Article(id=1320882822726930849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050111, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747152000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852605753, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852605753, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852605753, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852605753, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=438, endPage=446, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882822978589090, articleId=1320882822726930849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Investigating the Digestive and Absorptive Mechanisms of Polysaccharides from Huaishan Based on Intestinal Organoids and Their Effects on Intestinal Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To contribute to better understanding of the structural composition, bioactivity, and intestinal health effects of Huaishan polysaccharides (HSP), analyzed the changes in the molecular weight and monosaccharide composition of HSP after digestion with simulated gastric juice, and evaluated its impact on intestinal cell proliferation and differentiation using a three-dimensional (3D) organoid model. The study findings showed that Huaishan polysaccharide molecular weights averaged 139.173 kDa prior to source plant digestion, and 1.676 kDa after digestion. Prior to digestion, D-glucose (89.72%) was the dominant monosaccharide, but its levels decline significantly after digestion, while levels of other monosaccharides (e.g., D-mannose, D-galactose) tend to rise. Immunofluorescence analyses confirmed key intestinal cell markers, including Ki67 (proliferation), Chromogranin A (secretory), Mucin2 (goblet cells), Lysozyme (Paneth cells), Villim (absorptive), and Olfm4 (ISCs), were present in the 3D organoids. Chinese yam polysaccharide-treated organoids exhibited significantly enhanced mRNA levels and immunofluorescence signals for Ki67 and Muc2. Huangshan polysaccharides also upregulated respective Lgr5, Olfm4, Wnt3, and Hes1 mRNA levels 1.32, 1.15, 1.1, and 1.12 fold (P<0.05). These data suggested that Huaishan polysaccharides enhance ISC proliferation via Wnt-mediated Lgr5/Olfm4 activation while promoting goblet cell differentiation via Notch inhibition. These data revealed the structure of Huaishan polysaccharides at stages during digestion, and its intestinal proliferation and differentiation promoting effects, laying a foundation for Huaishan polysaccharide application in functional foods.

, authors=Mengshi SONG1, Xiaoling ZENG2, Jing LI2, Jiaqi WANG2, Wei LI2, Yi XIAO1, Chuxin LIU1, Qiuyi LI1, Chaoyue WEN1, Qingwu SHEN1, Yanyang WU1, 3, 4, *, authorsList=Mengshi SONG, Xiaoling ZENG, Jing LI, Jiaqi WANG, Wei LI, Yi XIAO, Chuxin LIU, Qiuyi LI, Chaoyue WEN, Qingwu SHEN, Yanyang WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanyang WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882824572424622, articleId=1320882822726930849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于肠类器官探究淮山多糖的消化吸收机制及其对肠细胞增殖分化的影响, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

由于淮山多糖(Huaishan polysaccharides)的结构组成、生物活性及其对肠道健康的影响尚不清楚,本研究分析了经体外胃肠模拟消化液消化后淮山多糖的分子量与单糖组成的变化,并使用3维(3D)类器官模型评估了其对肠道细胞增殖和分化的影响。结果表明,淮山多糖的分子量从139.173 kDa下降到1.676 kDa。消化前,D-葡萄糖(89.72%)是主要的单糖,但消化后其水平显著下降,而其他(例如D-甘露糖、D-半乳糖)水平上升。免疫荧光分析证实了3D类器官中的关键肠道细胞标志物,包括Ki67(增殖细胞)、ChromograninA(分泌细胞)、Mucin2(杯状细胞)、Lysozyme(潘氏细胞)、Villim(吸收细胞)和Olfm4(肠干细胞)。淮山多糖处理组显示Ki67和Muc2的mRNA表达水平和免疫荧光信号都明显增强。淮山多糖还上调了1.32倍的Lgr5、1.15倍的Olfm4、1.1倍的Wnt3和1.12倍的Hes1的mRNA表达水平。综上,淮山多糖通过Wnt介导的Lgr5/Olfm4激活增强肠干细胞的增殖,同时通过Notch抑制促进杯状细胞分化,其在消化过程中的结构及其对肠道增殖和分化的促进作用,为淮山多糖在功能食品中的应用奠定了基础。

, authors=宋梦诗1, 曾小玲2, 李净2, 汪家琦2, 李威2, 肖毅1, 刘楚鑫1, 李秋怡1, 文超越1, 沈清武1, 吴艳阳1, 3, 4, *, authorsList=宋梦诗, 曾小玲, 李净, 汪家琦, 李威, 肖毅, 刘楚鑫, 李秋怡, 文超越, 沈清武, 吴艳阳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴艳阳, authorNote=

宋梦诗(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:动物源性食品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
吴艳阳(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
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Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, 2021, 2: 100044., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882824840860079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882824849248688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, companyId=1320882824840860079, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory for Food Science and Biotechnology of Hunan Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882824861831601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, companyId=1320882824840860079, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1湖南农业大学食品科学与技术学院,食品科学与生物技术湖南省重点实验室,湖南长沙 410128)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882824933134770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882824945717683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, companyId=1320882824933134770, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Ausnutria Dairy (China) Co., Ltd., Changsha 410000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882824958300596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, companyId=1320882824933134770, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2澳优乳业(中国)有限公司,湖南长沙 410000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882826627633589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882826631827894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, companyId=1320882826627633589, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882826640216503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, companyId=1320882826627633589, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3湖南农业大学园艺园林学院,湖南长沙 410128)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882826690548152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882826698936761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, companyId=1320882826690548152, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4State Key Laboratory of Subhealth Intervention Technology, Changsha 410128, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882826711519674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, companyId=1320882826690548152, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4亚健康干预技术国家重点实验室,湖南长沙 410128)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320882831392363012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=GPC profiles of Huaishan polysaccharides before digestion (A) and after digestion (B), figureFileSmall=3Q4Yd2KPWZfCQo0+fTLhOw==, figureFileBig=9y7I8PfFLaLnfgEsZuKKxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882831463666181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, language=CN, label=图1, caption=淮山多糖消化前(A)和消化后(B)的GPC图, figureFileSmall=3Q4Yd2KPWZfCQo0+fTLhOw==, figureFileBig=9y7I8PfFLaLnfgEsZuKKxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882831656604166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=High-performance liquid chromatography chromatograms of monosaccharides before (A) and after (B) digestion of dioscorea, figureFileSmall=2LWdPOfPDtLfbrs5Mn6stw==, figureFileBig=epiSkIunfq0wDZ8PXabOLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882831723713031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, language=CN, label=图2, caption=淮山多糖消化前(A)和消化后(B)的单糖的高效液相色谱相图

注:图中的峰分别是1:l-古洛糖醛酸;2:d-甘露糖醛酸;3:d-甘露糖,Man;4:d-氨基葡萄糖,GlcN;5:d-核糖,Rib;6:l-鼠李糖,Rham;7:d-葡萄糖醛酸,GlcUA;8:d-半乳糖醛酸,GalUA;9:d-氨基半乳糖,GalN;10:d-葡萄糖,Glc;11:d-半乳糖,Gal;12:d-木糖,Xyl;13:l-阿拉伯糖,Ara;14:l-岩藻糖,Fuc。

, figureFileSmall=2LWdPOfPDtLfbrs5Mn6stw==, figureFileBig=epiSkIunfq0wDZ8PXabOLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882831803404808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Immunofluorescence mapping of intestinal organoid-related genes, figureFileSmall=h4+tjHmkenXsAOqp6x/TEQ==, figureFileBig=iYdvh2Gepdi1IHoWZwIUdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882831878902281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, language=CN, label=图3, caption=肠道类器官相关基因的免疫荧光图

注:A~G:用抗E-cadherin、Villim、Ki67、Chg-A、Lyz、Muc2和Olfm4抗体,通过细胞免疫荧光检测肠道干细胞中E-cadherin(A)、Villim(B)、Ki67(C)、Chg-A(D)、Lyz(E)、Muc2(F)和Olfm4(G)蛋白的表达,然后用激光共聚焦或明场进行图像摄取,标尺20 μm。

, figureFileSmall=h4+tjHmkenXsAOqp6x/TEQ==, figureFileBig=iYdvh2Gepdi1IHoWZwIUdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882831950205450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of Huaishan polysaccharides on the proliferative activity of small intestinal organoids after 24 h of incubation, figureFileSmall=PedIZFk7ECH8kTf81U8OCA==, figureFileBig=G08ZHqpHGn363u3zeFnVdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882832013120011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同浓度淮山多糖处理后对小肠类器官增殖活性的影响

注:A,B为不同浓度的淮山多糖对肠细胞活性影响的CCK-8图(A)和对肠细胞数量(B)的影响,B图统计了每组30个细胞;C,D为小肠类器官中Ki67(C)的免疫荧光图,其中Ki67、Muc2为绿色,DAPI为蓝色;E,F为增殖基因Ki67(E)和杯状细胞基因Muc2(F)的相对mRNA表达。*表示显著性差异,*P<0.05,****P<0.01;B~D中标尺为10 μm。

, figureFileSmall=PedIZFk7ECH8kTf81U8OCA==, figureFileBig=G08ZHqpHGn363u3zeFnVdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882832084423180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of different concentrations of Huaishan polysaccharides on the differentiation level of small intestinal organoids after 24 h of incubation, figureFileSmall=jvG8MGFs1nBCORmGvaoASQ==, figureFileBig=L7yeZC+6+RL3O95Ohx7vZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882832147337741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同浓度淮山多糖对孵育24 h后小肠类器官分化水平的影响

注:A显示了小肠类器官中Olfm4的免疫荧光染色,其中Olfm4为绿色,DAPI为蓝色,标尺为5 μm;B,C显示干细胞基因Olfm4(B)和Lgr5(C)的相对mRNA表达;D显示基因Hes1、Math1、Axin2和Wnt3的相对mRNA表达。*表示显著性差异,*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.005。

, figureFileSmall=jvG8MGFs1nBCORmGvaoASQ==, figureFileBig=L7yeZC+6+RL3O95Ohx7vZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882832214446606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences for qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物上游引物下游引物
GAPDHATGGGTGTGAACCACGAGACAGGGATGATGTTCTGGGCA
Ki67GCCATAACCCGAAAGAGCAGCCAGTTTACGCTTTGCAGGT
Muc2TGACAATGTGCCCAGAGAGTAGCTTTGCATCGTTTGGTGT
Lgr5AGCCCTGTGAGCACCTATTTACGGCCAAAAGTGAATGCAT
Olfm4TCTCAGCCACTTTCCAATTTCACCACCTTAGAAAACTCTCTCTCGAAT
Hes1TCAACACGACACCGGACAAACTTCATTTATTCTTGCCCTTCGC
Axin2CATAGTGCCCAAAGCATAAGAAAGGGTCCTGGGTAAATGGGTGAG
Wnt3GACCTGGTCTACTACGAGAACTCCCATGGCATTTCTCCTTCCGTTT
Math1CCTAACAGCGATGATGGCACAGGAAGGGCATTTGGTTGTCTC
), ArticleFig(id=1320882832289944079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

用于qRT-PCR的引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
引物上游引物下游引物
GAPDHATGGGTGTGAACCACGAGACAGGGATGATGTTCTGGGCA
Ki67GCCATAACCCGAAAGAGCAGCCAGTTTACGCTTTGCAGGT
Muc2TGACAATGTGCCCAGAGAGTAGCTTTGCATCGTTTGGTGT
Lgr5AGCCCTGTGAGCACCTATTTACGGCCAAAAGTGAATGCAT
Olfm4TCTCAGCCACTTTCCAATTTCACCACCTTAGAAAACTCTCTCTCGAAT
Hes1TCAACACGACACCGGACAAACTTCATTTATTCTTGCCCTTCGC
Axin2CATAGTGCCCAAAGCATAAGAAAGGGTCCTGGGTAAATGGGTGAG
Wnt3GACCTGGTCTACTACGAGAACTCCCATGGCATTTCTCCTTCCGTTT
Math1CCTAACAGCGATGATGGCACAGGAAGGGCATTTGGTTGTCTC
), ArticleFig(id=1320882832361247248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Molecular weight of Huaishan polysaccharides before and after digestion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品保留时间(min)Mw(Da)Mn(Da)Mw/Mn
消化前18.27139173913615.2335
消化后24.78167610851.5447
), ArticleFig(id=1320882832449327633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

淮山多糖消化前后的分子量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品保留时间(min)Mw(Da)Mn(Da)Mw/Mn
消化前18.27139173913615.2335
消化后24.78167610851.5447
), ArticleFig(id=1320882832520630802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Structural composition of Huaishan polysaccharides before and after digestion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品摩尔百分比(%)
L-古洛糖
醛酸
D-甘露糖
醛酸
D-甘露
糖Man
D-氨基葡
萄糖GlcN
D-核糖
Rib
L-鼠李糖
Rham
D-葡萄糖
醛酸GlcUA
D-半乳糖
醛酸GalUA
D-氨基半
乳糖GalN
D-葡萄糖
Glc
D-半乳糖
Gal
D-木糖
Xyl
L-阿拉伯糖
Ara
L-岩藻糖
Fuc
消化前0.0490.0003.7920.1540.0000.6270.4601.3310.00089.7201.9390.4451.3920.091
消化后0.4710.1394.7684.4672.1826.3840.5271.5280.58666.8294.9063.3582.6101.243
), ArticleFig(id=1320882832608711187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882822726930849, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

淮山多糖消化前后的单糖组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品摩尔百分比(%)
L-古洛糖
醛酸
D-甘露糖
醛酸
D-甘露
糖Man
D-氨基葡
萄糖GlcN
D-核糖
Rib
L-鼠李糖
Rham
D-葡萄糖
醛酸GlcUA
D-半乳糖
醛酸GalUA
D-氨基半
乳糖GalN
D-葡萄糖
Glc
D-半乳糖
Gal
D-木糖
Xyl
L-阿拉伯糖
Ara
L-岩藻糖
Fuc
消化前0.0490.0003.7920.1540.0000.6270.4601.3310.00089.7201.9390.4451.3920.091
消化后0.4710.1394.7684.4672.1826.3840.5271.5280.58666.8294.9063.3582.6101.243
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基于肠类器官探究淮山多糖的消化吸收机制及其对肠细胞增殖分化的影响
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宋梦诗 1 , 曾小玲 2 , 李净 2 , 汪家琦 2 , 李威 2 , 肖毅 1 , 刘楚鑫 1 , 李秋怡 1 , 文超越 1 , 沈清武 1 , 吴艳阳 1, 3, 4, *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(10): 438-446
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (10) : 438 -446
基于肠类器官探究淮山多糖的消化吸收机制及其对肠细胞增殖分化的影响
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宋梦诗1 , 曾小玲2, 李净2, 汪家琦2, 李威2, 肖毅1, 刘楚鑫1, 李秋怡1, 文超越1, 沈清武1, 吴艳阳1, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1湖南农业大学食品科学与技术学院,食品科学与生物技术湖南省重点实验室,湖南长沙 410128
  • 2澳优乳业(中国)有限公司,湖南长沙 410000
  • 3湖南农业大学园艺园林学院,湖南长沙 410128
  • 4亚健康干预技术国家重点实验室,湖南长沙 410128
通讯作者:
吴艳阳(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
作者简介:

宋梦诗(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:动物源性食品科学,E-mail:

Investigating the Digestive and Absorptive Mechanisms of Polysaccharides from Huaishan Based on Intestinal Organoids and Their Effects on Intestinal Cell Proliferation and Differentiation
Mengshi SONG1 , Xiaoling ZENG2, Jing LI2, Jiaqi WANG2, Wei LI2, Yi XIAO1, Chuxin LIU1, Qiuyi LI1, Chaoyue WEN1, Qingwu SHEN1, Yanyang WU1, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory for Food Science and Biotechnology of Hunan Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 2Ausnutria Dairy (China) Co., Ltd., Changsha 410000, China
  • 3Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
  • 4State Key Laboratory of Subhealth Intervention Technology, Changsha 410128, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050111
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由于淮山多糖(Huaishan polysaccharides)的结构组成、生物活性及其对肠道健康的影响尚不清楚,本研究分析了经体外胃肠模拟消化液消化后淮山多糖的分子量与单糖组成的变化,并使用3维(3D)类器官模型评估了其对肠道细胞增殖和分化的影响。结果表明,淮山多糖的分子量从139.173 kDa下降到1.676 kDa。消化前,D-葡萄糖(89.72%)是主要的单糖,但消化后其水平显著下降,而其他(例如D-甘露糖、D-半乳糖)水平上升。免疫荧光分析证实了3D类器官中的关键肠道细胞标志物,包括Ki67(增殖细胞)、ChromograninA(分泌细胞)、Mucin2(杯状细胞)、Lysozyme(潘氏细胞)、Villim(吸收细胞)和Olfm4(肠干细胞)。淮山多糖处理组显示Ki67和Muc2的mRNA表达水平和免疫荧光信号都明显增强。淮山多糖还上调了1.32倍的Lgr5、1.15倍的Olfm4、1.1倍的Wnt3和1.12倍的Hes1的mRNA表达水平。综上,淮山多糖通过Wnt介导的Lgr5/Olfm4激活增强肠干细胞的增殖,同时通过Notch抑制促进杯状细胞分化,其在消化过程中的结构及其对肠道增殖和分化的促进作用,为淮山多糖在功能食品中的应用奠定了基础。

淮山多糖  /  肠类器官  /  胃肠模拟消化  /  单糖组成  /  肠干细胞  /  Lgr5  /  Wnt3

To contribute to better understanding of the structural composition, bioactivity, and intestinal health effects of Huaishan polysaccharides (HSP), analyzed the changes in the molecular weight and monosaccharide composition of HSP after digestion with simulated gastric juice, and evaluated its impact on intestinal cell proliferation and differentiation using a three-dimensional (3D) organoid model. The study findings showed that Huaishan polysaccharide molecular weights averaged 139.173 kDa prior to source plant digestion, and 1.676 kDa after digestion. Prior to digestion, D-glucose (89.72%) was the dominant monosaccharide, but its levels decline significantly after digestion, while levels of other monosaccharides (e.g., D-mannose, D-galactose) tend to rise. Immunofluorescence analyses confirmed key intestinal cell markers, including Ki67 (proliferation), Chromogranin A (secretory), Mucin2 (goblet cells), Lysozyme (Paneth cells), Villim (absorptive), and Olfm4 (ISCs), were present in the 3D organoids. Chinese yam polysaccharide-treated organoids exhibited significantly enhanced mRNA levels and immunofluorescence signals for Ki67 and Muc2. Huangshan polysaccharides also upregulated respective Lgr5, Olfm4, Wnt3, and Hes1 mRNA levels 1.32, 1.15, 1.1, and 1.12 fold (P<0.05). These data suggested that Huaishan polysaccharides enhance ISC proliferation via Wnt-mediated Lgr5/Olfm4 activation while promoting goblet cell differentiation via Notch inhibition. These data revealed the structure of Huaishan polysaccharides at stages during digestion, and its intestinal proliferation and differentiation promoting effects, laying a foundation for Huaishan polysaccharide application in functional foods.

Huaishan polysaccharides  /  intestinal organoids  /  gastrointestinal simulation digestion  /  monosaccharide composition  /  intestinal stem cells  /  Lgr5  /  Wnt3
宋梦诗, 曾小玲, 李净, 汪家琦, 李威, 肖毅, 刘楚鑫, 李秋怡, 文超越, 沈清武, 吴艳阳. 基于肠类器官探究淮山多糖的消化吸收机制及其对肠细胞增殖分化的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 438 -446 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050111
Mengshi SONG, Xiaoling ZENG, Jing LI, Jiaqi WANG, Wei LI, Yi XIAO, Chuxin LIU, Qiuyi LI, Chaoyue WEN, Qingwu SHEN, Yanyang WU. Investigating the Digestive and Absorptive Mechanisms of Polysaccharides from Huaishan Based on Intestinal Organoids and Their Effects on Intestinal Cell Proliferation and Differentiation[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 438 -446 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050111
多糖作为由糖苷键连接而成的聚合碳水化合物,广泛存在于自然界各类生物体内,在食品体系中尤为丰富。这类高分子化合物不仅是食品基质的重要组成成分,其独特的分子结构还赋予了多样的功能特性与生物活性[1−2]。
多糖经口服后在人体内的分解途径具有多样性,这主要归因于其复杂的结构和易受胃肠消化酶影响的特性。口腔作为消化道的起始部位,食物通过咀嚼被破碎,并与唾液混合。人类唾液中的主要生物酶α-淀粉酶可水解α-1,4-糖苷键连接的多糖[3]。然而,由于口腔停留时间短暂,大多数多糖未被充分降解,随后进入胃部。胃液主要由盐酸、胆汁盐和无机物组成,其酸性环境和多种消化酶将进一步分解膳食纤维[4]。随后,胃内容物通过幽门进入小肠,在小肠液中的酶、胆汁和无机盐作用下进一步分解,最终通过小肠上皮细胞吸收进入血液循环。然而,部分难降解的碳水化合物(如某些多糖)无法在小肠被完全分解,进入大肠后与肠道微生物发生酵解,产生短链脂肪酸(SCFAs),并被机体吸收利用。多糖的消化过程不仅影响能量代谢,还能调节肠道菌群组成和多样性,维持肠道微生态平衡[5−6]。
淮山多糖作为山药的主要活性成分,在肠道健康中发挥重要作用。研究表明,多糖能够通过调节肠道菌群、修复肠道黏膜、增强免疫功能维系肠道健康和微生态环境的稳定[7]。病原菌能够识别动物肠壁细胞上的“特异性糖类”受体,一旦侵入机体消化道,便与之结合,破坏肠道菌群的平衡从而导致肠道疾病的发生。而多糖能够吸附病原菌,抑制病原菌在肠壁上的滋生,改善肠道菌群多样性[8]。同时,淮山多糖也能够促进双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌的生长、抑制肠杆菌和肠球菌的增殖[9]。部分多糖还能够通过调控Wnt/β-catenin、MAPK等信号通路,促进肠道干细胞的增殖与分化,进而改善肠道微环境,这种作用间接参与了机体糖脂代谢调节,为相关代谢性疾病的干预提供了新思路[10]。
肠道类器官作为体外培养的三维立体结构,能够高度模拟肠道生理与病理状态。这类模型源自肠道干细胞,包含肠上皮细胞、杯状细胞、潘氏细胞及肠内分泌细胞等多种功能细胞类型,因而可精准复现肠道复杂的组织结构与生物学功能[11]。在基础医学研究与药物开发领域,肠道类器官展现出广泛应用价值:其不仅被用于解析肠道发育机制、构建炎症性肠病及肠癌等疾病模型,还可用于研究宿主-微生物互作关系,以及开展药物筛选和毒性评估[12−13]。
随着类器官培养技术的持续优化,相关研究范畴逐步拓展至肠道免疫调节、营养吸收机制及肠道屏障功能等前沿领域[14]。值得关注的是,肠道类器官在食品科学领域的应用潜力正日益凸显。基于该模型的最新研究表明,膳食纤维、植物多酚及益生元等营养成分可通过调控Wnt/β-catenin、Notch及MAPK等关键信号通路,显著影响肠道干细胞行为,驱动其向吸收性肠上皮细胞、分泌粘液的杯状细胞、具有抗菌功能的潘氏细胞及合成激素的肠内分泌细胞等功能性上皮谱系分化,这一过程对维持肠上皮稳态至关重要[15−16]。作为肠道微环境的体外模拟系统,肠道类器官为探究食品成分的消化吸收机制、生物利用度及对肠道健康的影响提供了独特平台。此外,该模型已被用于评估食品添加剂及污染物的肠道毒性[17],相关研究成果为功能性食品开发及食品加工技术优化奠定了重要理论基础。
淮山多糖是从药食同源植物淮山中提取的天然活性成分,在抗氧化、免疫调节及肠道保护等领域展现出显著生物活性[18]。然而,目前针对淮山多糖在肠道内消化吸收机制的研究仍存在关键科学问题待解——传统体外消化模型(如Caco-2细胞单层模型)虽能模拟肠道部分功能,却难以完整呈现肠道系统的动态复杂性[19]。与之相比,肠道类器官凭借其对肠道生理微环境的高度仿生特性,为解析淮山多糖的吸收机制提供了更具生理学相关性的研究平台。本研究旨在探讨淮山多糖对肠道细胞增殖和分化的影响,为淮山多糖在功能食品中的应用奠定基础。
淮山药 当地超市购买的细铁棍山药;三氟乙酸(TFA)、1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(PMP) 海美利安生化技术有限公司;单糖标准品 坦墨质检科技股份有限公司;胎牛血清(Fetal bovine serum,FBS) 上海逍鹏生物科技有限公司;胶原酶II(≥125 CDU/mg)  美国Sigma公司;Matrigel基质无酚红 美国康宁公司;Advanced DMEM/F12、1×N2补充剂、B27补充剂、HEPES补充剂、GlutaMAX补充剂、100 U/mL青霉素、100 μg/mL链霉素、Alexa Fluor 488山羊抗兔抗体 美国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司;抗Ki67、抗溶菌酶、抗嗜铬粒蛋白A、抗粘蛋白2、抗绒毛蛋白、抗E钙粘蛋白 英国Abcam公司;抗Olfm4 美国Cell Signalling Technology公司;DAPI 碧云天生物科技有限公司;RNA分离仪总RNA提取试剂、4×Hifair®III Super Mix plus、DL2000 Plus DNA Marker、Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix 诺沃赞生物科技有限公司;5×gDNA消化器混合物 逸盛生物科技有限公司;GelRed核酸凝胶染料、10000×in water 中国上海开放科技发展有限公司;重组小鼠EGF、重组小鼠Noggin、重组人R-spondin1 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;C58BL/6J实验小鼠(每次实验需要3只鼠龄为5周,体重在15~25g的雌性小鼠) 湖南长沙斯莱克实验动物有限公司,湖南农业大学生物医学研究伦理委员会伦理号:伦审科2025第(16)号。
BTP-8ZLEOX真空冷冻干燥机 美国SP Scientific公司;SY-5000旋转蒸发仪 上海亚荣生化仪器厂;Spark微孔板检测仪、Forma.Steri-Cycle i160 CO2培养箱 美国赛默飞世尔科技;APG1100DAD高效液相色谱系统 美国Agilent Technologies公司;LSM 880激光共聚焦显微镜 德国ZEISS公司;SCI1000-G PCR梯度热循环仪 美国SCILOGEX公司;Agilent1100 配DAD检测器,苏州奥派格科学仪器有限公司。
本实验使用低共熔溶剂(DES)方法提取淮山的多糖[20]。首先将新鲜淮山块茎经过洗涤、去皮、切片(3 mm厚)后通过真空冷冻干燥技术进行冻干,经研磨并通过100目筛网筛分对淮山粉末进行均质化。将5.00 g制备的粉末以1:40的固液比与氯化胆碱/尿素(摩尔比为1:2)DES溶剂混合。混合物在90 ℃下在水浴中进行超声辅助萃取40 min。然后加入5 mL 10%淀粉酶,50 ℃酶解60 min,再加入2 mL 5%糖化酶,55 ℃酶解60 min,沸水灭酶2 min后冷却,加入4倍无水乙醇,4 ℃静置12 h,在3000 r/min的条件下离心,离心时间为5 min,除去上清液,沉淀用无水乙醇和80%乙醇反复洗涤两次,复溶得到多糖溶液。加入总体积1/3的Sevag试剂(氯仿:正丁醇=4:1,v/v),充分振荡15 min后收集上层多糖溶液,重复3次,直至无蛋白层,合并多糖溶液,旋转蒸发至原体积的2/3,调节pH至8.0,然后添加3%的过氧化氢,50 ℃反应2 h,加入4倍无水乙醇,4 ℃静置4 h,在3500 r/min的条件下离心,离心时间为5 min,除去上清液,得到沉淀即为粗多糖。
本实验使用硫酸-蒽酮检测法检测多糖纯度[21]。分别取0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mg/mL葡萄糖标准液,加入硫酸-蒽酮,在625 nm处测定其吸光值,并将其结果数据整合成标准葡萄糖溶液曲线(标准曲线方程:y=0.2796 x+0.0044,R2=0.9966)。将待测淮山多糖溶液在625 nm测定其吸光值,根据以下公式计算得出淮山多糖纯度。
$ \rm{W}1(\text{%})=\frac{C1\times V}{M}\times100 $
式中:C1为多糖浓度(mg/mL);V为样品溶液总体积(mL);M为样品质量(mg)。
本实验采用高效液相色谱法测定单糖组成[22]。称取10~20 mg固体样品置入水解管,添加5 mL的2 mol/L三氟乙酸(TFA),液体样品按1:1体积比添加4 mol/L TFA。氮气置换保护后密封体系,于110 ℃恒温水解。水解产物冷却后采用甲醇复溶,在70 ℃水浴中通入氮气流蒸干,此溶解-干燥循环重复三次以彻底清除TFA残留。将脱酸残渣溶解于0.3 mol/L NaOH溶液,取该溶液或标准单糖工作液(0.4 mg/mL)与PMP甲醇溶液进行涡旋混合。反应体系经0.3 mol/L HCl中和后,采用水-氯仿混合溶剂进行三次液液萃取。收集水相组分,经0.45 μm亲水滤膜过滤后备用分析。
色谱条件:色谱柱C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相A:100 mmol/L 磷酸钠缓冲液(pH=6.7);流动相B:乙腈;检测波长:250 nm;柱温:30 ℃;流速1 mL/min;进样量5 µL。
本实验参考Sato等[11]的方法,提取培养肠类器官。从周龄为4~5周的雌性C57BL/6N小鼠解剖出小肠(距回盲部前10~15 cm段肠道),将肠组织通过冷的DPBS清洗干净后,将肠段剪成约3 mm肠的碎片转移至30 mL胶原酶溶液(0.05 mg胶原酶Ⅱ溶解于1 mL的1640+5%胎牛血清+1%青霉素/链霉素)中,将含有组织的胶原酶Ⅱ溶液在37 ℃摇床中振荡孵育1 h,孵育结束后将溶液通过70 μm细胞过滤器,离心取沉淀,并将沉淀用PBS清洗后再次离心取细胞沉淀,重复2遍。将细胞沉淀轻柔重悬于Matrigel中,推荐使用25 μL Matrigel包埋50~200个隐窝细胞。将25 μL悬浮的细胞接种在48孔板中心。随后立即将培养板转移至5% CO2、37 ℃培养箱中静置20 min,使Matrigel充分聚合,加入250 μL ENR小鼠培养基(在Advanced DMEM/F12培养基中加10 mmol/L HEPES、2 mmol/L GlutaMAX、100 U/mL青霉素和100 U/mL链霉素、50 ng/mL EGF、100 ng/mL Noggin、100 ng/mL R-spondin1、1×B27补充剂和1×N2补充剂),并将板置于37 ℃的培养基培养箱(5% CO2)中,每2 d更换一次培养基。
首先,将类器官接种到96孔板中,并培养至密度大约为80%。随后,向每孔中加入CCK-8试剂,将培养板置于37 ℃孵育1~4 h,期间避免光照。孵育结束后,使用酶标仪在450 nm波长下测定各孔的吸光度值。吸光度越高,表明类器官中的活细胞数量越多,活力越强。通过比较不同处理组第1 d和第5 d的吸光度值,根据以下公式评估类器官的活力变化。
$ \rm{细}胞存活率(\text{%})=\frac{As-Ab}{Ac-Ab}\times100 $
式中:As表示具有细胞、CCK-8溶液和药物溶液的孔的吸光度;Ab表示具有培养基和CCK-8溶液但没有细胞的孔的吸光度;Ac表示具有细胞、CCK-8溶液但没有药物溶液的孔的吸光度。
将肠细胞培养至实验天数(1~6 d),将48孔板中培养基去除,用4%多聚甲醛固定肠细胞。按照血清:PBS为1:1配制封闭液封闭类器官。将类器官与实验一抗在37 ℃,5% CO2孵育2 h,用PBS洗涤3次。然后,将类器官与对应二抗在37 ℃,5% CO2下孵育1 h,用PBS清洗3次。用 DAPI对细胞核染色15 min,并使用共聚焦荧光显微镜观察[11]。
本实验利用qRT-PCR法检测细胞基因表达[23]。除去肠道类器官培养基,利用冰冷的基础培养基反复吹打将肠细胞提出,并使用Trizol试剂提取总RNA。取4 μL 4×gDNA wiper rMix、RNA样品4.24 μg、4 μL 5×HiScripⅡ qRT SupperMix Ⅱ,并添加无酶水至20 μL,轻柔混匀后进行反转录。反应程序为:37 ℃ 15 min;85 ℃ 5 s;4 ℃冷却。反应结束后,RNA转化为cDNA。使用SYBR Green实时荧光定量PCR预混液试剂盒的定量聚合酶链反应对mRNA的表达进行定量。该反应在Quant Studio5实时荧光定量PCR系统上进行。反应程序为:Stage 1:预变性,Reps:1,95 ℃ 30 s;Stage 2:PCR扩增,Reps:40,95 ℃ 10 s,60 ℃ 30 s;Stage 3:溶解曲线采集,Reps:1,95 ℃ 15 s,60 ℃ 60 s,95 ℃ 15 s。反应体系为:0.4 μL上游引物(10 μmol/L)、0.4 μL下游引物(10 μmol/L)、10 μL 2×Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix、2 μL Template DNA/cDNA,补充无酶水至20 μL。使用的引物序列列于表1中。使用2−ΔΔCt法进行定量。
$\begin{split} &\rm \Delta \Delta Ct=(Ct靶基因-Ct内参基因)试验组-\\&\rm(Ct靶基因-Ct内参基因)对照组 \end{split}$
式中:2−ΔΔCt即表示试验组目的基因的表达相对于对照组的变化倍数。
本研究每组数据至少进行三次或三次以上独立重复试验,用SPSS22.0软件选择t检验或单因素方差分析进行统计学分析,P<0.05认为差异显著,用 GraphPad Prism 10软件进行绘图。
淮山多糖的分子量是基本物理数据之一,由于多糖的结构和组成复杂,常用重均分子量(Mw)表示。本实验采用GPC测定淮山多糖消化前后两种组分的相对分子质量,淮山多糖消化前后的洗脱曲线如图1A和图1B所示。根据不同相对分子量葡聚糖制备的lg Mw-RT标准曲线 (y=−0.9295x+11.9701,R2=0.9988)计算,淮山多糖消化前和消化后多糖的保留时间分别为18.27 min和24.78 min,两种组分的相对分子质量分别为139.173 kDa和1.676 kDa(表2)。
淮山多糖中单糖结构的检测对消化前后多糖的变化具有重要意义。本实验采用高效液相色谱法检测消化前后单糖含量的变化,可以清楚地看到消化前后淮山多糖的结构组成(图2A、图2B)。根据消化前后多糖的结构组成(表3),可以看到消化前的单糖主要是d-葡萄糖,其摩尔百分比为89.72%;其次是d-甘露糖(3.792%)、d-半乳糖(1.939%)、l-阿拉伯糖(1.392%)等单糖。淮山多糖消化后除d-葡萄糖含量降低外,其他单糖含量均有所增加,这可能是由于消化过程中淮山多糖进一步分解成其他单糖,包括l-鼠李糖、d-氨基葡萄糖、d-半乳糖、d-木糖等。
Ki67[11]、Chg-A[11]、Muc2[24]、Lyz[12]、Villim[25]和Olfm4[26]分别是肠道增殖细胞、分泌细胞、杯状细胞、潘氏细胞、吸收细胞和肠道干细胞的标记基因。根据免疫荧光实验的结果,结果中清晰地显示了不同细胞的标记基因,这表明实验建立的3维(3D)小肠类器官具有小肠上皮的所有细胞类型,这与体内小肠上皮的生理学高度一致(图3)。
本实验研究了淮山多糖对肠道细胞活性的影响,CCK-8检测结果如图4A所示。结果表明,在添加淮山多糖后,细胞的存活率都呈现增长的趋势,且经淮山多糖处理后,肠细胞的数量也随着浓度的增加呈现增长的趋势,第5 d 时细胞数量分别为对照组的2.08和2.53倍(图4B),这说明淮山多糖对肠类器官的活性具有促进的作用(P<0.05)。
如图4C所示,经不同浓度淮山多糖(10 μg/mL、100 μg/mL)处理后,小肠类器官中增殖细胞标志物Ki67的免疫荧光强度较对照组显著升高(P<0.05),表明淮山多糖能有效提升肠细胞的增殖活性。Ki67的mRNA表达水平检测结果显示(图4E),10 μg/mL和100 μg/mL处理组显著(P<0.05)上调了3.14,8.07倍的mRNA的表达水平。通过进一步对杯状细胞标志物黏蛋白Muc2实验发现(图4D,图4F),与对照组相比,淮山多糖处理后类器官中Muc2阳性细胞比例显著增加,且杯状细胞标志物Muc2在经过10 μg/mL多糖处理后,mRNA表达水平增强了1.138倍(P<0.05)。实验结果表明,淮山多糖对小肠类器官杯状细胞的分化促进作用在基因和蛋白水平均具有显著性(P<0.05),与细胞增殖能力的提升趋势一致,表明淮山多糖可协同增强小肠类器官的增殖活性与分化潜能。
作为肠道组织再生的源泉,干细胞的正常增殖分化对维持肠道内环境稳定至关重要。为进一步探究淮山多糖对小肠类器官增殖和分化的作用机制,本实验检测了干细胞标志基因Lgr5和Olfm4的表达水平。结果表明,淮山多糖浓度由0升至100 μg/mL时,Olfm4的免疫荧光强度呈现增强趋势(图5A)。同时,Lgr5和Olfm4的mRNA表达水平也随着淮山多糖的处理显著升高了1.36和1.15倍(P<0.05),这表明经多糖处理后,Lgr5与Olfm4的转录水平均有所提高,暗示肠道干细胞群体可能发生了扩增(图5B、图5C)。这些发现证实,淮山多糖通过调节Lgr5/Olfm4表达,显著促进小肠类器官的增殖与分化能力(P<0.05)。
同时,淮山多糖对干细胞增殖和分化相关通路的影响也发生了变化。如图5D所示,经淮山多糖处理后,Wnt3和Hes1基因的mRNA表达水平较对照组显著升高(P<0.05),而Axin2和Math1基因的mRNA表达水平未发生明显改变。实验结果表明,淮山多糖通过上调1.1倍的Wnt3基因表达,进而促使Lgr5和Olfm4表达升高,增强肠道细胞增殖能力。此外,淮山多糖还上调了1.12倍Hes1基因的表达,促进肠道干细胞向特定细胞谱系(如Muc2阳性细胞)分化(P<0.05)。淮山多糖可能对肠类器官具有双重调控作用:既能通过Wnt信号通路激活Lgr5+干细胞增殖,又能通过Notch信号通路调控细胞,诱导Hes1介导的定向分化。这种双向调节机制(增殖与分化平衡)对维持肠道上皮稳态具有重要意义。
肠道是维持机体稳态的关键屏障,其上皮由吸收性肠细胞(enterocytes)和多种分泌性细胞(如杯状细胞、潘氏细胞、肠内分泌细胞等)组成。这些功能细胞均源自隐窝基部(Crypt base)的多能肠道干细胞,通过定向分化程序(如Notch信号调控的细胞命运决定)维持上皮的动态更新[27−28]。肠道干细胞是肠道更新的驱动力,也是平衡肠道受损区域并及时修复的关键[29−30]。肠道干细胞作为肠道更新和稳态的基础,在调节肠道增殖水平和分泌细胞数量方面起着重要作用[31]。当肠道干细胞受损或异常时,会导致肠道更新中断、增殖水平波动,甚至肠道稳态失衡[32−33]。
淮山多糖是从淮山药中提取的一类重要的生物活性成分,其结构和组成与其功能密切相关。研究表明,多糖的分子量(Mw)和单糖组成对其抗氧化、抗炎及抗肿瘤活性具有显著影响[34]。低分子量多糖由于较小的空间位阻和更高的溶解度,更易被肠道细胞摄取,从而表现出更强的自由基清除能力和抗炎作用[35]。此外,糖醛酸(如半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖醛酸)含量与淮山多糖的抗肿瘤活性呈正相关,其机制可能涉及诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡和抑制血管生成[36]。值得注意的是,不同淮山品种或提取方法可能导致多糖结构的差异,进而影响其生物活性。本实验中,经体外模拟消化液消化淮山多糖后,分子量从139.173 kDa降到1.676 kDa,表明淮山多糖在消化过程中,可能因其糖苷键在极端的酸性环境或者消化酶的作用下发生断裂,从而导致分子量下降。同时在消化过程中多糖的组成也发生了变化,消化后,多糖中的D-葡萄糖含量降低,其他单糖含量均有所增加,包括L-鼠李糖、D-氨基葡萄糖、D-半乳糖、D-木糖等,这可能是由于消化过程中淮山多糖进一步分解成其他单糖。本实验采用的淮山多糖与文献报道的某些高支化多糖在结构上存在差异,这可能是导致其促进肠道干细胞增殖(Wnt3/Lgr5上调)和分化(Hes1/Muc2调控)的独特机制的原因之一。本研究系统考察了淮山多糖对肠道细胞增殖与分化的影响。
在本实验中,我们采用小肠类器官模型评估淮山多糖对肠道干细胞功能的影响,通过检测增殖活性和分泌细胞比例来解析其调控机制。近年研究证实,Ki67(增殖标志物)和Muc2(杯状细胞特异性黏蛋白)是评估类器官动态平衡的关键指标。Ki67作为细胞周期相关核蛋白,其表达水平直接反映肠道类器官的增殖能力与再生潜力[37]。Muc2由杯状细胞特异性分泌,是肠黏液层的主要成分,其表达水平不仅指示杯状细胞的分化状态,还与肠道屏障的完整性密切相关[38]。两者共同参与肠道类器官增殖、分化和屏障功能的调节。结果表明,淮山多糖可引起小肠类器官增殖水平的升高和分泌细胞的增加。这表明在淮山多糖的作用下,肠道类器官的增殖水平增加(P<0.05)。因此,本实验还研究了淮山多糖对小肠类器官模型中肠道干细胞的影响。作为肠道干细胞的关键标志物,Lgr5和Olfm4通过调节细胞的自我更新和分化能力,参与维持肠上皮再生和体内平衡等重要生理过程[39−40]。实验数据表明,淮山多糖处理后Lgr5和Olfm4表达呈剂量依赖性上调,较高的多糖浓度诱导肠道干细胞标志物基因表达水平更显著增加(P<0.05)。
除了改变干细胞数量和基因表达水平外,淮山多糖还调节干细胞增殖和分化动力学。该调节涉及Wnt通路(通过上游Wnt3和Axin2基因表达)和Notch信号转导(通过下游Hes1/Math1转录因子)。mRNA表达水平分析显示,淮山多糖上调了增殖标志物(Wnt3)和分化指标(Hes1)的表达(P<0.05),证明了它们通过Wnt-Notch信号协同途径在增强肠细胞增殖分化中有一定作用。
肠道类器官模型在研究淮山多糖的消化机制中具有重要的科学意义。首先,通过肠道类器官模型,可以揭示淮山多糖在肠道中的降解过程及其对肠道细胞的影响。例如,淮山多糖是否被肠道微生物降解成短链脂肪酸(SCFA),以及这些代谢物如何影响肠道屏障功能和免疫调节[2]。其次,肠道类器官可用于评估淮山多糖的生物利用度及其对肠道健康的潜在益处。例如,多糖可以通过调节肠道微生物群和增强肠道屏障功能来改善肠道健康[41]。这些研究不仅有助于揭示淮山多糖的作用机制,而且为开发基于淮山多糖的功能性食品提供了理论支持。
近年来,对淮山多糖的研究逐渐深入,主要集中在以下几个方面:首先,研究人员通过提取和纯化技术优化了对淮山多糖的提取工艺,以此提高其纯度和生物活性[42]。其次,通过体外和体内实验,研究人员进一步阐明了淮山多糖的分子机制,发现它们通过调节多个信号通路发挥生物活性[43]。此外,淮山多糖在食品和医药领域的应用也取得了重大进展。然而,关于淮山多糖的研究仍面临一些挑战,如其在体内的吸收和代谢机制尚不完全清楚,有待进一步研究。肠道类器官作为一种先进的体外模型,在食品科学研究中显示出巨大的潜力。本文数据揭示了淮山多糖在消化过程中的结构变化,包括分子量降低和单糖组成变化(D-葡萄糖占比下降,L-鼠李糖等单糖比例上升)。更重要地是,发现了淮山多糖通过上调Lgr5/Olfm4/Wnt3表达促进肠干细胞增殖,同时通过上调Hes1表达来调控杯状细胞分化。这些发现为淮山多糖在功能食品中的应用奠定了基础。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050111
  • 接收时间:2025-05-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-14
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    1湖南农业大学食品科学与技术学院,食品科学与生物技术湖南省重点实验室,湖南长沙 410128
    2澳优乳业(中国)有限公司,湖南长沙 410000
    3湖南农业大学园艺园林学院,湖南长沙 410128
    4亚健康干预技术国家重点实验室,湖南长沙 410128

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吴艳阳(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品营养与安全,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
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种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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