏性在煮制16.5 min至20.5 min期间显著下降(P<0.05),煮制20.5 min至24.5 min趋于稳定;流变学研究表明,煮制18.5 min至24.5 min的样品,其黏度随频率的变化趋势逐渐接近,22.5 min和24.5 min相重合;微观结构显示,淀粉颗粒经历膨胀-涨破-破碎的过程,中心大块状物质逐渐碎化;此外,共鉴定出67种挥发性成分,煮制促进了醛类、吡嗪类特征风味物质的生成,但随着煮制时间的延长,部分刺激性气味化合物(如1-丙硫醇、丙醇、丁酸、正壬酸等)出现。综上,煮制20.5 min为关键阈值,此时色泽、水分分布、质构、流变参数趋于稳定,特征风味物质含量较高,呈现更优的综合品质。

, authors=庞建凯1, 纪执立1, 2, 沈汪洋1, 2, 胡中泽1, 2, 罗锋利3, 贾喜午1, 2, *, authorsList=庞建凯, 纪执立, 沈汪洋, 胡中泽, 罗锋利, 贾喜午, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=贾喜午, authorNote=

庞建凯(1997−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:谷物新资源开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
贾喜午(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:谷物新资源开发,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=/q7Wb9u+reITMSh1CciguQ==, magXml=bTcvSUaMbnfb4wVkl5P9sA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=x5jCc6DebLlSZ5NfKmqV8A==, pdfFileSize=17900053, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=T8atOXqQgyvPx6haLVcHmQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=mjo5fv0mjwLhHduHA6bzJg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320883619745354192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883615613964721, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1606719649@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320883619854406098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883615613964721, authorId=1320883619745354192, language=EN, stringName=Jiankai PANG, firstName=Jiankai, middleName=null, lastName=PANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430048, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320883621553099219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883615613964721, authorId=1320883619745354192, language=CN, stringName=庞建凯, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1武汉轻工大学食品科学与工程学院,湖北武汉 430048, bio={"content":"

庞建凯(1997−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:谷物新资源开发,E-mail:

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注:A图中不同字母表示数据间有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

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注:图中A~E框分别为5个样品的主要挥发性成分;/表示未知物。

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Changes in chromaticity of potato samples subjected to different cooking time treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*
BP070.83±0.48a−3.65±0.04a23.35±0.51a
BP168.32±0.37b−9.65±0.14b16.52±1.19b
BP267.15±0.35bc−9.63±0.11b12.65±0.72c
BP367.42±0.47bc−10.07±0.05c15.67±0.53b
BP465.97±0.64c−9.78±0.13bc14.52±0.76bc
BP563.57±0.78d−10.09±0.09c15.40±0.83bc
), ArticleFig(id=1320883627060220430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883615613964721, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同煮制时间处理马铃薯样品色度的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品L*a*b*
BP070.83±0.48a−3.65±0.04a23.35±0.51a
BP168.32±0.37b−9.65±0.14b16.52±1.19b
BP267.15±0.35bc−9.63±0.11b12.65±0.72c
BP367.42±0.47bc−10.07±0.05c15.67±0.53b
BP465.97±0.64c−9.78±0.13bc14.52±0.76bc
BP563.57±0.78d−10.09±0.09c15.40±0.83bc
), ArticleFig(id=1320883627135717903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883615613964721, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Changes in moisture distribution of potato samples under different cooking durations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品A21(%)A22(%)A23(%)
BP011.94±0.24a4.43±0.20d83.62±0.43e
BP13.31±0.21b7.42±0.12a89.26±0.16d
BP23.30±0.09b6.24±0.15b90.47±0.13c
BP33.15±0.11b5.49±0.06c91.36±0.10b
BP43.08±0.07b4.89±0.09d92.03±0.14a
BP53.09±0.10b5.24±0.15cd91.67±0.13ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320883627207021072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883615613964721, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同煮制时间马铃薯样品水分分布变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品A21(%)A22(%)A23(%)
BP011.94±0.24a4.43±0.20d83.62±0.43e
BP13.31±0.21b7.42±0.12a89.26±0.16d
BP23.30±0.09b6.24±0.15b90.47±0.13c
BP33.15±0.11b5.49±0.06c91.36±0.10b
BP43.08±0.07b4.89±0.09d92.03±0.14a
BP53.09±0.10b5.24±0.15cd91.67±0.13ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320883627316072977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883615613964721, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Impact of cooking duration on textural properties of potato samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(N)咀嚼性(N)胶着性(N)
BP14.50±0.13a1.41±0.24a1.08±0.15a
BP23.72±0.10b0.94±0.11b0.85±0.10a
BP32.70±0.12c0.48±0.02c0.48±0.09b
BP42.68±0.10c0.19±0.01c0.46±0.02b
BP52.46±0.02c0.20±0.06c0.44±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1320883627399959058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883615613964721, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

煮制时间对马铃薯样品质构的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(N)咀嚼性(N)胶着性(N)
BP14.50±0.13a1.41±0.24a1.08±0.15a
BP23.72±0.10b0.94±0.11b0.85±0.10a
BP32.70±0.12c0.48±0.02c0.48±0.09b
BP42.68±0.10c0.19±0.01c0.46±0.02b
BP52.46±0.02c0.20±0.06c0.44±0.02b
), ArticleFig(id=1320883627500622355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883615613964721, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Qualitative analysis of volatile compounds in potatoes under different cooking durations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别编号化合物名称CAS号分子式分子量(Da)保留指数保留时间(s)迁移时间(ms)风味描述*
酯类1乙酸甲酯C79209C3H6O274.1793.1121.7011.1936果香味
22-甲基丁酸异戊酯C27625350C10H20O2172.31094.5626.431.4202果香味
3正丙酸乙酯C105373C5H10O2102.11005.8414.1081.4539菠萝香味
4乙酸己酯C142927C8H16O2144.21003.3408.7251.392菠萝香味
5异硫氰酸异丙酯C2253738C4H7NS101.2838.8167.0571.437刺激性臭味
62-糠酸甲酯C611132C6H6O3126.1945.6305.8691.1523令人愉快气味
7乙酸异戊酯C123922C7H14O2130.21137.4735.1941.7469香蕉味
82-甲基丁酸乙酯C7452791C7H14O2130.2846175.1711.6571苹果、菠萝味
9异戊酸丁酯C109193C9H18O2158.21054.9526.9821.3831香蕉、干酪味
10甲酸异戊酯C110452C6H12O2116.2787.4116.9651.268水果香气
11乙酸糠酯C623176C7H8O3140.1987.9377.9821.6279果香、花香味
122-甲基丁酸异丙酯C66576714C8H16O2144.2867.9201.2721.2988果香、清香味
132-甲基-1-丙醇丙酸酯C540421C7H14O2130.21069.3562.7491.281果香味
14丁酸甲酯C623427C5H10O2102.1735.783.1221.1531水果香气
15戊酸乙酯C539822C7H14O2130.2902.2244.9141.2696苹果、菠萝甜
162-甲基丙酸丁酯C97870C8H16O2144.2916.1263.481.8083果香味
17乙酸乙酯C141786C4H8O288.1861.6193.6161.1008果香味
182-甲基丁酸甲酯C868575C6H12O2116.2999.5400.9031.5244果香、清香、醚香
193-甲基丁酸戊酯C25415627C10H20O2172.31140.4742.7141.4618苹果香气
醇类20丙醇C71238C3H8O60.11083597.3271.2486酒精强烈霉味
211-丙硫醇C107039C3H8S76.2858.5189.8831.3587臭鼬鼠味
22顺-3-己烯-1-醇C928961C6H12O100.2859.7191.3241.2319草香、果香
23顺式-3-己烯醇C928961C6H12O100.2824.6151.6571.2311草香、果香
24反式-3-己烯-1-醇C928972C6H12O100.2825.2152.3141.2462新鲜绿叶香味
252-甲基-1-戊醇C105306C6H14O102.2845.9175.0841.5791浓郁果香味
263-甲基-2-丁醇C598754C5H12O88.1674.556.0021.2431水果香味
273-甲基丁醇C123513C5H12O88.11171820.3921.4917微甜、醇香味
284-甲基-1-戊醇C626891C6H14O102.2868.1201.5171.319坚果味
29桉叶油醇C470826C10H18O154.31050.5516.3471.2853樟脑气味
30正丁醇C71363C4H10O74.1678.357.4911.179酒香、醇油味
31异丙醇C67630C3H8O60.1956.3322.6021.1774醇香味
32氧化芳樟醇C60047178C10H18O2170.31102.8647.511.8178花木香 樟脑味
33异戊醇C123513C5H12O88.1732.881.61.113果香、酒香味
醛类342-苯亚甲基己醛C66251C6H12O100.21054.6526.3291.5628花香、木香
35糠醛C98011C5H4O296.1822.9149.8551.3431坚果香
363-甲基-2-丁烯醛C107868C5H8O84.1781.8112.5561.36浆果香
37庚醛C111717C7H14O114.2906.6250.7681.3411果香
382-吡咯甲醛C1003298C5H5NO95.11005.8414.0831.085刺激性气味
39异戊醛C590863C5H10O86.1880.6217.0391.188苹果香气
40正戊醛C110623C5H10O86.1928.2280.2791.188香甜略刺激味
41正丁醛C123728C4H8O72.1876.7212.1781.1129刺激性气味
酮类421,1,3-三甲基环己烯酮C78591C9H14O138.21120.3691.8641.2588薄荷香
433-戊酮C96220C5H10O86.1995.8393.4281.3468辛辣刺激味
442-丁酮C78933C4H8O72.1872.3206.7391.2508薄荷香
45环己酮C108941C6H10O98.1881.7218.5081.4608薄荷气味
462-甲基四氢呋喃-3-酮C3188009C5H8O2100.1788.4117.7711.419甜香、坚果香、奶油香
473,5-二甲基环戊烯醇酮C13494070C7H10O2126.21051.3518.2131.6089香草、焦糖味
483-己酮C589388C6H12O100.2798.8126.5871.489甜香、果香、蜡香味
495-甲基-2-庚烯-4-酮C81925817C8H14O126.2969.5344.6091.225坚果、烤香、焦香
烯烃503-蒈烯C13466789C10H16136.21102.7647.1942.101松木香味
51α-蒎烯C80568C10H16136.21055.5528.5051.665樟脑、松木香
52罗勒烯C13877913C10H16136.21056.4530.731.252花草香、甜味
53β-蒎烯C127913C10H16136.21129.3714.6751.296青草、松木香
酸类54丙酸C79094C3H6O274.1652.547.5721.2788恶臭气味
55正壬酸C112050C9H18O2158.21265.31059.4891.5594腐臭味
56丁酸C107926C4H8O288.1785.6115.551.3839刺激性气味
呋喃572-乙基呋喃C3208160C6H8O96.1682.259.0331.286豆香、壤香味
582-乙酰基呋喃C1192627C6H6O2110.11080.4590.5841.4421坚果、烤香
吡嗪592,6-二甲基吡嗪C108509C6H8N2108.1905.8249.621.56烤香、花生、土豆气味
602-乙基吡嗪C13925003C6H8N2108.1952.4316.3241.5113坚果、土豆香
其他612-乙酰基噻吩C88153C6H6OS126.21084.6601.3411.1528坚果、稻谷香
62二甲基三硫C3658808C2H6S3126.3952.3316.2121.3079新鲜洋葱味
632,4,6-三甲基吡啶C108758C8H11N121.2985.2372.8151.5869芳香气味
64噻唑C288471C3H3NS85.1742.686.871.2581刺激性臭味
65三乙胺C121448C6H15N101.2694.263.931.2212腥臭味
66二甲基二硫醚C624920C2H6S294.21052.2520.4051.1457刺激性气味
67四氢吡咯C123751C4H9N71.168258.9331.0611刺激性气味
), ArticleFig(id=1320883627597091348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320883615613964721, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同煮制时间马铃薯挥发性物质定性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别编号化合物名称CAS号分子式分子量(Da)保留指数保留时间(s)迁移时间(ms)风味描述*
酯类1乙酸甲酯C79209C3H6O274.1793.1121.7011.1936果香味
22-甲基丁酸异戊酯C27625350C10H20O2172.31094.5626.431.4202果香味
3正丙酸乙酯C105373C5H10O2102.11005.8414.1081.4539菠萝香味
4乙酸己酯C142927C8H16O2144.21003.3408.7251.392菠萝香味
5异硫氰酸异丙酯C2253738C4H7NS101.2838.8167.0571.437刺激性臭味
62-糠酸甲酯C611132C6H6O3126.1945.6305.8691.1523令人愉快气味
7乙酸异戊酯C123922C7H14O2130.21137.4735.1941.7469香蕉味
82-甲基丁酸乙酯C7452791C7H14O2130.2846175.1711.6571苹果、菠萝味
9异戊酸丁酯C109193C9H18O2158.21054.9526.9821.3831香蕉、干酪味
10甲酸异戊酯C110452C6H12O2116.2787.4116.9651.268水果香气
11乙酸糠酯C623176C7H8O3140.1987.9377.9821.6279果香、花香味
122-甲基丁酸异丙酯C66576714C8H16O2144.2867.9201.2721.2988果香、清香味
132-甲基-1-丙醇丙酸酯C540421C7H14O2130.21069.3562.7491.281果香味
14丁酸甲酯C623427C5H10O2102.1735.783.1221.1531水果香气
15戊酸乙酯C539822C7H14O2130.2902.2244.9141.2696苹果、菠萝甜
162-甲基丙酸丁酯C97870C8H16O2144.2916.1263.481.8083果香味
17乙酸乙酯C141786C4H8O288.1861.6193.6161.1008果香味
182-甲基丁酸甲酯C868575C6H12O2116.2999.5400.9031.5244果香、清香、醚香
193-甲基丁酸戊酯C25415627C10H20O2172.31140.4742.7141.4618苹果香气
醇类20丙醇C71238C3H8O60.11083597.3271.2486酒精强烈霉味
211-丙硫醇C107039C3H8S76.2858.5189.8831.3587臭鼬鼠味
22顺-3-己烯-1-醇C928961C6H12O100.2859.7191.3241.2319草香、果香
23顺式-3-己烯醇C928961C6H12O100.2824.6151.6571.2311草香、果香
24反式-3-己烯-1-醇C928972C6H12O100.2825.2152.3141.2462新鲜绿叶香味
252-甲基-1-戊醇C105306C6H14O102.2845.9175.0841.5791浓郁果香味
263-甲基-2-丁醇C598754C5H12O88.1674.556.0021.2431水果香味
273-甲基丁醇C123513C5H12O88.11171820.3921.4917微甜、醇香味
284-甲基-1-戊醇C626891C6H14O102.2868.1201.5171.319坚果味
29桉叶油醇C470826C10H18O154.31050.5516.3471.2853樟脑气味
30正丁醇C71363C4H10O74.1678.357.4911.179酒香、醇油味
31异丙醇C67630C3H8O60.1956.3322.6021.1774醇香味
32氧化芳樟醇C60047178C10H18O2170.31102.8647.511.8178花木香 樟脑味
33异戊醇C123513C5H12O88.1732.881.61.113果香、酒香味
醛类342-苯亚甲基己醛C66251C6H12O100.21054.6526.3291.5628花香、木香
35糠醛C98011C5H4O296.1822.9149.8551.3431坚果香
363-甲基-2-丁烯醛C107868C5H8O84.1781.8112.5561.36浆果香
37庚醛C111717C7H14O114.2906.6250.7681.3411果香
382-吡咯甲醛C1003298C5H5NO95.11005.8414.0831.085刺激性气味
39异戊醛C590863C5H10O86.1880.6217.0391.188苹果香气
40正戊醛C110623C5H10O86.1928.2280.2791.188香甜略刺激味
41正丁醛C123728C4H8O72.1876.7212.1781.1129刺激性气味
酮类421,1,3-三甲基环己烯酮C78591C9H14O138.21120.3691.8641.2588薄荷香
433-戊酮C96220C5H10O86.1995.8393.4281.3468辛辣刺激味
442-丁酮C78933C4H8O72.1872.3206.7391.2508薄荷香
45环己酮C108941C6H10O98.1881.7218.5081.4608薄荷气味
462-甲基四氢呋喃-3-酮C3188009C5H8O2100.1788.4117.7711.419甜香、坚果香、奶油香
473,5-二甲基环戊烯醇酮C13494070C7H10O2126.21051.3518.2131.6089香草、焦糖味
483-己酮C589388C6H12O100.2798.8126.5871.489甜香、果香、蜡香味
495-甲基-2-庚烯-4-酮C81925817C8H14O126.2969.5344.6091.225坚果、烤香、焦香
烯烃503-蒈烯C13466789C10H16136.21102.7647.1942.101松木香味
51α-蒎烯C80568C10H16136.21055.5528.5051.665樟脑、松木香
52罗勒烯C13877913C10H16136.21056.4530.731.252花草香、甜味
53β-蒎烯C127913C10H16136.21129.3714.6751.296青草、松木香
酸类54丙酸C79094C3H6O274.1652.547.5721.2788恶臭气味
55正壬酸C112050C9H18O2158.21265.31059.4891.5594腐臭味
56丁酸C107926C4H8O288.1785.6115.551.3839刺激性气味
呋喃572-乙基呋喃C3208160C6H8O96.1682.259.0331.286豆香、壤香味
582-乙酰基呋喃C1192627C6H6O2110.11080.4590.5841.4421坚果、烤香
吡嗪592,6-二甲基吡嗪C108509C6H8N2108.1905.8249.621.56烤香、花生、土豆气味
602-乙基吡嗪C13925003C6H8N2108.1952.4316.3241.5113坚果、土豆香
其他612-乙酰基噻吩C88153C6H6OS126.21084.6601.3411.1528坚果、稻谷香
62二甲基三硫C3658808C2H6S3126.3952.3316.2121.3079新鲜洋葱味
632,4,6-三甲基吡啶C108758C8H11N121.2985.2372.8151.5869芳香气味
64噻唑C288471C3H3NS85.1742.686.871.2581刺激性臭味
65三乙胺C121448C6H15N101.2694.263.931.2212腥臭味
66二甲基二硫醚C624920C2H6S294.21052.2520.4051.1457刺激性气味
67四氢吡咯C123751C4H9N71.168258.9331.0611刺激性气味
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马铃薯煮制过程中物化特性及挥发性成分的变化
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庞建凯 1 , 纪执立 1, 2 , 沈汪洋 1, 2 , 胡中泽 1, 2 , 罗锋利 3 , 贾喜午 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(8): 77-87
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (8) : 77 -87
马铃薯煮制过程中物化特性及挥发性成分的变化
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庞建凯1 , 纪执立1, 2, 沈汪洋1, 2, 胡中泽1, 2, 罗锋利3, 贾喜午1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1武汉轻工大学食品科学与工程学院,湖北武汉 430048
  • 2武汉轻工大学大宗粮油精深加工教育部重点实验室,湖北武汉 430048
  • 3湖北英硒生物科技发展有限公司,湖北武汉 445000
通讯作者:
贾喜午(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:谷物新资源开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

庞建凯(1997−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:谷物新资源开发,E-mail:

Evolution of Physicochemical Properties and Volatile Compounds in Potatoes during Boiling
Jiankai PANG1 , Zhili JI1, 2, Wangyang SHEN1, 2, Zhongze HU1, 2, Fengli LUO3, Xiwu JIA1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430048, China
  • 2Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430048, China
  • 3Hubei Yingse Biotechnology Development Co., Ltd., Wuhan 445000, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040179
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为系统探究马铃薯在煮制过程中物化特性及挥发性化合物的动态变化规律及其机制,本文选取5个不同煮制时间的样品,采用物性分析仪、多功能流变仪、低场核磁共振仪、气相色谱-离子迁移谱和扫描电子显微镜等多维度分析手段,对马铃薯的质构特性、水分迁移、微观结构及挥发性成分进行了全面表征。结果表明,煮制时间对马铃薯样品水分含量无显著影响(P>0.05),但样品中心的横向弛豫时间(T2)整体呈下降趋势,部分结合水转变为自由水;色度值L*、a*、b*呈现显著下降的趋势(P<0.05),表明色泽逐渐变暗;硬度、咀嚼性、胶黏性在煮制16.5 min至20.5 min期间显著下降(P<0.05),煮制20.5 min至24.5 min趋于稳定;流变学研究表明,煮制18.5 min至24.5 min的样品,其黏度随频率的变化趋势逐渐接近,22.5 min和24.5 min相重合;微观结构显示,淀粉颗粒经历膨胀-涨破-破碎的过程,中心大块状物质逐渐碎化;此外,共鉴定出67种挥发性成分,煮制促进了醛类、吡嗪类特征风味物质的生成,但随着煮制时间的延长,部分刺激性气味化合物(如1-丙硫醇、丙醇、丁酸、正壬酸等)出现。综上,煮制20.5 min为关键阈值,此时色泽、水分分布、质构、流变参数趋于稳定,特征风味物质含量较高,呈现更优的综合品质。

马铃薯  /  煮制  /  质构  /  微观结构  /  挥发性化合物

To systematically investigate the dynamic changes and underlying mechanisms of physicochemical properties and volatile compounds in potatoes during cooking, samples subjected to five cooking durations were comprehensively characterized using multidimensional techniques, including texture analyzers, rheometers, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to assess texture properties, water migration, microstructure, and volatile profiles. It was revealed that cooking time had no significant effect on total moisture content (P>0.05). However, a decrease in the transverse relaxation time (T2) at the core was observed, indicating partial conversion of bound water to free water. Chromaticity parameters (L*, a*, b*) were significantly reduced (P<0.05), reflecting progressive darkening. Hardness, chewiness, and gumminess decreased significantly between 16.5 min and 20.5 min of boiling (P<0.05) and then remained stable with no significant changes between 20.5 min and 24.5 min (P>0.05). Rheological studies revealed that the viscosity versus frequency trends became increasingly similar for samples boiled between 18.5 min and 24.5 min, and the curves for 22.5 min and 24.5 min almost completely overlapped. Microstructural examination revealed that starch granules underwent swelling, rupture, and fragmentation, accompanied by progressive disintegration of the core matrix. Additionally, 67 volatile compounds were identified, among which aldehydes and pyrazines were enhanced by cooking. Prolonged cooking (>20.5 min) led to the formation of off-flavor compounds (e.g., 1-propanethiol, propanol, butyric acid, nonanoic acid). A critical threshold was identified at 20.5 min of boiling, with stabilized color parameters, water distribution, textural properties, and rheological characteristics, accompanied by elevated levels of characteristic flavor compounds and superior overall quality.

potato  /  cooking  /  texture  /  microstructure  /  volatile compounds
庞建凯, 纪执立, 沈汪洋, 胡中泽, 罗锋利, 贾喜午. 马铃薯煮制过程中物化特性及挥发性成分的变化. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 77 -87 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040179
Jiankai PANG, Zhili JI, Wangyang SHEN, Zhongze HU, Fengli LUO, Xiwu JIA. Evolution of Physicochemical Properties and Volatile Compounds in Potatoes during Boiling[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 77 -87 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040179
马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)原产于南美洲安第斯山区的秘鲁和智利一带,由于其适应环境能力强、产量高、成本低,得到在全球范围内广泛种植和推广,现已成为继小麦、水稻、玉米之后的世界第四大粮食作物[1]。马铃薯富含多种生物活性成分,包括淀粉、蛋白质、纤维、矿物质、多酚化合物及类胡萝卜素等。另外,马铃薯具有多种生理功能,如抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎、抗肥胖、抗癌和抗糖尿病等,具有潜在健康效益[2]。
恩施炕马铃薯作为湖北省西部特色传统食品,以其独特的质构和风味特性,成为地域饮食文化传承与乡村振兴的重要载体[3]。该产品以恩施主栽的马尔科马铃薯为原料,其高支链淀粉与低还原糖特性赋予成品"软糯香绵"的感官优势,形成区别于其他产区的核心品质标识。根据原料预处理差异,可分为“生炕”和“熟炕”。熟炕是指煮制后炕制,因其能降低对炕制火候的依赖性,可显著提升加工可控性,成为产业化发展的主要工艺[4]。然而,熟炕工艺更加依赖经验性操作,工艺参数缺乏量化标准,导致马铃薯熟化不均、质地松散甚至破损等问题频发。煮制作为初始关键环节,其核心作用在于精准调控马铃薯的淀粉糊化程度与物性状态。煮制后马铃薯的品质直接影响产品的口感和风味。因此,实现煮制工艺参数的标准化,是破解恩施炕马铃薯产业化中产品品质波动难题的根本途径,更是推动该产业从经验依赖型生产向标准化、智能化制造升级的关键路径。
目前已有部分关于马铃薯熟化的研究,李文丽等[5]研究了生马铃薯和蒸煮后的品质评价,TPA压缩和剪切模式适用于熟马铃薯质地品质的客观评价,其中硬度、弹性、咀嚼性可以作为评价熟马铃薯质地差异性的重要参数。Seefeldt等[6]指出,烹饪后马铃薯质地的变化与细胞壁的理化性质和结构有关。Alvarez等[7]研究表明,马铃薯在80 ℃下热处理5 min后,淀粉颗粒仍然完整,但在90 ℃下热处理5 min后开始凝胶化和溶胀。淀粉糊化可能增加细胞的内部压力,导致细胞壁松动[8]。现有研究大多基于熟化前后马铃薯品质差异,然而鲜有关于马铃薯在煮制过程中品质变化的相关报道;煮制程度对炕制产品品质影响显著,因此需要研究马铃薯在煮制过程中的品质变化规律,以期确定最佳煮制参数,为炕制马铃薯产业化提供技术支持。
本研究以恩施地区特色品种‘马尔科’马铃薯为实验原料,系统探究煮制时间梯度对其质构特性、风味化合物形成及微观结构的影响规律及机制。通过实时监测马铃薯中心温度变化规律,结合预实验结果确定关键煮制时间节点,采用质构剖面分析(TPA)、低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)及气相色谱-离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)等多维度分析技术,表征煮制过程中马铃薯质地、水分迁移特性及挥发性物质的动态演变规律。在此基础上,进一步分析不同糊化阶段样品结构完整性、风味前体物质消耗与特征风味化合物(吡嗪类、醛类)生成的关系。最终,确定最佳煮制工艺参数,为马铃薯预调理制品产业化生产中的热加工参数标准化提供理论依据与技术支撑。
‘马尔科’品种小型马铃薯 马铃薯块茎的平均重量为58~61 g,由湖北英硒生物科技发展有限公司提供。
GL840数据采集器 日本图技GRAPHTEC有限公司;BDS5P低温速冻柜 佛山半度电器有限公司;FlavourSpec®1H1-00053气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用仪 德国G.A.S.公司;D8 Advance X射线衍射仪 德国布鲁克公司;TA.TOUCH质构仪 上海保圣实业发展有限公司;NMI20-040V-I低场核磁共振仪 苏州纽迈分析仪器股份有限公司;SU8600扫描电子显微镜 日本日立公司;LGJ-20G冷冻干燥机 四环福瑞科仪科技发展有限公司;YJ10002电子天平 上海舜宇恒平科学仪器有限公司;101型电热鼓风干燥箱 北京科伟永兴仪器有限公司;Kinexus pro+多功能流变仪 英国马尔文公司。
选取10个形状规则、重量均匀且无虫害及机械损伤的新鲜马铃薯样品,经清洗并去皮处理后,使用不锈钢刀具将马铃薯沿长轴方向削除首尾两端,将剩余马铃薯用切割模具进行取样,制备成尺寸为3.0 cm×3.0 cm×3.0 cm的立方体块。取1.5 L去离子水加热至沸点,放入0.5 kg制备好的马铃薯块,使用电磁炉在1200 W恒定功率条件下进行煮制,同时开始计时。
根据热电偶数据结果,以煮制16.5 min的马铃薯样品为第一组,命名为BP1。随后每隔2 min取样一次,分别获得煮制18.5 min(BP2)、20.5 min(BP3)、22.5 min(BP4)和24.5 min(BP5)的样品。未煮制的马铃薯样品作为对照组,命名为BP0。对上述样品进行物性以及挥发性风味物质测定,以探究煮制时间对马铃薯质地特性的影响,并解析煮制过程中挥发性风味物质的生成规律。
采用热电偶实时监测水浴和马铃薯中心温度变化。将热电偶探头固定于马铃薯块中心位置,设置为每间隔2 s记录一次温度数据。当马铃薯中心温度达到水浴温度时,记为初始时间点(t=0),并进行第一次取样。
水分含量采用GB 5009.3-2016《食品中水分的测定》直接干燥法进行测定;总淀粉和直链淀粉的测定,通过使用Megazyme总淀粉试剂盒和直链淀粉试剂盒进行测定;粗蛋白采用GB 5009.5-2016《食品中蛋白质的测定》中描述的方法进行测定;灰分通过GB 5009.4-2016《食品中灰分的测定》中的方法进行测定。所有测定均设置三次平行实验。
参考蔡雪梅等[9]的方法,采用色差计对不同煮制时间的马铃薯样品进行色泽测定。色度参数包括L*、a*和b*值,其中L*值表示明暗度;a*值表示红绿色度;b*值表征蓝黄色度。a*和b*值的综合变化可反映样品的色调特征。每个样品重复测定5次,取平均值作为最终结果。
参考石冰艳等[10]的方法并稍作修改。取生鲜及不同煮制阶段马铃薯中心组织,取样方法:将样品八个面用刻度尺量取1.0 cm进行定位,沿定位进行切分,得到1.0 cm3的马铃薯块。经PE膜封装后置于Φ40 mm专用检测管中。采用CPMG脉冲序列(Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill)测定横向弛豫时间(T2)。参数设置:主频为20 MHz,偏移频率为677 904.11 Hz,采样频率为200 kHz,采样点数为59996个,采样间隔时间为5000 ms,回波个数为12000个,累加次数为8次。
参考赵人杰等[11]的方法并稍作修改。将煮制的马铃薯样品置于质构仪载物台,采用TA/2探头进行测定。测试前、测试中和测试后速率分别为3、1和1 mm/s。测试距离为50 mm,触发力为5 g。选取硬度、咀嚼性、胶着性、内聚性、弹性来表征煮制马铃薯块茎的质地品质。每组样品准备3个平行。
参考Zhou等[12]的方法并稍作修改。将不同样品制成马铃薯泥,选用P40圆形锥板检测探头,平板间隙1 mm,温度25 ℃,在0~100 s−1的剪切速率范围内进行静态流变测定;在扫描频率为0.1~10 Hz的范围内以1%的应变(线性粘弹性区域内)进行动态流变测定。
参考Wang等[13]的方法并稍作修改。制备样品:用刻度尺量取1.0 cm,纵向切分,并标记切面,令与切面相对的面为样品表面;取上述水分分布实验制得的样品,量取0.5 cm,纵向切分,切面即为中心。将以上两种样品进行冷冻干燥处理,通过扫描电子显微镜观察表面和中心的形貌。将样品用导电双面胶带固定在样品台上进行喷金,然后于250倍扫描并拍照。
参考Jiang等[14]的方法并稍作修改。称取2 g样品,置于20 mL顶空玻璃瓶中,将盖子密封并贴标。孵化温度设定为80 ℃,孵化时间为20 min,孵化转速设置为500 r/min。顶空进样温度为85 ℃,进样体积为500 μL。以氮气为载体,载气流速为2 mL/min,开始2 min,以较低的流速分离难以分离的物质,在2~30 min内线性增加至150 mL/min。IMS参数漂移气体的流速设定为150 mL/min,漂移管温度为45 ℃,分析时间为30 min。数据分析:仪器配套的分析软件包括VOCal和Dynamic PCA、Gallery Plot、Reporter三个插件。使用Gallery Plot分析样品风味的差异;使用VOCal软件内置的GC保留指数(NIST2020)数据库和IMS迁移时间数据库检索和比对,对样品的挥发性成分进行定性分析;采用峰体积归一化法进行定量;使用Gallery Plot对比指纹图谱的差异;使用Dynamic PCA插件进行主成分分析。
实验数据以试验的平均值±标准差表示,采用Microsoft Office Excel 2021软件整理并计算数据,利用Origin 9.8软件进行绘制柱状图、折线图等,采用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据分析,采用Duncan检验进行显著性分析,P<0.05表示差异显著。
马铃薯样品煮制过程中中心温度变化如图1所示,其中横坐标为时间(s),纵坐标为温度(℃),红、黑色曲线分别代表马铃薯样品中心温度和水浴温度的变化趋势。水浴温度在97 ℃附近呈现微小波动,而马铃薯中心温度在初始阶段呈现快速上升趋势,随后升温速率逐渐减缓,最终趋于水浴温度。结果表明,马铃薯样品中心温度达到水浴温度所需时间为990 s(16.5 min)。
马铃薯的感官品质与基本成分相关,而基本成分受遗传基因和生长环境协同影响[15]。通过实验测得‘马尔科’品种马铃薯的基本成分:水分含量为85.06%±0.19%;在马铃薯干物质含量中,总淀粉含量为70.53%±1.23%、直链淀粉含量为21.04%±0.48%、粗蛋白为10.57%±0.13%、总膳食纤维为7.96%±0.06%、灰分为2.98%±0.03%。Singh等[16]研究发现,生熟块茎的质构和流变学特性取决于干物质含量,干物质含量为14.63%±0.29%时,蒸煮马铃薯为蜡质口感;干物质含量大于20.97%±0.26%时,蒸煮马铃薯为粉质口感。粉质性的马铃薯在口感上呈现出干燥和颗粒感,而蜡质性的马铃薯则呈现湿润和黏性感[17]。
马铃薯色泽是评价其烹饪品质的关键指标之一。通过对不同煮制时间处理的马铃薯样品进行色度分析(表1),结果表明,随着煮制时间的延长,与对照组(BP0)相比,所有煮制处理组的L*、a*、b*值均发生显著变化(P<0.05),具体表现为BP1~BP5组L*值从68.32降至63.57,呈现显著的下降趋势(P<0.05),同时a*值和b*值也呈现出减小的趋势,这表明马铃薯的亮度逐渐降低,色泽变暗。目前关于马铃薯在加工过程中,色泽变暗的机理解释尚不统一。Yang等[18]研究表明,马铃薯蒸煮后表面变暗归因于非酶反应,具体是蒸煮过程中形成有色绿原酸-三价铁络合物所导致的。然而,Bach等[19]则认为是马铃薯中的主要酚类物质绿原酸,在蒸煮或油炸过程中发生氧化反应,生成醌类物质,进而导致马铃薯色泽变暗。若煮制期间不考虑色泽的变化,在最终的炕制工艺中,这些煮制积累的中间产物会在炕制高温下进一步反应,从而显著增加产品的褐变程度以及风味复杂度。BP3~BP4组,L*值下降速率加快,因此,选BP3组的色度拐点作为煮制时间的关键控制点,从而避免色度及品质劣化。
马铃薯在煮制过程中水分含量和水分分布变化分别如图2A、图2B所示。与未煮制的马铃薯相比,不同样品的水分含量未呈现显著性变化(P>0.05),但存在小范围的波动(图2A),可能与煮制过程中传质传热现象引起的水分重新分布有关,水分形态由结合水向自由水转变导致水分流动性增强,但总水分含量保持稳定。
图2B显示了不同煮制时间样品中氢质子的横向弛豫时间(T2)分布曲线。T2弛豫谱中观察到三个明显的峰:T21(0.1~1 ms)代表强结合水,T22(1~10 ms)代表弱结合水,T23(>10 ms)代表自由水。由图可知,与新鲜马铃薯相比,煮制后的马铃薯中T21和T22峰向左移动且峰面积减小,表明水分子的流动性降低。然而,随着煮制时间的延长,T21和T22峰逐渐向右移动,表明样品中水分子的流动性增加。通过对T2分布曲线积分,计算得到三个峰的面积占总水分的比例[20]。表2为计算结果,在煮制过程中,A21值从3.31%降低到3.09%;A22从7.24%降低到5.24%;A23从89.26%增加到了91.67%。这表明强结合水和弱结合水的比例逐渐下降,而自由水的比例显著上升,说明煮制过程中强结合水和弱结合水向自由水发生了转化。这一转化可能与细胞壁结构的破坏及淀粉凝胶网络的形成与解体密切相关[21]。BP0~BP2组中A23呈显著增大的趋势,此时自由水比例随煮制过程而存在明显波动。BP3组自由水(A23)达91.36%,较未煮制(BP0)提升约9.25%(P<0.05),且与BP4(92.03%)、BP5(91.67%)无显著差异,表明此时自由水比例趋于稳定,满足炕制时出现“外酥脆”的前提条件。
利用质构仪对不同煮制时间的马铃薯样品进行质地分析,煮制时间对样品质构的影响如表3所示,马铃薯样品的硬度从4.50 N降低到了2.46 N;咀嚼性从1.41 N降低到了0.19 N;胶着性从1.08 N降低到了0.44 N。煮制时间显著(P<0.05)影响了马铃薯的硬度、咀嚼性、胶着性。硬度降低归因于高温环境导致淀粉颗粒吸水膨胀,对细胞壁产生压力,同时高温诱导半纤维素降解及果胶甲酯化程度降低,削弱细胞壁的机械强度,造成淀粉颗粒涨破崩解、细胞壁被破坏,细胞间层逐步松散,使马铃薯质地变软。有研究表明[22]口感与质构特性中的咀嚼性和胶着性呈负相关,即口感越好,这些指标的值越低。因此,BP3和BP5更符合消费者对马铃薯软糯可口的需求。显著性分析表明,硬度与咀嚼性仅在BP1~BP3组间存在显著差异(P<0.05),而BP3~BP5组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结合能耗效率和品质分析,BP3组(煮制时间20.5 min)已达到质构需求阈值,继续延长煮制将导致能源浪费以及产品过度蒸煮造成品质降低。这与Nguyen等[23]通过高光谱成像技术预测水煮马铃薯最佳烹饪时间的研究结果相一致。
静态流变学能够反映样品结构质地随剪切速率变化的规律[24]。图3(A)展示了不同煮制时间马铃薯样品的静态剪切性质。由图3(A)可知,所有样品组的表观黏度均随剪切速率的增加而降低,表现出典型的非牛顿剪切稀化行为[25]。这是由于煮制过程中淀粉颗粒吸水膨胀并发生糊化,导致马铃薯质地变得松软,从而在剪切力作用下更易发生形变。
动态流变性质是指样品在交变应力条件下的力学行为,与马铃薯的质地和感官特性密切相关。通过动态流变学测试可以获得样品的储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G'')。G'表示材料在受力发生弹性形变时而储存的能量,煮制时间较短时,马铃薯质地较硬,口感表现为弹性和硬度较高,此时G'值较大[26]。G''则表征样品在形变过程中因不可逆黏性形变而损耗的能量,煮制时间长、质地较软的马铃薯,容易碎裂,致使G'和G''值均较低。因此可以通过不同煮制时间所呈现的曲线趋势,来分析马铃薯的熟化程度,对比分析不同样品质地变化。
不同组样品的动态流变学性质见图3(B)。如图3(B)所示,所有样品的G'均高于G'',表现出弹性行为。不同样品的G'和G''均随着频率的增大而增大,值得注意的是,除BP1外,BP2~BP5组的G'随频率变化的趋势相接近,在同一频率下G'表现为更低,且增长速率更小,同时出现重叠的现象。这可能是随着煮制程度的加强,马铃薯中的淀粉颗粒吸水膨胀发生糊化,淀粉结构遭到破坏,形成凝胶状的质地,使马铃薯泥样品变得柔软。BP1中的G'最高,表明马铃薯质地仍然坚硬,相应的BP5中G'最低,则表明马铃薯质地硬度最低。综上所述,煮制时间对马铃薯质地和口感具有明显的影响,随着煮制时间的延长,马铃薯质地逐渐软化,但当煮制时间达到20.5 min(BP3)时,质地变化趋于平缓。这一结果为马铃薯产品的最佳煮制时间提供了理论依据,同时也为工业化生产中的工艺优化提供了参考。
图4为不同煮制时间样品表面SEM观察结果。未煮制的马铃薯(BP0)具有清晰可见的光滑椭圆形淀粉颗粒,其大小分布不均匀,大颗粒淀粉多为椭圆形,小颗粒淀粉多呈圆形[27]。淀粉颗粒表面附着有不规则的片状物质,可能是纤维和其他杂质附着在颗粒表面造成[28]。煮制样品(BP1~BP5)中,样品表面呈现粗糙褶皱,这可能是由于煮制后经过冷冻干燥过程中水分流失所导致。BP1组图像显示淀粉颗粒失去原有的光滑椭圆形态,体积明显增大,并出现一层凝胶状结构,这些凝胶可能是淀粉、果胶等与水在高温环境所形成。凝胶附着于马铃薯表面,可能是导致煮制过程中样品水分含量未出现显著性变化的原因之一。随着煮制时间的延长,BP3组样品中出现多处孔状结构,BP4组中凝胶出现大面积断裂,而BP5组中则观察到无规则碎片,且整体趋于光滑、平坦。这些变化可能是由于淀粉颗粒在高温、高水分环境中吸水膨胀,体积增大,同时细胞壁中的半纤维素和果胶在高温下发生降解和溶解,导致细胞壁失去机械支撑力。BP3组淀粉颗粒完全糊化,并形成多孔状结构,既保留细胞壁部分结构,又未出现BP4中的断裂、BP5的碎片化,因此从微观角度可以判断出BP3组为最佳煮制时间。
图5展示了不同煮制时间,从马铃薯样品中心取样进行冻干后的微观结构。与表面微观结构不同,在BP1~BP5组样品中心未观察到类似样品表面的凝胶状物质。在BP1中,出现聚集在一起的大块状的物质,随着煮制时间的延长,淀粉颗粒吸水膨胀并发生崩解,形成碎片状物质,这些碎片在进一步煮制过程中不断断裂并分散,结构逐渐变得松散。直到BP5组时,碎片进一步分散并断裂为更小的颗粒。这一微观结构变化与流变学研究结果一致,即随着煮制时间的延长,马铃薯样品的流动性增强,表现为表观黏度降低。
结合样品表面和中心的微观结构来看,其与流变学特性之间具有一定的关联性。煮制时间较长的样品(如BP4和BP5)中,淀粉颗粒的崩解和碎片化导致其中心结构更加松散,从而降低了样品的粘弹性,表现为动态流变学中G'和G''值的降低以及静态流变学中表观黏度的下降。这一结果进一步验证了煮制时间对马铃薯质地特性的明显影响,并为优化煮制工艺提供了微观结构层面的理论支持。
本研究采用GC-IMS技术分析了不同煮制时间马铃薯挥发性化合物的差异,为了清晰地揭示不同煮制时间样品中挥发性化合物的种类和含量变化,以BP1组为参照,推导出其他样品组的详细化合物信息,如图6。推导结果中,白色背景表示与参照组相同的挥发性化合物,红色点表示化合物浓度高于参照组,蓝色点表示化合物浓度低于参照组[29]。结果显示,在保留时间0~800 s范围内,红点和蓝点的分布存在明显差异,表明挥发性化合物的种类和浓度随煮制时间的延长发生了明显变化。随着煮制时间的增加,样品组中的红点数量和深度逐渐增加,表明挥发性化合物的浓度总体呈上升趋势。然而,部分化合物的浓度随煮制时间延长而逐渐降低,甚至消失。BP2与BP1之间的差异最小,而BP5与BP1之间的差异最大,BP4与BP1之间的差异次之。这表明与BP1组相比,其他样品组中的挥发性化合物种类更加丰富,且浓度增加,其中BP5组的挥发性化合物的种类最丰富。
通过GC-IMS数据库比对分析,本研究共检测出67种挥发性风味物质成分。如表4所示,这些化合物主要包括酯类(19种)、醇类(14种)、醛类(8种)、酮类(8种)、烯类(4种)、酸类(3种)、吡嗪类(2种)、呋喃类(2种)、吡咯类(1种)、吡啶类(1种)、噻唑类(1种)、胺类(1种)、噻吩类(1种)、醚类(1种)、硫类(1种)。此外,有3种物质未能定性。研究发现,部分化合物存在二聚体或三聚体的现象[30]。这些挥发性化合物的种类和含量变化对马铃薯的风味特性具有重要影响,为后续风味调控及工艺优化提供了科学依据。
为了对图谱上样品中的特定化学物质进行深入的统计判断,利用LAV软件生成了不同煮制时间的马铃薯样品中挥发性化合物的指纹图谱[31]。指纹图谱(图7)的每一行代表同一样品中不同挥发性成分的峰信号强度,每一列代表不同煮制时间中同一挥发性成分的峰信号强度。色块的颜色深度表示特定物质的丰度,颜色越深,物质含量越高。每列显示不同样品中相同挥发性化合物的含量变化,每行则显示同一煮制时间样品中检测到的所有挥发性物质[32]。
指纹图谱显示,5个不同煮制时间的样品中挥发性化合物的含量具有较大差异。BP1、BP2和BP3组中挥发性化合物的响应峰值相近,其中醛类、醇类、酯类对煮制马铃薯风味贡献突出。BP1和BP2组中,异戊醇、异戊醛、正戊醛及顺式-3-己烯醇的响应峰值较高,这些化合物赋予马铃薯醇香、果香及新鲜草叶的清新风味。其中,二甲基二硫醚作为煮制马铃薯的特征风味物质,对整体风味的形成具有重要贡献[33]。BP3组中,2-乙基呋喃、异硫氰酸异丙酯等化合物的浓度达到峰值,其风味特征偏向辛辣与硫化物特有的复杂香气,可能与热反应中硫化物前体物质的降解有关。总之,C区域的颜色明显高于A、B区域,即BP3的挥发性物质含量明显高于BP1、BP2,且多数为令人愉悦的特征风味物质,这说明BP3的风味较BP1、BP2更加浓郁。
随着煮制时间的延长,在BP4组中,三乙胺(腥臭味)的浓度明显升高,但其与庚醛(草香、果香)及顺式-3-己烯醇的共存形成风味矛盾。这可能反映煮制过程中蛋白质或脂质的热分解产物积累,需通过时间控制以抑制不良气味的生成。虽然D区域挥发性物质丰富度有所增加,但C区域中的特征风味物质有所减少。BP5组中,酯类(如2-糠酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯等)明显增加,赋予样品浓郁的水果香气并赋予令人愉快的风味[34]。E区域丰富度继续增加,酮类、呋喃类及萜烯类化合物(如α-蒎烯、氧化芳樟醇)的积累增强了风味的复杂性,表现为坚果香、松木香等多层次特征,但C区域中的特征风味物质继续减少。同时,BP5组中1-丙硫醇、丁酸等刺激性气味的化合物浓度明显高于其他组,可能导致异味,影响感官接受性。这表明过长的煮制时间虽能丰富风味层次,但不良副产物的生成风险同步增加。
综上所述,煮制时间对马铃薯风味物质的影响呈现双刃剑效应,需通过优化煮制时间以平衡风味物质的生成,避免过度煮制导致的不良风味。BP3样品特征风味物质含量较高,这些物质在BP4、BP5中有所减少,且刺激性风味物质较低,因此BP3可作为煮制关键阈值。
主成分分析(PCA)是一种常用的统计技术,通过将数据投影到低维空间,可用于数据降维和比较多个变量之间的相关性,从而突出样品之间的差异[14]。PCA得分图如图8所示,前两个主成分(PC1和PC2)的方差贡献率分别为75.1%和9.5%,总累积贡献率为84.6%,足以解释样品间的主要特征和差异。结果显示,BP1、BP2和BP3样品组分布在相近的区域,表明它们的挥发性化合物组成较为相似。而BP4和BP5组则分别出现在另外两处区域,与BP1和BP3组之间存在明显差异。这一结果表明,随着煮制时间的延长,马铃薯中挥发性化合物的种类和含量发生了明显变化,尤其是在BP4和BP5组中,风味物质的组成与其他组别存在明显区别。
对各组样品挥发性物质进行整理分类,分析样品各类挥发性物质类别的相对含量变化,如图9所示。5组样品中风味主要由酯类、醇类、醛类和酮类化合物组成,随着蒸煮时间的延长,马铃薯样品中醛类和醇类物质逐渐减少,而酯类和酮类物质逐渐增加。
挥发性化合物的生成与煮制过程中发生的多种反应密切相关,主要包括酯化反应、脂质氧化、美拉德反应及热降解等[35]。酯类化合物的产生是由于脂肪酸与醇类物质在高温下发生酯化反应的结果,这一反应在马铃薯煮制过程中尤为明显,随着煮制时间的延长,酯类化合物的种类和浓度明显增加,赋予马铃薯水果香味和愉悦的风味特性。酮类是脂质的降解产物,通常是不饱和脂肪酸(如亚油酸和α-亚麻酸)的自氧化产物[36−37]。同时,醇类的氧化和酯类的分解也会产生酮类化合物,煮制过程中,脂质的降解和氧化反应促进了酮类化合物的生成,进一步丰富了马铃薯样品的风味。醛类和醇类化合物的产生是由于糖类、氨基酸和脂肪酸在高温下发生热降解和反应的结果[38],这些化合物在马铃薯煮制初期贡献突出,但随着煮制时间的延长,其浓度逐渐降低,可能与进一步氧化或转化为其他化合物有关。目前的研究[39]已明确吡嗪类物质是由Strecker降解所产生的α-氨基酮经过缩合反应形成(美拉德反应中间体),并且化学反应速率随着温度的升高而增加,其在煮制马铃薯中贡献了坚果香和烤香味。含硫化合物是通过蒸煮反应形成的,与马铃薯的风味密切相关。这些化合物通常具有强烈的气味,可能对马铃薯的整体风味特性产生重要影响。
本文系统探究了‘马尔科’马铃薯这一特定品种在煮制过程中物理特性及挥发性化合物的变化规律。研究结果表明,马铃薯在煮制过程中总水分含量未发生显著变化(P>0.05)。结合水(T21、T22)向自由水(T23)转化(A23从89.26%增至91.67%),此现象在一定程度上可以抑制炕制初期水分剧烈蒸发所导致的焦化失衡。煮制时间对流变、质构特性(硬度、咀嚼性、胶黏性)及风味物质生成具有非线性影响,20.5 min为关键阈值,此时质构参数趋于稳定(硬度2.70 N)、特征风味物质丰度高,且未检测到刺激性化合物(如噻唑、丙硫醇)。过度煮制(BP4、BP5)则引发微观结构碎化、色泽劣变及非酶褐变物质积累。因此,通过“熟炕”工艺制作炕马铃薯时,煮制20.5 min可作为产业化生产的关键工艺阈值,结合挥发性风味物质、质构参数等反馈,实现炕马铃薯品质的精准调控,为传统食品产业化提供理论参考。然而,仍需进一步探索不同品种马铃薯煮制过程中品质变化差异、同一加工方式不同加工时间对马铃薯品质的影响,为实现马铃薯半加工产品的多样化生产提供理论依据。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040179
  • 接收时间:2025-04-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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    1武汉轻工大学食品科学与工程学院,湖北武汉 430048
    2武汉轻工大学大宗粮油精深加工教育部重点实验室,湖北武汉 430048
    3湖北英硒生物科技发展有限公司,湖北武汉 445000

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贾喜午(1989−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:谷物新资源开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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