Article(id=1320882730955550761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080068, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754841600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852583874, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852583874, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852583874, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852583874, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=337, endPage=344, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882734709452843, articleId=1320882730955550761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Rapidly Quantifying Total Sugar and Nitrogen Contents during Carotenoid Fermentation Processes Using Near-infrared Spectroscopy, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Xinhui dried tangerine peel fruit pulp was used as a raw material to establish a rapid and quantitative analytical method for monitoring the total soluble sugar (TSS) and nitrogen (TN) contents during carotenoid fermentation by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (R. mucilaginosa). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) was integrated with partial least squares regression (PLSR) to construct models for quantifying the TSS and TN in fermentation broth. The coefficient of determination for the prediction set (R2p), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), and relative percent deviation (RPD) were used as evaluation metrics, and the effects of different spectral preprocessing methods and feature wavenumbers on model performance were systematically compared. The results were externally validated using independent samples. The optimal models for quantifying the TSS and TN contents were obtained using multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) for preprocessing the spectrum and competitive adaptive reweighting sampling (CARS) for selecting the feature wavenumber. The model for quantifying TSS achieved a R2p of 0.9670, a RMSEP of 2.6587, and an external validation RPD of 4.8386, indicating high-precision quantitative analysis. The model for quantifying TN yielded R2p and RMSEP values of 0.9502 and 0.0624, respectively, with an external validation RPD of 2.7423, which indicated suitability for routine quantitative analyses. The t-test results for the TSS and TN models indicated that the predicted and measured values did not significantly differ (P>0.05), indicating high accuracy and stability. These models can be used for rapidly monitoring the TSS and TN contents in R. mucilaginosa carotenoid fermentation broth samples.

, authors=Lian DAI1, Guangjun SONG2, Wujie ZHONG1, Min DING1, Yuyue WAN1, Jihong XIE1, Huali JIAN1, *, authorsList=Lian DAI, Guangjun SONG, Wujie ZHONG, Min DING, Yuyue WAN, Jihong XIE, Huali JIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huali JIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882738140393524, articleId=1320882730955550761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于近红外光谱的类胡萝卜素发酵过程总糖与总氮快速定量监测, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为建立胶红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa,R. mucilaginosa)类胡萝卜素发酵过程中总糖和总氮的快速定量分析方法,本研究以新会陈皮柑果肉为原料,采用近红外(Near-infrared spectroscopy,NIR)光谱技术结合偏最小二乘回归(Partial least squares regression,PLSR),构建了发酵液中总糖(Total soluble sugar,TSS)和总氮(Total nitrogen,TN)的NIR定量模型。以预测集决定系数(Coefficient of determination for prediction set,R2p)、预测均方根误差(Root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP)和相对分析误差(Relative percent deviation,RPD)等作为模型评价指标,系统地比较了不同光谱预处理方法及特征波数筛选对模型性能的影响,同时通过独立样本对模型进行外部验证,结果表明:采用多元散射校正(Multiplicative scatter correction,MSC)进行光谱预处理,并结合竞争性自适应重加权采样法(Competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)筛选特征波数,所建立的总糖及总氮定量模型效果最佳。其中TSS定量模型R2p为0.9670,RMSEP为2.6587,外部验证RPD值为4.8386,可用于高精度定量分析。TN定量模型R2p和RMSEP分别为0.9502和0.0624,外部验证RPD值为2.7423,适用于常规定量分析。TSS及TN模型的t检验结果均显示预测值与实测值之间无显著差异(P>0.05),具有较好的准确性和稳定性,可用于快速监测胶红酵母类胡萝卜素发酵液样品的TSS和TN含量。

, authors=戴炼1, 宋光均2, 钟武杰1, 丁敏1, 万语悦1, 谢吉红1, 蹇华丽1, *, authorsList=戴炼, 宋光均, 钟武杰, 丁敏, 万语悦, 谢吉红, 蹇华丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=蹇华丽, authorNote=

戴炼(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品发酵与酿造,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
蹇华丽(1977−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品发酵与酿造,E-mail:。
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戴炼(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品发酵与酿造,E-mail:

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戴炼(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品发酵与酿造,E-mail:

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注:TSS模型:(a)UVE,(c)RF,(e)CARS;TN模型:(b)UVE,(d)RF,(f)CARS。

, figureFileSmall=0g7LuxPoqsmQvEus/TKgvw==, figureFileBig=GveKiHGc4wu5l9U/UhcQkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882748944920691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882730955550761, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Correlation plots between measured and predicted values for TSS (a) and TN (b) quantitative models, figureFileSmall=5ZYGxWAcIyYHaNazqn27LA==, figureFileBig=+Ku1bV1Cv7dQUh7yqUzxaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882749033001076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882730955550761, language=CN, label=图4, caption=TSS(a)和TN(b)定量模型的真实值与预测值的相关性, figureFileSmall=5ZYGxWAcIyYHaNazqn27LA==, figureFileBig=+Ku1bV1Cv7dQUh7yqUzxaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882750668779637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882730955550761, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Results of the partitioning of carotenoid fermentation broth samples by SPXY

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标TSSTN
训练集预测集训练集预测集
样本量1334513345
最大值(mg/mL)88.2678.912.542.19
最小值(mg/mL)13.0916.790.751.03
平均值(mg/mL)48.1655.291.591.53
标准偏差16.8315.030.380.35
), ArticleFig(id=1320882750744277110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882730955550761, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SPXY法划分类胡萝卜素发酵液样品集结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标TSSTN
训练集预测集训练集预测集
样本量1334513345
最大值(mg/mL)88.2678.912.542.19
最小值(mg/mL)13.0916.790.751.03
平均值(mg/mL)48.1655.291.591.53
标准偏差16.8315.030.380.35
), ArticleFig(id=1320882750840746103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882730955550761, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of spectral preprocessing methods on PLSR model results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预处理方法TSSTN
R2pRMSEPSDRPDR2pRMSEPSDRPD
None0.80676.50020.05722.51140.85530.36740.05812.5627
SG0.84785.45090.04352.94060.88240.18120.03802.8370
SNV0.86354.59170.04233.22130.90230.12570.07583.1604
MSC0.90133.80710.02953.41970.90640.12660.09023.1999
FD0.86974.40560.04393.10480.88940.25810.08442.8906
), ArticleFig(id=1320882750933020792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882730955550761, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

光谱预处理方法对PLRS模型结果的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预处理方法TSSTN
R2pRMSEPSDRPDR2pRMSEPSDRPD
None0.80676.50020.05722.51140.85530.36740.05812.5627
SG0.84785.45090.04352.94060.88240.18120.03802.8370
SNV0.86354.59170.04233.22130.90230.12570.07583.1604
MSC0.90133.80710.02953.41970.90640.12660.09023.1999
FD0.86974.40560.04393.10480.88940.25810.08442.8906
), ArticleFig(id=1320882751029489785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882730955550761, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Prediction effect of TSS and TN models developed using MSC combined with different feature selection methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标特征筛选方法变量数主因子数R2pRMSEPRPD
TSSNone1557100.90133.80713.4197
UVE24580.94173.44334.4233
RF8060.93373.59494.1500
CARS6890.96702.65875.6627
TNNone155790.90640.12663.1999
UVE38280.93440.07183.9267
RF8070.93010.07513.8687
CARS4690.95020.06244.6604
), ArticleFig(id=1320882751121764474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882730955550761, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

MSC结合特征筛选的TSS和TN模型预测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标特征筛选方法变量数主因子数R2pRMSEPRPD
TSSNone1557100.90133.80713.4197
UVE24580.94173.44334.4233
RF8060.93373.59494.1500
CARS6890.96702.65875.6627
TNNone155790.90640.12663.1999
UVE38280.93440.07183.9267
RF8070.93010.07513.8687
CARS4690.95020.06244.6604
), ArticleFig(id=1320882751230816379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882730955550761, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of external validation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分样品量模型RMSEPRPDP值适用性
总糖20MSC+CARS+PLSR2.70644.83860.2300高精度定量分析
总氮20MSC+CARS+PLSR0.16282.74230.9972常规定量分析
), ArticleFig(id=1320882751335673980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882730955550761, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

外部验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分样品量模型RMSEPRPDP值适用性
总糖20MSC+CARS+PLSR2.70644.83860.2300高精度定量分析
总氮20MSC+CARS+PLSR0.16282.74230.9972常规定量分析
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基于近红外光谱的类胡萝卜素发酵过程总糖与总氮快速定量监测
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戴炼 1 , 宋光均 2 , 钟武杰 1 , 丁敏 1 , 万语悦 1 , 谢吉红 1 , 蹇华丽 1, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(15): 337-344
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (15) : 337 -344
基于近红外光谱的类胡萝卜素发酵过程总糖与总氮快速定量监测
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戴炼1 , 宋光均2, 钟武杰1, 丁敏1, 万语悦1, 谢吉红1, 蹇华丽1, *
作者信息
  • 1华南农业大学食品学院,广东广州 510642
  • 2广州标旗光电科技发展股份有限公司,广东广州 510663
通讯作者:
蹇华丽(1977−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品发酵与酿造,E-mail:。
作者简介:

戴炼(2001−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品发酵与酿造,E-mail:

Rapidly Quantifying Total Sugar and Nitrogen Contents during Carotenoid Fermentation Processes Using Near-infrared Spectroscopy
Lian DAI1 , Guangjun SONG2, Wujie ZHONG1, Min DING1, Yuyue WAN1, Jihong XIE1, Huali JIAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
  • 2Guangzhou Biaoqi Optoelectronic Technology Development Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080068
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为建立胶红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa,R. mucilaginosa)类胡萝卜素发酵过程中总糖和总氮的快速定量分析方法,本研究以新会陈皮柑果肉为原料,采用近红外(Near-infrared spectroscopy,NIR)光谱技术结合偏最小二乘回归(Partial least squares regression,PLSR),构建了发酵液中总糖(Total soluble sugar,TSS)和总氮(Total nitrogen,TN)的NIR定量模型。以预测集决定系数(Coefficient of determination for prediction set,R2p)、预测均方根误差(Root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP)和相对分析误差(Relative percent deviation,RPD)等作为模型评价指标,系统地比较了不同光谱预处理方法及特征波数筛选对模型性能的影响,同时通过独立样本对模型进行外部验证,结果表明:采用多元散射校正(Multiplicative scatter correction,MSC)进行光谱预处理,并结合竞争性自适应重加权采样法(Competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)筛选特征波数,所建立的总糖及总氮定量模型效果最佳。其中TSS定量模型R2p为0.9670,RMSEP为2.6587,外部验证RPD值为4.8386,可用于高精度定量分析。TN定量模型R2p和RMSEP分别为0.9502和0.0624,外部验证RPD值为2.7423,适用于常规定量分析。TSS及TN模型的t检验结果均显示预测值与实测值之间无显著差异(P>0.05),具有较好的准确性和稳定性,可用于快速监测胶红酵母类胡萝卜素发酵液样品的TSS和TN含量。

近红外光谱技术  /  化学计量学  /  胶红酵母  /  总糖  /  总氮  /  定量分析模型

Xinhui dried tangerine peel fruit pulp was used as a raw material to establish a rapid and quantitative analytical method for monitoring the total soluble sugar (TSS) and nitrogen (TN) contents during carotenoid fermentation by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (R. mucilaginosa). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) was integrated with partial least squares regression (PLSR) to construct models for quantifying the TSS and TN in fermentation broth. The coefficient of determination for the prediction set (R2p), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), and relative percent deviation (RPD) were used as evaluation metrics, and the effects of different spectral preprocessing methods and feature wavenumbers on model performance were systematically compared. The results were externally validated using independent samples. The optimal models for quantifying the TSS and TN contents were obtained using multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) for preprocessing the spectrum and competitive adaptive reweighting sampling (CARS) for selecting the feature wavenumber. The model for quantifying TSS achieved a R2p of 0.9670, a RMSEP of 2.6587, and an external validation RPD of 4.8386, indicating high-precision quantitative analysis. The model for quantifying TN yielded R2p and RMSEP values of 0.9502 and 0.0624, respectively, with an external validation RPD of 2.7423, which indicated suitability for routine quantitative analyses. The t-test results for the TSS and TN models indicated that the predicted and measured values did not significantly differ (P>0.05), indicating high accuracy and stability. These models can be used for rapidly monitoring the TSS and TN contents in R. mucilaginosa carotenoid fermentation broth samples.

near-infrared spectroscopy  /  chemometrics  /  Rhodotorula mucilaginosa  /  total soluble sugar  /  total nitrogen  /  quantitative analysis model
戴炼, 宋光均, 钟武杰, 丁敏, 万语悦, 谢吉红, 蹇华丽. 基于近红外光谱的类胡萝卜素发酵过程总糖与总氮快速定量监测. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 337 -344 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080068
Lian DAI, Guangjun SONG, Wujie ZHONG, Min DING, Yuyue WAN, Jihong XIE, Huali JIAN. Rapidly Quantifying Total Sugar and Nitrogen Contents during Carotenoid Fermentation Processes Using Near-infrared Spectroscopy[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 337 -344 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080068
类胡萝卜素(Carotenoids)是一种脂溶性萜类化合物[1]。因其具有多种生物学功能[2−4],近年来应用越来越广泛且市场需求增长迅速。相较于传统来源,微生物发酵法生产类胡萝卜素具有产率高、周期短、安全环保等显著优势[5−6]。以新会陈皮柑加工副产物—果肉为原料,通过胶红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa,R. mucilaginosa)发酵可实现类胡萝卜素的高效转化,兼具废弃物资源化与低成本生产的双重价值[7−8]。然而,对于发酵过程中的关键参数—总糖(Total soluble sugar,TSS)和总氮(Total nitrogen,TN),目前普遍分别采用滴定法或分光光度法和凯氏定氮法作为检测方法[9−10],这些传统检测方法存在操作繁琐、检测速度慢、数据滞后等问题,难以满足基于碳、氮源含量变化进行高精度实时反馈控制补料的工艺需求。因此,亟需开发更高效、便捷、准确的发酵过程关键参数(TSS和TN)监测方法。
近红外光谱技术(Near-infrared spectroscopy,NIR)是一种基于分子振动能级跃迁产生的特征吸收光谱(来源于含氢基团C-H、N-H、O-H等内部振动的倍频与合频吸收)[11−12]。该光谱被广泛用于食品成分及发酵关键参数的分析[13−14]。但由于NIRS原始光谱的可解释性不强,通常需要借助化学计量学方法,采用统计学及计算机技术,设计和选择最优光谱测量程序和实验方案,并通过解释测量数据而获得最大限度的信息,建立校正模型,从而实现过程关键参数的定性或定量预测[15]。近年来,近红外光谱结合化学计量学方法的分析技术因其快速、无损等优势在多元混合体系物质测定中应用越来越广泛。王春媛等[16]利用近红外光谱技术结合偏最小二乘回归,建立了发酵麦麸中还原糖和可溶性蛋白质含量的快速检测方法。郝超等[17]利用概率偏最小二乘的多元统计过程监控方法与近红外光谱技术相结合来对柠檬酸发酵液化清液生产过程的总氮和总糖含量进行监控。Zhao等[18]利用近红外光谱法与偏最小二乘法、反向传播神经网络及其组合监测康普茶的总糖含量。Kozma等[19]利用NIRS研究了CHO细胞在不同发酵罐发酵体系下葡萄糖含量的变化规律,为流加式操作过程中葡萄糖的浓度提供快速监测手段。Li等[20]采用近红外光谱结合深度迁移学习(DTL),建立了用于实时监控柑橘果醋发酵过程中总糖和总氮含量的快速检测方法等。
鉴于类胡萝卜素发酵生产规模放大过程中补料工艺对发酵液中碳、氮源含量变化高精度实时监测的迫切需求,本文拟通过近红外光谱结合相应的化学计量学方法对胶红酵母-陈皮柑果肉发酵体系的TSS与TN进行监测,建立TSS与TN的快速定量模型,替代传统离线检测方法,为优化实时补料策略提供可靠数据支撑,从而达到提高类胡萝卜素产率、提升资源利用效率的目的,这对后续实现发酵过程的精确控制,类胡萝卜素工业化量产具有重要意义。
新会陈皮柑果肉 江门市新会区锦胜果园提供;硫酸 分析纯,广州市梓行化玻仪器有限公司;DNS试剂 分析纯,上海科丰化学试剂有限公司;盐酸、硫酸铵、乙酸锌、亚铁氰化钾、硼酸、甲基红、溴甲酚绿、氢氧化钠 均为分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;胶红酵母野生型菌株GDMCC 2.30 购自广东省菌种保藏中心;本研究使用的突变株JH-R23由GDMCC 2.30经“新一代载人飞船试验船”空间搭载诱变、初筛、复筛及纯化所得,由华南农业大学食品学院发酵工程实验室保藏;种子液 挑取JH-R23单菌落接种于马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基(PDB)中,于28 ℃、180 r/min条件下振荡培养36 h制得,培养基购自广东环凯微生物有限公司。
AntarisⅡ型傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪 配有投射分析模块及光程为1 mm玻璃比色皿,美国赛默飞公司;赛诺KT8400全自动凯氏定氮仪 福斯华科贸有限公司;VersaMax光栅型酶标仪 美国Melecular Devices公司;HWS-24型电热恒温水浴锅 上海恒一科学仪器有限公司;AL204型电子天平 梅勒特-托利多上海有限公司;JYL-C19V榨汁机 九阳股份有限公司;TGL-16gR台式高速冷冻离心机 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司。
称取适量新鲜新会柑果肉,使用榨汁机榨汁。所得果汁经双层滤布过滤后,于5000 r/min离心10 min。收集上层澄清液,调节其pH至中性,随后在121 ℃下高压灭菌20 min备用。将种子液以4%的接种量接入灭菌后的果汁,于28 ℃发酵5 d,每天取8个样品,将取得的发酵液经10000 r/min离心10 min后滤去菌体。共进行5批独立发酵,最终得到205个样品(含每批初始发酵液1个)。取其中的185个样品用于建模分析、20个样品用于外部验证。
将仪器开机预热30 min后自检,将样品混匀并排出底部气泡后,转置于1 mm光程的比色皿中采集样品光谱数据。仪器工作条件:在室温环境(22±2 ℃)下,以水为参比,扫描范围为4000~10000 cm−1,扫描次数32次,分辨率为8 cm−1。原始光谱经仪器配套的TQ Analyst软件按4 cm−1间隔插值处理后,每个样品的光谱包含1557个变量(波数点)。每个样品采集3次,取平均光谱用于数据分析。
总糖含量测定参考NY/T 2742-2015《水果及制品可溶性糖的测定 3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法》中方法。总氮含量测定参照GB 5009.5-2016《食品中蛋白质的测定》第一法中的自动凯氏定氮法。
在建立定量分析模型前,采用马氏距离法剔除185个建模样本中的异常值[21],再按照3:1的比例将剩余样本划分为训练集和预测集。训练集用于建立测定样品中TSS和TN的定量校正模型,预测集则用于验证所建立校正模型的预测性能。本研究采用基于XY联合距离的样本集划分方法(Sample set partitioning based on joint X-Y distance,SPXY)。该方法同时考虑了光谱变量(X)和理化值变量(Y)的信息[22−23]。
在光谱采集过程中,仪器自身的响应漂移、环境温度与湿度的波动、样品光散射效应以及杂散光干扰等因素,均会引入噪声和基线漂移等非有效信息,导致降低所建定量校正模型的稳定性与准确性[24]。因此,在利用光谱数据建立可靠的定量模型之前,需对原始光谱进行适当的预处理。本研究考察了四种常见的预处理方法,包括卷积平滑(Savitzky-Golay smoothing,SG)、多元散射校正(Multiplicative scatter correction,MSC)、标准正态变量变换(Standard normal variate,SNV)、一阶导数(First derivative,FD)。其中,SG用于平滑处理光谱,能够增加样本信号的信噪比;MSC和SNV可以消除颗粒大小、分布不均匀及表面散射对光谱信号的影响;FD旨在扣除背景漂移,提高光谱分辨率[25−26]。
近红外光谱的全波段包含大量变量数,其中存在较多冗余信息。直接利用全波段建模会降低模型精度[27]。为此,本研究通过比较竞争性自适应全加重法(Competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)、无信息变量筛除法(Uninformative variable elimination,UVE)和随机蛙跳法(Random frog,RF)3种方法特征筛选后的建模效果来确定最佳的波数筛选方法,从而提高模型的精确度并降低模型的复杂度。
本研究采用偏最小二乘回归(Partial least squares regression,PLSR)建立胶红酵母类胡萝卜素发酵过程中关键参数(总糖与总氮)的定量预测模型。模型质量通过训练集决定系数(R2c)、训练集均方根误差(RMSEC)参数评估:R2c越接近1,表明近红外分析结果与化学测定值的吻合度越高,模型可靠性越强。模型预测性能则通过预测集决定系数(R2p)和预测集均方根误差(RMSEP)评价:R2p越大且RMSEP 越小,表明模型预测精度越高。同时,引入相对分析误差(Relative percent deviation,RPD)评估模型的实际预测能力:RPD<2.5时,表明该模型预测能力不足,无法满足定量分析需求;2.5≤RPD<3.0表明模型可用于常规定量分析;RPD>3.0则表明模型具备高精度预测能力[28]。为进一步验证模型的可靠性,采用20个独立样本进行外部验证,并引入t检验对近红外预测值与理化实测值进行统计检验[29]。
每个样品的理化指标均采集三次数据后取平均。采用Excel 2019进行数据处理与汇总,使用OriginPro 2021绘图,并利用MATLAB R2021a进行光谱预处理、特征波数筛选及建模分析。
类胡萝卜素发酵液的建模样本采用马氏距离法将距离阈值大于4的异常值剔除,结果如图1所示。本研究采用SPXY法将178个有效样本划分样品集。建立一个准确的模型关键在于训练集需广泛覆盖预测集的理化值范围[30]。如表1所示,总糖和总氮定量模型的预测集理化值均落在其对应训练集的取值范围内,因此该样品集划分方案合理,能够较好地满足模型构建的需求。
类胡萝卜素发酵液的原始光谱数据如图2(a)所示。由于样品中总糖(TSS)和总氮(TN)含量存在差异,其吸光度值存在明显差异。样品的近红外光谱吸收主要集中在三个波段:7500~10000、5500~7500和4000~5500 cm−1。其中,7500~10000 cm−1波段主要对应含氢基团伸缩振动的二级倍频及其合频吸收,但吸收强度相对较弱。不同样品间的光谱差异主要体现在5500~7500 cm−1和4000~5500 cm−1波段,这两个区域反映了含氢基团的一级倍频以及N-H键的一级倍频及其合频吸收[31−33]。5200 cm−1附近区域是O-H键伸缩振动[34],因水的强吸收而处于饱和状态,故避免使用该区间的波数建模。
对原始光谱数据采用不同预处理方法后的建模结果如表2所示:多元散射校正MSC是类胡萝卜素发酵液总糖和总氮定量分析模型的最佳预处理方法。经该方法处理后,其预测集表现出较高的预测决定系数R2p和较低的预测均方根误差RMSEP,且相对分析偏差RPD值高于其他预处理方法。与原始光谱相比,经MSC预处理后的光谱基线漂移现象得到了显著改善。由于果汁发酵液经过滤所得,其中仍含有少量细小颗粒,MSC能有效消除因颗粒大小及分布不均匀引起的表面散射对光谱的干扰。此外,两个模型的R2p经10次计算的标准偏差(SD)分别为0.0295和0.0902,表明模型具有较好的稳定性和可靠性。但经预处理后的预测集R2p值仍低于0.95,这说明模型的预测精度虽可接受,但仍存在一定的提升空间,需要进行特征波数的筛选以提高预测的准确性。
本研究的每个原始光谱包含1557个变量,其中存在大量冗余信息和噪声干扰。为优化模型性能,系统比较了UVE、RF和CARS三种特征波数筛选方法。如表3所示,三种方法均能在一定程度上提升模型预测精度,但提升效果存在显著差异。总糖和总氮模型经UVE法筛选后分别保留了245和382个变量,但由于未能有效剔除非信息变量,其预测精度相比全光谱模型的提升幅度有限(图3(a)和(b))。RF法则因其算法固有的随机性,易误选5200 cm−1附近水的O-H伸缩振动平顶峰区域波数,导致模型过拟合,预测精度提升最小(图3(c)和(d))。
相比之下,CARS法通过蒙特卡洛采样与指数衰减机制,实现了基于化学结构导向的特征波数提取[35]。该方法显著降低了特征变量数量,其中TSS和TN模型特征变量数分别降至68和46。如图3(e)所示,CARS法在总糖模型提取的特征波数主要集中在4000~5100、5300~5500和6500~7200 cm−1范围,对应含氢基团的一级倍频吸收。该模型预测精度显著提升,R2p达到0.9670,RMSEP为2.6587。对于总氮模型(图3(f)),经筛选出的特征波数主要集中在 6500~7200 cm−1(N-H键一级倍频)和4000~5500 cm−1(N-H键合频吸收)区域,其R2p提升至0.9502,RMSEP为0.0624。
由2.3可知,采用MSC进行光谱预处理,并结合CARS筛选特征光谱,所建立的总糖及总氮定量模型效果最佳。其真实值和预测值的相关性如图4所示。两个模型的训练集和预测集的数据点分布均匀,且均紧密环绕在代表理想预测线(Y=X)的黑色实线附近。TSS定量模型训练集R2c为0.9747、RMSEC为2.6383;预测集R2p为0.9670、RMSEP为2.6587;TN模型训练集R2c、RMSEC分别为0.9826和0.0482;其预测集R2p、RMSEP分别为0.9502和0.0624。上述模型的训练集和预测集R2值均大于0.95,表明所建立的定量模型具有较高的预测准确性。
外部验证是评估模型可靠性的关键步骤。本研究采用20个独立样本进行验证,并对其预测值与真实值进行t检验,以判定两组结果是否存在显著性差异。结果如表4所示,总糖定量模型的外部验证RPD值为4.8386(RPD>3.0),RMSEP为2.7064,符合高精度定量分析的要求;而总氮模型由于其建模样本的浓度范围较窄(0.75~2.54 mg/mL),样本间理化性质差异较小,其外部验证RPD值为2.7423(2.5≤RPD<3.0),RMSEP为0.1628,适用于常规定量分析。近红外预测值与化学测定值的t检验结果显示,两组数据的P值均大于0.05,表明近红外光谱法的检测准确性与传统化学方法相当。在此基础上,本研究所建立的近红外定量模型还具备显著优势:其一,样品前处理更简便,近红外光谱法仅需离心处理,而传统方法检测发酵液总糖时需经过蛋白沉淀、过滤等步骤,检测总氮更是需要将样品进行高温消解;其二,检测效率更高,传统方法单次检测发酵液总糖含量需40 min,总氮检测更需长达2 h以上;而基于MSC+CARS+PLSR建立的近红外分析方法,仅需几分钟就能完成单一样本的检测。相较于传统检测方法,近红外分析法实现了快速、无损检测,检测效率得到大幅提升。
本研究利用NIR技术结合化学计量学方法,成功构建了用于快速、准确监测胶红酵母发酵陈皮柑果肉生产类胡萝卜素过程中关键参数(TSS和TN)含量的定量分析模型。探讨了SG、MSC、SNV等多种光谱预处理方法,以及CARS、UVE等多种波数筛选方法对预测模型性能的影响,并对最佳预测模型进行了外部验证。结果表明:采用MSC进行光谱预处理,并结合CARS筛选特征波数,所建立的总糖及总氮定量模型效果最佳。其中,TSS最佳定量模型性能优异,其预测集R2p和RMSEP分别为0.9670和2.6587,外部验证RPD值为4.8386(RPD>3.0),表明该模型具有较高的预测精度,满足精确监测发酵过程中TSS含量的要求。TN最佳定量模型R2p和RMSEP分别为0.9502和0.0624,外部验证RPD值为2.7423(2.5≤RPD<3.0),表明该模型具有良好的预测能力,适用于发酵液中TN含量的常规定量分析。外部验证t检验结果显示TSS和TN定量模型P值均大于0.05,表明样品的近红外模型预测值与理化实测值在α=0.05水平上无显著性差异,具有较好的稳定性和可靠性。
综上,本研究建立的NIR定量模型,能有效克服传统检测TSS和TN方法操作繁琐、耗时长的局限,为基于TSS和TN动态变化的实时反馈补料策略优化奠定了坚实基础。该模型的应用对提高类胡萝卜素产率、提升陈皮柑果肉废弃物资源化利用效率具有重要实践意义。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080068
  • 接收时间:2025-08-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-11
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    1华南农业大学食品学院,广东广州 510642
    2广州标旗光电科技发展股份有限公司,广东广州 510663

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蹇华丽(1977−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品发酵与酿造,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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