Article(id=1320882820151620191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070268, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753200000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852605139, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852605139, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852605139, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852605139, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=492, endPage=505, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882820365529696, articleId=1320882820151620191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Advancements in Aroma-generating Mechanisms and Applications of Aroma-producing Yeasts in Fermented Foods, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As consumers increasingly pursue foods with superior quality and enriched flavor, fermented products have attracted considerable attention due to their unique sensory properties and nutritional advantages. Aroma-producing yeasts, as pivotal microbial catalysts in fermentation processes, are widely utilized in the production of a broad range of fermented foods, including alcoholic beverages, fermented dough-based products, and fermented soybean products. This review synthesizes recent research progress on aroma-producing yeasts in fermented foods, beginning with a systematic overview of their taxonomic classification and key biological characteristics. The primary aroma-active metabolites synthesized by these yeasts are esters and alcohols, which play a decisive role in determining the flavor profiles of fermented food products. Next, the mechanisms underlying aroma biosynthesis in these yeasts are elaborated. By regulating metabolic pathways, these yeasts synthesize a diverse array of aromatic metabolites, which in turn impart unique sensory attributes to fermented foods. In-depth exploration of these mechanisms not only facilitates the clarification of the functional roles of aroma-producing yeasts during fermentation but also establishes a solid theoretical foundation for further optimizing the flavor quality of fermented products. Lastly, the current application status of aroma-producing yeasts in fermented food manufacturing is summarized. This review offers valuable insights and guidance for the innovative development of the fermented food industry, while concurrently promoting in-depth research and expanded industrial application of aroma-producing yeasts in the field of food science and technology.

, authors=Longkun HU1, 2, Guoyang PAN1, 2, Jinhui JIANG1, 2, Yang HE3, Junrui WU1, 4, Feiyu AN1, 2, *, Rina WU1, 2, *, authorsList=Longkun HU, Guoyang PAN, Jinhui JIANG, Yang HE, Junrui WU, Feiyu AN, Rina WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Feiyu AN, Rina WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882823146353258, articleId=1320882820151620191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=产香酵母在发酵食品中的产香机制及应用进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着消费者对食品品质和风味要求的日益提升,发酵食品因其独特的风味和营养价值而备受青睐。产香酵母作为一种重要的发酵微生物,已被广泛应用于酒类、发酵面制品、发酵豆制品等多种发酵食品的生产中。本文综述了近年来发酵食品中产香酵母的研究进展,首先对产香酵母进行了分类,并总结了其生物学特性。产香酵母的香气成分以酯类和醇类为主,对发酵食品的风味形成具有重要影响。接着,文章阐明了产香酵母的产香机制。产香酵母通过调控代谢途径,产生各种香气成分,从而赋予发酵食品独特的风味。这一机制的深入研究有助于揭示产香酵母在发酵过程中的作用机理,为进一步优化发酵食品的风味品质提供理论基础。最后,文章总结了产香酵母在发酵食品中的应用情况。本综述为发酵食品产业的创新发展提供了有益的参考和借鉴,同时推动了产香酵母在食品工业中的应用和研究。

, authors=胡龙坤1, 2, 潘国杨1, 2, 姜锦惠1, 2, 贺扬3, 武俊瑞1, 4, 安飞宇1, 2, *, 乌日娜1, 2, *, authorsList=胡龙坤, 潘国杨, 姜锦惠, 贺扬, 武俊瑞, 安飞宇, 乌日娜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=安飞宇, 乌日娜, authorNote=

胡龙坤(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
安飞宇(1994−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
乌日娜(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=OE63TJ5bCKQ9lcoGxLS5YQ==, magXml=Rl+VdNpXc5a37L/nB1dCBg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=4blYvIMNIY3+SIRzxVGP9w==, pdfFileSize=1837713, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=nFFTWFIkoDElVyvU2GG6/w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=dJvrZBxk6+SZMfhus4XjwQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320882823691612792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882820151620191, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=hulongkun912@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320882823779693179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882820151620191, authorId=1320882823691612792, language=EN, stringName=Longkun HU, firstName=Longkun, middleName=null, lastName=HU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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China Condiment, 2021, 46(1): 91−94.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882842146550609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882820151620191, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=94, rfOrder=147, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AO Jun, MAO Xiang. Preliminary study on strengthening fermentation technology of Sichuan pickles[J]. China Condiment, 2021, 46(1): 91−94., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882842213659474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882820151620191, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=95, rfOrder=148, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=钱芮, 何义国, 徐腾, 等. 泡菜中产香酵母的分离及其应用研究[J]. 中国调味品, 2025, 50(4): 97−103. [QIAN Rui, HE Yiguo, XU Teng, et al. Study on isolation and application of aroma-producing yeast in pickles[J]. China Condiment, 2025, 50(4): 97−103.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882842284962643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882820151620191, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=95, rfOrder=149, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIAN Rui, HE Yiguo, XU Teng, et al. Study on isolation and application of aroma-producing yeast in pickles[J]. 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articleId=1320882820151620191, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Core flavor compounds, common aroma characteristics, and specific differences of aroma-producing yeast in fruit wines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株核心呈味物质共性香气特征特异性差异参考文献
葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora uvarum)乙酸乙酯、β-苯乙醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮果香、醇香、玫瑰香适配葡萄酒、桑葚酒、苹果酒;通过上调ATF1基因定向合成乙酸乙酯,同时与其他酵母协同增强果香[53–54]
毕赤酵母(Pichia)乙酸正戊酯、乙酸苯乙酯、β-苯乙醇花香、果香、醇香适配桑葚酒、葡萄酒;合成乙酸正戊酯强化果香,同时经Ehrlich途径定向产β-苯乙醇[57,62,65]
异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)β-苯乙醇、乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯果香、花香、酯香适配桑葚酒、芒果酒、西瓜酒;降解苯丙氨酸提升β-苯乙醇含量,低产异戊醇,通过高活性AATs酶合成乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯及苯乙醇[56,58–59]
假丝酵母(Candida)柠檬烯、乙酸乙酯草木香、甜香适配咖啡果酒、芒果酒;通过IDI基因L141H突变增强MVA途径产柠檬烯,高β-葡萄糖苷酶活性水解糖苷键释放游离萜烯与酚类物质[60–61]
梅奇酵母(Metschnikowia sp)乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯热带果香、清新果甜香适配番木瓜酒;利用支链氨基酸定向合成关键酯类,温和发酵且低β-葡萄糖苷酶活性适度释放萜烯[55]
扣囊覆膜酵母(Saccharomycopsis fibuligera)苯甲酸乙酯清甜的果香与花香咖啡果酒;合成苯甲酸乙酯后与酿酒酵母进行混菌发酵,可实现香气增强与酒精生成的协同调控[63–64]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882828385039027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882820151620191, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

果酒中产香酵母的核心呈味物质、共性香气特征及特异性差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株核心呈味物质共性香气特征特异性差异参考文献
葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora uvarum)乙酸乙酯、β-苯乙醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮果香、醇香、玫瑰香适配葡萄酒、桑葚酒、苹果酒;通过上调ATF1基因定向合成乙酸乙酯,同时与其他酵母协同增强果香[53–54]
毕赤酵母(Pichia)乙酸正戊酯、乙酸苯乙酯、β-苯乙醇花香、果香、醇香适配桑葚酒、葡萄酒;合成乙酸正戊酯强化果香,同时经Ehrlich途径定向产β-苯乙醇[57,62,65]
异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)β-苯乙醇、乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯果香、花香、酯香适配桑葚酒、芒果酒、西瓜酒;降解苯丙氨酸提升β-苯乙醇含量,低产异戊醇,通过高活性AATs酶合成乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯及苯乙醇[56,58–59]
假丝酵母(Candida)柠檬烯、乙酸乙酯草木香、甜香适配咖啡果酒、芒果酒;通过IDI基因L141H突变增强MVA途径产柠檬烯,高β-葡萄糖苷酶活性水解糖苷键释放游离萜烯与酚类物质[60–61]
梅奇酵母(Metschnikowia sp)乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯热带果香、清新果甜香适配番木瓜酒;利用支链氨基酸定向合成关键酯类,温和发酵且低β-葡萄糖苷酶活性适度释放萜烯[55]
扣囊覆膜酵母(Saccharomycopsis fibuligera)苯甲酸乙酯清甜的果香与花香咖啡果酒;合成苯甲酸乙酯后与酿酒酵母进行混菌发酵,可实现香气增强与酒精生成的协同调控[63–64]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882828460536500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882820151620191, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Core flavor compounds, common aroma characteristics, and specific differences of aroma-producing yeast in Baijiu production

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株核心呈味物质共性香气特征特异性差异参考文献
扣囊复膜酵母(Saccharomycopsis fibuligera)乙酸异戊酯、乙酸乙酯果香、酯香适配酱香型白酒;携带热稳定型ATF1基因,低表达IAH1减少酯降解[68]
耐高温毕赤酵母(Pichia sp.)己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、癸酸
乙酯
窖香、果香适配浓香型白酒;EEB1基因定向突变,增加己酸乙酯含量[71]
库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii)乙酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯清香、果香适配清香型白酒;低表达BAT2基因减少杂醇,高表达ATF1基因生成乙酸乙酯,低表达ERG20基因合成少量癸酸乙酯[73]
汉逊德巴利酵母(Debaryomyces hansenii)乙酸苯乙酯、β-苯乙醇花香、玫瑰蜂蜜香适配豉香型白酒;携带独特DhAAT基因家族,提升酶对苯乙醇亲和力,激活Ehrlich途径提供β-苯乙醇前体[50]
葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora uvarum)乙酸乙酯、β-苯乙醇清雅果香、花香适配米香型白酒;分泌β-葡萄糖苷酶释放萜烯,下调BAT1基因降低异戊醇含量,提升β-苯乙醇产量[75]
异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)β-苯乙醇花香适配酱香型和清香型白酒;激活ARO9/ARO10基因,提升β-苯乙醇产量[69,74]
长孢洛德酵母(Lodderomyces elongisporus)乙酸异戊酯、己酸异戊酯成熟果香与酒香适配浓香型白酒;高表达ATF2基因,促进乙酸异戊酯与己酸异戊酯的合成[72]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882828536033973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882820151620191, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

白酒中产香酵母的核心呈味物质、共性香气特征及特异性差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株核心呈味物质共性香气特征特异性差异参考文献
扣囊复膜酵母(Saccharomycopsis fibuligera)乙酸异戊酯、乙酸乙酯果香、酯香适配酱香型白酒;携带热稳定型ATF1基因,低表达IAH1减少酯降解[68]
耐高温毕赤酵母(Pichia sp.)己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、癸酸
乙酯
窖香、果香适配浓香型白酒;EEB1基因定向突变,增加己酸乙酯含量[71]
库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii)乙酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯清香、果香适配清香型白酒;低表达BAT2基因减少杂醇,高表达ATF1基因生成乙酸乙酯,低表达ERG20基因合成少量癸酸乙酯[73]
汉逊德巴利酵母(Debaryomyces hansenii)乙酸苯乙酯、β-苯乙醇花香、玫瑰蜂蜜香适配豉香型白酒;携带独特DhAAT基因家族,提升酶对苯乙醇亲和力,激活Ehrlich途径提供β-苯乙醇前体[50]
葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora uvarum)乙酸乙酯、β-苯乙醇清雅果香、花香适配米香型白酒;分泌β-葡萄糖苷酶释放萜烯,下调BAT1基因降低异戊醇含量,提升β-苯乙醇产量[75]
异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)β-苯乙醇花香适配酱香型和清香型白酒;激活ARO9/ARO10基因,提升β-苯乙醇产量[69,74]
长孢洛德酵母(Lodderomyces elongisporus)乙酸异戊酯、己酸异戊酯成熟果香与酒香适配浓香型白酒;高表达ATF2基因,促进乙酸异戊酯与己酸异戊酯的合成[72]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882828611531446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882820151620191, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Core flavor compounds, common aroma characteristics, and specific differences of aroma-producing yeast in beer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株核心呈味物质共性香气特征特异性差异参考文献
缅甸毕赤酵母(Pichia myanmarensis)乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯多层次果香适配精酿啤酒;激活ATF1基因以及与啤酒酵母共发酵提升酯类总量[51]
德尔布有孢圆酵母
(Torulaspora delbrueckii)
β-苯乙醇、癸酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯花果香适配低度啤酒;低表达ADH2基因控制酒精度,高表达EEB1基因合成酯类,抑制IAH1基因降低酯降解率[77–78]
鲁氏接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces rouxii)异戊醇、己醇、4-乙烯基愈创木酚小麦香、果香适配小麦啤酒;代谢麦芽糖生成高级醇,合成4-乙烯基愈创木酚[79]
粟酒裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomyces pombe)异戊酸乙酯、异丁酸乙酯清爽果香适配小麦啤酒;调控支链氨基酸代谢合成特征酯,分泌蛋白酶分解大分子蛋白减少酒体浑浊[79]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882828682834615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882820151620191, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

啤酒中产香酵母的核心呈味物质、共性香气特征及特异性差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株核心呈味物质共性香气特征特异性差异参考文献
缅甸毕赤酵母(Pichia myanmarensis)乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯多层次果香适配精酿啤酒;激活ATF1基因以及与啤酒酵母共发酵提升酯类总量[51]
德尔布有孢圆酵母
(Torulaspora delbrueckii)
β-苯乙醇、癸酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯花果香适配低度啤酒;低表达ADH2基因控制酒精度,高表达EEB1基因合成酯类,抑制IAH1基因降低酯降解率[77–78]
鲁氏接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces rouxii)异戊醇、己醇、4-乙烯基愈创木酚小麦香、果香适配小麦啤酒;代谢麦芽糖生成高级醇,合成4-乙烯基愈创木酚[79]
粟酒裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomyces pombe)异戊酸乙酯、异丁酸乙酯清爽果香适配小麦啤酒;调控支链氨基酸代谢合成特征酯,分泌蛋白酶分解大分子蛋白减少酒体浑浊[79]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882828762526392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882820151620191, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Core flavor compounds, common aroma characteristics, and specific differences of aroma-producing yeast in fermented bean products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株核心呈味物质共性香气特征特异性差异参考文献
鲁氏接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces rouxii)苯乙醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯酱香、花果香适配酱油、豆酱;激活GPD1基因耐盐,上调EEB1基因产苯甲酸乙酯;代谢大豆异黄酮糖苷生成4-乙基愈创木酚[83–84,86]
异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)3-甲基-1-丁醇、苯乙醇醇香、果香适配酱油;经ARTP诱变增强HAL1基因表达耐盐,定向生成高级醇[81–82]
埃切假丝酵母(Starmerella etchellsii)乙酸乙酯、3-甲硫基丙醇果香、酱香适配豆酱;高表达ENA1基因耐盐,通过Ehrlich途径产3-甲硫基丙醇,激活ATF基因合成乙酸乙酯[83]
库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii)乙酸苯乙酯花香、奶香适配可可豆;分泌β-葡萄糖苷酶酶解可可苷与萜烯糖苷,催化乙酸与苯乙醇缩合生成乙酸苯乙酯[87]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882828838023865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882820151620191, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

发酵豆制品中产香酵母的核心呈味物质、共性香气特征及特异性差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株核心呈味物质共性香气特征特异性差异参考文献
鲁氏接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces rouxii)苯乙醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯酱香、花果香适配酱油、豆酱;激活GPD1基因耐盐,上调EEB1基因产苯甲酸乙酯;代谢大豆异黄酮糖苷生成4-乙基愈创木酚[83–84,86]
异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)3-甲基-1-丁醇、苯乙醇醇香、果香适配酱油;经ARTP诱变增强HAL1基因表达耐盐,定向生成高级醇[81–82]
埃切假丝酵母(Starmerella etchellsii)乙酸乙酯、3-甲硫基丙醇果香、酱香适配豆酱;高表达ENA1基因耐盐,通过Ehrlich途径产3-甲硫基丙醇,激活ATF基因合成乙酸乙酯[83]
库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii)乙酸苯乙酯花香、奶香适配可可豆;分泌β-葡萄糖苷酶酶解可可苷与萜烯糖苷,催化乙酸与苯乙醇缩合生成乙酸苯乙酯[87]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882828905132730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882820151620191, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Core flavor compounds, common aroma characteristics, and specific differences of aroma-producing yeast in fermented flour products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株核心呈味物质共性香气特征特异性差异参考文献
酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)乙醇、异戊醇、乙酸乙酯麦香、酯香适配馒头、面包;代谢淀粉水解葡萄糖产醇酯,提升面团松软度与风味协调性[89]
鲁氏接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces rouxii)异戊醇、活性戊醇、乙酸乙酯酱香、酯香适配甜面酱;高盐下维持葡萄糖代谢活性,合成酯类前体α-酮酸,与异常威克汉姆酵母协同增酯[90]
异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)乙酸乙酯、苯甲酸甲酯花果香、酯香适配甜面酱;利用鲁氏接合酵母生成的前体,强化酯合成酶活性,提升乙酸乙酯、苯甲酸甲酯含量[90]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882828968047291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882820151620191, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

发酵面制品中产香酵母的核心呈味物质、共性香气特征及特异性差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株核心呈味物质共性香气特征特异性差异参考文献
酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)乙醇、异戊醇、乙酸乙酯麦香、酯香适配馒头、面包;代谢淀粉水解葡萄糖产醇酯,提升面团松软度与风味协调性[89]
鲁氏接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces rouxii)异戊醇、活性戊醇、乙酸乙酯酱香、酯香适配甜面酱;高盐下维持葡萄糖代谢活性,合成酯类前体α-酮酸,与异常威克汉姆酵母协同增酯[90]
异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)乙酸乙酯、苯甲酸甲酯花果香、酯香适配甜面酱;利用鲁氏接合酵母生成的前体,强化酯合成酶活性,提升乙酸乙酯、苯甲酸甲酯含量[90]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882829047739068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882820151620191, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Core flavor compounds, common aroma characteristics, and specific differences of aroma-producing yeast in other fermented foods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株核心呈味物质共性香气特征特异性差异参考文献
光滑假丝酵母(Candida glabrata)乙酸乙酯、乙酸异丁酯果香适配米醋;激活乙酰辅酶A转移酶催化生成乙酸乙酯、乙酸异丁酯[92]
口津假丝酵母(Candida melibiosica)乙酸乙酯、苯乙醇醇香、果香适配保宁醋;高产乙醇和苯乙醇,与异常威克汉姆酵母协同合成乙酸乙酯[93]
异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)乙酸乙酯、苯乙醇、月桂烯果香、醇香适配保宁醋和四川泡菜;合成乙酸乙酯和苯乙醇,释放月桂烯缓解酸涩感[93,95]
哈萨克斯坦酵母(Kazachstania barnettii)乙酸乙酯、苯乙醇、丁酸乙酯花果香、甜香适配川南农家泡菜;通过酯合成酶催化生成乙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯,经Ehrlich途径分解苯丙氨酸生成苯乙醇[94]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882829123236541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882820151620191, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

其他发酵食品中产香酵母的核心呈味物质、共性香气特征及特异性差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株核心呈味物质共性香气特征特异性差异参考文献
光滑假丝酵母(Candida glabrata)乙酸乙酯、乙酸异丁酯果香适配米醋;激活乙酰辅酶A转移酶催化生成乙酸乙酯、乙酸异丁酯[92]
口津假丝酵母(Candida melibiosica)乙酸乙酯、苯乙醇醇香、果香适配保宁醋;高产乙醇和苯乙醇,与异常威克汉姆酵母协同合成乙酸乙酯[93]
异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)乙酸乙酯、苯乙醇、月桂烯果香、醇香适配保宁醋和四川泡菜;合成乙酸乙酯和苯乙醇,释放月桂烯缓解酸涩感[93,95]
哈萨克斯坦酵母(Kazachstania barnettii)乙酸乙酯、苯乙醇、丁酸乙酯花果香、甜香适配川南农家泡菜;通过酯合成酶催化生成乙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯,经Ehrlich途径分解苯丙氨酸生成苯乙醇[94]
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产香酵母在发酵食品中的产香机制及应用进展
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胡龙坤 1, 2 , 潘国杨 1, 2 , 姜锦惠 1, 2 , 贺扬 3 , 武俊瑞 1, 4 , 安飞宇 1, 2, * , 乌日娜 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(15): 492-505
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (15) : 492 -505
产香酵母在发酵食品中的产香机制及应用进展
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胡龙坤1, 2 , 潘国杨1, 2, 姜锦惠1, 2, 贺扬3, 武俊瑞1, 4, 安飞宇1, 2, * , 乌日娜1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1沈阳农业大学食品学院,辽宁沈阳 110866
  • 2辽宁省食品发酵技术工程研究中心,辽宁沈阳 110161
  • 3啤酒生物发酵工程国家重点实验室,青岛啤酒股份有限公司,山东青岛 266100
  • 4沈阳市微生物发酵技术创新重点实验室,辽宁沈阳 110866
通讯作者:
安飞宇(1994−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
乌日娜(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

胡龙坤(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:

Advancements in Aroma-generating Mechanisms and Applications of Aroma-producing Yeasts in Fermented Foods
Longkun HU1, 2 , Guoyang PAN1, 2, Jinhui JIANG1, 2, Yang HE3, Junrui WU1, 4, Feiyu AN1, 2, * , Rina WU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
  • 2Liaoning Provincial Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang 110161, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Bio-fermentation Engineering for Beer, Tsingtao Brewery Company Limited, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 4Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology, Shenyang 110866, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070268
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随着消费者对食品品质和风味要求的日益提升,发酵食品因其独特的风味和营养价值而备受青睐。产香酵母作为一种重要的发酵微生物,已被广泛应用于酒类、发酵面制品、发酵豆制品等多种发酵食品的生产中。本文综述了近年来发酵食品中产香酵母的研究进展,首先对产香酵母进行了分类,并总结了其生物学特性。产香酵母的香气成分以酯类和醇类为主,对发酵食品的风味形成具有重要影响。接着,文章阐明了产香酵母的产香机制。产香酵母通过调控代谢途径,产生各种香气成分,从而赋予发酵食品独特的风味。这一机制的深入研究有助于揭示产香酵母在发酵过程中的作用机理,为进一步优化发酵食品的风味品质提供理论基础。最后,文章总结了产香酵母在发酵食品中的应用情况。本综述为发酵食品产业的创新发展提供了有益的参考和借鉴,同时推动了产香酵母在食品工业中的应用和研究。

产香酵母  /  产香机制  /  呈味物质  /  生物合成途径  /  发酵食品

As consumers increasingly pursue foods with superior quality and enriched flavor, fermented products have attracted considerable attention due to their unique sensory properties and nutritional advantages. Aroma-producing yeasts, as pivotal microbial catalysts in fermentation processes, are widely utilized in the production of a broad range of fermented foods, including alcoholic beverages, fermented dough-based products, and fermented soybean products. This review synthesizes recent research progress on aroma-producing yeasts in fermented foods, beginning with a systematic overview of their taxonomic classification and key biological characteristics. The primary aroma-active metabolites synthesized by these yeasts are esters and alcohols, which play a decisive role in determining the flavor profiles of fermented food products. Next, the mechanisms underlying aroma biosynthesis in these yeasts are elaborated. By regulating metabolic pathways, these yeasts synthesize a diverse array of aromatic metabolites, which in turn impart unique sensory attributes to fermented foods. In-depth exploration of these mechanisms not only facilitates the clarification of the functional roles of aroma-producing yeasts during fermentation but also establishes a solid theoretical foundation for further optimizing the flavor quality of fermented products. Lastly, the current application status of aroma-producing yeasts in fermented food manufacturing is summarized. This review offers valuable insights and guidance for the innovative development of the fermented food industry, while concurrently promoting in-depth research and expanded industrial application of aroma-producing yeasts in the field of food science and technology.

aroma-producing yeast  /  aroma-production mechanism  /  flavor compounds  /  biosynthesis pathway  /  fermented foods
胡龙坤, 潘国杨, 姜锦惠, 贺扬, 武俊瑞, 安飞宇, 乌日娜. 产香酵母在发酵食品中的产香机制及应用进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 492 -505 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070268
Longkun HU, Guoyang PAN, Jinhui JIANG, Yang HE, Junrui WU, Feiyu AN, Rina WU. Advancements in Aroma-generating Mechanisms and Applications of Aroma-producing Yeasts in Fermented Foods[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 492 -505 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070268
发酵食品在人类饮食文化中占据重要地位,其独特风味与丰富营养深受消费者青睐。在发酵食品的生产过程中,微生物扮演着至关重要的角色,其中产香酵母(Aroma-producing yeast)可通过发酵产生醇、酯、萜烯等芳香代谢物[1]。其香气以酯类和醇类为主,主要是乙酸乙酯、乙醇和苯乙醇[2],其中乙酸乙酯与苹果香气相似[3],广泛应用于酒类、酱油、发酵面食等生产,能改善成品香气并提升品质稳定性。
近年,消费者对食品风味要求提高推动发酵食品研究,产香酵母相关研究取得丰富成果[4]。这些研究成果不仅为深入理解产香酵母在发酵食品中的作用机制提供了科学依据,也为进一步探索产香酵母在发酵食品中的应用提供了理论参考和实践指导。
本文旨在综述产香酵母在发酵食品中的产香机制及应用进展,从产香酵母的类别和生理特性、产香酵母的产香机制以及产香酵母在发酵食品中的应用等方面进行系统梳理和总结。通过本文的综述,希望能够为发酵食品产业的创新发展提供有益的参考和借鉴,同时推动产香酵母在食品工业中的应用和研究。
产香酵母按种属主要分为毕赤酵母属、汉逊酵母属、接合酵母菌属和假丝酵母菌属等[5]。不同种类的酵母在发酵食品中的应用通常各异。毕赤酵母属和汉逊酵母属主要用于葡萄酒的增香,接合酵母菌属在多种发酵食品中都有应用,主要是啤酒和酱油,假丝酵母菌属主要应用于白酒、食醋以及发酵豆制品的发酵过程中。
毕赤酵母(Pichia)细胞形态多为短卵圆形至圆柱形,可利用甲醇、葡萄糖等多种碳源产有机酸和酯类,具高密度发酵潜力与高效基因表达活性[6−8]。Liu等[9]从桑树发酵样品中分离得到一株毕赤酵母,其酒精耐受性高于汉逊酵母,且香气成分更为丰富,有助于赋予果酒花香特征;杜亚军等[10]自红枣产区筛选得到季也蒙毕赤酵母(Pichia guilliermondii),该菌株与酿酒酵母协同发酵可提高枣汁的酒精度,降低残糖含量,同时增强花香与果香,并减轻不良苦味。
汉逊酵母(Hansenula)形态多样,常见为圆形、椭圆形或香肠形,能以甲醇为唯一碳源实现高密度生长。其甲醇代谢路径与毕赤酵母类似,但调控机制存在差异。汉逊酵母具有较强的发酵与酯化能力,在甘油和葡萄糖为碳源的条件下仍可表达甲醇加氧酶。王藤等[11]利用汉逊德巴利酵母(Debaryomyces hansenii)有效提升了普洱茶的香气品质;唐洁等[12]则将葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora uvarum)应用于野樱桃汁发酵,提高了有机酸含量并优化了饮品气味。
接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces)具有较高的糖、盐和酒精耐受性,并具备优良的产醇与产香能力。其能够参与酱油发酵中后期风味物质的形成,可产生乙醇、异戊醇、甘油、阿拉伯木聚糖等小分子醇类糖醇[13]。此外,该属酵母亦具有突出的酯类合成能力。Li等[14]比较了鲁氏接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces rouxii)和拜耳接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces bailii)在猕猴桃酒发酵中的应用效果,发现二者均能提升酒样的功能性成分与风味特征,增加乙酯含量,产香表现优于常规酿酒酵母。
假丝酵母(Candida)具有较强的产酸能力、耐寒性及高渗透耐受性[15],且遗传背景多样、代谢特性独特,被认为是工业混合发酵中具有潜力的发酵剂[16]。文鹤等[17]从豆豉发酵中分离到西弗假丝酵母(Candida ciferrii),其纯种发酵可显著提高酯类化合物的含量,赋予豆豉浓郁酯香、花香和果香。汪坤等[18]利用多变假丝酵母(Candida variabilis)强化豆酱发酵,有效形成特征性香气组分,提升了产品的花香与果香感知。
在发酵过程中,产香酵母形成的风味物质源自糖类、氨基酸等分解转化,包括酯类、醇类、萜烯类等。具体而言,脂肪酶水解脂肪酸与甘油,蛋白酶将蛋白质分解为游离肽和氨基酸[19],丙酮酸、α-酮酸等中间产物经转化生成醛、酸、醇,氨基酸脱羧脱氨产醇后与酸反应生成酯(图1)。
酵母细胞中主要有乙酸酯和乙基酯两种酯类。
乙酸酯的合成途径包括两种主要步骤。首先,丙酮酸经由脱羧反应转化为乙醛,随后乙醛经历氧化过程生成乙酸,接着在转酰基酶的催化作用下,乙酸进一步转化为乙酰辅酶A(CoA)。同时通过氧化脱羧反应,丙酮酸还可以直接生成乙酰辅酶A。乙酰辅酶A在醇酰基转移酶(alcohol acyltransferase,AATase)的催化下,与由氨基酸或碳水化合物降解产生的大量醇类物质结合,从而合成乙酸酯[20](图2)。在乙酸酯生产中,AATase是关键酶,对酵母菌合成多种乙酸酯至关重要[21]。其中,与之相关的基因有ATF1、ATF2、Lg-ATF1等。其中ATF1尤为重要,与乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯等合成密切相关。ATF1和ATF2基因分别编码醇酰基转移酶Ⅰ和Ⅱ,其表达水平决定发酵产物中乙酸酯含量[22]。研究揭示,在葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母中,ATF1与ATF2基因的敲除会显著降低乙酸乙酯的产量[23]。
乙基酯的合成以脂肪酸代谢为基础:首先脂肪酸转化为脂酰辅酶A,随后在AATase催化下与乙醇发生酯化反应生成乙基酯。与乙酸酯不同,乙基酯的合成主要依赖EHT1基因调控的AATase亚型,同时EEB1基因的表达水平也会显著影响乙基酯含量[24]。相关研究指出,EEB1与EHT1基因的缺失或过量表达显著影响乙基酯含量,同时,乙醇酯化时,特异性中链脂肪酸(MCFAs)决定乙基酯性质[24]。
萜烯是葡萄果实和花中产生的一类重要的次生代谢物,是葡萄香气化合物的重要组成部分,被认为在抵抗病原体和吸引种子传播者和传粉者方面发挥重要作用。异戊烯基焦磷酸(isopentenyl diphosphate,IPP)及其异构体二甲基烯丙基焦磷酸(dimethylallyl diphosphate,DMAPP)是萜烯合成的初始底物[25]。
生物体内IPP和DMAPP由甲羟戊酸(mevalonate,MVA)途径和2-C-甲基-D-赤鲜糖醇-4-磷酸(2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate,MEP)途径两种途径生成[26],如图3所示。两种途径的主要差异在于IPP及DMAPP的合成机制和代谢终产物不同。原核生物主要通过MEP途径,植物兼具两者,而包括产香酵母在内的真核生物则主要利用MVA途径[27]。在酵母的MVA途径中,乙酰辅酶A经过一系列酶促反应,最终生成核心的五碳单元——异戊烯焦磷酸(IPP)及其异构体二甲基烯丙基焦磷酸(DMAPP)。
在从乙酰辅酶A到甲羟戊酸(MVA)的初始阶段,存在多个可被精细调控的限速节点。其中,由羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase,HMGR)催化的步骤被认为是主要的限速步骤[28]。研究表明,上调HMGR表达或激活N-末端截短的HMGR(tHMGR),可有效解除反馈抑制,大幅提升萜类产量[29−30]。此外,途径上游由nphT7基因编码的乙酰乙酰辅酶A合成酶(Acetoacetyl-CoA Synthetase,AACS)研究表明,nphT7可显著增加细胞中乙酰乙酰辅酶A(Acetoacetyl-CoA,AACoA)的浓度,最终导致有用的萜类化合物和聚-β-羟基丁酸酯的产生[31]。同时,Tippmann等[32]发现nphT7基因的过表达能提升酵母的法呢烯产量。
IPP与DMAPP在异戊烯基二磷酸异构酶(isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase,IDI)的催化下处于动态平衡,该酶是确保两种底物比例适中的关键,其过表达已被证实能将α-法尼烯产量提高2.67倍[33]。随后,异戊烯转移酶(prenyltransferase,PT)以IPP和DMAPP为基石,逐步缩合生成香叶基焦磷酸(GPP)、法尼基焦磷酸(FPP)、牻牛儿基焦磷酸(geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate,GGPP)等链长不同的类异戊二烯焦磷酸前体。其中,由ERG基因编码的法尼基焦磷酸合成酶(farnesyl diphosphate synthase,FPPS)作为合成FPP的核心酶,其表达水平直接决定了萜类骨架的供给量;Liu等[34]研究发现,dIGAS-ERG20融合表达较单独过表达基因ERG20和dlGS菌株的萜类化合物产量高10.6%。Zhao等[35]的研究揭示,ERG10、ERG13、ERG12、ERG8及ERG19的过表达均可显著提高红没药烯的产量。另有研究表明,ERG13的过表达能有效促进β-胡萝卜素的生成[36]。
FPP、GPP和GGPP等前体在萜类合酶(terpene synthase,TS)的催化下,经历复杂的离子介导环化或重排反应,形成结构多样的单萜、倍半萜等碳骨架[37]。TS可分为典型(I型、II型)与非典型,其催化机制决定了产物的基本结构[38]。最后,这些萜烯骨架还需经过细胞色素P450氧化酶(cytochrome P450,CYP450)和糖基转移酶(glycosyltransferases,GTs)等后修饰酶催化,发生结构修饰,最终生成多种萜类化合物。
产香酵母产生的醇包括乙醇、甘油和高级醇等。高级醇能够提升酒的和谐度与丰满感,是构成酒类香气的重要成分。高级醇的合成主要通过氨基酸分解代谢途径(Ehrlich)和糖代谢途径(Harris)[39](图4)。
Ehrlich途径是酿酒酵母在发酵时,将底物蛋白质分解得到氨基酸经转氨酶转为α-酮酸和谷氨酸。α-酮酸接着由脱羧酶生成醛类和二氧化碳,醛类在脱氢酶作用下变为高级醇。据酵母氧化还原状态,这些醇可进一步代谢为芳香醇或氧化成相应酸(如吲哚乙酸、苯基乙酸、4-羟基苯基乙酸)[40]。
在Ehrlich途径中,由BAP2基因所编码的支链氨基酸转氨酶(branched-chain amino acid transaminase,BCAT)首先担任氨基酸摄取任务,优先负责转运亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸至细胞内,为高级醇的合成提供原料。Didion等[41]发现,BAP2基因表达水平与异丁醇产量相关。
接着,由BAT1基因和BAT2基因编码的BCAT催化支链氨基酸转氨反应,将氨基酸转化为α-酮酸和谷氨酸,为高级醇的合成提供原料。BAT1基因促进氨基酸合成,BAT2基因则促进氨基酸降解[41]。敲除BAT1基因能显著提升异丁醇产量,而敲除BAT2或过表达BAT1均能降低异丁醇的含量,同时操作则降低得更显著[41–42]。
PDC1/5/6基因编码的苹果酸脱氢酶(malate dehydrogenase,MDH)在细胞质内催化α-酮酸发生脱羧反应,生成醛类和二氧化碳,这一过程对高级醇的合成产生影响。敲除任一PDC基因均可提升异丁醇产量[43–44]。
α-酮酸脱羧生成醛类后,需醇脱氢酶(ADH1、ADH2、ADH3、ADH4、ADH5基因编码)催化转为高级醇。Kondo等[45]发现,ADH2和ADH5过表达适度提升异丁醇产量,ADH1过表达无显著影响,而ADH6和ADH7过表达显著促进异丁醇产量增加。
在Harris途径中,葡萄糖经糖酵解、三羧酸循环生成丙酮酸。丙酮酸与氨基酸反应,生成α-酮酸和另一氨基酸。α-酮酸既可与NH3合成氨基酸,也可在酮酸脱羧酶、脱氢酶作用下转化为高级醇[46]。由ILV2基因编码的乙酰乳酸合成酶(acetolactate synthase,ALS),以及由ILV3基因编码的二羟酸脱水异构酶(dihydroxy-acid dehydratase,DHD)和由ILV5基因编码的乙酰羟酸异构还原酶(acetohydroxyacid isomeroreductase,AHIR)负责催化丙酮酸转化为α-酮异戊酸(α-keto isovaleric acid,KIV)。接着与Ehrlich途径类似,可在酮酸脱羧酶、脱氢酶作用下转化为高级醇。Li等[47]发现,敲除ILV1能够上调ILV2、ILV5、ILV3表达,增加了异戊醇前体KIV的合成,提高了异戊醇产量。Wess等[48]指出,细胞质过表达这三种酶并阻断线粒体缬氨酸合成初始步骤,异丁醇产量增加22倍。
除此之外,这三种酶还可以催化经丙酮酸转化的α-酮丁酸转化为α-酮-三甲基戊酸,之后,氨基酸转氨同工酶(ARO8和ARO9基因编码)及苯丙酮酸脱羧酶(ARO10基因编码)催化α-酮-三甲基戊酸脱羧生成2甲基丁醛,其中ARO8可以激活ARO9和ARO10表达。α-酮酸脱羧生成醛类后,再由醇脱氢酶催化转为高级醇。
同时,氨基酸转氨同工酶还负责将苯丙氨酸转移至细胞内,促进苯丙氨酸与经糖酵解产生的苯丙酮酸之间的反应,接着,苯丙酮酸苯在丙酮酸脱羧酶的催化下转化为苯乙醛,再由醇脱氢酶催化转为高级醇。Wang等[49]敲除碳代谢调控转录因子MIG1后,CAT8表达量和2-苯乙醇含量提升,可能是MIG1调控了CAT8的转录,其缺失促进了CAT8表达,从而上调ARO9和ARO10的转录水平,增强2-苯乙醇产生。
汉逊酵母表现出高效合成乙酸酯的代谢特征。这一特性是由于Ehrlich途径和酯合成途径共同激活所导致。当以氨基酸作为氮源时,转氨作用产生的酮酸既可成为高级醇的前体物质,又能够在AATase酶的催化下形成酯类化合物,从而构建出一个“醇-酯”转化的代谢循环。在基因表达方面,该酵母特有的HgAAT2、HgAAT3和HgAAT4基因家族呈现较高表达水平,这些基因编码的酶对异戊醇和苯乙醇显示出较强亲和力。同时,EEB1基因也保持活跃表达状态,而高活性酯酶基因IAH1的缺失则减少了酯类物质的分解,从而促进其在胞内的积累[50]。
毕赤酵母的代谢偏好为高效合成单萜和倍半萜类化合物,核心机制是强化MVA途径,大量生成IPP和GPP。在基因调控上,其关键限速酶基因nphT7和IDI具有高表达水平,nphT7可提升甲羟戊酸产量,IDI能增强IPP异构效率。毕赤酵母还能通过下调ERG7基因来削弱内源性固醇合成对通用前体的竞争,同时异源表达特定的植物萜烯合酶,实现了稀有萜烯的定向生物合成[51]。
酿酒酵母能够通过较为活跃的Ehrlich途径和Harris途径,将亮氨酸、异亮氨酸等支链氨基酸有效转化为异戊醇、活性戊醇等高级醇,并可将苯丙氨酸转化为苯乙醇。从转录组表现来看,该菌株呈现出醇类合成通路上调而竞争途径受抑的整体特征:与醇合成相关的多个基因(如BAT1/BAT2、ARO9/ARO10、ADH6/ADH7、ILV2/ILV3/ILV5)表达水平较高,而与萜烯合成相关的ERG20及酯类合成相关的IAH1等基因则表达较低[52]。
产香酵母风味合成受食品基质(形态、营养、环境)调控,不同基质会直接影响其香气物质的合成种类与效率。结合发酵食品的原料差异与工艺特点,可将其分为酒类、发酵豆制品、发酵面制品等类别,下文将分别阐述产香酵母在这些不同类别发酵食品中的具体应用方式,及其适配各类食品基质的代谢偏好性。
产香酵母在果酒发酵过程中能够产生丰富的香气物质,包括酯类、醇类以及萜烯类等,这些物质共同构成了果酒独特的香气[53]。葡萄酒、桑葚酒、苹果酒、咖啡果酒、芒果酒及瓜类酒的风味构建,均深度依赖于发酵过程中特定酵母菌种的代谢调控。这些酵母通过基因表达调控、特异性代谢途径激活以及菌间互作,共同塑造了各类果酒的独特香气轮廓。果酒中产香酵母的核心呈味物质、共性香气特征及特异性差异如表1所示。
产香酵母在果酒酿造中通过多样化的代谢路径调控香气成分,其作用机制可归纳为酯类合成、氨基酸转化、萜烯释放及混菌协同等关键方面,展现出从单一增香到系统风味构建的进阶。
酯类代谢调控是果酒香气塑造的核心。葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母在葡萄酒与苹果酒等高酸环境中,通过上调ATF1基因表达促进乙酸乙酯合成,并有效降解单宁以改善口感[53];该酵母在苹果酒中还能调控酯类代谢生成3-羟基-2-丁酮等特征香气物质[54]。梅奇酵母在瓜类酒中通过其特有的酯酶系统,精准合成乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯等酯类,形成典型的热带果香[55]。异常威克汉姆酵母在芒果酒中则通过高活性AATs酶合成多种酯类,显著增强果香与玫瑰香气[56]。
Ehrlich途径与氨基酸转化共同贡献于花果香气的形成。库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母通过该途径转化L-苯丙氨酸生成β-苯乙醇,为酒体赋予显著的玫瑰花香[57];异常威克汉姆酵母同样通过此途径生成苯乙醇,提升花果香气[58]。在低醇瓜酒中,该酵母还能通过降解氨基酸生成适量异戊醇,在满足酒精度需求的同时避免异杂味产生[59]。
萜烯类物质的保留与释放是果酒原香强化的关键。假丝酵母在芒果酒中通过水解糖苷键释放游离萜烯与酚类物质,显著提高芒果酮保留率[60]。在咖啡果酒中,通过代谢工程改造矮小假丝酵母的IDI基因,可增强MVA途径并促进柠檬烯生成,有效中和咖啡碱的苦味[61]。梅奇酵母则凭借低β-葡萄糖苷酶活性适度释放萜烯,形成清新甜香的风味[55]。
混菌发酵与代谢协同实现了风味的多元化构建。在桑葚酒中,库德毕赤酵母与酿酒酵母混菌发酵能显著增强桑葚果香[62];扣囊覆膜酵母因ARO10基因表达较弱,在低醇桑葚酒中能减少乙醇对原香的掩盖,并通过生成微量糠醇赋予酒体麦芽香[63–64]。咖啡果酒体系中,克鲁维毕赤酵母合成苯甲酸乙酯后与酿酒酵母进行混菌发酵,实现了香气增强与酒精生成的协同调控[65]。
产香酵母通过高度特化的代谢策略,在不同果酒发酵中实现风味多维优化。葡萄酒中,葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母上调ATF1基因合成乙酸乙酯,库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母经Ehrlich途径生成β-苯乙醇,增强果香与花香;桑葚酒依赖库德毕赤酵母合成乙酸正戊酯、异常威克汉姆酵母合成苯乙醇,以及扣囊覆膜酵母低效发酵保留本味并产生糠醇;苹果酒中,葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母调控酯合成基因赋予赤霞珠风味;咖啡果酒利用矮小假丝酵母IDI突变增强MVA途径产柠檬烯抵苦味,克鲁维毕赤酵母合成苯甲酸乙酯协调香韵并控酒精;芒果酒中异常威克汉姆酵母保香增香并行,假丝酵母水解糖苷键提升芒果酮保留率;瓜类酒借梅奇酵母定向产酯并释放萜烯,异常威克汉姆酵母适度产醇满足低醇需求。产香酵母通过酯、醇、萜烯类代谢调控及糖苷酶解等机制,可系统性增强果酒品种典型性、弥补风味缺陷及保留原料本味。
中国白酒风味主要由酸、酯、醛、醇组成,酯类是主要风味物质[66],其合成依赖产香酵母的AATase催化乙酰辅酶A与高级醇缩合,核心基因包括ATF1和EEB1,同时醇类物质通过Ehrlich途径或Harris途径生成,两类物质共同决定白酒香气浓郁度与品质[67]。白酒中产香酵母的核心呈味物质、共性香气特征及特异性差异如表2所示。
产香酵母在白酒酿造中通过精准的代谢调控,成为塑造不同香型典型风格的关键生物工具。其在酱香、浓香、清香、豉香及米香型白酒中的应用,体现了从耐环境胁迫到定向合成,再到多风味平衡的系统化风味工程技术。
耐环境胁迫与高温适应性是酱香型白酒风味形成的基础。扣囊复膜酵母携带热稳定型ATF1基因,在高温酒醅中仍能维持酯合成酶活性,有效催化生成乙酸异戊酯[68];异常威克汉姆酵母则通过激活ARO9/ARO10基因,将高粱中的苯丙氨酸降解为β-苯乙醇,既补充了酯类合成前体,也丰富了酱香的层次感[69]。
酯类定向合成与微生物协同是浓香型白酒风味强化的核心。通过“乙基酯定向合成”与“微生物协同代谢”策略,浓香型白酒实现了标志性风味物质的精准调控[70]。耐高温毕赤酵母通过EEB1基因的定向突变,显著提高己酸乙酯的生成量[71];长孢洛德酵母则通过高表达ATF2基因,同步促进乙酸异戊酯与己酸异戊酯的合成,有效缓解了“单一窖香”带来的单调感[72]。这种多酵母、多酯类的协同代谢网络,是浓香型白酒风味饱满均衡的关键。
风味纯净度调控与杂味抑制是清香型白酒品质保证的关键。清香型白酒秉承清蒸清烧和低温发酵工艺,其风味核心在于“清雅无杂”。库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母通过低表达BAT2基因以减少杂醇生成,同时高表达ATF1基因促进乙酸乙酯合成,并借助低表达的ERG20基因生成少量癸酸乙酯,从而丰富清香的层次感[73];异常威克汉姆酵母则通过CAT8基因调控上调ARO10活性,使β-苯乙醇产量显著提升,进一步优化了风味结构[74]。
特征风味协同与代谢通路优化是特色香型白酒品质提升的重点。在豉香型白酒中,汉逊德巴利酵母携带独特的DhAAT基因,通过激活Ehrlich途径生成苯乙醇前体,形成“苯乙醇→乙酸苯乙酯”的定向代谢链,显著提升乙酸苯乙酯含量[50]。米香型白酒则通过葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母的高表达ARO9/ARO10基因将苯丙氨酸转化为β-苯乙醇,同时下调BAT1基因以降低异戊醇产量,减少杂醇干扰,再结合其分泌的β-葡萄糖苷酶释放游离萜烯,最终实现“米香为主、花香为辅”的典型风味平衡[75]。
产香酵母的代谢偏好紧密适配各香型白酒的工艺特色与风味需求:酱香型白酒中,扣囊复膜酵母偏好以热稳定型ATF1基因为核心,在高温酒醅中维持酯合成酶活性以产乙酸异戊酯,异常威克汉姆酵母则偏好激活ARO9/ARO10基因降解苯丙氨酸,补充酯合成前体;浓香型白酒的耐高温毕赤酵母偏好通过EEB1基因定向突变提升己酸亲和力,高效产己酸乙酯,长孢洛德酵母则偏好高表达ATF2基因同步合成多种酯类;清香型白酒的库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母偏好低表达BAT2基因控杂醇、高表达ATF1基因产乙酸乙酯,异常威克汉姆酵母偏好经CAT8基因调控上调ARO10活性合成β-苯乙醇;豉香型白酒的汉逊德巴利酵母偏好以DhAAT基因家族高效催化乙酸苯乙酯合成,并激活Ehrlich途径供前体;米香型白酒的葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母偏好高表达ARO9/ARO10基因产β-苯乙醇、下调BAT1基因减少杂醇,同时分泌酶释放萜烯类物质,整体均通过靶向基因调控与底物代谢,生成适配香型的特征风味物质。
啤酒主要分为精酿啤酒、低度啤酒和小麦啤酒等,其中关键的果香与花香等风味特征,主要源自产香酵母代谢对酯类合成途径的调控及醇酯比的优化[76–77]。啤酒中产香酵母的核心呈味物质、共性香气特征及特异性差异如表3所示。
产香酵母在啤酒酿造中的应用已从传统的风味补充发展为系统的风味工程,其通过特定的代谢调控与菌株协同,为不同类型啤酒的风味构建提供了多元化解决方案。这些酵母主要依托酯类合成、氨基酸代谢及环境适应性等机制,精准塑造啤酒的香气特征。
酯类代谢调控是构建啤酒果香与风味层次的核心机制。在精酿啤酒体系中,缅甸毕赤酵母通过激活ATF1基因,显著提升乙酸辅酶A与高级醇之间的缩合效率,进而合成包括乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、己酸乙酯和辛酸乙酯在内的多种酯类物质。当与酿酒酵母协同发酵时,体系内酯类总含量显著提升,有效增强了啤酒的果香层次与整体风味的平衡感[51]。在低度啤酒中,德尔布有孢圆酵母通过高表达EEB1基因促进酯类合成,并同时抑制IAH1基因表达以降低酯类降解率,从而在低酒精度下维持风味的饱满度[77–78]。扣囊覆膜酵母则通过高表达ATF2基因促进乙酸异戊酯合成,为低度啤酒提供纯净而愉悦的果香[79]。
菌株协同与功能互补是提升啤酒风味综合品质的有效策略。不同产香酵母的协同发酵展现出显著的风味增强效应。缅甸毕赤酵母与酿酒酵母的共发酵体系通过代谢互补,实现了酯类总量的显著提升[51]。在小麦啤酒中,鲁氏接合酵母与粟酒裂殖酵母的协同作用不仅丰富了风味复杂度——前者提供丁香酚类香气,后者贡献果香与甜香,同时粟酒裂殖酵母分泌的蛋白酶还能有效分解大分子蛋白质,有助于降低啤酒浊度,在提升风味的同时兼顾酒体的清爽口感[79]。
产香酵母的代谢偏好高度适配对应啤酒的风味与特性需求:精酿啤酒中的缅甸毕赤酵母,通过激活ATF1基因,以乙酸辅酶A与高级醇缩合为核心代谢路径,高效生成多类酯类物质;在低度啤酒中,德尔布有孢圆酵母表现出乙醇合成相关基因ADH2的低表达,同时利用Ehrlich途径、高表达酯合成基因EEB1以及抑制酯降解基因IAH1来保持风味稳定;扣囊覆膜酵母则呈现杂醇合成基因ARO10的低表达,并高表达特定的酯合成基因ATF2。对于小麦啤酒,鲁氏接合酵母倾向于代谢麦芽糖产生醇类和小麦特征香气物质,粟酒裂殖酵母则倾向于通过调控支链氨基酸代谢产生酯类,同时还能分泌蛋白酶以提高酒体澄清度。这些结果表明,产香酵母可通过定向调控酯、醇和酚类代谢途径,在不同啤酒类型中实现从浓郁果香、清爽风味到典型麦香的多维度风味构建。
在发酵豆制品的生产中,产香酵母通过调控酯合成关键基因与醇代谢路径,定向生成酯类、醇类等特征香气物质,实现风味与功能的双重优化[80]。其中产香酵母的核心呈味物质、共性香气特征及特异性差异如表4所示。
在酱油、豆酱和可可豆等高盐或复杂基质的发酵过程中,产香酵母通过其独特的耐环境胁迫与精准代谢能力,成为提升酯香、酱香与花果香的关键驱动力。
高盐适应性是产香酵母在豆制品发酵中发挥作用的前提。为应对高盐渗透压,不同酵母进化出多样的调控策略。异常威克汉姆酵母通过ARTP诱变技术增强HAL1基因表达,使其能在22%的高盐度下维持正常代谢,定向生成风味醇类[81–82];埃切假丝酵母则通过高表达ENA1基因以适应高盐环境,并同步进行风味物质的合成[83]。这种耐盐特性确保了酵母在高盐酱醪中的生存与功能,为风味形成奠定了基础。
酯类与特征风味物质的协同合成是风味构建的核心。多种酵母通过调控关键基因,共同构建了豆制品复杂的酯香与酱香骨架。鲁氏接合酵母在酱油和豆酱体系中均发挥关键作用,既能通过Ehrlich途径降解氨基酸生成高级醇,又能上调EEB1基因表达提升苯甲酸乙酯等酯类含量[84−86];埃切假丝酵母则通过激活ATF基因合成乙酸乙酯,有效提升果香与酱香的融合度[83]。在可可豆发酵中,库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母能催化生成具有蜂蜜甜香的乙酸苯乙酯[87],而这些酯类与醇类的协同作用共同塑造了产品的典型香气特征。
菌株功能互补与协同发酵是风味多元化的关键策略。研究表明,将具有不同代谢特长的酵母进行混合发酵,能产生“1+1>2”的风味增强效应。在酱油发酵中,鲁氏接合酵母与异常威克汉姆酵母的混合发酵能显著提升酯类总量与挥发性香气物质的种类[15]。在可可豆发酵体系中,库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母与酿酒酵母的协同作用尤为关键——前者负责释放香气前体并合成特定酯类,后者则通过Ehrlich途径贡献花果香气,二者共同提升了巧克力成品香气的浓郁度与层次感[87–88]。
产香酵母的代谢偏好高度适配各发酵豆制品的工艺特性与风味需求:酱油中的鲁氏接合酵母、异常威克汉姆酵母,偏好以Ehrlich途径产高级醇、上调EEB1/HAL1基因为核心,兼顾高盐耐受性与酯类生成,强化酱香;豆酱中的埃切假丝酵母、鲁氏接合酵母,偏好通过高表达ENA1基因适配低盐环境,以Ehrlich途径、ATF1/EEB1双基因激活或酚类代谢,实现花果香与酱香的复合;可可豆中的库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母、酿酒酵母,偏好以β-葡萄糖苷酶水解糖苷键、Ehrlich途径产醇为核心,同步稳定类黄酮与协同增香,契合巧克力特征香气需求。整体均通过靶向基因调控或酶促反应,定向代谢生成适配豆制品风格的风味物质。
在发酵面制品体系中,产香酵母通过利用特定碳氮源合成酯类与醇类等风味物质,有效丰富了面制品的香气层次。其中产香酵母的核心呈味物质、共性香气特征及特异性差异如表5所示。
产香酵母在发酵面制品体系中的应用,已从单一功能转向通过代谢协同实现风味的精准构建。在基础面团发酵中,酿酒酵母在完成产气与基础风味形成的同时,通过与异常威克汉姆酵母的协同发酵,突破了单一菌种的风味局限,显著增强了面包的花果香气层次[89–90]。而在甜面酱等复杂发酵体系中,鲁氏接合酵母与异常威克汉姆酵母则展现出更精细的代谢分工:前者优先利用葡萄糖并合成关键前体物质,后者接力代谢剩余碳源并强化酯合成酶活性,二者通过时序性代谢互补有效提升了酯类物质含量,实现了酱香与酯香的均衡发展[90]。这些研究揭示了混菌发酵中代谢接力与功能互补对风味优化的重要价值,为面制品风味从“自然形成”到“理性设计”提供了理论基础。未来研究需进一步解析不同酵母在复杂基质中的代谢互作机制,并建立发酵动力学模型,以平衡工艺需求与风味生成,推动面制品品质的全面提升。
产香酵母的代谢特性精准契合发酵面制品的加工与风味需求。在面团类食品中,酿酒酵母偏好利用葡萄糖经糖酵解生成乙醇,并通过Ehrlich途径转化亮氨酸与异亮氨酸,形成异戊醇和活性戊醇,同时合成乙酸乙酯以丰富风味层次;而异常威克汉姆酵母更适于混菌发酵,可定向产生苯乙醇与乙酸异戊酯,增强花果香气且不影响面团膨胀;在甜面酱等高盐固态发酵体系中,鲁氏接合酵母优先利用葡萄糖生成杂醇和酯类前体α-酮酸,异常威克汉姆酵母则利用残余麦芽糖等底物,通过提升酯合成酶活性促进乙酸乙酯与苯甲酸甲酯的生成,两者协同优化了酱香与酯香的平衡。这些酵母通过特定代谢途径,系统构建了符合不同面制品风味特征并满足其工艺要求的物质基础。
醋类、发酵蔬菜等其他发酵食品因基质多呈高酸特性,对产香酵母的耐酸能力与风味调控方向提出针对性需求,其适配菌株的核心呈味物质、共性香气特征及特异性差异如表6所示。
醋类酸度高,需要产酯能力强的假丝酵母和异常威克汉姆酵母中和醋酸刺激性、提升口感柔和度[91]。光滑假丝酵母通过激活乙酰辅酶A转移酶催化生成乙酸乙酯、乙酸异丁酯,中和米醋刺激性[92];异常威克汉姆酵母产乙酸和乳酸协调酸味,口津假丝酵母利用原料碳源与氨基酸产乙醇和苯乙醇,二者协同合成乙酸乙酯,赋予保宁醋果香与醇香[93]。
发酵蔬菜具有高酸和低盐的特点,需要能赋予其花果香,且能够缓解乳酸酸涩感的产香酵母。哈萨克斯坦酵母在高酸环境中,通过酯合成酶催化生成乙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯,经Ehrlich途径分解苯丙氨酸生成苯乙醇,增加挥发性香气,赋予泡菜花果香[94];异常威克汉姆酵母与植物乳杆菌混菌发酵时,利用剩余蔬菜碳源产乙醇,合成乙酸乙酯和苯乙醇,释放月桂烯、二甲基二硫醚等特色物质,增强泡菜醇香,缓解乳酸酸涩感[95]。
本文系统梳理了产香酵母在发酵食品中的研究进展,结果表明:产香酵母主要涵盖毕赤酵母属、汉逊酵母属、接合酵母菌属及假丝酵母菌属,各属菌株因生物学特性差异,适配不同发酵食品场景;其风味形成依赖三大核心途径,酯类合成以ATF1/EEB1基因为关键调控靶点,醇类生成依赖Ehrlich与Harris双途径(BAT1/BAT2、ARO9/ARO10基因调控),萜烯类则通过MVA途径(nphT7、tHMGR基因调控)高效合成,且乙酰辅酶A和丙酮酸为三类物质合成的共同关键前体;在实际应用中,产香酵母通过代谢偏好性适配酒类、发酵豆制品、发酵面制品及酸性发酵食品。
现有研究虽明确产香酵母在发酵食品中的核心作用,但需围绕实际应用需求与技术瓶颈深化探索:在特定食品专用菌株筛选方面,以泡菜(高酸pH3.5~4.5、低盐、需缓解乳酸酸涩)为例,优先选育耐酸(pH≥3.0)、定向产乙酸乙酯/丁酸乙酯/苯乙醇,且分泌低活性β-葡萄糖苷酶(逐步释放蔬菜本香)的菌株,实现花果香与原料风味的协调。在合成生物学引导的菌株改造中,聚焦“功能强化”构建工程菌株——果酒萜烯香气不足时,过表达MVA途径关键基因(nphT7、tHMGR),敲除ERG7削弱固醇竞争,定向提升单萜/倍半萜;酱油高盐环境下,向鲁氏接合酵母导入耐盐基因HAL1,同步过表达EEB1强化苯甲酸乙酯合成;针对酯类易分解,敲除IAH1减少酯损耗。为缓解产香酵母与主发酵菌的竞争,接种采用“顺序接种”错开生长旺盛期,营养层面调整碳源配比缓解争夺,基因层面改造产香酵母营养转运基因,削弱其对主发酵菌关键营养的竞争,实现协同代谢。今后需进一步结合多组学方法阐明产香酵母的风味代谢调控网络,并推进工程菌株的安全评估与产业化应用,为发酵食品风味的精准提升提供扎实理论基础与技术保障。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070268
  • 接收时间:2025-07-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-23
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    1沈阳农业大学食品学院,辽宁沈阳 110866
    2辽宁省食品发酵技术工程研究中心,辽宁沈阳 110161
    3啤酒生物发酵工程国家重点实验室,青岛啤酒股份有限公司,山东青岛 266100
    4沈阳市微生物发酵技术创新重点实验室,辽宁沈阳 110866

通讯作者:

安飞宇(1994−),男,博士,讲师,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
乌日娜(1979−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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