Article(id=1320882701956133769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070313, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753372800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852576959, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852576959, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852576959, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852576959, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=280, endPage=288, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882702199403402, articleId=1320882701956133769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of Rapeseed Protein Preparation by Salt Extraction and Its Physiochemical Properties, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The aim of the study was to provide a reference basis for the preparation of high-quality rapeseed protein by salt-extraction. Cold-pressed dehulled rapeseed meal was used. The salt-extraction process was optimized using single-factor experiment and response surface experiments analysis, and the physicochemical properties were investigated and compared with the protein obtained by alkali-extraction and acid-precipitation. The results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows, pretreatment with phytase and hydrated ethanol, 0.75 mol/L CaCl2 extracting medium, pH6.5, solid-liquid ratio 1:12 g/mL, temperature 53 ℃ and extraction time 90 minutes, and achieving a protein solubility of 27.96% under these conditions. Furthermore, the resulted rapeseed protein achieved a higher protein purity at 77.12%±0.63% and a lower phytic acid content of 0.13%±0.01%, in comparison to the protein obtained by alkali-extraction and acid-precipitation method. What's more, SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the main components of salt-extracted protein were albumin. Its higher contents of α-helices and β-turns dominated its stable and flexible structure, also leading to better solubility. This experiment provides a basis for using the salt-solution method to prepare high-quality rapeseed protein.

, authors=Zhengqi LI1, 2, Zhuoyan SUN1, 2, Xiuqing ZHANG2, Haisheng PEI1, Jianfang SHI1, Yuanyuan LI1, Xuefang HU1, Xiaona ZHAI1, *, authorsList=Zhengqi LI, Zhuoyan SUN, Xiuqing ZHANG, Haisheng PEI, Jianfang SHI, Yuanyuan LI, Xuefang HU, Xiaona ZHAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaona ZHAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882706100106140, articleId=1320882701956133769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=盐溶法制备菜籽蛋白的工艺优化及其理化特性研究, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文以冷榨脱皮菜籽饼为原料,采用单因素及响应面试验系统优化了盐溶法制备菜籽蛋白的工艺,并与碱溶酸沉法菜籽蛋白的物化特性进行比较研究。结果表明,在对原料进行植酸酶-含水乙醇预处理的基础上,盐溶法制备菜籽蛋白的最佳工艺参数为:0.75 mol/L离子强度的CaCl2提取介质、pH6.5、料液比1:12 g/mL、53 ℃条件下浸提90 min,该条件下蛋白溶出率为27.96%;经透析后得到的菜籽蛋白与碱溶酸沉法菜籽蛋白相比,具有较高的蛋白纯度(77.12%±0.63%)及较低的植酸含量(0.13%±0.01%);此外,SDS-PAGE结果显示盐溶法菜籽蛋白富含白蛋白,二级结构中以α-螺旋和β-转角为主,结构兼具稳定性和灵活性,同时具有较优的溶解性能。本实验为盐溶法制备高品质菜籽蛋白提供了基础。

, authors=李政奇1, 2, 孙卓妍1, 2, 张秀清2, 裴海生1, 师建芳1, 李媛媛1, 胡雪芳1, 翟晓娜1, *, authorsList=李政奇, 孙卓妍, 张秀清, 裴海生, 师建芳, 李媛媛, 胡雪芳, 翟晓娜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=翟晓娜, authorNote=

李政奇(2001−),男,硕士,研究方向:农产品副产物加工及应用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
翟晓娜(1989−),女,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:功能因子的挖掘及其稳态化,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=W31udPmT8O10lBOHA611EA==, magXml=6/71oYSV/Di9lVomWODgvA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=rQP18EIbDwzZHbvqwLGZ1g==, pdfFileSize=3422485, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=0RcbirTNVzPVldo8sZMeeQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Ojpd0/bd4T7sGzyxtDMYzw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320882707341620132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2434080489@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320882707488420775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, authorId=1320882707341620132, language=EN, stringName=Zhengqi LI, firstName=Zhengqi, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Key Laboratory of Agro-products Primary Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering, MARA, Beijing 100121, China
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Food Research International, 2023, 171: 113061., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882706599228317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882706611811230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, companyId=1320882706599228317, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Agro-products Primary Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering, MARA, Beijing 100121, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882706624394143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, companyId=1320882706599228317, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1农业农村部规划设计研究院 农业农村部农产品产地初加工重点实验室,北京 100121)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882706955744160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882706980909985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, companyId=1320882706955744160, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Food Science & Nutrition Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882707006075810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, companyId=1320882706955744160, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320882712714523606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=CLSM images of rapeseed and rapeseed cakes, figureFileSmall=gQRo4Ak5Wk4V+bZHL8gQ5g==, figureFileBig=0RcbirTNVzPVldo8sZMeeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882712798409687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菜籽及菜籽饼的微观结构CLSM图

注:a:油菜籽,b:脱皮冷榨菜籽饼,c:脱毒菜籽饼。

, figureFileSmall=gQRo4Ak5Wk4V+bZHL8gQ5g==, figureFileBig=0RcbirTNVzPVldo8sZMeeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882713029096408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Influences of extraction parameters on rapeseed protein extraction effect, figureFileSmall=sepTG6RRtZCzJca36OSYRg==, figureFileBig=JCQpJW8xS4yurIxF5zyzNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882713121371097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=CN, label=图2, caption=提取因素对菜籽蛋白溶出效果的影响

注:不同字母表示同一指标数据差异显著(P<0.05)。

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注:从左向右依次为:盐溶透析蛋白、碱溶酸沉蛋白、市售菜籽蛋白。

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注:a:溶解度;b:Zeta电位;不同字母表示同一条件下样品间数据绝对值差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=vthjage8D4apxbyfBDsXcw==, figureFileBig=uCsqIfzt3EKsQ771zbNUzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882720843084774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factors and levels of response surface experiment

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水平因素
A:pHB:离子强度(mol/L)C:温度(℃)
−15.50.540
06.50.7550
17.5160
), ArticleFig(id=1320882721178629095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
A:pHB:离子强度(mol/L)C:温度(℃)
−15.50.540
06.50.7550
17.5160
), ArticleFig(id=1320882721262515176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Chemical composition and content of rapeseed cakes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料水分
(%)
粗蛋白
(%)
植酸
(%)
硫苷
(μmol/g)
总酚
(mg/g)
脱皮冷榨菜籽饼7.28±0.13a38.44±0.26b4.0±0.16a127.37±1.08a17.61±0.02a
脱毒菜籽饼5.97±0.23b40.14±0.33a0.84±0.01b27.91±0.18b0.65±0.04b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882721333818345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菜籽饼的组分及含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料水分
(%)
粗蛋白
(%)
植酸
(%)
硫苷
(μmol/g)
总酚
(mg/g)
脱皮冷榨菜籽饼7.28±0.13a38.44±0.26b4.0±0.16a127.37±1.08a17.61±0.02a
脱毒菜籽饼5.97±0.23b40.14±0.33a0.84±0.01b27.91±0.18b0.65±0.04b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882721577087978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Design and results of response surface experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A:pHB:离子强度C:温度蛋白质溶出率(%)
10−1−123.967
2−1−1022.087
300027.360
400027.903
51−1020.430
601125.082
70−1124.300
800028.765
911020.333
1000027.297
1101−121.401
12−11021.822
13−10123.550
14−10−123.616
1500028.121
1610−120.265
1710123.179
), ArticleFig(id=1320882721660974059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面试验设计与结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A:pHB:离子强度C:温度蛋白质溶出率(%)
10−1−123.967
2−1−1022.087
300027.360
400027.903
51−1020.430
601125.082
70−1124.300
800028.765
911020.333
1000027.297
1101−121.401
12−11021.822
13−10123.550
14−10−123.616
1500028.121
1610−120.265
1710123.179
), ArticleFig(id=1320882721749054444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis of variance for regression models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源模型平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型132.62914.7453.84<0.0001**
A5.9015.9021.540.0024**
B0.5810.582.100.1903
C5.8915.8921.510.0024**
AB0.00070510.0007050.0260.8770
AC2.2212.228.110.0248*
BC2.8012.8010.240.0151*
A263.32163.32231.37<0.0001**
B234.03134.03124.35<0.0001**
C27.7717.7728.400.0011**
残差1.9270.27
失拟项0.4630.150.430.7452
纯误差1.4540.36
所有项134.5416
R20.98589R2adj0.9675
), ArticleFig(id=1320882721824551917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源模型平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型132.62914.7453.84<0.0001**
A5.9015.9021.540.0024**
B0.5810.582.100.1903
C5.8915.8921.510.0024**
AB0.00070510.0007050.0260.8770
AC2.2212.228.110.0248*
BC2.8012.8010.240.0151*
A263.32163.32231.37<0.0001**
B234.03134.03124.35<0.0001**
C27.7717.7728.400.0011**
残差1.9270.27
失拟项0.4630.150.430.7452
纯误差1.4540.36
所有项134.5416
R20.98589R2adj0.9675
), ArticleFig(id=1320882721921020910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Color of different kinds of rapeseed protein

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品盐溶透析蛋白SDP碱溶酸沉蛋白AAP市售菜籽蛋白CAP
L*87.73±1.02b70.93±0.34c97.02±0.12a
a*0.48±0.02c6.06±0.15a2.40±0.06b
b*20.46±0.19b29.73±0.13a16.64±0.14c
△E21.62±0.62b39.33±0.16a15.90±0.12c
), ArticleFig(id=1320882722084598767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同菜籽蛋白的色泽

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品盐溶透析蛋白SDP碱溶酸沉蛋白AAP市售菜籽蛋白CAP
L*87.73±1.02b70.93±0.34c97.02±0.12a
a*0.48±0.02c6.06±0.15a2.40±0.06b
b*20.46±0.19b29.73±0.13a16.64±0.14c
△E21.62±0.62b39.33±0.16a15.90±0.12c
), ArticleFig(id=1320882722176873456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Chemical composition and content of rapeseed protein

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料粗蛋白(%)植酸(%)硫苷(μmol/g)总酚(mg/g)
SDP77.12±0.63b0.13±0.01c3.43±0.13a0.13±0.02b
AAP72.75±1.59c0.61±0.06a1.95±0.29b0.43±0.02a
CAP80.74±0.87a0.27±0.01b0.20±0.03c0.12±0.008b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882722248176625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

菜籽蛋白的组分及含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料粗蛋白(%)植酸(%)硫苷(μmol/g)总酚(mg/g)
SDP77.12±0.63b0.13±0.01c3.43±0.13a0.13±0.02b
AAP72.75±1.59c0.61±0.06a1.95±0.29b0.43±0.02a
CAP80.74±0.87a0.27±0.01b0.20±0.03c0.12±0.008b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882723921703922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Secondary structure of rapeseed protein

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品β-折叠(%)无规则卷曲(%)α-螺旋(%)β-转角(%)
SDP22.4417.3720.4139.78
AAP34.7817.5817.4030.24
CAP35.4817.7817.0029.74
), ArticleFig(id=1320882724009784307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882701956133769, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

菜籽蛋白的二级结构

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品β-折叠(%)无规则卷曲(%)α-螺旋(%)β-转角(%)
SDP22.4417.3720.4139.78
AAP34.7817.5817.4030.24
CAP35.4817.7817.0029.74
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盐溶法制备菜籽蛋白的工艺优化及其理化特性研究
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李政奇 1, 2 , 孙卓妍 1, 2 , 张秀清 2 , 裴海生 1 , 师建芳 1 , 李媛媛 1 , 胡雪芳 1 , 翟晓娜 1, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(15): 280-288
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (15) : 280 -288
盐溶法制备菜籽蛋白的工艺优化及其理化特性研究
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李政奇1, 2 , 孙卓妍1, 2, 张秀清2, 裴海生1, 师建芳1, 李媛媛1, 胡雪芳1, 翟晓娜1, *
作者信息
  • 1农业农村部规划设计研究院 农业农村部农产品产地初加工重点实验室,北京 100121
  • 2中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
通讯作者:
翟晓娜(1989−),女,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:功能因子的挖掘及其稳态化,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李政奇(2001−),男,硕士,研究方向:农产品副产物加工及应用,E-mail:

Optimization of Rapeseed Protein Preparation by Salt Extraction and Its Physiochemical Properties
Zhengqi LI1, 2 , Zhuoyan SUN1, 2, Xiuqing ZHANG2, Haisheng PEI1, Jianfang SHI1, Yuanyuan LI1, Xuefang HU1, Xiaona ZHAI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Agro-products Primary Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering, MARA, Beijing 100121, China
  • 2College of Food Science & Nutrition Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070313
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本文以冷榨脱皮菜籽饼为原料,采用单因素及响应面试验系统优化了盐溶法制备菜籽蛋白的工艺,并与碱溶酸沉法菜籽蛋白的物化特性进行比较研究。结果表明,在对原料进行植酸酶-含水乙醇预处理的基础上,盐溶法制备菜籽蛋白的最佳工艺参数为:0.75 mol/L离子强度的CaCl2提取介质、pH6.5、料液比1:12 g/mL、53 ℃条件下浸提90 min,该条件下蛋白溶出率为27.96%;经透析后得到的菜籽蛋白与碱溶酸沉法菜籽蛋白相比,具有较高的蛋白纯度(77.12%±0.63%)及较低的植酸含量(0.13%±0.01%);此外,SDS-PAGE结果显示盐溶法菜籽蛋白富含白蛋白,二级结构中以α-螺旋和β-转角为主,结构兼具稳定性和灵活性,同时具有较优的溶解性能。本实验为盐溶法制备高品质菜籽蛋白提供了基础。

油菜籽  /  盐溶法  /  蛋白品质  /  理化特性

The aim of the study was to provide a reference basis for the preparation of high-quality rapeseed protein by salt-extraction. Cold-pressed dehulled rapeseed meal was used. The salt-extraction process was optimized using single-factor experiment and response surface experiments analysis, and the physicochemical properties were investigated and compared with the protein obtained by alkali-extraction and acid-precipitation. The results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows, pretreatment with phytase and hydrated ethanol, 0.75 mol/L CaCl2 extracting medium, pH6.5, solid-liquid ratio 1:12 g/mL, temperature 53 ℃ and extraction time 90 minutes, and achieving a protein solubility of 27.96% under these conditions. Furthermore, the resulted rapeseed protein achieved a higher protein purity at 77.12%±0.63% and a lower phytic acid content of 0.13%±0.01%, in comparison to the protein obtained by alkali-extraction and acid-precipitation method. What's more, SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the main components of salt-extracted protein were albumin. Its higher contents of α-helices and β-turns dominated its stable and flexible structure, also leading to better solubility. This experiment provides a basis for using the salt-solution method to prepare high-quality rapeseed protein.

rapeseed  /  slat extraction  /  protein quality  /  physiochemical properties
李政奇, 孙卓妍, 张秀清, 裴海生, 师建芳, 李媛媛, 胡雪芳, 翟晓娜. 盐溶法制备菜籽蛋白的工艺优化及其理化特性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 280 -288 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070313
Zhengqi LI, Zhuoyan SUN, Xiuqing ZHANG, Haisheng PEI, Jianfang SHI, Yuanyuan LI, Xuefang HU, Xiaona ZHAI. Optimization of Rapeseed Protein Preparation by Salt Extraction and Its Physiochemical Properties[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 280 -288 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070313
粮食安全关系人类永续发展和前途命运,当前全球人口增长带来食物需求的刚性增长,预计到2032年全球粮食消费将较基期值(2020~2022年)增长4%;蛋白质作为人体必需的主要营养素之一,高收入国家人均蛋白供应量将上升至88.4克/人/天,并主要依赖于动物蛋白[1]。我国《国民营养计划(2017-2030)》指出:到2030年,我国居民膳食中要减少50%动物蛋白摄入量。植物基食品作为动物性食品的有效补充,可有效缓解动物性食品生产带来的资源、环境、健康和伦理等方面压力,并有助于推动食物系统向营养健康转型[2]。波士顿咨询报告预测,到2035年替代蛋白市场规模有望达到2900亿美元,其中植物基制品的市场占比将达69%[3],植物蛋白市场前景广阔。我国植物蛋白资源丰富,其中油料约含有蛋白质1753万吨[4]。菜籽饼粕作为我国第一大油料作物油菜籽榨油的副产物,其蛋白质含量高、氨基酸组成平衡,是一种潜力巨大的食用替代蛋白[5],但因其含有硫苷等抗营养物质,通常用于动物饲料或肥料,附加值较低。菜籽蛋白的制备方法主要包括pH分段控制法、盐溶法、醇法制备及反胶束制备等,并以碱溶酸沉法应用最为广泛[6],但利用该方法制备的菜籽蛋白产品色泽深、抗营养因子含量高、溶解性差,且能耗高对环境不友好[7],开发高品质菜籽蛋白的可持续制备技术是非常有必要的。
盐溶法作为目前唯一工业化制备可食用菜籽蛋白的方法,可通过调整提取液中盐离子浓度提高蛋白溶出效果,胶束沉淀或直接膜过滤获得高品质菜籽蛋白;Burcon、DSM公司等通过盐法浸提结合超滤、膜过滤等方法制备的菜籽分离蛋白产品已获得FDA的GRAS认证[8−9]。此外,Fetzer等[10]在系统探究盐溶法制备菜籽蛋白中发现,酸性提取环境中添加0.25 mol/L NaCl可有效提高蛋白得率,而碱性浸提条件下盐离子浓度的增大反而会减弱蛋白的浸提效果;梅钰琪等[11]则发现酸性环境中(pH5.5)低浓度的NaCl有利于提高菜籽蛋白得率,并结合超滤可显著降低目标蛋白中的植酸含量,且微波热压处理菜籽粕的蛋白得率偏低;方雪莲等[12]以冷榨脱脂菜籽饼粕为原料,利用弱酸(pH6.5)高盐(150 mmol/L MgCl2)提取酸沉的方法制备了植酸低、色泽浅和气味佳的菜籽蛋白。即菜籽饼粕原料的处理方式、盐离子种类及离子强度、pH等因素均会不同程度地影响蛋白质的提取效果。因此,本文在前人研究的基础上,以脱皮冷榨菜籽饼为原料,在进行抗营养因子脱除预处理的基础上,通过单因素与响应面分析系统探究了盐离子种类、离子强度、提取pH等参数对菜籽蛋白提取的影响,并以碱溶酸沉菜籽蛋白及市售菜籽蛋白为对照,比较分析所获菜籽蛋白的物化特征,以期为盐溶法制备菜籽蛋白提供理论依据。
脱皮冷榨菜籽饼 贵州长顺八妹农副产品开发有限公司提供;菜籽蛋白(记作CAP) 陕西别样红生物科技有限公司;植酸酶(5 U/mg)、黑芥子硫苷酸钾一水、氯化钯、单宁酸 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;Bradford法蛋白浓度测定试剂盒、SDS-PAGE凝胶制备试剂盒、预染蛋白Marker(14.4~97.4 kDa)、4×蛋白上样缓冲液(含DTT) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;盐酸容量分析用溶液标准物质(0.1006 mol/L) 北京海岸鸿蒙标准物质技术有限责任公司;其他试剂均为国产分析纯。
BJ-150多功能粉碎机 德清拜杰电器有限公司;卤素水分仪、FE28型pH计 梅特勒托利多科技(中国)有限公司;TGL-24M高速冷冻离心机 湖南平凡科技有限公司;LGJ-30F冷冻干燥机 北京松源华兴科技发展有限公司;UV-1780型紫外可见分光光度计 岛津仪器(苏州)有限公司;KN680全自动凯氏定氮仪 山东海能科学仪器有限公司;YS3010分光测色仪 深圳市三恩时科技有限公司;NS-90Z Plus纳米粒度及电位分析仪 海欧美克仪器有限公司;FEI Tecnai G2 F30场发射透射电子显微镜 美国FEI公司;Olympus FV3000激光共聚焦显微镜 奥林巴斯株式会社;Apreo C场发射扫描电子显微镜 赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;DYZC-MINI4型电泳仪、WD-9143B凝胶成像系统 北京六一生物科技有限公司。
  粉碎过筛:取适量脱皮冷榨菜籽饼,粉碎过60目筛,取筛下物,即脱皮冷榨菜籽饼粉备用。
植酸酶-乙醇预处理:在前期实验基础上,采用植酸酶复合乙醇前处理制备脱毒菜籽饼。取适量脱皮冷榨菜籽饼粉,与水按料液比1:8 g/mL混合,按1 U/g加入植酸酶,用1 mol/L盐酸调节溶液pH5后在50 ℃条件下酶解1 h后,4 ℃条件下离心(8000 r/min、15 min)取沉淀,进一步用70%乙醇在料液比1:8 g/mL、pH5、60 ℃条件下处理1 h。
离心取沉淀:上述处理混合液,同样条件下离心取沉淀,沉淀即为脱毒菜籽饼。
含盐溶液提取:以脱毒菜籽饼为原料,用含盐溶液进行蛋白提取;提取液离心取上清,上清经透析、冷冻干燥后即获得菜籽蛋白。
单因素实验:在菜籽饼进行脱毒前处理基础上,以盐溶过程中蛋白质溶出率为主要评价指标,依次考察盐种类、离子强度、pH、料液比、温度及时间各因素的影响。具体为,固定离子强度0.5 mol/L、提取pH6、料液比1:8 g/mL、浸提温度50 ℃、浸提时间90 min,盐种类为NaCl、KCl、MgCl2、CaCl2、Na2SO4、K2SO4、MgSO4;固定CaCl2提取介质、提取pH6、料液比1:8 g/mL、浸提温度50 ℃、浸提时间90 min,离子强度为0、0.05、0.25、0.5、0.75、1 mol/L;固定离子强度为0.75 mol/L CaCl2、料液比1:8 g/mL、浸提温度50 ℃、浸提时间90 min,提取pH为5.5、6、6.5、7、8;固定离子强度为0.75 mol/L CaCl2、提取pH6.5、浸提温度50 ℃、浸提时间90 min,料液比为1:8、1:12、1:16、1:20 g/mL;固定离子强度为0.75 mol/L CaCl2、浸提pH6.5、料液比1:12 g/mL、浸提时间90 min,浸提温度30、40、50、60、70 ℃;固定离子强度为0.75 mol/L CaCl2、提取pH6.5、料液比1:12 g/mL、浸提温度50 ℃,浸提时间为30、60、90、120、150 min。
响应面优化试验:在单因素实验的基础上,确定盐离子种类为CaCl2、料液比为1:12 g/mL、提取时间90 min,利用响应面分析法对pH、离子强度、温度3个因素进一步优化。根据Box Behnken试验设计原理,选取pH(A)、离子强度(B)及温度(C)为自变量,以蛋白质溶出率为响应值(Y)进行三因素三水平的响应面分析,优化菜籽蛋白盐溶法工艺条件,试验因素与水平设计见表1。
以最佳盐溶法工艺进行菜籽蛋白提取,离心(8000 r/min,20 min,4 ℃)后取上清液,用透析袋(3.5 kDa)在蒸馏水中透析2 d后,取截流液冷冻干燥得菜籽蛋白,记作SDP。
参考张杰等[13]方法制备碱溶酸沉蛋白,取适量过60目筛的脱皮冷榨菜籽饼粉,脱毒处理后,按料液比1:10与去离子水混合,用NaOH调节体系pH至12,在60 ℃条件下浸提90 min后,离心(8000 r/min,20 min,4 ℃)取上清液,用1 mol/L的HCl调节pH至4.5,静置4 h后离心(8000 r/min,10 min,4 ℃)取沉淀,冷冻干燥后的菜籽蛋白样品,记作AAP。
采用卤素水分仪测定菜籽饼样品的水分含量。参考GB 5009.5-2016中凯氏定氮法(蛋白质换算系数N=6.25)测定原料脱皮冷榨菜籽饼和脱毒菜籽饼的蛋白质含量。
硫苷含量:采用氯化钯方法测定样品中的硫苷含量[14],以黑芥子硫苷酸钾一水标准品绘制标准曲线为Y=0.55637X+0.03658,R2=0.9996(X表示黑芥子硫苷酸钾一水浓度(μmol/mL)、Y表示溶液吸光度)。准确称取脱皮冷榨菜籽饼或脱毒菜籽饼0.1 g于15 mL试管中,沸水浴中干蒸l0 min灭活,加入约90 ℃的热水8 mL并蒸煮40 min,静置冷却后用水稀释至10 mL,过滤后取2 mL与0.1%羧甲基纤维素钠3 mL和4.0 mmol/L氯化钯2 mL混合;在室温反应1 h后,于520 nm处测定吸光值,根据标准曲线求出试样中硫苷的含量。
植酸含量:采用三氯化铁滴定法测定样品中的植酸含量,称取样品0.05 g加入25 mL稀盐酸(pH2),混匀后60 ℃条件下保持30 min,加入0.25 mL 0.3%的磺基水杨酸溶液,用0.02 mol/L的三氯化铁溶液滴定至紫红色且颜色不褪[15]。
$ \text{植酸含量}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{C\times V}\times0.2357}{\mathrm{W}}\times100 $
式中:C为三氯化铁溶液的浓度(mol/L);V为滴定消耗的三氯化铁溶液体积(mL);0.2357代表每分子植酸可配合2.8个Fe3+,即1 mmol三氯化铁消耗 0.2357 g植酸;W为样品的质量(g)。
总酚含量:参考赵秋伶等[16]方法采用福林酚显色法测定菜籽饼中的总酚含量,并作适当修改。具体为,取不同浓度的没食子酸校准品1 mL与0.5 mL福林酚试剂、2 mL的7.5%碳酸钠溶液和7.5 mL的超纯水涡旋混匀,70 ℃保持30 min后,在750 nm下测定吸光值,得标准曲线Y=0.00975X+0.00616,R2=0.998(X表示没食子酸浓度(mg/mL)、Y表示溶液吸光度)。取待测样品1 g,加入10 mL 70%的甲醇于室温下涡旋混合5 min,离心取上清(6000 r/min,20 min),取1 mL上清液按上述方法处理,测定其在750 nm下的吸光值,根据标准曲线求出试样中总酚的含量。
采用激光共聚焦显微镜(confocal laser scanning microscopy,CLSM)对菜籽、脱皮冷榨菜籽饼及脱毒菜籽饼的微观结构进行观察[17]。取样品加入1 mL 2.5%戊二醛固定24 h后,使用冰冻切片机将样品切成30 μm的切片,依次使用0.02%FITC、0.01%尼罗红和1% Calcofluor White Stain对切片进行染色,室温避光染色 15 min,分别在488、545和405 nm下进行观察。
采用Bradford法测定不同盐溶条件下菜籽蛋白的溶出量,得到蛋白质浓度的标曲为:Y=1.95901X+0.002322,R2=0.9925(X表示BSA当量(mg)、Y表示溶液吸光度)。
$ \rm {蛋白质溶出率}({\text{%}}) =\frac{{盐溶液中BSA当量}}{{脱皮冷榨菜籽饼蛋白质含量}}\times 100 $
采用电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)测定最佳盐溶条件下菜籽蛋白提取上清液的形貌特征,提取液过0.22 μm膜后于碳膜铜网上沉淀10 min,滴加醋酸双氧铀染色液染色2 min,自然晾干,在300 kV加速电压下进行观察。
采用YS3010分光测色仪测定菜籽蛋白样品的L*、a*、b*值,测试参数为D65光源、直径8 mm测量区、10°观测角,进行白板校正和黑板校正后,取适量样品粉末平铺在桌面上,将粉末压紧实后置于测色仪测量口下端,保持稳定并进行测定。
参照上述1.2.3.1和1.2.3.2的方法测定SDP(盐溶透析蛋白)、AAP(碱溶酸沉蛋白)、CAP(市售菜籽蛋白)三种不同菜籽蛋白的蛋白质含量及抗营养因子含量。
参照Wang等[18]的实验方法进行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳,并作适当修改。具体方法为,配制5%的浓缩胶和12%的分离胶,取适量蛋白溶液与上样缓冲液1:1等体积混合,煮沸5 min后离心(6000 r/min,5 min),取上清液10 μL进行上样。在恒压下进行电泳操作,初始电压80 V跑30 min调至120 V。电泳结束后采用考马斯亮蓝快速染色液过夜染色,去离子水脱色至条带清晰。
采用FTIR测定不同蛋白质的二级结构,称取一定量样品与KBr以1:10混合均匀,压薄片后于红外光谱仪中做全波段(400~4000 cm−1)扫描,然后用Omnic软件取1600~1700 cm−1波段图谱进行放大,用Peak Fit 4.12软件分析蛋白质的二级结构。
参照冶梓芩等[19]的方法并作适当修改,取适量样品分散在去离子水中配制1 mg/mL的样品溶液,常温下混匀振荡1 h后,用1 mol/L的HCl和1 mol/L的NaOH调整溶液pH至3~12间不同值,常温下继续混匀0.5 h,随后离心10 min(4 ℃,8000 r/min)取上清液,用Bradford法测定上清液中蛋白质含量,并按下式计算不同pH环境中蛋白质的溶解度:
$ \rm{蛋白质溶解度}({\text{%}}) =\frac{{上清液中蛋白质当量}}{{样品中蛋白质含量}}\times 100 $
同时测定不同pH条件下蛋白质溶液中的Zeta电位。
所有实验均重复3次,结果表示为平均值±标准差,采用SPSS 20对实验数据进行处理和ANOVA 显著性分析,P<0.05为显著性差异,采用Origin 2021软件作图。
高抗营养因子含量是限制菜籽饼广泛应用的主要因素之一[20]。如表2所示,植酸酶联合含水乙醇预处理可有效脱除菜籽饼中的抗营养因子,处理后的菜籽饼其植酸、硫苷和总酚含量可分别降低至约0.84%、27.91 μmol/g和0.65 mg/g,符合GB/T 22514-2008《菜籽粕》中低硫苷菜籽粕(硫甙含量≤35.0 μmol/g)的要求,同时伴随着粗蛋白含量提升,这可能也与菜籽饼中部分脂肪的脱除有关。如图1所示,油菜籽细胞内部被蛋白质和油脂充斥,其中部分油脂沿细胞壁均匀分布,且蛋白质尺寸明显大于油脂(图1a);经脱皮压榨后,原有细胞结构破碎、油脂与蛋白从细胞中释放,大部分残余脂肪与蛋白紧密结合成均一的球状(图1b),即两者间存在较强的亲和力[17];进一步进行抗营养因子脱除处理后,可明显发现大量的脂肪与蛋白复合物被脱除。
盐离子种类可直接影响蛋白质的盐溶效果[21]。由图2a可知,相同离子强度条件下盐离子种类一定程度上会影响菜籽蛋白的溶出效果,其中NaCl溶液的蛋白溶出率最高为14.33%±0.30%,其次是CaCl2溶液,且两者之间无显著性差异(P>0.05),相比之下MgSO4的蛋白溶出率明显低于其他盐类;此外,相同阳离子盐体系中,氯化盐的菜籽蛋白促溶效果优于硫酸盐,与Hofmeister效应的阴离子次序相一致[22];再者,利用CaCl2提取的蛋白溶液中植酸含量显著低于其他盐类处理组(P<0.05),仅为0.12%±0.003%,这可能是因为植酸与钙离子络合,改变了植酸的存在形式使其沉淀[23]。综合考虑CaCl2处理时高蛋白溶出率及低植酸残留率,选择CaCl2进行盐溶法提取蛋白的优化。
在确定盐离子种类的基础上,进一步分析离子强度等参数对蛋白溶出效果的影响,结果如图2b所示。首先,蛋白质溶出率随离子强度的增大呈现先升高后降低的趋势,离子强度为0~0.75 mol/L时,蛋白质的溶出率由0.12%±0.02%提高至13.19%±0.18%,随后随着离子强度的增大,蛋白溶出率略有下降,这与方雪莲等[12]利用MgCl2提取菜籽蛋白的研究趋势相一致;这可能是因为随着离子强度的增大、即盐离子浓度的增加,蛋白质与介质中水分子相互作用增强,从而促进蛋白质溶解,但当离子强度进一步增大时,离子直接改变水体结构,降低其与蛋白质的相互作用,从而抑制蛋白质的溶出[24],因此优选0.75 mol/L的离子强度。其次,蛋白质溶出率在pH6.5条件下达到最高为15.84%±0.12%,并在pH7条件下表现最低为13.74%±0.34%(P<0.05),推测与菜籽12S球蛋白等电点约为7.2有关[25],因此优选pH6.5进行下一步实验。再者,当料液比从1:8增加至1:12时,蛋白溶出率从17.23%±0.90%显著增加至26.22%±1.81%(P<0.05),当料液比继续增加时,料液比1:12、1:16、1:20的溶出率分别为26.22%±1.81%、28.39%±2.44%、29.71%±1.68%,蛋白溶出率虽逐步增高,但增速明显放缓,且组间无显著性差异(P>0.05);已知料液比的增加必然会使物料与介质充分接触从而促进蛋白的溶出转移,但考虑到实际生产中料液比不宜过大,因此优选1:12为最佳料液比。进一步,蛋白溶出率受浸提温度和时间的影响相近,均表现为先增加后下降的趋势,具体在50 ℃时达到27.13%±0.52%、在90 min的提取时间内提高至28.39%±0.04%,推测与蛋白质的溶出已达到平衡并趋于停滞有关[26],且随着时间的延长,已溶出的蛋白质可能会发生聚集沉淀从而导致蛋白质表观溶出率降低;因此优选90 min为最佳浸提时间。
在单因素优化的基础上,确定选用CaCl2溶液、料液比1:12、浸提时间90 min,利用响应面进一步对pH、离子强度和温度进行优化。根据Box-Behnken原理进行3因素3水平试验设计,试验方案和结果如表3所示。
利用Design Expert8.0.6软件对结果进行方差分析(表4),对拟合回归方程进行方差分析和显著性检验,将数据进行二次多元回归拟合,得到蛋白质溶出率(Y)与pH(A)、离子强度(B)和浸提温度(C)的回归方程为:Y=−155.83067+45.7058A+49.3294B+0.70903C+0.168AB+0.0745AC+0.3348BC−3.8781A2−45.489B2−0.013586C2。由表4可知,模型P值<0.0001,表明模型拟合效果显著,能很好地反映变量与响应变量之间的关系;回归模型的失拟项为0.7452,即失拟不显著,较好呈现了蛋白溶出率与pH、离子强度和温度之间的关系;多元决定系数R2=0.9858,拟合效果较好。进一步的,一次项(A、C)和二次项(A2、B2、C2)的P值均<0.01,交互项AC、BC的P值<0.05,即各变量系数对模型影响显著。
在模型分析的基础上,进一步分析了盐溶工艺中交互因素对蛋白质溶出率的影响。如图3所示,模型中交互因素的响应曲面较为陡峭、开口向下,等高线呈椭圆形,菜籽蛋白溶出率随提取介质pH(A)、离子强度(B)及提取温度(C)的增大呈现先升高后降低的趋势,说明在响应曲面上存在最大响应值,模型建立良好。同时结合拟合方程,交互作用AC、BC对蛋白质溶出率影响显著(P<0.05),二次项A2、B2、C2对蛋白质溶出率影响极显著(P<0.01)。以蛋白质溶出率最大,分析优化得到的盐溶提取条件为pH6.42、离子强度0.75 mol/L、浸提温度52.91 ℃,该条件下理论蛋白溶出率为28.05%。考虑实际操作,经修正确定最终工艺参数为以CaCl2为盐离子进行提取,离子强度0.75 mol/L、pH6.5、浸提温度53 ℃、料液比1:12 g/mL、提取时间90 min,此条件下进行3次平行实验,得到蛋白质溶出率为27.96%±0.54%,与理论值相当,实验值和预测值具有良好的相关性,说明该响应面模型和最优化条件是有效的。
对最优条件下的菜籽蛋白提取溶液进行形貌观察。由图4可知,盐溶提取液中菜籽蛋白大部分以均一的球状或类球状形式存在(直径约25 nm),少数呈短棒状或聚集簇,可能为蛋白聚集体,其中部分颗粒呈“珍珠项链”似的线性排列,考虑到蛋白提取液pH在6左右及大量Ca2+(0.25 mol/L)的存在,推测钙盐作为凝固剂促进了提取液中蛋白质的聚集[27]。
不同制备方式所获菜籽蛋白的表观色泽如表5所示。可以看出,SDP和AAP的L*、a*、b*间差异显著(P<0.05),其中SDP呈淡黄绿色、AAP呈深黄褐色,与CAP的淡黄色存在明显的差距(图5),通常认为酚类化合物在碱性条件下会形成酮类物质,而酮类物质会与蛋白质反应产生深绿色或棕色物质[28]。总体而言,盐溶透析法获得的菜籽蛋白色泽较碱提酸沉法的浅,与方雪莲等[12]利用弱酸高盐法获得的菜籽蛋白结果一致。
制备方式可以显著影响蛋白质的物质组成[6]。如表6所示,SDP的粗蛋白含量为77.12%±0.63%,显著高于AAP(P<0.05),与前期盐溶法制备所获菜籽蛋白的纯度相近[11−12],但显著低于Jia等[29]利用NaCl盐提超滤联合透析法制备的分离菜籽蛋白94.39%±1.70%的纯度,推测一方面与其弱碱性环境提取以及采用脱脂菜籽粕有关,另一方面盐溶蛋白提取液在经过超滤-透析双重处理后其纯度必然会提升。在抗营养因子含量方面,SDP的植酸含量最低仅为0.13%±0.01%,这可能是盐溶过程中Ca2+与植酸螯合沉淀的原因,而碱溶过程中植酸则会与蛋白一起溶出;但SDP的硫苷含量显著高于AAP,这与方雪莲等[12]利用弱酸高盐法制备的菜籽蛋白中未检出硫苷、碱溶酸沉蛋白则含有21.7 μmol/g的结果相反;但另有研究指出,在酸性pH(3~7)范围内硫苷的提取率几乎不受pH影响[30],而在碱性条件下其提取率随pH升高显著增加[31],即碱性环境更易于菜籽蛋白中硫苷的脱除;SDP中的多酚含量与CAP相近,并均明显低于AAP,这也是AAP颜色较深的原因。
采用SDS-PAGE分析盐溶透析法与碱溶酸沉法对制备菜籽蛋白的影响。前期研究报道,典型的菜籽蛋白主要由12S球蛋白(Cruciferin)和2S白蛋白(Napin)组成,其中球蛋白为碱性蛋白,由α-多肽链(30.0~40.0 kDa)和β-多肽链(20.0 kDa)以二硫键连接组成,白蛋白为酸溶蛋白,由两条多肽链(4~5 kDa的小链和9~10 kDa的大链)组成[6,32]。从图6可看出,SDP明显呈现出3条条带,分子量分别在~31、~20.1、<14.4 kDa,并以<14.4 kDa条带为主,说明SDP中以Napin组分居多;相比,APP与CAP样品中无明显<14.4 kDa的条带,这主要是因为Napin为酸溶性蛋白且等电点约为11[33]。
利用傅里叶红外光谱对蛋白质的二级结构进行分析,通常将光谱的酰胺I带(1600~1700 cm−1)进行去卷积处理预测不同制备方法菜籽蛋白中α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲的相对含量[34]。图7为三种菜籽蛋白FTIR谱图的二阶导光谱,其中1612~1631 cm−1、1689~1701cm−1与β-折叠结构有关,1631~1645 cm−1与无规则卷曲有关,1645~1678 cm−1与α-螺旋结构有关,1678~1689 cm−1与β-转角结构有关。由表7可知,AAP与CAP二级结构组成类似,具有较高含量β-折叠,推测碱溶酸沉的过程会诱导蛋白部分发生变性,从而形成了更为规则的β-折叠结构;SDP中相对较高的α-螺旋和β-转角含量与其富含Napin(天然Napin具有较高比例的α-螺旋)有关[35],推测其具有更加稳定的结构及柔韧性。此外,不同蛋白间的无规则卷曲含量无明显差异。总体说明盐溶透析法所制备的菜籽蛋白具有更加稳定的二级结构,与冶梓芩等[19]的研究结果相一致。
蛋白质溶解性是植物蛋白最重要的功能特性[36]。如图8所示,在pH3~12范围内,SDP、AAP和CAP的溶解性均随着pH的升高表现出先降低后升高的趋势,且相同条件下SDP(29.29%±0.99%~75.17%±2.77%)与AAP(17.26%±1.22%~76.59%±1.09%)相比具有更高的溶解度,与以往研究趋势相一致[11],但却明显低于梅钰琪等[11]采用盐溶结合超滤提取蛋白85%以上溶解度(pH2~12),推测是其微波处理提高了菜籽蛋白的溶解度。进一步的,AAP和CAP的溶解度均在pH≈4处最小,而SDP则在pH≈5附近溶解度最小,推测与AAP采用酸沉(pH4.5)进行蛋白回收且组分以球蛋白为主,而SDP以Napin为主有关。此外,相对应的,AAP和CAP均在pH4条件下Zeta电位绝对值最小,SDP在pH5时Zeta电位接近0 mV。
本文对菜籽蛋白的盐法提取工艺进行了系统优化,并对菜籽蛋白的物化特性进行了表征。结果表明,以脱皮冷榨菜籽饼为原料,在进行植酸酶-含水乙醇梯次前处理的基础上,以CaCl2溶液为提取介质,在离子强度0.75 mol/L、pH6.5、料液比1:12 g/mL、53 ℃条件下浸提90 min,经离心透析冻后可获得蛋白含量高、抗营养因子含量低的菜籽蛋白;与碱溶酸沉蛋白相比,盐溶透析菜籽蛋白色泽良好、富含Napin组分、具有更加稳定的蛋白结构及更优的溶解特性。综上,盐溶法可作为高品质菜籽蛋白制备的有效路径之一,可进一步探究前处理对盐溶法制备菜籽蛋白的影响,为其高效高质开发提供支撑。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070313
  • 接收时间:2025-07-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-25
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    1农业农村部规划设计研究院 农业农村部农产品产地初加工重点实验室,北京 100121
    2中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083

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翟晓娜(1989−),女,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:功能因子的挖掘及其稳态化,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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