Article(id=1320882836387779137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040327, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745683200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852609010, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852609010, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852609010, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852609010, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=468, endPage=478, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882836672991810, articleId=1320882836387779137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Extraction, Purification, Structural Characterization and Pharmacological Effects of Polysaccharides from Agaricus, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Edible Agaricus fungi (A. bisporus and A. blazei) are increasingly recognized as valuable functional food due to their rich bioactive components, particularly polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are recognized as key bioactive constituents. Agaricus polysaccharides have been shown to exert a range of pharmacological effects, including immunomodulatory, anti-colitis, antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-dermal damage, antitumor, and hypolipidemic effects. However, their structure-activity relationships and underlying molecular mechanisms remain only partially understood. This review summarizes the extraction methods, isolation, purification and structural characterization over the past five years, further expounds the pharmacological effects and mechanisms, and summarizes the research shortcomings. It provides a theoretical basis for their application as functional food additives and highlights key scientific challenges, offering strategic insights for future research.

, authors=Zhenhua YIN1, 2, 3, Juanjuan ZHANG1, 2, 3, Qingfeng GUO1, 2, 3, Guangyu HONG1, Kun LI1, 2, Lin CHEN1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Zhenhua YIN, Juanjuan ZHANG, Qingfeng GUO, Guangyu HONG, Kun LI, Lin CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lin CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882838753366603, articleId=1320882836387779137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=蘑菇属多糖的提取纯化、结构表征及药理作用研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蘑菇属食用菌(双孢蘑菇、姬松茸)因其丰富的生物活性成分已成为重要的功能食品资源,其中多糖类成分被认为是其关键功效成分。近年研究表明,蘑菇属多糖具有免疫调节、抗结肠炎、抗氧化、抗衰老、抗皮肤损伤、抗肿瘤和降血脂等多种药理活性,但其构效关系与分子机制尚未完全阐明。本文综述了近五年来蘑菇属多糖的提取方式、分离纯化、结构表征,对多糖的药理作用及机制进行了阐述,总结了研究的不足。本文不仅为蘑菇属多糖作为功能性食品添加剂的开发提供理论依据,同时提出该领域亟待解决的关键科学问题,为未来研究方向提供战略视角。

, authors=尹震花1, 2, 3, 张娟娟1, 2, 3, 郭庆丰1, 2, 3, 洪广宇1, 李锟1, 2, 陈林1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=尹震花, 张娟娟, 郭庆丰, 洪广宇, 李锟, 陈林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈林, authorNote=

尹震花(1986−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能性活性成分研究与开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈林(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物研究与开发,E-mail:。
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Nutrients, 2023, 15(19): 4225., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882849104909036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882836387779137, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=78, rfOrder=92, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NAVEGANTES-LIMA K C, MONTEIRO V V S, de FRANÇA G S L, et al. Agaricus brasiliensis mushroom protects against sepsis by alleviating oxidative and inflammatory response[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2020, 11: 1238., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882849192989421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882836387779137, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=79, rfOrder=93, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈琴, 陈黎黎, 周爱明, 等. 姬松茸多糖对LPS诱导人脐静脉血管内皮细胞损伤的保护机制[J]. 温州医科大学学报, 2020, 50(11): 884−889,895. [CHEN Qin, CHEN Lili, ZHOU Aiming, et al. Protective effect of Agaricus blazei polysaccharide on LPS-induced injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and its mechanism[J]. Journal of Wenzhou Medical University, 2020, 50(11): 884−889,895.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882849255903982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882836387779137, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=79, rfOrder=94, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Qin, CHEN Lili, ZHOU Aiming, et al. Protective effect of Agaricus blazei polysaccharide on LPS-induced injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and its mechanism[J]. Journal of Wenzhou Medical University, 2020, 50(11): 884−889,895., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882849331401455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882836387779137, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=80, rfOrder=95, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YUAN Wenxiu, HUANG Maotuan, WU Yange, et al. Agaricus blazei murrill polysaccharide attenuates periodontitis via H2S/NRF2 axis-boosted appropriate level of autophagy in PDLCs[J]. 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language=CN, label=图4, caption=Keap-1-Nrf2/ARE通路调控抗氧化作用, figureFileSmall=tdcQyH52MW69iC8tqRs+ZA==, figureFileBig=L1vtC3+hhsNVEy/IDQbTsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882842297553548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882836387779137, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Extraction method of Agaricus polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源提取方法提取条件提取率(%)优点缺点参考文献
A. balchaschensis热水提取60 ℃提取6 h,提取次数2次15.60该提取方法最为方便,步骤简便、成本低,杂质含量少,适用于游离多糖的提取,广泛应用于实验室和工业,得到的提取物可以直接用于食品生产,无需额外纯化该方法耗时长,提取率较低[10]
A. bisporus热水浸提料液比1:50、温度79.79 ℃、提取时间2.6 h2.25[11]
A. bisporus热水提取提取温度70 ℃、液固比30:1、提取时间120 min10.20[12]
A. bisporus热水提取提取富含糖的最有效条件为90 ℃提取5 h,液固比为118.59 mL/g;最大限度地减少还原糖的工艺条件为
70.45 ℃提取4.78 h,液固比为
128.82 mL/g;提取物的抗氧化能力最大化的工艺条件为82.39 ℃下提取4.96 h,液固比为51.0 mL/g
−[13]
A. blazei超声辅助提
取法
料液比30 g/g、提取温度75 ℃、超声功率500 W、提取80 min16.38该方法提取时间短、多糖得率高,溶剂用量少,操作简便,能量利用率
较高
成本比较高,工艺相对复杂;超声时间增长,会使多糖降解[14]
A. blazei超声波结合复合酶酶
解法
复合酶添加量0.03 g、pH6.5、超声温度70 ℃、提取时间20 min10.67酶解条件温和,提取高效,同时保证多糖的结构完整性,超声与酶解协同作用提高提取效率酶制剂成本较高、工艺操作复杂以及终产物中可能存在酶蛋白残
留等
[15]
A. bisporus微波辅助提
取法
提取温度83.5 ℃、提取时间3.2 h、微波时间39 s、料液比1:39(g/mL)13.88该方法提取时间短,提取效率高、溶剂用量少,适用于热稳定性多糖、实验室或中小规模生产设备成本高,局部过热可能破坏热敏性多糖结构。[16]
A. bisporus壳聚糖絮
凝法
壳聚糖添加量2%、温度45 ℃、时间120 min、pH47.64±0.49该方法借助电中和作用和吸附架桥作用去除多糖提取液中的蛋白质、色素等杂质,具有操作简便、无毒无害的特点提取液中会引入壳聚糖[17]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882842364662413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882836387779137, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

蘑菇属多糖的提取方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源提取方法提取条件提取率(%)优点缺点参考文献
A. balchaschensis热水提取60 ℃提取6 h,提取次数2次15.60该提取方法最为方便,步骤简便、成本低,杂质含量少,适用于游离多糖的提取,广泛应用于实验室和工业,得到的提取物可以直接用于食品生产,无需额外纯化该方法耗时长,提取率较低[10]
A. bisporus热水浸提料液比1:50、温度79.79 ℃、提取时间2.6 h2.25[11]
A. bisporus热水提取提取温度70 ℃、液固比30:1、提取时间120 min10.20[12]
A. bisporus热水提取提取富含糖的最有效条件为90 ℃提取5 h,液固比为118.59 mL/g;最大限度地减少还原糖的工艺条件为
70.45 ℃提取4.78 h,液固比为
128.82 mL/g;提取物的抗氧化能力最大化的工艺条件为82.39 ℃下提取4.96 h,液固比为51.0 mL/g
−[13]
A. blazei超声辅助提
取法
料液比30 g/g、提取温度75 ℃、超声功率500 W、提取80 min16.38该方法提取时间短、多糖得率高,溶剂用量少,操作简便,能量利用率
较高
成本比较高,工艺相对复杂;超声时间增长,会使多糖降解[14]
A. blazei超声波结合复合酶酶
解法
复合酶添加量0.03 g、pH6.5、超声温度70 ℃、提取时间20 min10.67酶解条件温和,提取高效,同时保证多糖的结构完整性,超声与酶解协同作用提高提取效率酶制剂成本较高、工艺操作复杂以及终产物中可能存在酶蛋白残
留等
[15]
A. bisporus微波辅助提
取法
提取温度83.5 ℃、提取时间3.2 h、微波时间39 s、料液比1:39(g/mL)13.88该方法提取时间短,提取效率高、溶剂用量少,适用于热稳定性多糖、实验室或中小规模生产设备成本高,局部过热可能破坏热敏性多糖结构。[16]
A. bisporus壳聚糖絮
凝法
壳聚糖添加量2%、温度45 ℃、时间120 min、pH47.64±0.49该方法借助电中和作用和吸附架桥作用去除多糖提取液中的蛋白质、色素等杂质,具有操作简便、无毒无害的特点提取液中会引入壳聚糖[17]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882842435965582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882836387779137, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Summary of source, extraction and purification methods, Mw, monosaccharide compositions and fragments of Agaricus polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源样品名称提取纯化方法分子量(Da)/分析技术单糖组成单糖片段链接参考文献
A. blazeiWABM-N-a水提醇沉,DEAE-纤维素柱色谱分离得到中性糖和酸性糖组分,分别经Bio-Gel P2和Sepharose CL-6B纸色谱分离2000/HPGPCGlc (27.1%)、Gal (54.6%)、Man (9.5%)、Fuc (7.9%)
和Xyl (0.9%)/HPLC
以1,6-Galp为主链骨架,较多的1,6-Glcp、1,3-Fucp结构和少量的1,4-Glap、1,3-Glcp结构连接在Gal的O-3和/或O-4上,且侧链上的Glc在O-3位上存在少量分支[20]
WABM-A-b10000/HPGPCGlc (95.1%)、Gal (0.9%)、Man (3.7%)、Fuc (0.1%)
和GlcA (0.2%)/HPLC
1,6-Galp连接的葡聚糖结构,Glc在O-2、O-3和/或O-4位上可能存在分支,侧链结构可能为1,3-Glcp、1,4-Glcp、T-Glcp和1,6-Galp
A. blazeiABM-A100 ℃水提取乙醇沉淀,DEAE-纤维素柱色谱纯化−Glc (87.2%)、Gal (3.3%)、Man (3.8%) 和GlcA (5.7%)/HPLC−[21]
A. blazei
发酵液
A1乙醇沉淀,DEAE-纤维素柱色谱纯化1.5×104/GPC-LS-RIMan (3.918%)、Rib (0.976%)、Rha (3.077%)、GlcA (1.353%)、GalA (0.617%)、Glc (61.478%)、Gal (21.460%)、Ara (5.832%) 和Fuc (1.290%)/HPLC−[22]
A26.5×104/GPCMan (0.640%)、Rib (0.191%)、Rha (0.716%)、GlcA (0.285%)、GalA (0.571%)、Glc (78.373%)、Gal (11.108%)、Xyl (0.977%)、Ara (6.925%)
和 Fuc (0.215%)/HPLC
−
A.blazei
子实体
AM-195 ℃水提取乙醇沉淀,DEAE-纤维素和Sephacryl S-400 HR柱色谱纯化3.87×103/SEC-MALLS-RIGlc/HPAEC→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→为主链,侧链连接在O-6和O-3位置[23]
A. blazei
子实体
WABM-A-b热水提取乙醇沉淀,DEAE-纤维素和Sepharose Cl-6B柱色谱纯化10×103/HPGPCGlc (95.1%)、GlcA (3.7%)、Gal (0.9%)、Xyl (0.2%) 和Fuc (0.1%)/HPLCβ-1,6-D-Glcp为主链[24]
A. blazei
子实体
ABP水提取乙醇沉淀,DEAE-纤维素柱色谱纯化−Glc (87.2%)、Gal (3.3%)、Man (3.8%) 和GlcA (5.7%)/HPLC−[25]
A. bisporus
子实体
TJ3热水提取乙醇沉淀,分别通过大孔树脂和离子交换树脂出去色素和蛋白质,Sephacryl TM S-300高分辨率凝胶柱色谱纯化8.27×105/HPLC-ELSDGlucogalactomanan/HPLC−[26]
A. bitorquis
菌丝体
ABSP80 ℃水提取乙醇沉淀,Sephadex G-100柱色谱纯化−Glc (59.95%)、Gal (22.94%)、Man (14.51%)、Xyl (1.21%)、Ara (0.91%)和Rha (0.48%)/GC主链主要由1,4-β-Glc和1,4-β-Man组成,侧链包括1,2,4-α-Rha
和1,6-α-Gal
[27]
A. bisporusABP Ia70 ℃水提取乙醇沉淀,DEAE-52和Sephadex G-200柱色谱
纯化
784×103/HPGPCRib、Rha、Ara、Xyl、Man、Glc和Gal摩尔比为2.08:
4.61:2.45:22.25:36.45:
89.22:1.55/GC-MS
由1→2和1→4及可能的1→3糖苷键组成的α-吡喃多糖[12]
A.bisporus
子实体
B16水提取乙醇沉淀8.26×104 g/mol/HPSECGlc/GC-MS线性的(1→6)-链接β-D-葡聚糖[28]
A. bisporus
子实体
WAAP-1碱提取乙醇沉淀,DEAE纤维素-52柱色谱纯化10.1×103/HPLCGlc、Man和Gal摩尔比为
84.95:8.97:4.50/HPLC
主链为(1,4)-α-D-Glcp和(1,6)-β-D-Manp[29]
A bisporus
菌柄
Abwp碱提取乙醇沉淀575.6×103/HPLCGlc/GCβ-(1→4)-葡萄糖基骨架和β-(1→2)和(1→6)-D-葡萄糖基侧链组成[30]
A.bisporus
基质
WAAP-2碱提取乙醇沉淀,DEAE 纤维素-52柱色谱纯化121×103/HPGPCMan、Glc和Gal摩尔比为
8.81:81.80:6.89/HPLC
→6)-β-D-Manp-(1→,→4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→,→6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→和→3,6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→为主链, α-D-Galp-(1→和→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→为
支链
[31]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882842524045967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882836387779137, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

蘑菇属多糖的来源、提取纯化方法、分子量、单糖组成和片段的总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源样品名称提取纯化方法分子量(Da)/分析技术单糖组成单糖片段链接参考文献
A. blazeiWABM-N-a水提醇沉,DEAE-纤维素柱色谱分离得到中性糖和酸性糖组分,分别经Bio-Gel P2和Sepharose CL-6B纸色谱分离2000/HPGPCGlc (27.1%)、Gal (54.6%)、Man (9.5%)、Fuc (7.9%)
和Xyl (0.9%)/HPLC
以1,6-Galp为主链骨架,较多的1,6-Glcp、1,3-Fucp结构和少量的1,4-Glap、1,3-Glcp结构连接在Gal的O-3和/或O-4上,且侧链上的Glc在O-3位上存在少量分支[20]
WABM-A-b10000/HPGPCGlc (95.1%)、Gal (0.9%)、Man (3.7%)、Fuc (0.1%)
和GlcA (0.2%)/HPLC
1,6-Galp连接的葡聚糖结构,Glc在O-2、O-3和/或O-4位上可能存在分支,侧链结构可能为1,3-Glcp、1,4-Glcp、T-Glcp和1,6-Galp
A. blazeiABM-A100 ℃水提取乙醇沉淀,DEAE-纤维素柱色谱纯化−Glc (87.2%)、Gal (3.3%)、Man (3.8%) 和GlcA (5.7%)/HPLC−[21]
A. blazei
发酵液
A1乙醇沉淀,DEAE-纤维素柱色谱纯化1.5×104/GPC-LS-RIMan (3.918%)、Rib (0.976%)、Rha (3.077%)、GlcA (1.353%)、GalA (0.617%)、Glc (61.478%)、Gal (21.460%)、Ara (5.832%) 和Fuc (1.290%)/HPLC−[22]
A26.5×104/GPCMan (0.640%)、Rib (0.191%)、Rha (0.716%)、GlcA (0.285%)、GalA (0.571%)、Glc (78.373%)、Gal (11.108%)、Xyl (0.977%)、Ara (6.925%)
和 Fuc (0.215%)/HPLC
−
A.blazei
子实体
AM-195 ℃水提取乙醇沉淀,DEAE-纤维素和Sephacryl S-400 HR柱色谱纯化3.87×103/SEC-MALLS-RIGlc/HPAEC→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→为主链,侧链连接在O-6和O-3位置[23]
A. blazei
子实体
WABM-A-b热水提取乙醇沉淀,DEAE-纤维素和Sepharose Cl-6B柱色谱纯化10×103/HPGPCGlc (95.1%)、GlcA (3.7%)、Gal (0.9%)、Xyl (0.2%) 和Fuc (0.1%)/HPLCβ-1,6-D-Glcp为主链[24]
A. blazei
子实体
ABP水提取乙醇沉淀,DEAE-纤维素柱色谱纯化−Glc (87.2%)、Gal (3.3%)、Man (3.8%) 和GlcA (5.7%)/HPLC−[25]
A. bisporus
子实体
TJ3热水提取乙醇沉淀,分别通过大孔树脂和离子交换树脂出去色素和蛋白质,Sephacryl TM S-300高分辨率凝胶柱色谱纯化8.27×105/HPLC-ELSDGlucogalactomanan/HPLC−[26]
A. bitorquis
菌丝体
ABSP80 ℃水提取乙醇沉淀,Sephadex G-100柱色谱纯化−Glc (59.95%)、Gal (22.94%)、Man (14.51%)、Xyl (1.21%)、Ara (0.91%)和Rha (0.48%)/GC主链主要由1,4-β-Glc和1,4-β-Man组成,侧链包括1,2,4-α-Rha
和1,6-α-Gal
[27]
A. bisporusABP Ia70 ℃水提取乙醇沉淀,DEAE-52和Sephadex G-200柱色谱
纯化
784×103/HPGPCRib、Rha、Ara、Xyl、Man、Glc和Gal摩尔比为2.08:
4.61:2.45:22.25:36.45:
89.22:1.55/GC-MS
由1→2和1→4及可能的1→3糖苷键组成的α-吡喃多糖[12]
A.bisporus
子实体
B16水提取乙醇沉淀8.26×104 g/mol/HPSECGlc/GC-MS线性的(1→6)-链接β-D-葡聚糖[28]
A. bisporus
子实体
WAAP-1碱提取乙醇沉淀,DEAE纤维素-52柱色谱纯化10.1×103/HPLCGlc、Man和Gal摩尔比为
84.95:8.97:4.50/HPLC
主链为(1,4)-α-D-Glcp和(1,6)-β-D-Manp[29]
A bisporus
菌柄
Abwp碱提取乙醇沉淀575.6×103/HPLCGlc/GCβ-(1→4)-葡萄糖基骨架和β-(1→2)和(1→6)-D-葡萄糖基侧链组成[30]
A.bisporus
基质
WAAP-2碱提取乙醇沉淀,DEAE 纤维素-52柱色谱纯化121×103/HPGPCMan、Glc和Gal摩尔比为
8.81:81.80:6.89/HPLC
→6)-β-D-Manp-(1→,→4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→,→6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→和→3,6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→为主链, α-D-Galp-(1→和→3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→为
支链
[31]
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蘑菇属多糖的提取纯化、结构表征及药理作用研究进展
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尹震花 1, 2, 3 , 张娟娟 1, 2, 3 , 郭庆丰 1, 2, 3 , 洪广宇 1 , 李锟 1, 2 , 陈林 1, 2, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(10): 468-478
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (10) : 468 -478
蘑菇属多糖的提取纯化、结构表征及药理作用研究进展
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2Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450063, China
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2河南省食药两用植物资源综合利用工程技术研究中心,河南郑州 450063
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尹震花(1986−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能性活性成分研究与开发,E-mail:

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尹震花(1986−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能性活性成分研究与开发,E-mail:

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尹震花1, 2, 3 , 张娟娟1, 2, 3, 郭庆丰1, 2, 3, 洪广宇1, 李锟1, 2, 陈林1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1黄河科技学院,河南郑州 450063
  • 2河南省食药两用植物资源综合利用工程技术研究中心,河南郑州 450063
  • 3河南省小分子新药研发国际联合实验室,河南郑州 450063
通讯作者:
陈林(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物研究与开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

尹震花(1986−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:功能性活性成分研究与开发,E-mail:

Research Progress on Extraction, Purification, Structural Characterization and Pharmacological Effects of Polysaccharides from Agaricus
Zhenhua YIN1, 2, 3 , Juanjuan ZHANG1, 2, 3, Qingfeng GUO1, 2, 3, Guangyu HONG1, Kun LI1, 2, Lin CHEN1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, China
  • 2Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450063, China
  • 3Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Drug Discovery of Small Molecules, Zhengzhou 450063, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040327
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蘑菇属食用菌(双孢蘑菇、姬松茸)因其丰富的生物活性成分已成为重要的功能食品资源,其中多糖类成分被认为是其关键功效成分。近年研究表明,蘑菇属多糖具有免疫调节、抗结肠炎、抗氧化、抗衰老、抗皮肤损伤、抗肿瘤和降血脂等多种药理活性,但其构效关系与分子机制尚未完全阐明。本文综述了近五年来蘑菇属多糖的提取方式、分离纯化、结构表征,对多糖的药理作用及机制进行了阐述,总结了研究的不足。本文不仅为蘑菇属多糖作为功能性食品添加剂的开发提供理论依据,同时提出该领域亟待解决的关键科学问题,为未来研究方向提供战略视角。

蘑菇属多糖  /  提取纯化  /  结构表征  /  药理作用

Edible Agaricus fungi (A. bisporus and A. blazei) are increasingly recognized as valuable functional food due to their rich bioactive components, particularly polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are recognized as key bioactive constituents. Agaricus polysaccharides have been shown to exert a range of pharmacological effects, including immunomodulatory, anti-colitis, antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-dermal damage, antitumor, and hypolipidemic effects. However, their structure-activity relationships and underlying molecular mechanisms remain only partially understood. This review summarizes the extraction methods, isolation, purification and structural characterization over the past five years, further expounds the pharmacological effects and mechanisms, and summarizes the research shortcomings. It provides a theoretical basis for their application as functional food additives and highlights key scientific challenges, offering strategic insights for future research.

Agaricus polysaccharide  /  extraction and purification  /  structural identification  /  pharmacological effect
尹震花, 张娟娟, 郭庆丰, 洪广宇, 李锟, 陈林. 蘑菇属多糖的提取纯化、结构表征及药理作用研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 468 -478 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040327
Zhenhua YIN, Juanjuan ZHANG, Qingfeng GUO, Guangyu HONG, Kun LI, Lin CHEN. Research Progress on Extraction, Purification, Structural Characterization and Pharmacological Effects of Polysaccharides from Agaricus[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 468 -478 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040327
蘑菇作为典型的药食同源资源,因其低热量、高蛋白、富含维生素和矿物质的特点,被公认为重要的功能性食品。其中,蘑菇属(Agaricus)物种,如双孢蘑菇(A. bisporus)、姬松茸(A. blazei)、大肥蘑菇(A. bitorquis)等因其突出的营养价值和药理活性备受关注。研究表明,该属真菌具有免疫调节、抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤、降血糖和降血脂等多重功效,其活性成分主要包括多糖[1]、凝集素[2]及酚类化合物[3]等。这些发现推动了蘑菇属在疾病预防和治疗领域的应用开发[4−7]。
近年来,天然来源的多糖因其显著的生物活性和健康促进作用而备受关注。作为一个由十个及其以上单糖通过不同的苷键连接而成的高分子化合物,蘑菇属多糖因其安全性高、可及性强及生物活性显著,已成为多糖领域研究的热点。研究表明,蘑菇属多糖具有免疫调节、抗炎、抗肿瘤等药理作用,展现出预防和治疗疾病的潜力。目前国内外关于蘑菇属多糖的报道不断增多,如Yang等[8]总结了双孢菇多糖ABPs的提取方法、结构特征,证实了ABPs具有抗炎、抗衰老、抗肥胖和肝脏保护等活性,并显示出对肝细胞癌、心血管疾病和糖尿病的治疗潜力,对促进健康具有积极影响。Da Silva等[9]综述了A. brasiliensis Murill(ABM)多糖的分离方法、提取物的制备及其生物活性,发现,ABM及其化学成分表现出多种生物活性,在预防或治疗具有炎症背景的疾病(例如癌症、糖尿病和动脉粥样硬化)中具有潜在的价值。Huang等[4]则阐述了A. blazei Murill多糖(AbMP)的免疫调节、抗炎、肝脏保护和抗肿瘤等活性。现尚未有文献针对蘑菇属多糖的系统性综述。
本文旨在全面梳理蘑菇属多糖近年的研究进展,聚焦提取纯化工艺、结构特征及药理作用机制,总结最新研究成果,并展望其未来研究方向与应用前景,以期为国内外研究者提供参考,推动蘑菇属多糖的深入研究和开发利用。
表1系统总结了近年来蘑菇属多糖的提取方法、工艺参数、提取率及方法优缺点等数据。分析表明,当前蘑菇属多糖的主要提取方法为热水浸提法,同时超声辅助提取法、酶解法和微波辅助提取法等技术也得到广泛应用。其中,超声辅助提取通过高频超声波产生的空化效应和机械扰动作用,可有效破坏细胞壁结构,促进胞内多糖的释放[18];酶解法利用生物酶的特异性催化作用,显著提高多糖的提取效率;微波辅助提取则凭借其快速均匀的加热特性,具有热效率高、环境友好、溶剂回收率高等优势,能大幅缩短提取时间并降低生产成本。值得注意的是,王长艳等[17]创新性地开发了壳聚糖絮凝法制备双孢蘑菇多糖的工艺,相比热水浸提法,多糖的得率和纯度均得到了提高,且抗氧化活性优于水提多糖。该技术通过电荷中和与吸附架桥作用可有效去除提取液中的蛋白质和色素等杂质,相关方法在食用菌多糖纯化领域已展现出良好的应用前景[19]。研究还发现,针对不同的提取目标需采用差异化的提取策略。Khalil等[13]的研究证实了上述结论,发现在最长的处理时间、最高的温度和118 mL/g的液固比下观察到最高的总碳水化合物含量。较低的温度可以最大限度地减少还原糖含量,而适度的温度和最低的液固比使抗氧化活性最强。
表2总结了蘑菇属多糖的来源、提取纯化方法、分子量、单糖组成及单糖片段链接等。分析结果表明,目前研究主要集中于A. blazei和A. bisporus两种物种多糖的研究。在提取方法上,普遍采用热水浸提结合乙醇沉淀法;纯化过程则主要利用DEAE-纤维素阴离子交换色谱,并结合Sephacryl S-400 HR、Sephacryl TM S-300或Sephadex G等凝胶色谱技术,最终获得均一性多糖组分。其中DEAE-纤维素阴离子交换色谱主要是基于多糖负电荷强弱,通过盐浓度梯度实现精准分离。Sephacryl S-400 HR、Sephacryl TM S-300或Sephadex G等属于凝胶色谱,主要是基于分子量大小实现多糖的分级分离。
分子量测定方面,研究者多采用高效液相色谱(High performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)、高效凝胶渗透色谱(High performance gel permeation chromatography,HPGPC)、HPLC-蒸发光散射检测器(HPLC-Evaporative light scattering detector,HPLC-ELSD)、高效尺寸排阻色谱(High performance size exclusion chromatography,HPSEC)或凝胶渗透色谱-多角度激光光散射联用折射率检测器(Gel permeation chromatography with multi-angle light scattering and refractive index detector,GPC-MALLS-RI)等方法。单糖组成分析则主要通过HPLC、高效阴离子交换色谱(High performance anion exchange chromatography,HPAEC)、气相色谱-质谱联用(Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry,GC-MS)或气相色谱(GC)等技术完成。值得注意的是,不同研究报道的分子量和单糖组成存在差异,这可能与多糖的生物来源、组织部位以及提取纯化工艺等因素有关。
从单糖组成来看,蘑菇属多糖主要以葡萄糖(Glucose,Glc)为结构单元,部分多糖还含有半乳糖(Galactose,Gal)和甘露糖(Mannose,Man)等其他单糖组分。在结构解析方面,研究者综合运用红外光谱(Infrared spectroscopy,IR)、甲基化分析及核磁共振(Nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)等技术确定了多糖的基本结构特征。然而,由于多糖分子量较大且结构复杂,目前对某些多糖的精细结构尚未完全阐明,仅能确定其基本结构特征。
蘑菇属多糖具有多种药理作用,如免疫调节、抗结肠炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤等,其药理作用汇总如图1所示。
在免疫系统中,免疫反应作为关键的生理防御机制,通过精确识别和清除外来病原体及有害物质维持机体稳态[32]。这一复杂过程主要依赖于种系编码的模式识别受体(Pattern pecognition peceptors,PRRs)与病原体相关分子模式(Pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs)的特异性识别[33]。作为免疫系统的核心效应细胞,巨噬细胞兼具哨兵和调节者的双重功能,通过吞噬作用、细胞毒性和胞内杀伤等机制发挥免疫防御作用。活化的巨噬细胞不仅直接吞噬病原体,还能分泌多种免疫效应分子,包括白细胞介素(Interleukin,IL)、一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)和活性氧簇(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)等[34]。研究表明,蘑菇属多糖具有显著的免疫调节活性。例如,双孢蘑菇来源的葡萄糖-半乳糖-甘露聚糖TJ3可通过激活细胞外信号调节激酶/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(ERK/MAPK)和κB抑制蛋白/核因子κB(IκB/NF-κB)信号通路,上调RAW264.7细胞中诱导型一氧化氮合酶(Inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)、环氧合酶-2(Cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)及炎症因子(IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α)的表达而起到免疫调节作用[26]。进一步证实,半乳葡甘聚糖可通过Toll样受体4/髓样分化因子88/NF-κB(Toll-Like Receptor 4/Myeloid differentiation primary response 88/NF-κB, TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB)信号通路激活巨噬细胞,促进细胞因子分泌[35−36]。Lin等[27]研究发现,半乳葡甘聚糖样多糖APSP能显著激活RAW264.7细胞,其免疫调节作用依赖于TLR4介导的MyD88依赖性NF-κB信号通路(图2展示了ERK/MAPK和NF-κB通路调控蘑菇属多糖的免疫调节分子机制)。值得注意的是,双孢蘑菇来源的均质杂多糖ABP1a表现出卓越的免疫增强作用,其不仅能显著促进刀豆蛋白A(Concanavalin A,ConA)和脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的脾细胞增殖,且刺激指数优于香菇多糖、灵芝多糖等商业化免疫调节剂。这表明ABP1a可同时增强T细胞和B细胞的活化能力,协同提升体液免疫和细胞免疫应答,具有显著的免疫调节潜力[12]。蘑菇属多糖可作为日常补充剂,开发为保健食品或功能性食品用于肿瘤辅助治疗与预防,及免疫相关性疾病的调节,如类风湿性关节炎、炎症性肠病等的辅助治疗。
炎症性肠道疾病(Inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一组以慢性复发性炎症为特征的胃肠道疾病,主要包括克罗恩病(Crohn's disease)和溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative colitis,UC)。UC作为一种特发性结肠炎症性疾病,其特征表现为结肠粘膜及粘膜下层的持续性弥漫性炎症反应。尽管UC的确切病因尚未完全阐明,但目前研究认为其发病机制涉及遗传易感性、肠上皮屏障功能障碍、免疫调节异常以及环境因素等多重因素的交互作用[37−38]。其中,肠屏障完整性的破坏被认为是UC发生发展的关键病理环节。蘑菇属多糖可通过调节肠道屏障功能发挥抗结肠炎作用。如Zhang等[39]研究发现,姬松茸多糖(A. blazei polysaccharide,ABP)及其硒化衍生物(ABP-Se)能显著改善葡聚糖硫酸钠(Dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)诱导的小鼠UC模型,其保护机制涉及抑制炎症因子产生,减轻氧化应激损伤,增强紧密连接蛋白(如ZO-1、Occludin)表达,促进粘液分泌,从而有效维护肠道屏障功能。Ji等[40]的研究进一步证实,ABP可通过上述多重途径缓解DSS诱导的急性结肠炎,特别是通过上调紧密连接蛋白表达和促进粘液分泌来维持肠道屏障完整性。
肠道菌群稳态在维持宿主健康起着核心作用,其失调与UC等多种胃肠道疾病密切相关[41]。近年研究发现,多糖可能通过调控肠道菌群与宿主的互作,进而发挥其疾病干预作用。肠道微生物代谢产物,如色氨酸代谢物、胆汁酸和短链脂肪酸(Short chain fatty acids, SCFAs),作为菌群-宿主的重要媒介,已被证实参与炎症性疾病的发病过程[42]。研究表明,ABP能够逆转DSS引起的肠道菌群失调及相关代谢紊乱[40]。Liu等[43]系统评估了双孢蘑菇(A. bisporus)多糖ABPs及其纯化组分ABP-1(8.86×106 Da)和ABP-2(1.76×104 Da)对UC的治疗效应,发现三种多糖均能改善疾病活动指数(体重减轻、结肠缩短等),减轻组织病理损伤,增强紧密连接蛋白表达和恢复肠道屏障功能。ABP-1和ABP-2的疗效呈现菌群依赖性特征——通过促进Norank_f_Muribaculaceae和Akkermansia等有益菌增殖,同时抑制Escherichia-Shigella和Proteus等条件致病菌生长。代谢组学分析揭示,ABP-1主要调控类固醇激素生物合成通路,而ABP-2则显著影响胆汁分泌和色氨酸代谢通路,表明不同多糖组分具有独特的代谢调节模式。这种功能差异可能与其结构特征相关,包括分子量、单糖组成及糖苷键类型等[44],其中低分子量的ABP-2展现出更优越的生物活性[43]。图3系统总结了蘑菇属多糖通过肠道菌群调控发挥抗结肠炎作用的分子机制。
研究表明,蘑菇属多糖可通过清除自由基,提高抗氧化酶活性而发挥抗氧化作用。不同提取方法获得的多糖其抗氧化活性存在显著差异。例如,壳聚糖絮凝双孢蘑菇多糖CF-ABP较传统水提取多糖E-ABP表现出更强的自由基清除能力。CF-ABP清除2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼基(2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基和羟基自由基的IC50值(分别为1.468和0.122 mg/mL)显著低于E-ABP(7.246和0.216 mg/mL);在4 mg/mL浓度时,两者的总还原力分别为0.51和0.27[17]。此外,A. bitorquis ZJU-CDMA-12菌株产生的三种多糖(子实体多糖PFB、细胞外多糖PS和细胞内多糖IPS)均表现出包括清除DPPH自由基和2,2'-联氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸) (2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS)阳离子自由基,Fe2+还原及螯合在内的多重抗氧化能力,其中IPS活性最为突出。经纯化获得的IPS-III组分在HepG2细胞模型中展现出最强的抗氧化活性,其作用机制与清除过量ROS、维持超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)和谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)水平和抑制脂质过氧化等有关[45]。
在抗衰老研究方面,A. blazei酸性多糖ABM-A对D-半乳糖诱导的脑损伤具有显著改善作用,可提高血清抗氧化酶SOD、CAT的活性,降低丙二醛(Malondialdehyde, MDA)和ROS含量,其作用机制可能与激活Kelch样ECH关联蛋白1-核因子E2相关因子2/抗氧化反应元件(Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Antioxidant response element,Keap1-Nrf2/ARE)并抑制MAPKs超家族活化有关[23]。另外,肠道菌群在衰老进程中亦扮演关键角色,特别是与认知功能障碍和神经退行性疾病的发生密切相关[46−47]。近期研究证实,A. bisporus多糖WMP能通过特异性富集拟杆菌属(Bacteroides sp.)和副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides sp.),同时抑制Mucispirillum sp.等病原菌的生长,进而调节SCFAs水平,最终改善D-半乳糖诱导的小鼠行为学缺陷(包括自发活动及空间/识别记忆障碍)[48]。
在皮肤光防护领域,蘑菇多糖通过其抗氧化-抗炎协同作用,减轻紫外线(Ultraviolet,UV)诱导的皮肤损伤。UV辐射(UVA:315~400 nm;UVB:280~315 nm)可诱导表皮氧化应激和炎症反应,加速皮肤衰老[49−50]。A. blazei多糖及其组分A1和A2能有效缓解UVB诱导的HaCaT细胞光损伤,显著促进细胞增殖,增强线粒体膜势,抑制炎症因子IL-1β、IL-8、IL-6和TNF-α的表达,增加丝聚合蛋白(Filaggrin,FLG)和水通道蛋白3(Aquaporin-3,AQP3)的相对含量,抑制非受体型酪氨酸蛋白激酶-信号转导与转录激活因子(Janus kinase-Signal transducer and activator of transcription,JAK-STAT)信号通路的激活而起到抗炎和屏障修复的作用[22]。多糖组分AB-J和AB-K对UVA损伤的人成纤维细胞(Human skin fibroblasts,HSFs)具有保护作用,可清除DPPH、ABTS+和羟基自由基,提升细胞内抗氧化酶(GSH-Px和CAT)和细胞外矩阵蛋白(COL-I和ELN)的水平,并抑制基质金属蛋白酶(MP-1和MP-9),激活Keap-1-Nrf2/ARE信号途径(下游HO-1和NQO1变大上调),调控MAPK信号(抑制p38和Jnk1磷酸化)[51]。这些发现共同揭示了蘑菇多糖通过多靶点、多通路发挥皮肤保护作用的分子机制(关键信号通路示意图参见图4)。
蘑菇属多糖(特别是β-D-葡聚糖)具有显著的抗肿瘤活性,这类多糖能够直接抑制肿瘤细胞的迁移和增殖,通过识别免疫细胞表面特定受体发挥免疫调节功能,并与化疗药物产生协同效应[52−53]。如双胞蘑菇多糖MH751906经藻酸盐/k-角叉菜胶微胶囊化后口服给药,能显著增强NK细胞对结肠癌细胞的杀伤作用。通过IκB-α途径调控炎症反应,最终导致人结肠癌Caco-2细胞周期阻滞于G0/G1期并诱导细胞凋亡[54]。从A. bisporus中分离得到的线性β-(1→6)-D-葡聚糖B16展现出独特的双重抗肿瘤作用,一方面通过诱导肿瘤细胞内氧化应激直接促使其死亡;另一方面通过促使THP-1巨噬细胞向M1表型极化来激活免疫应答。共培养实验进一步证实,B16不仅能维持巨噬细胞的M1极化状态,还能显著提高乳腺癌细胞对阿霉素的敏感性,表明其在联合化疗中具有重要应用价值[55]。
以往的研究表明,一级结构中富含Man和Glc的多糖通常表现出更强的抗肿瘤活性[56−57]。许多具有显著抗肿瘤活性多糖(如香菇多糖和猪苓多糖)的主要结构中都含有β-D-Glc[58]。基于这些发现,研究人员推测从A. bisporus中分离得到的多糖同样具有抗肿瘤活性。体外实验证实,WAAP-1能显著抑制结肠癌细胞HT-29的生长,通过上调Caspase-3、Bax和E-cadherin蛋白的表达,下调Bcl-2和Vimentin蛋白的表达,促进细胞凋亡,抑制HT-29细胞上皮-间质转化,进而发挥抗肿瘤作用[29]。此外,具有三螺旋结构的多糖WAAP-2将细胞周期阻滞在S期来抑制HT-29细胞增殖,同时调节Caspase-3/Bax信号通路相关蛋白的表达以促细胞死亡。该多糖还能诱导E-cadherin表达和抑制Vimentin表达来调节上皮-间质转化过程,从而有效抑制结直肠癌细胞的迁移和侵袭能力[31]。
在黑色素瘤研究中,从A. bisporus中分离得到的β-葡聚糖Abwp表现出显著的时间和剂量依赖性抑制效应,抑制B16黑色素瘤细胞生长并促进其死亡,阻断TNF-α诱导的p38MEK和NF-κB信号通路激活,抑制NF-κB-p65核转位。在B16黑色素瘤移植小鼠模型中,Abwp不仅能显著抑制肿瘤发生发展,降低p38 MAPK和NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白表达,还能下调N-钙粘蛋白、MP-9和Snail的表达来抑制肿瘤转移[30]。Trivedi等[59]进一步发现,负载槲皮素的双孢子蘑菇衍生的β-葡聚糖颗粒比空心颗粒表现出更强的剂量依赖性抗氧化和抗癌活性,且能有效诱导PC3细胞死亡。
另外,A. blazei多糖ABP对食道鳞状细胞癌(Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,ESCC)也展示出显著的抑制作用。实验证实ABP能够抑制KYSE150细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭,延缓体内肿瘤生长。机制研究表明,ABP的抗癌作用与其调控自噬、线粒体吞噬和铁死亡相关基因表达,以及参与糖酵解/糖异生等代谢通路密切相关[60]。
蘑菇属多糖具有显著的抗病毒活性,其作用机制主要涉及免疫调节和抗炎作用。Yang等[61]研究发现,A. bisporus多糖ABPs能够有效调节斑点鲶鱼在CCV病毒感染过程中的免疫应答,上调炎症相关基因(如NLRC3)的表达,同时抑制细胞分裂相关基因的表达,并通过增强机体免疫功能来满足病毒感染期间的能量需求。
通过化学修饰可进一步提高多糖的抗病毒活性,如乙酰化、羧甲基化、磷酸化、硫酸化等[62−64]。研究表明,采用氯磺酸-吡啶法合成的不同硫含量硫酸化修饰物(JS1-J1S4和JHS1-JHS4)显著增强了A. blazei多糖AbM的抗HIV-1活性。这些硫酸化衍生物表现出优异的抗病毒效果,IC50值范围为0.017~0.193 μmol/L。具有相似取代度(DS)的硫酸化多糖显示出相近的抗病毒活性,与分子量无关[65]。
在虫媒病毒研究方面,A. subrufescens来源的多糖展现出广谱抗病毒特性。研究发现,从该菌子实体中分离的(1-6, 1-3)-β-D-葡聚糖(FR)及其硫酸化衍生物(FR-S)能有效抑制登革病毒(DENV)和寨卡病毒(ZIKV)感染。FR-S(36.5 μg/mL和188.7 μg/mL分别对DENV-2和ZIKV)通过阻断病毒进入显著抑制病毒复制,在极低浓度(0.12 μg/mL)即可完全抑制病毒NS1蛋白诱导的内皮细胞高渗透性;0.25 μg/mL浓度下能阻断NS1蛋白与内皮细胞的结合。动物实验证实FR-S可显著降低DENV-2 NS1诱导的血管渗漏,有效预防病毒感染导致的发病和死亡[66]。
从A. blazei中分离得到酸性多糖WABM-A-b展现出显著的降血脂活性。动物实验表明,WABM-A-b能显著降低高脂血症大鼠血清中总胆固醇(Total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(Triglyceride,TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)水平,同时提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平。机制研究揭示,WABM-A-b通过上调肝脏中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ,PPARγ)、肝X受体α(Liver X receptor α,LXRα)、三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ATP-binding cassette transporter A1,ABCA1)和G1(ABCG1)的表达发挥降血脂作用。体外实验进一步证实,WABM-A-b-H可显著降低油酸诱导的HepG2细胞中TC和TG积累,并激活PPARγ/LXRα/ABCA1/ABCG1信号通路。这些结果表明,WABM-A-b可能通过促进细胞内胆固醇转化和胰岛素释放来发挥其降血脂作用[24]。此外,ABP-A也被证明对高脂饮食诱导的高脂血症大鼠具有显著的降血脂效果,其作用机制涉及调节肝脏中低密度脂蛋白受体(LDL-R)、固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c(Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1,SREBP-1c)、胆固醇7α-羟化酶(Cytochrome P450 7α-1,CYP7α-1)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPAR-α)和清道夫受体B类1型(Scavenger receptor class B type 1,SCARB-1)等关键代谢因子的表达[67]。
此外,肠道菌群失调与高脂血症的发生发展密切相关。多糖能够重塑肠道菌群结构,促进有益菌增殖并抑制有害菌生长,从而改善脂质代谢紊乱[68−69]。多糖ABP不仅能够调节CYP7A1和SREBP-1c等脂代谢关键因子的表达,还能通过纠正肠道菌群结构失衡来发挥降血脂作用[25]。这些发现为开发基于多糖的降血脂疗法提供了重要的理论依据。
多糖因分子量大,通常难以在胃和小肠中被直接消化,而是通过肠道菌群的代谢作用被宿主吸收利用[70]。如Fu等[71]的研究为此提供了直接证据,其体外消化实验表明双孢菇多糖ABP在模拟消化过程保持结构稳定,但在肠道发酵阶段可被微生物降解,产生SCFAs并降低环境pH,同时显著提高有益细菌的丰度。值得注意的是,肠道菌群作为宿主物质代谢、能量代谢及免疫调节的关键参与者,其组成变化与多糖的益生效应密切相关。Hu等[72]的研究进一步揭示,源自A. bitorquis多糖ABIP在发酵过程中被降解为Glc和阿拉伯糖(Ara)等单糖组分,促进乙酸、丙酸和丁酸等SCFAs的合成,并特异性富集促进了双杆菌和粪杆菌等有益细菌的丰度。进一步研究发现,中海拔来源的ABIP展现出更优的发酵特性,提示其在高原缺氧环境下具有调节肠道微生态的特殊价值。A. bisporus多糖ABP对人类肠道菌群具有双向调节作用,一方面显著提升拟杆菌(Bacteroides)、链球菌(Streptococcus)和双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)等有益菌的相对丰度;另一方面,有效抑制降低克雷伯菌(Klebsiella)和另枝菌(Alistipes)等条件致病菌的增殖。伴随这种菌群结构的优化,肠道SCFAs含量增加15倍以上,以及碳水化合物、核苷酸等代谢的重编程[73]。这些发现共同揭示了食用菌多糖作为新型益生元或膳食补充剂的巨大潜力,其通过靶向调控肠道菌群-代谢轴可能成为代谢性疾病干预的新策略。
随着肠道菌群“第二基因组”地位的确立[74],基于菌群调控的疾病干预策略备受关注。Zhao等[75]的研究为此提供了动物实验证据,从A. blazei中提取的多糖ABP1可通过重塑肠道菌群缓解小鼠肠道缺血再灌注损伤。其机制涉及增强紧密连接蛋白ZO-1和Occludin的表达以修复肠屏障,抑制中性粒细胞浸润和M1型巨噬细胞极化,并阻断NLRP3炎症小体激活。此外,抗生素清除实验证实ABP1的益生效应依赖于其对菌群结构的特异性调控——显著增加产SCFAs的Ligilactis和Blautia等菌属,同时降低变形菌门(Proteobacteria)丰度。此外,Li等[25]发现ABP多糖可通过调节高脂饮食诱导的菌群失调实现降血脂作用,这为蘑菇属多糖在代谢综合征防治中的应用提供了新的理论依据。
除以上作用外,蘑菇属多糖在肝脏保护、代谢调节、抗感染等方面表现出多重药理作用。如姬松茸多糖高、中剂量可降低链脲佐菌素(Streptozotocin,STZ)诱导的2型糖尿病大鼠血糖水平,其机制涉及下调肝脏SREBP-1c和硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶1(Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1,SCD-1)表达,改善肝细胞脂肪变性及坏死程度,提示其具有肝保护作用[76];在代谢调控方面,A. bisporus富含多糖的提取物通过抑制胰脂酶介导的脂肪吸收,对高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠C57BL/6N有抗肥胖作用[77];此外,该属多糖在免疫相关疾病中显示出治疗潜力。如A. bisporus水提取物能够通过免疫调节和抗氧化双重机制显著提高脓毒症动物的存活率[78];其多糖组分ABP可抑制炎症因子及细胞黏附分子表达减轻LPS诱导的人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(Human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs)的损伤,该作用可能通过阻断NF-κB信号通路激活实现[79]。蘑菇多糖对口腔疾病的干预机制研究取得新进展,如多糖ABMP通过增强H2S/Nrf2轴介导的自噬水平,有效改善牙龈退缩、抑制炎症细胞浸润及牙槽骨吸收,同时减少破骨细胞数量[80]。最新研究还发现,中性葡聚糖AM-1可通过激活巨噬细胞中TFEB依赖性自噬通量,显著延缓植入物相关感染(Implant-associated infection,IAI)小鼠模型的感染进程并抑制感染性骨破坏[23]。
蘑菇属真菌具有丰富的物种多样性,目前全球已报道至少400余种,其中我国可食用种类达40种。近年研究多集中于A. blazei、A. bisporus和A. bitorquis等少数物种,多数物种的活性成分尚未系统研究。在活性多糖提取领域,传统水提醇沉法仍占主导地位,但超声辅助提取、微波辅助提取及超声波-复合酶协同提取等技术已展现出显著的提高效率优势。基于电中和与吸附架桥原理的壳聚糖絮凝纯化技术在双孢蘑菇多糖纯化中的成功应用,为工业规模化生产提供了新思路。不同提取工艺对多糖提取率、分子构象及生物活性均会产生特异性影响,需根据目标产物的应用需求进行工艺优化。
当前蘑菇属多糖的结构解析不够深入,但现有技术通过跨学科联合应用,可确定多糖的基本结构。如除去多糖基础表征层面(如单糖组成、分子量分布)外,可以借助扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射和原子力显微镜联合刚果红实验,分别检测多糖的表面形貌、结晶度、支链及螺旋结构等信息。进一步借助红外光谱、GC-MS及NMR等技术综合分析多糖的分子结构。多糖结构直接影响着其生物活性,并为产品质量控制带来挑战。蘑菇属多糖表现出免疫调节、抗肿瘤、代谢综合征改善(降血脂/抗氧化)及肠道保护(抗结肠炎)等多种药理活性,但相关分子机制研究尚待深化。另外,目前研究普遍认为蘑菇属多糖的毒性极低,但长期或高剂量使用可能引发特定风险,需结合来源、纯度、剂量及机体个体差异综合判断。为提升蘑菇属多糖的开发利用价值,构建高效提取体系,未来需要开发兼具工艺简便性、工业适用性与活性保持度的提取技术,以实现目标多糖分子结构的定向调控;通过多维结构表征技术阐明多糖的精细分子结构,建立结构特征与特定生物活性的映射关系;系统研究多糖在消化系统的代谢转化规律,重点揭示其与肠道菌群的互作机制及对疾病通路的调控作用;推进临床转化研究,比如在健康人群和慢性病患者群体中开展膳食干预试验,科学评估其作为功能性食品成分的安全性及实际功效。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040327
  • 接收时间:2025-04-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-27
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    1黄河科技学院,河南郑州 450063
    2河南省食药两用植物资源综合利用工程技术研究中心,河南郑州 450063
    3河南省小分子新药研发国际联合实验室,河南郑州 450063

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陈林(1982−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:天然产物研究与开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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