Article(id=1320882865177473156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060300, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750780800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852615875, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852615875, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852615875, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852615875, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=265, endPage=276, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882865403965573, articleId=1320882865177473156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Extraction Process of Phenols from Ganoderma lucidum and Its in Vitro Antioxidant and Neuroprotection Activities, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the extraction process of Ganoderma lucidum total phenols (GLTP), response surface methodology was employed to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters. The phenolic composition of GLTP was analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS), and its in vitro antioxidant activity along with protective effects against oxidative damage in neural cells were evaluated. The results revealed that the optimal extraction process, comprising an ultrasonic power of 280 W, ethanol concentration of 78%, liquid-solid ratio of 60:1 (mL/g), and ultrasonic time for 62 min, resulted in a GLTP content of 4.52±0.09 mg/g. Eight phenolic substances were detected in the GLTP, seven of which were identified in G. lucidum extracts for the first time. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of GLTP for scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt anion radicals (ABTS+), and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were 0.6536, 1.087, and 0.3734 mg/mL, respectively, and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay value was 9.04±0.25 mmol/L. Cellular experiments revealed that, compared with an model group, when treated with 100 μg/mL GLTP, cell survival increased from 50.73% to 81.11%, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release decreased from 224.48% to 158.10%, the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased from 158.79% to 103.63%, and the concentration of Ca2+ was reduced from 157.94% to 118.62%. Furthermore, this study detected a reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) content from 10.28 to 6.91 nmol/mg protein, whereas the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) increased from 2.67, 1.68, and 536.12 U/mg protein to 6.59, 3.20, and 757.03 U/mg protein, respectively. These results indicated that GLTP significantly mitigated H2O2-induced oxidative damage in neuronal cells. In conclusion, under these optimized conditions, G. lucidum total phenol extract demonstrates excellent antioxidant and neuroprotective effects, providing a theoretical foundation for the development of G. lucidum resources and their potential applications in functional foods.

, authors=Decheng WANG1, Xiuzhen NI1, *, Senjie MIAO1, Haozhe CHEN1, Yanggege LIU1, Yubo CHENG1, Jing CUI1, 2, *, authorsList=Decheng WANG, Xiuzhen NI, Senjie MIAO, Haozhe CHEN, Yanggege LIU, Yubo CHENG, Jing CUI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiuzhen NI, Jing CUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882868604219540, articleId=1320882865177473156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=灵芝总酚的提取工艺优化及其体外抗氧化、神经保护作用, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究灵芝总酚(Ganoderma lucidum total phenols,GLTP)的提取工艺,通过响应面法对超声辅助提取灵芝总酚的工艺进行优化,采用超高效液相色谱-质谱/质谱(Ultra performance liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer,UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS)分析GLTP的酚类物质,并评价GLTP体外抗氧化活性及对神经细胞氧化损伤的保护作用。结果表明:最佳提取工艺为超声功率280 W、乙醇浓度78%、液料比60:1(mL/g)、超声时间62 min,GLTP的提取含量为4.52±0.09 mg/g;GLTP中检测出8种酚类物质,有7种酚类物质首次在灵芝提取物中检测到。GLTP清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical,DPPH)、2,2’-联氨-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二胺盐阳离子自由基(2,2’-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt anion radical,ABTS+)和羟基自由基(Hydroxyl radical,·OH)的半抑制浓度(IC50)分别为0.6536、1.087和0.3734 mg/mL;铁离子还原能力(Ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP)值为9.04±0.25 mmol/L。细胞实验显示,当GLTP为100 μg/mL时,与损伤组相比,细胞存活率从50.73%提升至81.11%,乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)释放量从224.48%下降至158.10%,活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量从158.79%下降至103.63%,[Ca2+]i从157.94%下降至118.62%。丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量从10.28降至6.91 nmol/mg protein;超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)酶活性分别从2.67、1.68、536.12 U/mg protein提升至6.59、3.20、757.03 U/mg protein;GLTP可显著改善过氧化氢(Hydrogen peroxide,H2O2)诱导的神经细胞氧化损伤。综上,在该工艺条件下,灵芝总酚提取物具有较好的抗氧化及神经保护作用,为灵芝资源的开发及其在功能食品领域的应用提供理论基础。

, authors=王得成1, 倪秀珍1, *, 缪森杰1, 陈浩喆1, 刘洋格格1, 程昱博1, 崔婧1, 2, *, authorsList=王得成, 倪秀珍, 缪森杰, 陈浩喆, 刘洋格格, 程昱博, 崔婧, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=倪秀珍, 崔婧, authorNote=

王得成(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物活性物质提取及功能研究,E-mail:

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倪秀珍(1967−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物活性物质提取及功能研究,E-mail:。
崔婧(1986−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物活性物质提取及功能研究,E-mail:。
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注:不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图4、图6~图7同。

, figureFileSmall=X3nImJ3ZbAAX8IBtEzv3hQ==, figureFileBig=5Q0Vq4PkBR1u0IYQd7RhaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882873662550223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882865177473156, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Three-dimensional response surface of the interaction between ethanol concentration and ultrasonic time, figureFileSmall=iKWbiYtG5x1KWY19KTM64Q==, figureFileBig=KIX8rhSO6jA1h+tIGOD3yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882873729659088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882865177473156, language=CN, label=图2, caption=乙醇浓度-超声时间交互作用的三维响应面图, figureFileSmall=iKWbiYtG5x1KWY19KTM64Q==, figureFileBig=KIX8rhSO6jA1h+tIGOD3yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882873800962257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882865177473156, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Total ion flow plot of total phenol sample from Ganoderma lucidum, figureFileSmall=SVIO8kGu0eFtXcctqLT9uQ==, figureFileBig=+jomB/WqhSdUL817B8Ppfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882873859682514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882865177473156, language=CN, label=图3, caption=灵芝总酚样品的总离子流图

注:A:正离子模式下的总离子流图;B:负离子模式下的总离子流图;1.3,5-二羟基苯基 1-O-(6-O-没食子酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷);2.龙胆酸;3.2,6-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-((4-氯-6-(3,5-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基苯胺基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2-基)氨基)苯酚;4.2',4',6',3,4-五羟基-3'-香叶酰-5-异戊二氢查尔酮;5.包山油柑酚;6.1,2,3,4-四氢-1-[1-羟基-3-(4-羟基苯基)-2-丙烯基]-7-甲氧基-2,6-萘二醇;7.[7]-帕拉多尔;8.桉醇厚朴酚。

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Factors and levels of response surface test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A:超声功率
(W)
B:乙醇浓度
(%)
C:液料比
(mL/g)
D:超声时间
(min)
−12407050:130
02808060:160
13209070:190
), ArticleFig(id=1320882874572714204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882865177473156, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验因素和水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A:超声功率
(W)
B:乙醇浓度
(%)
C:液料比
(mL/g)
D:超声时间
(min)
−12407050:130
02808060:160
13209070:190
), ArticleFig(id=1320882874681766109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882865177473156, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Design and results of the response surface

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A 超声功率
(W)
B 乙醇浓度
(%)
C 液料比
(mL/g)
D 超声时间
(min)
总酚含量
(mg/g)
12407060:1604.31±0.07
23207060:1604.15±0.07
32409060:1602.64±0.05
43209060:1602.79±0.10
52808050:1303.59±0.04
62808070:1303.52±0.05
72808050:1903.92±0.05
82808070:1903.85±0.05
92408060:1303.54±0.02
103208060:1303.67±0.05
112408060:1903.94±0.05
123208060:1904.20±0.07
132807050:1604.04±0.07
142809050:1602.91±0.04
152807070:1604.00±0.02
162809070:1602.60±0.03
172408050:1603.80±0.06
183208050:1603.96±0.02
192408070:1603.69±0.01
203208070:1603.76±0.03
212807060:1303.81±0.01
222809060:1301.85±0.05
232807060:1903.88±0.02
242809060:1902.73±0.02
252808060:1604.52±0.09
262808060:1604.50±0.07
272808060:1604.21±0.02
282808060:1604.45±0.08
292808060:1604.45±0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1320882874757263582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882865177473156, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号A 超声功率
(W)
B 乙醇浓度
(%)
C 液料比
(mL/g)
D 超声时间
(min)
总酚含量
(mg/g)
12407060:1604.31±0.07
23207060:1604.15±0.07
32409060:1602.64±0.05
43209060:1602.79±0.10
52808050:1303.59±0.04
62808070:1303.52±0.05
72808050:1903.92±0.05
82808070:1903.85±0.05
92408060:1303.54±0.02
103208060:1303.67±0.05
112408060:1903.94±0.05
123208060:1904.20±0.07
132807050:1604.04±0.07
142809050:1602.91±0.04
152807070:1604.00±0.02
162809070:1602.60±0.03
172408050:1603.80±0.06
183208050:1603.96±0.02
192408070:1603.69±0.01
203208070:1603.76±0.03
212807060:1303.81±0.01
222809060:1301.85±0.05
232807060:1903.88±0.02
242809060:1902.73±0.02
252808060:1604.52±0.09
262808060:1604.50±0.07
272808060:1604.21±0.02
282808060:1604.45±0.08
292808060:1604.45±0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1320882874824372447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882865177473156, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of variance of response surface experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型11.90140.849839.98<0.0001**
A0.031010.03101.420.2528
B6.2616.26287.36<0.0001**
C0.053310.05332.450.1401
D0.537610.537624.660.0002**
AB0.024010.02401.100.3116
AC0.002010.00200.09290.7650
AD0.004210.00420.19380.6665
BC0.018210.01820.83610.3760
BD0.164010.16407.520.0159*
CD0.000010.00000.00001.0000
A20.271710.271712.460.0033**
B24.1214.12189.10<0.0001**
C20.607010.607027.850.0001**
D21.3011.3059.83<0.0001**
残差0.3050140.0218
失拟项0.2431100.02431.570.3534
纯误差0.062140.0155
总差12.2028
R2=0.9796R2adj=0.9592
), ArticleFig(id=1320882874895675616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882865177473156, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面试验方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型11.90140.849839.98<0.0001**
A0.031010.03101.420.2528
B6.2616.26287.36<0.0001**
C0.053310.05332.450.1401
D0.537610.537624.660.0002**
AB0.024010.02401.100.3116
AC0.002010.00200.09290.7650
AD0.004210.00420.19380.6665
BC0.018210.01820.83610.3760
BD0.164010.16407.520.0159*
CD0.000010.00000.00001.0000
A20.271710.271712.460.0033**
B24.1214.12189.10<0.0001**
C20.607010.607027.850.0001**
D21.3011.3059.83<0.0001**
残差0.3050140.0218
失拟项0.2431100.02431.570.3534
纯误差0.062140.0155
总差12.2028
R2=0.9796R2adj=0.9592
), ArticleFig(id=1320882874971173089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882865177473156, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Identification results of main substances of Ganoderma lucidum phenolic extracts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号保留时间 (min)m/z误差(×106)分子式化合物
10.512439.0881−0.71C19H20O123,5-二羟基苯基 1-O-(6-O-没食子酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷)
3,5-Dihydroxyphenyl 1-O-(6-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside)
23.122153.02047.12C7H6O4龙胆酸
Gentisic acid
311.4081145.60660.01C31H44ClN5O22,6-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-((4-氯-6-(3,5-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基苯胺基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2-基)氨基)苯酚
2,6-Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-((4-chloro-6-(3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)phenol
411.266495.27470.93C30H38O62',4',6',3,4-五羟基-3'-香叶酰-5-异戊二氢查尔酮
2',4',6',3,4-Pentahydroxy-3'-geranyl-5-prenyldihydrochalcone
511.316555.29530.01C32H42O8包山油柑酚
Acrovestone
613.994365.13692.60C20H22O51,2,3,4-四氢-1-[1-羟基-3-(4-羟基苯基)-2-丙烯基]-7-甲氧基-2,6-萘二醇
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-[1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenyl]-7-methoxy-2,6-naphthalenediol
714.636315.19362.00C18H28O3[7]-帕拉多尔
[7]-Paradol
815.798522.3567-2.32C33H44O4桉醇厚朴酚
Eudesobovatol A
), ArticleFig(id=1320882875109585122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882865177473156, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

灵芝酚类提取物主要物质鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号保留时间 (min)m/z误差(×106)分子式化合物
10.512439.0881−0.71C19H20O123,5-二羟基苯基 1-O-(6-O-没食子酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷)
3,5-Dihydroxyphenyl 1-O-(6-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside)
23.122153.02047.12C7H6O4龙胆酸
Gentisic acid
311.4081145.60660.01C31H44ClN5O22,6-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-((4-氯-6-(3,5-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基苯胺基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2-基)氨基)苯酚
2,6-Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-((4-chloro-6-(3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)phenol
411.266495.27470.93C30H38O62',4',6',3,4-五羟基-3'-香叶酰-5-异戊二氢查尔酮
2',4',6',3,4-Pentahydroxy-3'-geranyl-5-prenyldihydrochalcone
511.316555.29530.01C32H42O8包山油柑酚
Acrovestone
613.994365.13692.60C20H22O51,2,3,4-四氢-1-[1-羟基-3-(4-羟基苯基)-2-丙烯基]-7-甲氧基-2,6-萘二醇
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-[1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenyl]-7-methoxy-2,6-naphthalenediol
714.636315.19362.00C18H28O3[7]-帕拉多尔
[7]-Paradol
815.798522.3567-2.32C33H44O4桉醇厚朴酚
Eudesobovatol A
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灵芝总酚的提取工艺优化及其体外抗氧化、神经保护作用
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王得成 1 , 倪秀珍 1, * , 缪森杰 1 , 陈浩喆 1 , 刘洋格格 1 , 程昱博 1 , 崔婧 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(10): 265-276
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (10) : 265 -276
灵芝总酚的提取工艺优化及其体外抗氧化、神经保护作用
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王得成1 , 倪秀珍1, * , 缪森杰1, 陈浩喆1, 刘洋格格1, 程昱博1, 崔婧1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1长春师范大学生命科学学院,中心实验室,吉林省寒地经济植物及食药用菌研究与开发技术创新实验室,吉林长春 130032
  • 2艾美诚信生物制药有限公司,辽宁大连 116600
通讯作者:
倪秀珍(1967−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物活性物质提取及功能研究,E-mail:。
崔婧(1986−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物活性物质提取及功能研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王得成(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:天然产物活性物质提取及功能研究,E-mail:

Optimization of Extraction Process of Phenols from Ganoderma lucidum and Its in Vitro Antioxidant and Neuroprotection Activities
Decheng WANG1 , Xiuzhen NI1, * , Senjie MIAO1, Haozhe CHEN1, Yanggege LIU1, Yubo CHENG1, Jing CUI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Technical Innovation Laboratory for Research and Development of Economic Plants and Edible and Medicinal Fungi in Cold Regions of Jilin Province, Central Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
  • 2Aim Honesty Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dalian 116600, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060300
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为探究灵芝总酚(Ganoderma lucidum total phenols,GLTP)的提取工艺,通过响应面法对超声辅助提取灵芝总酚的工艺进行优化,采用超高效液相色谱-质谱/质谱(Ultra performance liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer,UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS)分析GLTP的酚类物质,并评价GLTP体外抗氧化活性及对神经细胞氧化损伤的保护作用。结果表明:最佳提取工艺为超声功率280 W、乙醇浓度78%、液料比60:1(mL/g)、超声时间62 min,GLTP的提取含量为4.52±0.09 mg/g;GLTP中检测出8种酚类物质,有7种酚类物质首次在灵芝提取物中检测到。GLTP清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical,DPPH)、2,2’-联氨-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二胺盐阳离子自由基(2,2’-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt anion radical,ABTS+)和羟基自由基(Hydroxyl radical,·OH)的半抑制浓度(IC50)分别为0.6536、1.087和0.3734 mg/mL;铁离子还原能力(Ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP)值为9.04±0.25 mmol/L。细胞实验显示,当GLTP为100 μg/mL时,与损伤组相比,细胞存活率从50.73%提升至81.11%,乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)释放量从224.48%下降至158.10%,活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量从158.79%下降至103.63%,[Ca2+]i从157.94%下降至118.62%。丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量从10.28降至6.91 nmol/mg protein;超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)酶活性分别从2.67、1.68、536.12 U/mg protein提升至6.59、3.20、757.03 U/mg protein;GLTP可显著改善过氧化氢(Hydrogen peroxide,H2O2)诱导的神经细胞氧化损伤。综上,在该工艺条件下,灵芝总酚提取物具有较好的抗氧化及神经保护作用,为灵芝资源的开发及其在功能食品领域的应用提供理论基础。

灵芝  /  总酚  /  提取工艺  /  响应面法  /  成分分析  /  抗氧化活性  /  神经保护

To investigate the extraction process of Ganoderma lucidum total phenols (GLTP), response surface methodology was employed to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters. The phenolic composition of GLTP was analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS), and its in vitro antioxidant activity along with protective effects against oxidative damage in neural cells were evaluated. The results revealed that the optimal extraction process, comprising an ultrasonic power of 280 W, ethanol concentration of 78%, liquid-solid ratio of 60:1 (mL/g), and ultrasonic time for 62 min, resulted in a GLTP content of 4.52±0.09 mg/g. Eight phenolic substances were detected in the GLTP, seven of which were identified in G. lucidum extracts for the first time. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of GLTP for scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt anion radicals (ABTS+), and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were 0.6536, 1.087, and 0.3734 mg/mL, respectively, and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay value was 9.04±0.25 mmol/L. Cellular experiments revealed that, compared with an model group, when treated with 100 μg/mL GLTP, cell survival increased from 50.73% to 81.11%, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release decreased from 224.48% to 158.10%, the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased from 158.79% to 103.63%, and the concentration of Ca2+ was reduced from 157.94% to 118.62%. Furthermore, this study detected a reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) content from 10.28 to 6.91 nmol/mg protein, whereas the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) increased from 2.67, 1.68, and 536.12 U/mg protein to 6.59, 3.20, and 757.03 U/mg protein, respectively. These results indicated that GLTP significantly mitigated H2O2-induced oxidative damage in neuronal cells. In conclusion, under these optimized conditions, G. lucidum total phenol extract demonstrates excellent antioxidant and neuroprotective effects, providing a theoretical foundation for the development of G. lucidum resources and their potential applications in functional foods.

Ganoderma lucidum  /  total phenols  /  extraction process  /  response surface methodology  /  component identification  /  antioxidant activity  /  neuroprotection
王得成, 倪秀珍, 缪森杰, 陈浩喆, 刘洋格格, 程昱博, 崔婧. 灵芝总酚的提取工艺优化及其体外抗氧化、神经保护作用. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 265 -276 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060300
Decheng WANG, Xiuzhen NI, Senjie MIAO, Haozhe CHEN, Yanggege LIU, Yubo CHENG, Jing CUI. Optimization of Extraction Process of Phenols from Ganoderma lucidum and Its in Vitro Antioxidant and Neuroprotection Activities[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 265 -276 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060300
灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)又称“仙草”,为担子菌纲多孔菌科灵芝属真菌;在《神农本草经》中记载,其性温、味甘,有补中益气、滋外强壮、扶正固本之功效[1−2]。灵芝化学成分复杂,具有多种生物活性物质如:三萜、酚类、多糖等[3−5]。灵芝三萜具有抗氧化、抑肿瘤、降血糖、保肝及神经保护等多种功效[6−7];灵芝多糖具有抗炎、治疗神经衰弱、提高人体免疫功能、清除机体内自由基等多种功效[8−9]。酚类物质具有多种生物活性,与灵芝三萜和多糖相比,关于灵芝酚类的研究较少,限制了其开发与应用。因此,对灵芝总酚的提取工艺及其活性进行研究,为灵芝酚类在功能食品及保健品领域的开发提供科学依据。
酚类物质因结构中酚羟基的独特化学性质,被称为天然的抗氧化剂,抗氧化性是酚类的主要生物活性[10]。Dong等[11]和Kolniak-Ostek等[5]研究发现,灵芝总酚对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical,DPPH)和2,2’-联氨-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二胺盐阳离子自由基(2,2’-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt anion radical,ABTS+)均具有显著的清除作用,同时具有一定的铁离子还原能力。神经退行性疾病与氧化应激密不可分,活性氧(ROS)可能通过脂质过氧化、蛋白质氧化和线粒体DNA损伤等途径导致神经退行性疾病发生[12−13]。酚类物质在神经保护方面具有良好的应用前景,Jia等[14]的研究发现,柑橘叶总酚可能通过介导PI3K/AKT信号通路发挥神经保护作用,以抵消氧化应激损伤;Gao等[15]研究证实,越桔总酚可通过提升PC12细胞内抗氧化酶活性、减少ROS生成,并介导Nrf2/HO-1信号通路缓解氧化应激损伤,发挥神经保护作用。灵芝酚类物质已证实具有较好的抗氧化活性,但其对神经系统的氧化损伤是否具有保护作用尚未见报道。因此,开展灵芝酚类物质对神经系统氧化损伤的保护作用研究。
酚类物质的传统提取方法主要有浸渍法和热回流提取法等,具有提取周期长,能源消耗量大的缺点[16]。超声波辅助萃取技术利用高频声波产生的空化效应,通过气泡塌陷时的高剪切力实现目标成分的高效提取,同时能够破坏细胞壁以显著增强传质效率,且不会对酚类结构造成影响,还具备操作流程简单、处理时间短、有机溶剂使用量少等优点[17−19]。Gueffai等[20]利用超声波辅助技术提取脱脂黑孜然种子中总酚,比浸渍法含量高14.7 mg/g;Hou等[21]采用超声波辅助提取技术从木瓜叶中提取总酚,提取量较热回流提取法提高13.23 mg/g。
因此,本研究通过单因素实验和响应面法优化超声辅助提取灵芝总酚(Ganoderma lucidum total phenols,GLTP)的工艺条件,采用超高效液相色谱-质谱/质谱(Ultra performance liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer,UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS)对GLTP进行酚类组成分析;依据DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基、羟基自由基(Hydroxyl radical,·OH)清除率及铁离子还原能力(Ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP)综合评价GLTP抗氧化活性;采用细胞实验,研究GLTP对H2O2诱导的PC12细胞氧化损伤模型的保护作用,为灵芝酚类物质在食品、保健品和医药等领域的进一步深入研究与利用提供理论依据。
灵芝子实体 采自长春师范大学应用生态学研究所食药用菌栽培基地;PC12细胞 购自中国科学院上海细胞生物研究所;福林酚、DPPH、ABTS、2,4,6-三吡啶基三嗪(TPTZ)、没食子酸(纯度≥98%) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;噻唑蓝溴化四唑(Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide,MTT) Biosharp兰杰柯科技有限公司;乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)试剂盒、活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)试剂盒、钙离子浓度试剂盒 上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量试剂盒、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)试剂盒、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)试剂盒、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)试剂盒 南京建成生物工程研究所;无水乙醇 分析纯,天津市富宇精细化工有限公司;抗坏血酸(Vitamin C,VC) 分析纯,天津天泰化学品有限公司。
Flex Station 3型多功能读板器 美国Molecular Devices公司;N-1300V-WB旋转蒸发仪 上海爱朗仪器有限公司;KQ-400DE超声清洗仪 昆山市超声仪器有限公司;Excella ECO-170细胞培养箱 美国New Brunswick Scientific公司;S40-SLIDER倒置显微镜 德国Leica公司。
参照王战伟等[22]的方法,稍作修改。灵芝子实体切片,50 ℃烘干至恒重,粉碎过100目筛,得到灵芝粉末,在4 ℃密封保存。称取1.0 g灵芝粉末,按一定比例加入乙醇溶液,进行超声提取;12000 r/min离心5 min,取上清;残渣重提1次,合并2次滤液;旋转蒸发浓缩,定容至10 mL,4 ℃保存备用。
称取1.0 g灵芝粉末,分别考察不同超声功率(240、280、320、360、400 W)、乙醇浓度(50%、60%、70%、80%、90%)、液料比(30:1、40:1、50:1、60:1、70:1 mL/g)和超声时间(30、60、90、120、150 min)对GLTP含量的影响。考察某一因素时,其他因素条件固定为:超声功率280 W,乙醇浓度80%,液料比60:1 (mL/g),超声时间60 min。
在单因素实验基础上,利用Design-Expert软件(13.01版)设计Box-Behnken试验,以超声功率A、乙醇浓度B、液料比C及超声时间D为自变量,以GLTP含量为响应值,设计4因素3水平试验,见表1。
采用福林酚法测定灵芝中总酚含量[23]。向1.5 mL离心管中依次加入100 μL浓缩液和400 μL福林酚试剂,再加入1000 μL质量分数10% Na2CO3溶液,充分混匀后避光反应30 min,于波长760 nm处测定吸光度。以没食子酸为标准品绘制标准曲线,曲线方程为:y=0.9411x+0.0092,R2=0.9993。总酚含量按公式(1)计算:
$ \text{Y}=\frac{\text{c}\times \text{v}\times \text{n}}{\text{m}} $
式中:Y为总酚含量,mg/g;c为提取液总酚浓度,mg/mL;v为提取液总体积,mL;n为稀释倍数;m为灵芝粉末质量,g。
运用UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS检测GLTP中的酚类物质[24]。将1 mg GLTP溶解于1 mL 80%甲醇溶液中,超声30 min,常温10000 r/min离心2 min,取上清液过0.22 μm滤膜后上机测定。色谱条件:色谱柱为Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18柱(2.1×50 mm,1.7 μm),进样量2 μL,柱温为35 ℃;流动相由溶剂A(0.1%甲酸水)和溶剂B(0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液)组成;流动相流速为0.3 mL/min;流动相梯度洗脱设置:0~0.5 min,95% A;0.5~8 min,60% A;8~17 min,100% B;17~20 min,95% A。质谱条件:ESI离子源,正负离子模式扫描,质量扫描范围m/z 100~3000;毛细管电压3.5 kV;鞘气流速8 L/min;离子传输管温度320 ℃;雾化气体压力35 psig;碰撞能量10、20、40 eV。
参考杨观兰等[25]的方法并稍加修改。配制0.3 mmol/L DPPH甲醇溶液及0.1~5 mg/mL样品溶液。设置反应孔(40 μL样品+160 μL DPPH溶液)、对照孔(40 μL样品+160 μL甲醇)、空白孔(40 μL 78%乙醇+160 μL DPPH溶液),设VC阳性对照。各孔混匀后避光反应30 min,于517 nm测定吸光度,按公式(2)计算DPPH自由基清除率。
$ \text{DPPH}自由基清除率 (\text{%})=\left( \text{1}-\frac{{\text{A}}_{反应}-{\text{A}}_{对照 }}{\text{A}{}_{空白}^{}}\right)\times \text{100} $
参考范智义等[26]方法并稍作修改。取50 μL不同浓度(0.1~5 mg/mL)的样品溶液,与500 μL ABTS工作液于避光条件下孵育30 min,作为实验组(A反应);以等体积超纯水替代ABTS+工作液(A对照),以50 μL 78%乙醇溶液替代样品溶液(A空白),以VC作为阳性对照,在734 nm波长处测定吸光度,按公式(3)计算ABTS+自由基清除率。
$\rm {\text{ABTS}}^+自由基清除率 (\text{%})=\left( \text{1}-\frac{{\text{A}}_{反应}-{\text{A}}_{对照}}{\text{A}{}_{空白}^{}}\right)\times \text{100} $
参考高建德等[27]的方法并稍作修改。配制0.1~5 mg/mL样品溶液,设置反应孔(A反应):50 μL样品+100 μL FeSO4(9 mmol/L)+100 μL H2O2(8.8 mmol/L)+100 μL水杨酸(9 mmol/L);设A对照(等量超纯水代H2O2)、A空白(50 μL 78%乙醇代样品);以VC作为阳性对照。各体系37 ℃反应30 min后,于510 nm测定吸光度,依公式(4)计算·OH清除率。
$ \text{OH}自由基清除率 (\text{%})=\left( \text{1}-\frac{{\text{A}}_{反应}-{\text{A}}_{对照}}{\text{A}{}_{空白 }^{}}\right)\times \text{100} $
参考张鹤等[28]的方法并稍作修改。在50 μL样品溶液中加入500 μL FRAP工作液,以VC作为阳性对照,充分混匀,置于37 ℃恒温水浴锅中孵育10 min,在593 nm波长处测定吸光度。将所得吸光度数据代入Fe2+标准曲线方程(y=0.208x+0.113,R2=0.9966)中计算对应Fe2+浓度,绘制出总还原力曲线。
将PC12细胞以1×105个/mL密度接种于96孔板,每孔100 μL,CO2培养箱37 ℃培养24 h。实验分组:对照组(DMEM培养基)、H2O2模型组(250 μmol/L H2O2)及不同剂量样品组(250 μmol/L H2O2+25、50、100 μg/mL GLTP)。其中,H2O2的浓度及GLTP的给药浓度均基于前期预实验筛选确定,能够有效诱导氧化损伤并反映GLTP的保护效应。每组6个平行,培养24 h,在倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态并拍照,并采用MTT法检测细胞活性。
细胞培养结束后,收集各孔培养液,400×g离心5 min,取上清液,按试剂盒说明书测定LDH含量。
细胞培养结束后,弃掉上层培养基,按照试剂盒说明书测定ROS含量和细胞内钙离子浓度。
细胞培养结束后,去掉各组培养液,用无菌PBS清洗3次,每孔加入裂解液,4 ℃摇床孵育15 min。刮取细胞至离心管,超声破碎,12000 r/min离心5 min,取上清,按试剂盒说明测定MDA含量和SOD、CAT、GSH-Px酶活性。
每组实验重复3次,实验数据以平均值±标准差形式表示。采用Design Expert 13.01软件构建响应面回归模型并进行工艺参数优化分析,通过Origin 2018软件绘图,采用SPSS 23.0软件进行IC50值计算及单因素差异分析(ANOVA),P<0.05表示具有统计学显著差异。
由图1A可知,随着超声功率的增大,GLTP含量增加;超声功率为280 W时,GLTP含量达到最大值3.44±0.01 mg/g(P<0.05);后随着超声功率的增大,GLTP含量下降。这可能是由于超声的空化效应改善溶剂与样品的接触,提高超声波功率可提高萃取效率和产率;然而,超声波功率过大会导致高温,进而降解热敏性酚类化合物,影响酚类物质萃取率[29]。根据结果,后续优化试验中超声功率的选取范围为240~320 W。
由图1B可知,随着乙醇浓度的增加,GLTP含量先上升后下降(P<0.05),当乙醇浓度为80%时,GLTP含量最大,为3.48±0.07 mg/g(P<0.05)。这是由于低浓度乙醇难以破坏酚类物质与细胞壁成分的氢键及疏水作用,阻碍其释放;而高浓度乙醇虽渗透性增强,但杂质竞争性溶出,导致灵芝总酚相对含量下降,且可能引发酚类物质结构异构化或氧化降解,造成双重效率损失[30]。根据结果,后续优化试验中乙醇浓度的选取范围为70%~90%。
由图1C可知,随着液料比的增加,GLTP的含量先升后降(P<0.05);在60:1(mL/g)时GLTP含量最大,为3.14±0.06 mg/g(P<0.05)。这可能是因为在液料比为60:1(mL/g)时,酚类物质全部溶出;随着溶液比例的增大,提取量逐渐降低,并伴随着其他物质的溶出,阻碍了酚类物质的提取[31]。根据结果,后续优化试验中液料比的选取范围为50:1~70:1 mL/g。
由图1D可知,随着提取时间延长,GLTP含量先增加后下降(P<0.05),超声时间为60 min时,含量最大为3.25±0.05 mg/g(P<0.05)。这是因为适宜的超声时间,空化效应促使细胞破裂和溶质扩散,溶质释放量随时间延长而增加;但超声时间过长,热效应使体系温度升高,引发热敏性酚类成分氧化降解及结构破坏,同时长时间超声作用可能产生过量自由基,进一步加剧功能成分的损失[32]。根据结果,后续优化试验中超声时间的选取范围为50~70 min。
以超声功率A、乙醇浓度B、液料比C和超声时间D为考察因素,采用4因素3水平试验设计对GLTP提取工艺进行了优化,响应面试验设计及结果见表2。
采用Box-Behnken对总酚含量进行二次回归分析,建立多元二次响应面模型:Y=4.426+0.0508A−0.7225B−0.0667C+0.2117D+0.0775AB−0.0225AC+0.0325AD−0.0675BC+0.2025BD+0.0000CD−0.2047A2−0.7972B2−0.3059C2−0.4484D2。
灵芝总酚提取响应面试验方差分析结果如表3所示,总模型P<0.0001,表明该统计模型极显著,具有统计学意义。失拟项检验结果P=0.3534(P>0.05),表明预测值与实际值拟合度良好,模型误差小,适用于该体系分析[33−34]。R2=0.9796,R2Adj=0.9592,表明实验方法有较高可信度,可用该模型来分析和预测GLTP的提取条件。通过各因素的F值,可确定四因素对GLTP含量的影响程度依次为:B>D>C>A。
由表3可知,两两交互项中BD项显著(P<0.05),表明乙醇浓度与超声时间交互作用对灵芝多酚提取含量影响显著。响应曲面的曲率变化表征了不同实验变量对灵芝总酚提取效率的调控强度,响应曲面曲率越大,因素对结果的影响越大,反之则对结果影响越小[35]。图2中乙醇浓度-超声时间交互作用形成的曲面呈现显著曲率特征,该现象直观表明乙醇浓度-超声时间存在较为强烈的交互效应,与回归模型的方差分析结果一致。
通过分析软件,获得的理论最优参数为:超声功率287.262 W、乙醇浓度77.826%、液料比59.985:1 mL/g、超声时间61.555 min;在此条件下,灵芝总酚含量为4.55 mg/g。为便于实际操作,将参数调整为:超声功率280 W、乙醇浓度78%、液料比60:1 mL/g、超声时间62 min;在此条件下进行三次平行实验验证,测得灵芝总酚含量为4.52±0.09 mg/g,相对误差为0.66%。检测灵芝提取物中总酚含量,为100.42±0.60 mg/g,显著高于Mousavi等[36]研究中灵芝提取物的总酚含量(36.6989 mg/g)。实验结果表明,该优化条件具有显著的可靠性和重现性,可作为灵芝总酚提取工艺的最佳参数组合。
通过UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS对灵芝总酚提取物进行分析,总离子色谱图如图3所示。根据搜库结果共鉴定出8种物质,以多酚类为主,含6种多酚类和2种非多酚类。6种多酚类分别为3,5-二羟基苯基1-O-(6-O-没食子酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷)、龙胆酸、2,6-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-((4-氯-6-(3,5-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基苯胺基)-1,3,5-三嗪-2-基)氨基)苯酚、2',4',6',3,4-五羟基-3'-香叶酰-5-异戊二氢查尔酮、包山油柑酚和1,2,3,4-四氢-1-[1-羟基-3-(4-羟基苯基)-2-丙烯基]-7-甲氧基-2,6-萘二醇(图3);各酚类化合物的名称、分子式、质荷比及保留时间等见表4。目前,灵芝中的主要酚类物质有龙胆酸、槲皮素、原儿茶酸和丁香酸等[5,11,37];来自塞尔维亚北部的灵芝中检测到了龙胆酸等酚类物质,在抗氧化应激和乙酰胆碱缺乏症方面具有潜在治疗用途[38];除了龙胆酸,本研究还检测出另外7种酚类物质存在于灵芝中,这可能是由于提取方法差异、灵芝品种不同及检测方法不同等原因[39]。
DPPH溶液在甲醇溶液中显示紫色,最大吸收波长为517 nm;抗氧化剂可与其反应,使吸光度降低,从而用于评估抗氧化能力[40]。如图4A所示,GLTP与DPPH自由基清除率存在剂量依赖关系,当浓度达到5 mg/mL时,清除效率高达91.47%±0.68%,与VC对DPPH自由基的清除能力相当;经过线性拟合,GLTP对DPPH自由基清除能力的IC50值为0.6536 mg/mL。徐雪峰等[41]测得蒲公英叶多酚的清除DPPH自由基的IC50值为0.76 mg/mL,在较低浓度时上升较快,一定浓度后趋于平缓,直至达到最强的清除能力,本文研究结果与之一致,可见灵芝总酚对DPPH自由基具有较好的清除能力。
ABTS+自由基作为氧化物酶底物,氧化后生成蓝绿色产物;抗氧化剂可还原该显色基团,导致溶液褪色且吸光度下降,因此,可通过分光光度法测定吸光度衰减,精准量化抗氧化效能[42]。如图4B所示,GLTP的ABTS+自由基清除能力具有明显的浓度依赖性,当GLTP质量浓度达5 mg/mL时,ABTS+自由基清除率达到99.94%±0.04%,IC50值为1.087 mg/mL,与VC对ABTS+自由基的清除能力相当。李国巍等[43]测得胡萝卜脯多酚清除ABTS+自由基的IC50为11.64 mg/mL,其IC50值是灵芝总酚的10.7倍,表明灵芝总酚的清除能力显著更优。
在H2O2/Fe2+诱导的芬顿反应体系中,·OH的生成可通过邻二氮菲-Fe3+配合物的特征吸光度变化进行监测;当体系中引入·OH清除剂时,其能有效猝灭反应产生的·OH,导致邻二氮菲-Fe3+配合物浓度降低,进而引起吸光度值的显著变化[40]。如图4C所示,GLTP和VC对·OH的清除能力均呈现浓度依赖性增强趋势,当GLTP浓度达到5 mg/mL时,其对·OH的清除效率达到峰值93.25%±2.62%,IC50值为0.3734 mg/mL,与VC对OH自由基的清除能力相当;张强等[44]测得六堡茶茶多酚清除·OH的IC50值为1.19 mg/mL,显著高于灵芝总酚清除·OH的IC50值,表明灵芝酚类提取物清除·OH的能力更强。
酚类物质的抗氧化活性与还原力密切相关,还原力越强,其抗氧化活性越好[45]。如图4D所示,在0.1~5 mg/mL范围内,GLTP的FRAP还原能力呈上升趋势。当质量浓度为5 mg/mL时,GLTP和VC的FRAP值分别为9.04±0.25 mmol/L和11.53±0.04 mmol/L,说明GLTP具有较强的还原能力,但弱于VC。
形态学观察结果如图5A所示,与对照组相比,H2O2损伤组细胞数量明显减少,神经元突起发生断裂;随着GLTP浓度递增,神经突触延伸逐渐恢复;GLTP在100 μg/mL浓度时,神经元细胞形态完整,细胞数量增多,其神经保护作用最明显。细胞活力结果如图5B所示,与对照组相比,H2O2损伤组PC12细胞存活率降低到50.73%±9.28%;与损伤组相比,随着GLTP浓度的升高,PC12细胞活力分别为64.11%±10.12%、76.65%±8.98%、81.11%±6.23%;GLTP浓度为100 μg/mL时,PC12细胞活力最高。表明GLTP可改善H2O2诱导的PC12细胞氧化损伤中的活性,浓度为100 μg/mL时保护作用最佳。
LDH是广泛存在于细胞质中的可溶性酶,当细胞膜受损时,LDH会释放至细胞外,因此,通过检测培养上清液中LDH的活性水平,可有效评估细胞损伤程度[46−47]。结果如图6A所示,与对照组相比较,损伤组的LDH释放量升高至224.48%±9.27%;当用25、50、100 μg/mL GLTP处理时,LDH释放分别降低为195.82%±2.52%、171.17%±2.03%和158.10%±5.41%,与甜菜碱苷通过降低LDH水平减轻H2O2诱导的PC12细胞损伤机制相似[48],这表明GLTP具有改善细胞膜受损的能力,有效抑制LDH外泄,进而发挥神经保护效应。
ROS是细胞代谢产生的高活性自由基,其过量积累可致生物大分子过氧化损伤,影响细胞存活,因此,测定ROS水平可反映细胞氧化损伤程度[49]。结果如图6B所示,H2O2诱导的氧化应激导致细胞ROS含量显著升高至158.79%±10.60%;当用25、50、100 μg/mL GLTP处理时,ROS含量降低至120.12%±3.15%、112.13%±2.78%、103.63%±1.51%。根据Wang等[50]的研究,丹参醇提物可通过调节H2O2诱导的PC12细胞氧化损伤模型中ROS水平,增强细胞的抗氧化能力。本研究取得相似结果,发现灵芝总酚同样能够有效调控该模型的ROS水平,充分说明其在清除过量ROS、减轻细胞氧化应激方面具有显著功效。
Ca2+内流是细胞内ROS升高的主因之一,同时ROS可反作用于细胞Ca2+浓度,通过膜损伤加剧钙内流,形成正反馈循环[46]。图6C表明,损伤组[Ca2+]i水平较对照组升高至157.94%±3.62%,经GLTP处理后,浓度依赖性降至143.47%±2.40%、130.74%±2.21%和118.62%±5.41%。Choi等[51]的研究已证实,在H2O2诱导的PC12细胞氧化损伤模型中,橙皮苷能够有效调节[Ca2+]i水平,显著减轻细胞内Ca2+超载情况。与之相似,本研究发现GLTP同样具备降低[Ca2+]i的功效,通过调控细胞内外Ca2+平衡,维持细胞内环境稳定,对神经细胞具有保护作用。
丙二醛(MDA)由脂质过氧化产生,可用于反映细胞的氧化损伤水平,细胞内MDA水平升高会加剧氧化损伤级联反应[52]。从图7A可知,相较于对照组,损伤组MDA水平攀升至10.28±0.37 nmol/mg protein,经100 μg/mL GLTP处理后,浓度依赖性地降至6.91±0.38 nmol/mg protein。酶类抗氧化剂(如SOD、CAT、GSH-Px)是机体抗氧化系统的核心,SOD催化超氧阴离子转化为氧气和H2O2,抵御氧化应激;CAT广泛分布于需氧生物中,高效分解H2O2为水和氧气;GSH-Px可分解H2O2及有机氢过氧化物、清除脂质过氧化物,其活性与细胞损伤、缺氧、衰老相关,是评估抗氧化能力的重要指标[53−54]。实验结果(图7B~图7D)显示,H2O2诱导的氧化应激致使细胞内SOD、CAT和GSH-Px酶活性显著下降至2.67±0.99、1.68±0.16、536.11±54.53 U/mg protein;而经100 μg/mL GLTP处理后,三种抗氧化酶活性增加至6.59±0.43、3.20±0.09、757.03±23.96 U/mg protein,展现出显著的抗氧化修复效果。Jing等[55]发现,100 μg/mL杜鹃花总酚可显著降低H2O2诱导氧化应激的PC12细胞模型中MDA含量,同时提升SOD、CAT和GSH-Px酶活性,本研究结果与之一致。
本研究采用响应面法对灵芝总酚提取工艺进行优化,确定最佳工艺参数:超声功率280 W、乙醇浓度78%、液料比60:1 mL/g)、超声时间62 min。在该条件下,灵芝总酚含量达4.52±0.09 mg/g,在提取物中总酚含量为100.42±0.60 mg/g。经UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS共鉴定出8种酚类物质,包括龙胆酸、包山油柑酚和桉醇厚朴酚等。体外抗氧化活性分析表明,灵芝总酚对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基及羟基自由基均表现出有效的清除能力,同时展现出良好的铁还原能力。灵芝总酚可使H2O2诱导的PC12细胞的活性上升,LDH含量、ROS水平和[Ca2+]i下降,MDA含量下降和抗氧化酶活性上升,对H2O2诱导的PC12细胞氧化损伤具有保护作用。本研究优化了超声辅助提取工艺,并证实了灵芝酚类物质的抗氧化能力与神经保护作用,有助于灵芝酚类物质的深入研究和在食品领域中的应用。后期研究中,需进一步对灵芝酚类物质分离、纯化,探究其单体活性及构效关系,为灵芝酚类物质的开发应用提供理论基础和数据支持。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060300
  • 接收时间:2025-06-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-25
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    1长春师范大学生命科学学院,中心实验室,吉林省寒地经济植物及食药用菌研究与开发技术创新实验室,吉林长春 130032
    2艾美诚信生物制药有限公司,辽宁大连 116600

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倪秀珍(1967−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物活性物质提取及功能研究,E-mail:。
崔婧(1986−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物活性物质提取及功能研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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