Article(id=1320882667613180453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050084, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746979200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852568772, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852568772, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852568772, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852568772, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=512, endPage=525, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882667923558950, articleId=1320882667613180453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of Research Hotspots and Trends of Human Milk Oligosaccharides Based on CiteSpace and Advances in Biosynthesis, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), as unique bioactive components in breast milk, have gained great scientific interest in recent years due to their potential beneficial mechanisms for infant health. To systematically elucidate the research status, hotspots, and developmental trends in the field of HMOs, a multidimensional bibliometric analysis of 3282 HMOs-related research articles indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection database was performed from 2000 to 2025. Firstly, quantitative analysis of the annual publication trends and journal distribution patterns are carried out. Then the visualization maps of country, institution, author, and keyword are generated to identify core research nations, significant research organizations, high-productivity author groups, and research hotspots through CiteSpace. The analytical results demonstrate that the field of HMOs is undergoing exponential growth, and the research institutions and scientific researchers in the United States occupy a core position. It is worth noting that the domestic research on HMOs is showing a rapid growth trend and Jiangnan University has driven significant research advances. Current research hotspots mainly focused on two directions, including the regulatory mechanism of HMOs interactions with intestinal microbiota, and the development of biosynthetic technologies for HMOs using Escherichia coli cell factories. Compared to chemical synthesis, enzymatic and microbial synthesis are widely recognized as more promising strategies for HMOs synthesis owing to their sustainability, efficiency, and high specificity. Given the surging demand for HMOs in infant formulas and functional foods along with continuous advances in synthetic biology, the enhancement of yield and synthesis efficiency of HMOs is urgent to overcome this technical bottleneck. Accordingly, biosynthesis methodologies for HMOs production are comprehensively categorized and evaluated, aiming to provide valuable insights to support industrialization and guide future developments in this field.

, authors=Chenhui YING1, 2, Yingqi PING1, Dan LIU1, Ziheng JIN3, Zhengqiang JIANG1, 2, *, authorsList=Chenhui YING, Yingqi PING, Dan LIU, Ziheng JIN, Zhengqiang JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhengqiang JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882672130445877, articleId=1320882667613180453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于CiteSpace的母乳低聚糖研究热点和趋势分析及其生物合成研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

母乳低聚糖又称母乳寡糖(human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs),是母乳中独特的生物活性成分,近年来因其对婴幼儿健康的潜在有益机制而持续引发研究热潮。为系统阐明HMOs领域的研究现状、热点和趋势,本研究基于Web of Science核心合集数据库,对2000~2025年收录的3282篇HMOs研究文献展开多维度文献计量分析。首先,统计分析文献的年发文量趋势和在各类期刊的分布情况,然后运用CiteSpace绘制国家、机构、作者和关键词可视化图谱,识别核心研究国家、重要研究机构、高产作者群体以及研究热点主题。结果表明,HMOs领域正处于高速发展阶段,美国的科研机构和人员在该领域占据核心地位。值得关注的是,国内HMOs研究呈现快速增长趋势,以江南大学为代表的科研机构在该领域取得显著进展。当前HMOs领域的研究热点主要聚焦于两大方面:HMOs与肠道菌群的互作机制研究和大肠杆菌细胞工厂合成HMOs的技术开发。与化学合成法相比,酶法和微生物细胞合成法因其绿色可持续、高效且专一性强等优势,被广泛认为是更具发展潜力的HMOs合成策略。随着HMOs在婴幼儿配方奶粉和功能性食品中的应用需求持续增长以及合成生物学技术的不断突破,如何进一步提升HMOs的产量与合成效率已成为当前亟待突破的关键技术瓶颈。因此,本文系统归纳总结HMOs的生物合成方法,为HMOs领域的产业化进程和后续发展提供重要参考价值。

, authors=应晨辉1, 2, 平颖奇1, 刘丹1, 金子恒3, 江正强1, 2, *, authorsList=应晨辉, 平颖奇, 刘丹, 金子恒, 江正强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=江正强, authorNote=

应晨辉(2001−),男,博士研究生,研究方向:食品合成生物学,E-mail:

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江正强(1971−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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Microbial Cell Factories, 2025, 24(1): 2., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882708750914280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882667613180453, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=101, rfOrder=109, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ENDO S, SUGITA T, KAMAI S, et al. Selective microbial production of lacto-N-fucopentaose I in Escherichia coli using engineered α-1, 2-fucosyltransferases[J]. Metabolic Engineering, 2024, 82: 1−11., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882708889326313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882667613180453, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=102, rfOrder=110, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Mengwei, ZHANG Kang, LIU Tongle, et al. High-level production of lacto-N-neotetraose in Escherichia coli by stepwise optimization of the biosynthetic pathway[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2023, 71(43): 16212−16220., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882710718042858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882667613180453, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=103, rfOrder=111, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DENG Jieying, GU Liuyan, CHEN Taichi, et al. Engineering the substrate transport and cofactor regeneration systems for enhancing 2′-fucosyllactose synthesis in Bacillus subtilis[J]. ACS Synthetic Biology, 2019, 8(10): 2418−2427., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882710818706155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882667613180453, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=104, rfOrder=112, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Zhongkui, NI Zhijian, CHEN Xiangsong, et al. Multi-enzymatic cascade one-pot biosynthesis of 3′-sialyllactose using engineered Escherichia coli[J]. 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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2022, 70(25): 7727−7735., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882710999061229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882667613180453, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=106, rfOrder=114, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUGITA T, KOKETSU K. Transporter engineering enables the efficient production of lacto-N-triose II and lacto-N-tetraose in Escherichia coli[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2022, 70(16): 5106−5114., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882711137473262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882667613180453, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=107, rfOrder=115, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Yuanlin, ZHU Yingying, WAN Li, et al. High-level De novo biosynthesis of 2′-fucosyllactose by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli[J]. 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journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882667613180453, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Top ten journals by the number of literature publications in the field of HMOs (2000~2025)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
排名期刊发文量
(篇)
影响因子
(2025)
出版商
1Nutrients1865.0MDPI
2Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry1376.2American Chemical Society
3Journal of Nutrition633.8Elsevier
4Frontiers in Nutrition605.1Frontiers Media S.A.
5Scientific Reports573.9Nature
6Glycobiology553.3Oxford University Press
7Analytical Chemistry476.7American Chemical Society
8Applied and Environmental Microbiology453.7American Society for Microbiology
8Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition452.7Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Ltd.
9British Journal of Nutrition413.0Cambridge University Press
9International Journal of Molecular Sciences414.9MDPI
9Microorganisms414.2MDPI
10Journal of Dairy Science394.4Elsevier
), ArticleFig(id=1320882683543147128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882667613180453, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

HMOs领域文献发文量排名前10的期刊(2000~2025年)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
排名期刊发文量
(篇)
影响因子
(2025)
出版商
1Nutrients1865.0MDPI
2Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry1376.2American Chemical Society
3Journal of Nutrition633.8Elsevier
4Frontiers in Nutrition605.1Frontiers Media S.A.
5Scientific Reports573.9Nature
6Glycobiology553.3Oxford University Press
7Analytical Chemistry476.7American Chemical Society
8Applied and Environmental Microbiology453.7American Society for Microbiology
8Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition452.7Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Ltd.
9British Journal of Nutrition413.0Cambridge University Press
9International Journal of Molecular Sciences414.9MDPI
9Microorganisms414.2MDPI
10Journal of Dairy Science394.4Elsevier
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基于CiteSpace的母乳低聚糖研究热点和趋势分析及其生物合成研究进展
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应晨辉 1, 2 , 平颖奇 1 , 刘丹 1 , 金子恒 3 , 江正强 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(10): 512-525
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (10) : 512 -525
基于CiteSpace的母乳低聚糖研究热点和趋势分析及其生物合成研究进展
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应晨辉1, 2 , 平颖奇1, 刘丹1, 金子恒3, 江正强1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2中原食品实验室,河南漯河 462000
  • 3河南中大恒源生物科技股份有限公司,河南漯河 462000
通讯作者:
江正强(1971−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

应晨辉(2001−),男,博士研究生,研究方向:食品合成生物学,E-mail:

Analysis of Research Hotspots and Trends of Human Milk Oligosaccharides Based on CiteSpace and Advances in Biosynthesis
Chenhui YING1, 2 , Yingqi PING1, Dan LIU1, Ziheng JIN3, Zhengqiang JIANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462000, China
  • 3Henan Zhongda Hengyuan Biotechnology Stock Co., Ltd., Luohe 462600, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050084
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母乳低聚糖又称母乳寡糖(human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs),是母乳中独特的生物活性成分,近年来因其对婴幼儿健康的潜在有益机制而持续引发研究热潮。为系统阐明HMOs领域的研究现状、热点和趋势,本研究基于Web of Science核心合集数据库,对2000~2025年收录的3282篇HMOs研究文献展开多维度文献计量分析。首先,统计分析文献的年发文量趋势和在各类期刊的分布情况,然后运用CiteSpace绘制国家、机构、作者和关键词可视化图谱,识别核心研究国家、重要研究机构、高产作者群体以及研究热点主题。结果表明,HMOs领域正处于高速发展阶段,美国的科研机构和人员在该领域占据核心地位。值得关注的是,国内HMOs研究呈现快速增长趋势,以江南大学为代表的科研机构在该领域取得显著进展。当前HMOs领域的研究热点主要聚焦于两大方面:HMOs与肠道菌群的互作机制研究和大肠杆菌细胞工厂合成HMOs的技术开发。与化学合成法相比,酶法和微生物细胞合成法因其绿色可持续、高效且专一性强等优势,被广泛认为是更具发展潜力的HMOs合成策略。随着HMOs在婴幼儿配方奶粉和功能性食品中的应用需求持续增长以及合成生物学技术的不断突破,如何进一步提升HMOs的产量与合成效率已成为当前亟待突破的关键技术瓶颈。因此,本文系统归纳总结HMOs的生物合成方法,为HMOs领域的产业化进程和后续发展提供重要参考价值。

母乳低聚糖  /  CiteSpace  /  文献计量学  /  酶法合成  /  大肠杆菌  /  微生物细胞合成

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), as unique bioactive components in breast milk, have gained great scientific interest in recent years due to their potential beneficial mechanisms for infant health. To systematically elucidate the research status, hotspots, and developmental trends in the field of HMOs, a multidimensional bibliometric analysis of 3282 HMOs-related research articles indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection database was performed from 2000 to 2025. Firstly, quantitative analysis of the annual publication trends and journal distribution patterns are carried out. Then the visualization maps of country, institution, author, and keyword are generated to identify core research nations, significant research organizations, high-productivity author groups, and research hotspots through CiteSpace. The analytical results demonstrate that the field of HMOs is undergoing exponential growth, and the research institutions and scientific researchers in the United States occupy a core position. It is worth noting that the domestic research on HMOs is showing a rapid growth trend and Jiangnan University has driven significant research advances. Current research hotspots mainly focused on two directions, including the regulatory mechanism of HMOs interactions with intestinal microbiota, and the development of biosynthetic technologies for HMOs using Escherichia coli cell factories. Compared to chemical synthesis, enzymatic and microbial synthesis are widely recognized as more promising strategies for HMOs synthesis owing to their sustainability, efficiency, and high specificity. Given the surging demand for HMOs in infant formulas and functional foods along with continuous advances in synthetic biology, the enhancement of yield and synthesis efficiency of HMOs is urgent to overcome this technical bottleneck. Accordingly, biosynthesis methodologies for HMOs production are comprehensively categorized and evaluated, aiming to provide valuable insights to support industrialization and guide future developments in this field.

human milk oligosaccharides  /  CiteSpace  /  bibliometrics  /  enzymatic synthesis  /  Escherichia coli  /  microbial synthesis
应晨辉, 平颖奇, 刘丹, 金子恒, 江正强. 基于CiteSpace的母乳低聚糖研究热点和趋势分析及其生物合成研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 512 -525 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050084
Chenhui YING, Yingqi PING, Dan LIU, Ziheng JIN, Zhengqiang JIANG. Analysis of Research Hotspots and Trends of Human Milk Oligosaccharides Based on CiteSpace and Advances in Biosynthesis[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 512 -525 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050084
近年来,世界卫生组织发布的指南中着重强调:母乳是婴幼儿最理想的天然食物,也是最能满足婴幼儿生长发育所需的食物[1]。母乳低聚糖(human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs)又称母乳寡糖,是母乳中仅次于乳糖和脂质的第三大固体成分,同时也是母乳和牛乳的主要差异组分之一。HMOs含量在母乳的不同时期存在差异,初乳、过渡乳和成熟乳中HMOs的平均含量分别为17.7、13.3和11.3 g/L[2]。HMOs已证实对婴幼儿健康极为重要,不仅作为天然益生元塑造肠道微生物菌群,还作为生物活性物质促进免疫系统与大脑发育,具有抗炎、抗病毒以及预防坏死性小肠结肠炎等功效[3]。因此,HMOs已成为新一代婴幼儿配方奶粉的黄金标准成分[4]。
HMOs是一类由D-半乳糖(D-galactose,Gal)、D-葡萄糖(D-glucose,Glc)、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖(N-acetyl-D-glucosamine,GlcNAc)、L-岩藻糖(L-fucose,Fuc)和唾液酸(主要形式为N-乙酰神经氨酸,N-acetylneuraminic acid,Neu5Ac))五种单糖单元通过多种糖苷键连接而成的非缀合型复杂聚糖分子,其分子结构特征表现为还原端以乳糖为核心骨架[5−6]。乳糖经岩藻糖基化生成2'-岩藻糖基乳糖(2'-fucosyllactose,2'-FL)、3-岩藻糖基乳糖(3-fucosyllactose,3-FL)和二岩藻糖基乳糖(difucosyllactose,DFL)或唾液酸化生成3'-唾液酸乳糖(3'-sialyllactose,3'-SL)和6'-唾液酸乳糖(6'-sialyllactose,6'-SL),也可与乳酰-N-二糖(lacto-N-biose,LNB)和N-乙酰乳糖胺(N-acetyllactosamine,LacNAc)通过β-1,3和β-1,6糖苷键连接产生多种中性核心HMOs[7]。中性核心HMOs可进一步通过α-1,2、α-1,3和α-1,4糖苷键岩藻糖基化或α-2,3和α-2,6糖苷键唾液酸化[8]。迄今,已鉴定出200余种HMOs,其中160多种HMOs的结构已被完全阐明[9−10]。
文献计量学是信息学的分支,通过对文献实施定量分析和绘制知识图谱,体现相关领域的研究趋势和新兴热点[11]。该学科以科学出版物作为输入,通过可视化手段展现研究领域的知识结构框架,进而明确其发展态势[12]。CiteSpace是一款利用Java语言开发的信息可视化软件,主要基于共引分析理论和寻径网络算法对特定领域文献进行计量研究。其目的是探寻学科领域发展的关键路径和知识转折点,并通过绘制一系列可视化图谱,来剖析学科演化的潜在动力机制以及探测学科发展的前沿方向[13]。CiteSpace已广泛应用于多个学科领域,包括法学、工学、农学、医学、经济学以及教育学等学科[14−19]。Gu等[20]利用CiteSpace对1978~2024年的乳铁蛋白相关研究进行文献计量和可视化分析,发现乳铁蛋白纳米颗粒及其对肠道菌群的影响是一个新兴的研究领域。Zheng等[21]基于CiteSpace的文献计量分析方法,对近10年在淀粉发酵领域发表的文献进行分析、回顾和简要评论,得出食品发酵和清洁能源是主要关注点的结论,为促进淀粉发酵技术的产业化发展和临床应用提供新的见解。为系统梳理水凝胶在生物医学应用领域的发展动态与研究趋势,Sun等[22]采用CiteSpace对过去52年的水凝胶领域文献进行计量分析,通过作者合作网络、机构产出分布、关键词共现以及文献共被引网络的可视化解析,揭示了水凝胶促进伤口愈合这一突出研究热点。
为了解目前HMOs领域的研究现状和热点,本文采用文献计量学分析方法,以Web of Science核心合集数据库收录的HMOs领域相关文献为研究对象,分析文献的年度发文量分布,绘制发文趋势图,并统计文献在各类期刊的发表情况。随后,应用CiteSpace从国家、机构、作者和关键词这四个维度进行可视化图谱分析并呈现HMOs领域的知识网络图谱,剖析蕴含的潜在信息,客观、全面地探究该领域的前沿热点和未来发展趋势,为HMOs领域的后续发展提供重要参考。
为提升数据的代表性和可访问性,着重检索Web of Science核心合集数据库(由于在中国知网数据库中检索到的HMOs相关研究文献数量有限,缺乏统计学意义,因此未将其纳入分析范畴)。“TS=human milk oligosaccharides”设为检索语句,时间设置为2000~2025年,文献类型限定为“article”和“review article”。检索到的文献以“Plain text file”格式导出,以“download*_*.txt”命名后导入CiteSpace[版本号:6.3.R1(64-bit)Basic]。为达到绘制知识图谱的数据格式要求,导入的数据通过CiteSpace进行格式转换[23]。时间切片设置为1年,分别设置节点类型为国家(Country)、机构(Institution)、作者(Author)和关键词(Keyword),并用Pathfinder和Pruning the merged network来修剪简化,其余参数设置为默认。
在国家、机构、作者合作网络分析中,节点大小代表国家、机构、作者的发文量[24];在关键词共现分析中,节点大小代表关键词的频次,圆圈层数代表研究时间跨度,连线代表关键词间联系的频繁度,连线粗细代表关键词间互动频率的高低[25];在机构和关键词突变分析中,时间轴由蓝色线表示,关键词爆发的时间间隔由红色部分表示,代表爆发的开始年份、结束年份和持续时间[26]。
文献年度出版量和时间分布能直观反映研究热度在特定时间段内的变化,从而用于分析研究领域总体发展态势。在对文献进行去重和筛选后,共检索到3282篇文献,其中包含2559篇研究类论文和723篇综述。通过绘制HMOs领域发文量的年度分布图(图1),发现HMOs领域的研究状况主要划分为三个阶段:缓慢起始阶段(2000~2009年),此阶段总计发文428篇,年均发文量为42.8篇;快速发展阶段(2010~2018年),此阶段总计发文1138篇,年均发文量达126.4篇;高速发展提升阶段(2019~2024年),此阶段总计发文1657篇,年均发文量增长至276.2篇。截至2025年2月已发表文献共计41篇,基于当前发表趋势分析,预计2025年发文量将维持在250篇左右。综上所述,从年度出版量的统计情况来看,HMOs领域的文献发表数量总体呈大幅度上升趋势,说明HMOs领域是热点研究方向。
期刊是文献发表的重要平台,也是承载学术成果的重要载体。本文对HMOs领域文献发文量居前10位的期刊进行统计。如表1所示,Nutrients以186篇发文量居首位,Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry以137篇紧随其后,Journal of Nutrition则以63篇发文量位列第三。发表的热门期刊属于营养学(Nutrition Dietetics)、生物化学与分子生物学(Biochemistry Molecular Biology)、食品科学技术(Food Science Technology)和微生物学(Microbiology)等学科。
从国家层面分析HMOs领域可系统评估各国的科研产出水平和学术领导力,进而精准识别具有知识传播网络枢纽属性的核心国家[27]。通过CiteSpace对各国的文献发表数量以及合作关系进行可视化分析,得到节点数为98,连线数为476,密度为0.1001的国家合作网络可视化图谱(图2)。在2000~2025年期间,总计有98个国家发表与HMOs研究相关的文献。排名前十位的国家分别为:美国(USA)、中国(PEOPLES R CHINA)、荷兰(NETHERLANDS)、德国(GERMANY)、日本(JAPAN)、意大利(ITALY)、英国(ENGLAND)、西班牙(SPAIN)、丹麦(DENMARK)和加拿大(CANADA)。从文献发表数量来看,美国以974篇的发文量居首位,占文献总数的29.68%;中国紧随其后,贡献517篇研究成果(占比16.97%);荷兰则以302篇的产出量排名第三(占比9.20%)。这三个国家的发文量合计达到1793篇,占总发文量的54.63%,显示出其在HMOs领域的重要影响力。在Citespace知识图谱分析中,中介中心性(betweenness centrality,BC)是用于衡量节点在整个网络里所起到连接作用大小的关键指标,其定义为网络中的所有最短路径里经过该节点的路径数量[28]。节点的BC越高,意味着它在网络的最短路径中出现的频次越高,表明其学术影响力和学科贡献度越显著,一般定义BC大于或等于0.1的节点为关键节点[29]。BC大于或等于0.1的国家分别为美国(BC=0.32)、英国(BC=0.31)、法国(FRANCE,BC=0.18)、荷兰(BC=0.13)、印度(INDIA,BC=0.13)、德国(BC=0.12)、西班牙(BC=0.12)和日本(BC=0.10),说明这些国家对HMOs领域的研究贡献较突出。分析美国和中国在不同年份的文献发表情况,发现美国在2012~2018年期间的发文量最多,而中国的高发文量时段为2019~2024年,并且美国的BC远高于中国(BC=0.03),这表明美国在HMOs领域的研究居主导地位,但近年来中国呈现快速发展趋势。
从机构层面针对HMOs领域的核心研究机构以及各机构之间的合作影响力展开分析,对寻找具有学术影响力且需要重点关注的机构具有重要意义[30]。通过CiteSpace对各机构的文献发表数量以及合作关系进行可视化分析,得到节点数为282,连线数为690,密度为0.0174的机构合作网络可视化图谱。如图3所示,总计有282个机构发表与HMOs研究相关的文献。其中,加利福尼亚大学系统(University of California System)发表363篇文献居榜首,加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校(University of California Davis)以224篇文献紧随其后,加利福尼亚大学圣迭戈分校(University of California San Diego)则以131篇文献排名第三。在排名前十的机构中,国际机构占据主导地位,仅江南大学(Jiangnan University,111篇)作为国内代表位列第五,这反映了国内外研究机构在该领域的研究产出存在明显差距。哈佛大学(Harvard University,BC=0.28)的BC最高,印证美国在HMOs研究领域中的核心枢纽地位,但近几年的发文量呈现下降趋势,暗示其学术主导地位可能受到影响。用可视化突变功能对相关研究机构进行深入分析,由图4知,中国科学院(Chinese Academy of Sciences)、中国农业大学(China Agricultural University)、江南大学和南昌大学(Nanchang University)这4所国内院校的突变时间较近,并且江南大学(33.38)的突变强度值最大,或会成为新的研究阵地。
从发文作者层面探究HMOs领域不仅能识别具有持续创新能力的核心学者,更有助于判定核心研究团队地位[30]。通过CiteSpace对各学者的文献发表数量以及合作关系进行可视化分析,得到节点数为263,连线数为407,密度为0.0118的作者合作网络可视化图谱(图5)。分析发现,作者合作网络是分散的,存在多个孤立的节点和互不相连的集群,说明学者之间的合作关系呈现出较强的群体性,主要以团队内部合作为主,群体内部联系更为紧密,群体外联系较少。近年来发文数量较多的学者主要有Bode, Lars(111篇)、Lebrilla, Carlito B(67篇)、German, Bruce J(60篇)、沐万孟(Mu Wanmeng,54篇)、朱莺莺(Zhu Yingying,53篇)、Mills, David A(49篇)、Barile, Daniela(41篇)、Garssen, Johan(33篇)和张文立(Zhang Wenli,31篇)。其中,江南大学沐万孟教授团队近年来聚焦HMOs研究领域,围绕HMOs生物合成技术持续开展创新性研究,不断在国际权威期刊发表高水平文献,其开发的新型酶催化体系和合成生物学策略有效突破了HMOs规模化生产的瓶颈问题,相关成果获国内外同行高度评价。
关键词承载着文章最关键和核心的信息,因此关键词的共现情况能够体现某一关键词在整个共现网络中的核心程度[31]。关键词出现的频次与研究热度呈正相关关系,所以高频关键词能够反映一段时间内某领域的研究热点[32]。通过CiteSpace对HMOs领域的关键词进行可视化分析,得到节点数为269,连线数为1197,密度为0.0332的关键词共现可视化图谱(图6)。HMOs领域的高频关键词涵盖:“human milk oligosaccharides”(频次1287)、“母乳(human milk)”(频次622)、“低聚糖(oligosaccharides)”(频次547)、“肠道菌群(gut microbiota)”(频次365)、“母乳(breast milk)”(频次326)、“大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)”(频次298)、“生长发育(growth)”(频次201)、“坏死性小肠结肠炎(necrotizing enterocolitis)”(频次200)、“婴幼儿(infants)”(频次199)和“肠道菌群(intestinal microbiota)”(频次194)。BC较高的共现关键词为“human milk”(BC=0.21)、“human milk oligosaccharides”(BC=0.18)、“oligosaccharides”(BC=0.15)、“Escherichia coli”(BC=0.10)、“微生物群(microbiota)”(BC=0.10)、“结合(binding)”(BC=0.09)、“鉴定(identification)”(BC=0.09)、“双歧杆菌属(bifidobacteria)”(BC=0.08)和“表达(expression)”(BC=0.08)。基于对HMOs领域关键词共现可视化图谱中关键节点对应文献的统计分析,并排除初始检索词后,高频次且具有高BC的关键词为“gut microbiota”和“Escherichia coli”。这表明,HMOs领域的两大核心研究热点为:HMOs与肠道菌群的互作机制以及利用大肠杆菌细胞工厂合成HMOs。
突变关键词指在某段时间内频次突然增加的关键词,其在一定程度上反映研究领域影响力较强的前沿主题[33]。通过关键词突变分析了解HMOs领域具有前瞻性和挖掘潜力的研究主题,突变的强度值越大,说明与其相关研究的发展趋势越明显[34]。如图7所示,突变强度值最大的关键词为“binding”(19.64)、“human milk”(17.61)、“质谱(mass spectrometry)”(16.10)、“配方奶粉喂养的婴幼儿(formula fed infants)”(15.55)、“婴幼儿出生后前6个月(1st 6 month)”(15.05)、“结构分析(structural analysis)”(13.77)和“负离子模式(negative ion mode)”(13.51)。这些关键词的突变时间集中在2000~2017年,说明早期HMOs研究主要聚焦于两个方面:一是母乳基质复杂,HMOs种类繁多、结构多样,存在众多异构体,检测面临诸多挑战。随着糖组学技术的逐渐发展,特别是质谱技术在表征糖结构方面的突破,越来越多复杂HMOs的分子结构被解析[35];另一方面,这也助推了HMOs在婴幼儿配方奶粉的应用研究。Vandenplas等[36]研究发现HMOs可以直接通过肠道上皮细胞的相互作用或通过肠道微生物群间接调节免疫功能发育。部分临床数据表明,在婴幼儿配方奶粉中添加HMOs是安全的,并且耐受性良好,有利于婴幼儿的健康生长发育。
基于文献计量分析,HMOs领域近期涌现出多个具有显著突变特征的新兴关键词,包括“2'-fucosyllactose”、“通路(pathway)”、“人类肠道微生物组(human gut microbiome)”、“序列(sequence)”、“机制(mechanisms)”和“代谢工程(metabolic engineering)”。从“pathway”“human gut microbiome”“sequence”和“mechanisms”这四个突变关键词推测出,HMOs对婴幼儿健康的作用机制层面仍存在诸多空白。因此,多项最新研究致力于揭示“宿主-母乳成分-肠道菌群”的互作机制和深入解析HMOs调控肠道微生态平衡的分子路径[37−39]。Sakanaka等[40]归纳婴幼儿肠道中不同双歧杆菌的利用途径,发现消耗HMOs的种类和水平影响婴幼儿肠道微生物群的形成。因此,阐明HMOs的利用途径,有助于为开发新型婴幼儿配方奶粉提供理论依据[41]。“2'-fucosyllactose”这一关键词表明,2'-FL是所有HMOs中最受关注的。因为2'-FL作为功能表征最明确的HMOs代表性组分,包括免疫调节、抗菌和抗病毒作用以及改善大脑发育和认知等独特的生物学功能,成为揭示HMOs分子作用机制的关键模型分子,已发展成为该领域重要的研究范式,并且2'-FL已批准作为膳食补充剂和医疗食品原料添加到婴幼儿配方奶粉和其他食品中[42−43]。“metabolic engineering”这一突变关键词说明,由于从天然母乳中分离和提取HMOs存在含量极低、分离步骤复杂且成本高昂等局限性,代谢工程已成为规模化生产HMOs的重要替代策略[44]。随着全球市场对HMOs需求的持续增长以及合成生物学技术的突破性进展,开发高效、经济的HMOs生物合成方法已成为当前领域的热点研究方向,相关文献数量也迅速增加。
HMOs的合成方法包括化学法、酶法和微生物细胞合成法。化学法合成HMOs产率低、成本高、步骤繁多、过程复杂且环境不友好,不利于大规模生产[45]。基于生物技术的HMOs生物合成方法,分为体外酶法和体内微生物细胞合成法。相较于化学法,生物合成HMOs具有安全性高、生产成本低以及绿色可持续等优点,是目前生产HMOs的主流方法。
酶法合成HMOs具有反应时间短、立体和区域选择性高、产物易分离等优点[46]。HMOs可在糖苷水解酶(glycoside hydrolases,GHs)和糖基转移酶(glycosyltransferases,GTs)的催化作用下合成。GHs种类丰富,其成键多样性与糖类复杂性相匹配,目前已报道多种GHs用于HMOs合成。Shi等[47]在大肠杆菌中异源表达来自土地杆菌属(Pedobacter sp.)的α-L-岩藻糖苷酶,并利用4-硝基苯-α-L-吡喃岩藻糖苷作为供体和乳糖作为受体的转糖基反应催化合成2'-FL和3-FL,总转化率达85%。部分β-半乳糖苷酶具有转糖基活性,如来自玉米乳杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus zeae)的β-半乳糖苷酶能催化邻硝基苯-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷中的Gal残基转移到乳酰-N-丙糖II(lacto-N-triose II,LNT II),2 h内合成乳酰-N-四糖(lacto-N-tetraose,LNT)的转化率达45.4%[48]。β-N-乙酰己糖苷酶是另一类重要的GHs,其通过β-1,3糖苷键催化GlcNAc糖基供体到乳糖实现合成LNT II[49]。不同来源的β-N-乙酰己糖苷酶已用于LNT II的合成,如NagA来自米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)[50]、HaHex74来自盐杆条菌属(Haloferula sp.)[51]和Flanag2353来自居藻黄杆菌(Flavobacterium algicola)[52]。GHs具有转糖基能力,但转化率通常偏低;GHs同时可催化糖苷键水解,且水解速率常高于转糖基速率,致使产物加快降解,产率低[53]。
GTs可催化糖基从核苷酸-糖苷供体转移至受体。源自哺乳动物的GTs在体外进行酶催化反应困难且需要昂贵的核苷酸-糖苷作为供体,而采用细菌来源的GTs以及核苷酸-糖苷供体的原位生成能克服上述局限性[10,54]。利用价格低廉的单糖以及多种酶的一锅多酶(one-pot multienzyme,OPME)法也已成功应用于HMOs的合成[55]。Fang等[56]通过OPME催化体系成功实现15种岩藻糖基化和非岩藻糖基化HMOs的生物合成。该研究整合来自多种微生物的酶系统:采用来自幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)26695的β-1,3-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶(β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase,β3GNT3)、幽门螺旋杆菌 NCTC11637的β-1,4-半乳糖基转移酶(galactosyltransferase,GalT)以及大肠杆菌O55:H7的β-1,3-GalT(WbgO)构建核心糖链合成模块;利用长双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)的N-乙酰己糖胺激酶和嗜热厌氧杆菌(Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus)的葡萄糖-1-磷酸胸苷转移酶合成UDP-GlcNAc并借助台湾栖热菌(Meiothermus taiwanensis)的galK(编码半乳糖激酶)和拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)的UDP-糖焦磷酸化酶制备UDP-Gal;最终,通过筛选不同来源的岩藻糖基转移酶(fucosyltransferase,FucT),成功合成多种HMOs产物。Mcarthur等[57]在紫色色杆菌(Chromobacterium violaceum)中鉴定出一种具有良好pH稳定性和高效催化活性的β-1,3-GalT,随后运用两个连续进行的OPME系统,由乳糖合成LNT的产率达99.3%。GTs存在来源单一、可溶性差和体外表达量低等缺点,而且GTs的广泛底物特异性使其能与多种底物结合,不同底物间会产生竞争,影响目标产物的转化率,降低整体产率,并且生成的多种HMOs使产物组成复杂,增加后续分离、纯化和分析难度[58]。
目前,已利用酶法合成30余种HMOs,但酶法合成产量低,难以满足工业化生产需求。一些重要GHs和GTs的晶体结构尚未清楚,不利于酶的理性设计。定向进化是提高酶性能的有效手段,但目前对GHs和GTs的定向进化研究不够深入。因此,挖掘新型GHs和GTs,研究其晶体结构以揭示关键催化位点,确定潜在突变位点,并运用理性设计、半理性设计和定向进化技术改造现有酶或设计新酶,从而提高GHs和GTs的催化效率,为HMOs的合成提供更有效的生物催化剂。
近年来,微生物细胞合成法通过对底盘细胞进行改造,借助合成生物学的手段来调控代谢途径和改变合成路径中的关键基因,进而实现目标物质的合成[10]。微生物细胞合成法具有操作简便、环境友好以及条件温和等优点,具备大规模生产应用的潜力[59]。已有许多文献报道微生物细胞合成HMOs,其中,底盘细胞自身优势、底物和核苷酸-糖苷供体的利用率以及GTs的有效表达是微生物细胞合成HMOs的关键要素[7]。目前,能够合成HMOs的底盘细胞主要有:大肠杆菌、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。大肠杆菌因其生长迅速、易于基因编辑和改造以及遗传背景明确等优点,广泛应用于HMOs的生物合成[60]。大肠杆菌携带内毒素,存在一定的安全风险,而酿酒酵母和枯草芽孢杆菌属于一般认为安全(generally recognized as safe,GRAS)菌株,更适宜用于HMOs的安全生产[61]。
截至2025年,美国食品药品监督管理局已批准2'-FL、3-FL、LNT、乳酰-N-新四糖(lacto-N-neotetraose,LNnT)、DFL、乳酰-N-岩藻五糖(lacto-N-fucopentaose I,LNFP I)、3'-SL和6'-SL为GRAS状态。基于此,将对上述八类HMOs的微生物细胞合成方法进行汇总分析。
岩藻糖基化HMOs合成过程涉及乳糖的胞内转运、GDP-Fuc的合成供应和FucT的异源表达。大肠杆菌能通过补救途径和从头途径合成2'-FL和3-FL。2'-FL(Fucα1,2Galβ1,4Glc)是Fuc和乳糖以α-1,2糖苷键连接,在母乳各类HMOs中占据最高丰度。Liang等[62]基于脆弱拟杆菌(Bacteroides fragilis)来源的L-岩藻糖激酶/GDP-L-岩藻糖焦磷酸化酶催化GTP/ATP和Fuc反应生成GDP-Fuc;再通过敲除竞争基因、筛选α-1,2-FucT、优化质粒拷贝数以及途径酶的空间分布,成功构建2'-FL补救合成途径;最终在5 L发酵罐中2'-FL产量达59.22 g/L,乳糖和Fuc的摩尔转化率分别为95%和92%。补救途径所使用的底物成本远高于从头合成途径,不利于2'-FL的规模化生产。Chen等[63]表达rcsA(编码DNA结合转录激活剂)、rcsB(编码DNA结合转录激活剂)、manB(编码磷酸甘露糖变位酶)、manC(编码甘露糖-1-磷酸鸟苷转移酶)、gmD(编码GDP-甘露糖4,6-脱水酶)和wcaG(编码GDP-L-岩藻糖合成酶),构建从头合成GDP-Fuc的质粒型菌株;将来源于生脂固氮螺菌(Azospirillum lipoferum)的α-1,2-FucT(SAMT)整合到大肠杆菌基因组中,用强启动子PJ23119替换manB和manC原始启动子以强化GDP-Fuc的供应;经过105 h的分批补料发酵后,2'-FL产量为112.56 g/L。研究表明,2'-FL的合成效率与α-1,2-FucT的催化效率密切相关,而不同来源的α-1,2-FucT在2'-FL合成中表现出显著不同的催化特性:螺杆菌属(Helicobacter sp.)11S02629-2和脆弱拟杆菌来源的α-1,2-FucT以及SAMT具有较高的底物特异性,在合成过程中不会产生3-FL和DFL;相比之下,来源于大肠杆菌O126的α-1,2-FucT(WbgL)会导致3-FL和DFL的生成以及幽门螺旋杆菌的α-1,2-FucT(FucT2)则导致DFL的生成[63−65]。3-FL(Galβ1,4(Fucα1,3)Glc)是Fuc和乳糖以α-1,3糖苷键相连,在母乳所含岩藻糖基化HMOs中的含量居第三。已报道的α-1,3-FucT活性较低且存在不溶性表达的情况,影响3-FL的大规模合成。Yu等[66]针对幽门螺旋杆菌来源的α-1,3-FucT的C端区域展开系统性截短和延伸研究,发现当增加七肽重复次数并去除膜结合区域时,3-FL的产量提升10~20倍。基于生物传感器的高通量筛选是改进底盘细胞的有效手段。Li等[67]引入α-L-岩藻糖苷酶水解3-FL,使其成为细胞生长的唯一碳源,从而将3-FL合成水平与细胞生长水平耦合,3-FL产量越高,细胞生长情况越好;利用该生物传感器筛选出的突变菌株,经36 h分批补料发酵后,3-FL产量为42.05 g/L。2022年,一种来自于鸡拟杆菌(Bacteroides gallinaceum)的新型α-1,3-FucT(FutM2)被首次报道[68]。该团队随后分析FutM2的结构,发现Q126位点位于酶活性中心;之后采用位点饱和突变策略,成功筛选出催化效率显著提升的突变体Q126A;在此基础上,通过优化培养条件、敲除竞争代谢途径关键基因和基因组整合转运蛋白,最适菌株在5 L发酵罐中的3-FL产量达52.1 g/L[69]。Lu等[70]则通过系统优化GDP-Fuc合成途径基因与FutM2的表达强度,结合筛选转运蛋白和改造甘油代谢途径,成功构建一株稳定表达的无质粒工程大肠杆菌,在分批补料发酵66 h后的3-FL产量达到60.24 g/L。
LNT和LNnT是母乳中重要的中性核心HMOs。LNT(Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4Glc)的生物合成可以通过表达异源GTs和利用胞内核苷酸-糖苷供体来实现。具体合成路径为:胞外乳糖转运至胞内后,在β3GNT3的催化下,UDP-GlcNAc和乳糖合成LNT II,随后LNT II和UDP-Gal由β-1,3-GalT催化合成LNT。2014年Baumgartner等[71]首次报道在大肠杆菌基因组中整合脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Neisseria meningitidis)的β3GNT3(LgtA)和WbgO来合成LNT,摇瓶发酵的LNT产量为219.1 mg/L。Hu等[72]同样选择LgtA和WbgO来构建LNT合成途径,再利用双质粒系统筛选有利于LNT合成的途径相关基因,发现galE(编码UDP-葡萄糖-4-差向异构酶)、galT(编码半乳糖-1-磷酸尿苷转移酶)和galK的共表达有助于LNT的合成,3 L发酵罐中的LNT产量为31.56 g/L。Qian等[73]在大肠杆菌基因组整合多拷贝的LgtA和WbgO,同时强化UDP-Gal供应途径并优化LNT转运系统,所构无质粒工程菌株在分批补料发酵条件下的LNT产量达42.38 g/L。除WbgO外,不同来源的β-1,3-GalT已用于微生物细胞合成LNT,包括Pfβ3GalT来自氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Pseudogulbenkiania ferrooxidans)[74]和SewbdO来自肠道沙门氏菌亚种萨拉姆血清型(Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae serovar)[75]。LNnT(Galβ1,4GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4Glc)的生物合成途径与LNT相似,都需先合成前体物质LNT II,而后引入β-1,4-GalT将LNT II转化为LNnT。Zhang等[76]发现源自伴放线放线杆菌(Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans)NUM4039的β-1,4-GalT(AaGalT)表现出高效的LNnT合成能力,随后削弱UDP-GlcNAc合成途径的代谢通量并过表达LgtA、AaGalT和galE,最适菌株在分批补料发酵中的LNnT产量为12.1 g/L。Liao等[75]发掘出幽门螺旋杆菌的高效β-1,4-GalT(HpgalT),再运用双质粒系统调整LgtA、HpgalT和galE的表达水平,5 L发酵罐中的LNnT产量为22.07 g/L。为避免质粒丢失导致LNnT合成的稳定性和生产效率降低,该团队后续选择将LgtA和HpgalT整合到大肠杆菌基因组中;进一步筛选4种外源和3种内源转运蛋白,增强LNnT外排从而减轻细胞内产物抑制,并调节前体物质UDP-Gal和UDP-GlcNAc的供应和平衡;最后,基于双底物协同发酵策略精确调控Glc和甘油的供给比例,实现中心碳代谢通量的动态平衡和前体物质含量的显著提升;最适菌株在5 L和1000 L发酵罐中的LNnT产量分别提高至112.47 g/L和107.4 g/L,且在发酵过程中的LNT II积累水平极低(<3 g/L)[77]。
DFL和LNFP I是典型的岩藻糖基化HMOs。DFL(Fucα1,2Galβ1,4(Fucα1,3)Glc)由α-1,3-FucT催化GDP-Fuc和2'-FL合成。Liang等[78]通过多步优化策略实现DFL的高效合成:首先构建2'-FL高效合成途径并表达幽门螺杆菌来源的截短α-1,3/4-FucT,实现DFL的从头合成;通过敲除竞争基因lon(编码ATP依赖性蛋白酶)和nudK(编码GDP-甘露糖水解酶)以及过表达manA(编码甘露糖-6-磷酸异构酶)和rcsA以促进GDP-Fuc积累;最适菌株在5 L发酵罐中的DFL产量为33.45 g/L,同时产生22.35 g/L的2'-FL。为解决中间产物2'-FL的残留问题,该团队发现适当减少2'-FL的合成有利于DFL的积累;基于此,增加质粒拷贝数和基因组整合α-1,3-FucT促进2'-FL向DFL转化,同时敲除setA(编码糖外排转运蛋白)减少2'-FL外排;最终,DFL产量提高至55.3 g/L,2'-FL残留降低至2.59 g/L。通过精细调控涉及的代谢途径,DFL产量比先前研究提高65.3%,2'-FL残留降低88.4%,这为其他复杂HMOs的高效生物合成和减少中间产物残留提供参考依据[79]。LNFP I(Fucα1,2Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4Glc)由α-1,2-FucT催化,将GDP-Fuc的岩藻糖基转移至受体LNT合成,其结构复杂性高于7种处于GRAS状态的HMOs。Baumgärtner等[80]利用先前构建的LNT合成菌株,通过额外表达FucT2和GDP-Fuc补救合成途径中的相关基因,建立了LNFP I的合成路线;最终,摇瓶发酵产生271.6 mg/L的LNFP I,同时产生265.3 mg/L的2'-FL。提供充足的LNT和GDP-Fuc以及减少副产物2'-FL的产生是高效合成LNFP I的重要基础。Li等[81]首先通过在大肠杆菌基因组整合多拷贝LgtA并结合质粒表达WbgO的策略,引入来自大肠杆菌O128:B12的α-1,2-FucT和GDP-Fuc从头合成途径模块;最适工程菌株在分批补料发酵中的LNFP I产量为30.47 g/L,且未检测到2'-FL残留,但仍存在5.36 g/L的LNT II和5.91 g/L的LNT。为提高LNFP I产量以及解决中间产物残留问题,该团队筛选鉴定出嗜热厌氧杆菌属(Thermoanaerobacterium sp.)RBIITD的α-1,2-FucT,其表现出更高的催化效率和更专一的底物特异性;再通过基因组整合WbgO促进LNT II向LNT的转化进而增强LNFP I的合成;最终,在分批补料发酵条件下将LNFP I产量提升至35.10 g/L;为进一步优化产物纯度,利用表达β-N-乙酰己糖苷酶和乳糖-N-生物苷酶的两歧双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium bifidum)进行后续发酵处理,有效降解残留的LNT II和LNT,实现高产量、高纯度LNFP I的合成目标[82]。
母乳的唾液酸化HMOs中,3'-SL和6'-SL的含量最高,其生物合成过程需要CMP-Neu5Ac的供应和唾液酸转移酶(sialytransferase,SiaT)的表达。大肠杆菌可通过两种代谢途径合成3'-SL和6'-SL,即补救途径和从头途径。3'-SL(Neu5Acα2,3Galβ1,4Glc)是Neu5Ac和乳糖以α-2,3糖苷键连接。2002年Priem等[83]表达脑膜炎奈瑟菌来源的α-2,3-SiaT,以甘油为碳源,外源添加Neu5Ac和乳糖,发酵22 h后细胞内外的3'-SL产量分别为1.5和1.1 g/L。Fierfort等[84]通过引入neuC(编码UDP-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖2-差向异构酶)、neuB(编码N-乙酰神经氨酸合成酶)和neuA(编码CMP-N-乙酰神经氨酸合成酶)构建从UDP-GlcNAc到CMP-Neu5Ac的级联反应;在不添加Neu5Ac的情况下,分批补料发酵中的3'-SL最高产量达25 g/L。Li等[85]优化glmS(编码L-谷氨酰胺-D-果糖-6-磷酸氨基转移酶)、glmM(编码磷酸葡萄糖胺变位酶)和glmU(编码N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖-1-磷酸尿苷转移酶/氨基葡萄糖-1-磷酸乙酰转移酶)的表达并构建谷氨酰胺循环系统以平衡UDP-GlcNAc和CMP-Neu5Ac的代谢通量,再通过筛选核糖体结合位点和利用蛋白标签来增强源自多杀巴斯德杆菌(Pasteurella multocida)的α-2,3-SiaT的催化性能,最适菌株在分批补料发酵条件下的3'-SL产量为44.2 g/L。6'-SL(Neu5Acα2,6Galβ1,4Glc)则是Neu5Ac和乳糖以α-2,6糖苷键连接。Li等[86]通过多质粒共表达系统构建6'-SL合成途径,包括neuC、neuB、neuA、lacY(编码乳糖渗透酶)和发光杆菌属(Photobacterium sp.)的α-2,6-SiaT;再采用模块化代谢工程优化前体物质的碳通量并敲除竞争基因;为进一步提升α-2,6-SiaT的催化效率,对不同来源的α-2,6-SiaT进行结构表征,发现鲾发光杆菌(Photobacterium leiognathi)JT-SHIZ-119的α-2,6-SiaT(Plst6)的N端包含一段14个氨基酸的疏水信号肽,去除信号肽后得到表达水平和催化效率显著提高的Plst6*(Plst6的N端截短14个氨基酸);最终,在3 L发酵罐中的6'-SL产量达到22.85 g/L。基于此,该团队进一步建立谷氨酰胺循环系统、采用多级组合策略增强限速酶Plst6*的表达水平和协调CTP辅因子工程来优化6'-SL生物合成通路,3 L发酵罐中的6'-SL产量提高至25.31 g/L[87]。
野生型酿酒酵母无法转运乳糖到胞内,通过引入乳糖渗透酶或纤维素糊精转运蛋白能解决这一难题[88]。与大肠杆菌类似,酿酒酵母通过补救途径和从头途径合成2'-FL。2018年首次报道酿酒酵母通过补救途径合成2'-FL。首先,筛选不同来源的L-岩藻糖激酶/GDP-L-岩藻糖焦磷酸化酶从而提供充足的GDP-Fuc,再表达FucT2和乳酸克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces lactis)的LAC12(编码乳糖渗透酶),分批补料发酵120 h后的2'-FL产量为0.503 g/L[89]。同样引入FucT2和LAC12,Liu等[90]通过表达大肠杆菌 K-12的gmD和wcaG实现从头合成GDP-Fuc,该工程酿酒酵母在分批补料发酵条件下的2'-FL产量为0.51 g/L。当以Glc为单一碳源时,酿酒酵母表现出克拉布特里效应,其特征是抑制呼吸并促进乙醇产生。即使引入2'-FL生物合成途径后,乙醇仍然是主要产物。基于此现象,Lee等[91]添加木糖从而减轻Glc抑制,同时调整FucT2的表达水平,分批补料发酵条件下的2'-FL产量提高至25.5 g/L。值得注意的是,当使用复合培养基时,72%的2'-FL会分泌到胞外;而使用基本培养基时,82%的2'-FL会残留在胞内。酿酒酵母合成的2'-FL产量较低,可能存在多种原因:一方面由于胞内乳糖和GDP-Fuc浓度不匹配以及乳糖浓度过高引起的毒性效应;另一方面,酿酒酵母无法有效分泌2'-FL到胞外,影响菌株生长的同时导致副产物产生[90]。
近年来,枯草芽孢杆菌作为一种典型的GRAS菌株,被认为是生产HMOs的下一代菌株。迄今,所报道枯草芽孢杆菌合成的HMOs主要为2'-FL、LNnT和6'-SL,种类较少,并且产量远无法满足工业化需求。Dong等[92]通过在枯草芽孢杆菌中表达LgtA、脑膜炎奈瑟菌的β-1,4-GalT(LgtB)和lacY构建LNnT合成途径,进一步优化LgtB的表达水平和增强UDP-GlcNAc和UDP-Gal的供应,在3 L发酵罐中的LNnT产量为4.52 g/L。为削弱竞争模块的代谢通量,该团队利用木糖诱导的成簇规律间隔的短回文重复序列干扰技术下调pfkA(编码6-磷酸果糖激酶)、pyK(编码丙酮酸激酶)、zwF(编码葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶)和mnaA(编码UDP-N-乙酰甘露糖胺2-差向异构酶)的表达,敲除分支通路基因tuaD(编码UDP -葡萄糖6-脱氢酶)并增强限速酶LgtB的表达水平,3 L发酵罐中的LNnT产量提高至5.41 g/L[93]。近期,Zhang等[94]成功构建一株能够以Glc为唯一碳源高效生产2'-FL的工程枯草芽孢杆菌:首先表达LgtB建立乳糖生物合成模块,再基于转录因子筛选平台使转录因子lacI(编码DNA结合转录抑制因子)的诱导配体由异丙基β-D-硫代半乳糖苷替换为乳糖,最后利用乳糖反应性遗传回路精确调控乳糖和GDP-Fuc合成模块之间的代谢通量平衡,优化后的工程菌株在摇瓶和3 L发酵罐中分别合成9.67 g/L和30.1 g/L的2'-FL。
随着合成生物学技术的快速发展,研究人员已成功开发多种新型模式菌株用于HMOs的生物合成,包括谷氨酸棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)[95]、解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)[96]、乳酸克鲁维酵母[97]、毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)[98−99]和巨大普里斯特氏菌(Priestia megaterium)[100]。尽管这些新型模式菌株在HMOs合成方面展现出巨大潜力,但其相关研究仍处于起步阶段。
目前获得批准的八种HMOs生产菌株主要包括:大肠杆菌W、BL21(DE3)、K-12 MG1655以及K-12 DH1等传统工程菌株。GRAS菌株的优势在于安全性,但其HMOs产量通常难以与工程大肠杆菌相媲美。因此,提升GRAS菌株合成HMOs的水平以及开发新的适用于HMOs生产的菌株,仍是当前研究领域亟待解决的关键问题。迄今为止,已有40余种HMOs(包括HMOs构建模块)能通过微生物细胞合成,但大多数HMOs产量远无法满足市场需求。因此,仍需高效的改造策略提高HMOs产量,以下列举了主要的改造策略:
a.高效GTs的筛选与设计。微生物细胞合成法会产生多种HMOs,这是由于GTs广泛的底物特异性。Endo等[101]运用理性和半理性设计构建15种源自弗朗西斯菌属(Francisella sp.)FSC1006的α-1,2-FucT(FsFucT)突变体;通过结构建模以及分子对接模拟发现最适突变体引入更大的环状结构,从而减少活性位点口袋体积并促进FsFucT与底物LNT的紧密结合,但对乳糖因体积过大而结合不理想;最终,实现无副产物2'-FL的LNFP I选择性合成,产量达到19.6 g/L。因此,筛选、设计高效的GTs对HMOs合成至关重要。
b.模块化代谢工程。模块化代谢工程是代谢工程领域的一种系统性优化策略,其核心在于将复杂生物合成网络分解为独立的功能模块,并借助合成生物学技术手段实现模块间的精准协调。Zhang等[102]将LNnT生物合成途径分为三个模块:AUSM模块[LgtA、glmU、glmS*(glmS四位点突变体,E14K/D386V/S449P/E524G)、glmM],负责LNT II的合成;BMEU模块[LgtB、pgM(编码磷酸葡萄糖变位酶)、galE、galU(编码UTP-葡萄糖-1-磷酸尿苷酰转移酶)],提供UDP-Gal并催化UDP-Gal和LNT II生成LNnT;YS模块[lacY、prS(编码磷酸核糖二磷酸激酶)],协调UTP代谢通量和供给乳糖;最终,优化三个模块的表达强度,3 L发酵罐中的LNnT产量达19.40 g/L。
c.辅因子和共底物再生。GTP是GDP供体和GDP-Fuc合成的能量来源。通过微调guaA(编码GMP合成酶)、guaC(编码GMP还原酶)、gmK(编码鸟苷酸激酶)、ndK(编码核苷二磷酸激酶)、ykfN(编码核苷酸磷酸酯酶)、xpT(编码黄嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶)和deoD(编码嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶)这七个基因的表达水平来增强GTP生物合成和再生模块,GDP-Fuc含量显著增加[103]。唾液酸化HMOs的合成涉及从ATP、磷酸烯醇丙酮酸和CMP来生成CTP[104]。UTP则是生产UDP-糖苷中间体的直接共底物,过表达UTP再生相关基因有利于LNT合成[105]。因此,强化关键辅因子的供给和周转是实现高效合成HMOs的重要基础。
d.转运体工程。转运体工程已成为提升HMOs(尤其是结构复杂HMOs)工业化生产效率的关键策略。HMOs在胞内过度积累不仅会抑制细胞生长,还会增加下游分离纯化难度。大肠杆菌内源转运蛋白基因setA已被证实可高效介导2'-FL的外排[96]。除此之外,setA对LNT II也具备转运能力,并且其转运效率显著优于其他三种内源转运蛋白[setB(编码糖外排转运蛋白)、ydeA(编码L-阿拉伯糖外排转运蛋白)和mdfA(编码多药外排泵转运蛋白)]。基于这一机制,过表达setA可显著提升LNT II的胞外积累量,而抑制其表达则导致LNT II在胞内积累从而有利于转化为LNT [106]。这些结果表明,深入解析不同HMOs的特异性转运机制,开发相应的转运体工程策略,对于减轻胞内产物抑制和提高HMOs产量具有重要价值。
e.组合方法改造菌株。关键基因采用质粒表达和基因组整合相结合的协同表达策略,可显著提升HMOs的生物合成效率。Liu等[107]通过质粒表达2'-FL从头合成途径,并过表达rcsA和rcsB以最大程度积累GDP-Fuc,摇瓶发酵的2'-FL产量为3.92 g/L;在此基础上,将一个外源的WbgL表达盒整合到大肠杆菌基因组recA(编码DNA重组/修复蛋白)位点以加强岩藻糖基化反应,摇瓶发酵的2'-FL产量提高至6.57 g/L。
本研究基于Web of Science核心合集数据库,运用CiteSpace对HMOs研究领域的相关文献进行系统性检索和可视化分析。从学科发展特征、研究热点演进轨迹和生物合成技术进展三个维度,深入剖析HMOs领域的研究态势与发展规律。经过20余年的学术研究积累,HMOs研究已实现从基础到应用的跨越式发展:研究内容从早期的HMOs分子结构解析和体外生物活性验证,逐步深化至HMOs和肠道菌群以及宿主互作机制等分子层面的机理探究,并进一步拓展至微生物合成生物学等前沿应用领域。文献计量分析显示,美国在HMOs领域占据核心枢纽地位,具有显著的学术影响力。中国在HMOs领域呈现出快速赶超态势,研究产出数量和质量同步提升,以江南大学为代表的国内研究机构正逐步成为新兴的研究阵地。目前,相关文献发表数量已达到历史峰值,标志着HMOs研究已进入快速发展的黄金阶段,在功能性食品、婴幼儿营养以及生物医药等领域展现出广阔的产业化前景。
近年来,组学技术的快速发展为精确调控和优化微生物细胞工厂提供了强大工具和技术支撑。通过结合基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学等多维度数据,研究人员能够精准识别关键调控靶点,并结合动态调控策略优化代谢通量分配,最大限度地降低支路代谢消耗,实现细胞产能的高效利用和目标产物的最大化合成。在蛋白质工程领域,以机器学习辅助定向进化技术为代表的新方法正在革新蛋白质改造策略:通过模拟蛋白质进化轨迹预测突变效应,结合AlphaFold等蛋白质结构预测工具精准定位潜在功能位点,大幅提高了理性设计效率;生成对抗网络和扩散模型等生成式模拟手段在辅助蛋白质从头设计方面也展现出巨大潜能。得益于上述技术体系的突破性进展,研究者不仅能够深入解析GHs和GTs的分子催化机制,定向改造其广谱底物识别特性实现催化功能优化,同时可开展HMOs特异性转运体的高通量筛选、智能调控元件的模块化设计以及人工转运体系的重构研究。这种多维度技术融合为破解产物反馈抑制难题提供了创新解决方案,有望实现HMOs生物合成效率的全面提升。在产业化应用方面,HMOs生产的安全性评估是实现工业化应用的关键前提。开发无诱导剂、无抗生素标记的工程菌株,确保代谢途径基因的稳定性和安全性,是当前研究的重点方向,其最终目标是获得GRAS认证,为HMOs的大规模商业化生产奠定基础。综上所述,未来的研究趋势和热点涵盖以下重点方向:a.新型GHs、GTs的发掘与分子改造;b.新型GRAS底盘细胞和无诱导剂、无抗生素底盘细胞的开发;c.结构复杂HMOs的精准生物合成;d.转运体工程在HMOs生物合成中的应用;e.HMOs产量的进一步提升。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025050084
  • 接收时间:2025-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-12
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    1中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院,北京 100083
    2中原食品实验室,河南漯河 462000
    3河南中大恒源生物科技股份有限公司,河南漯河 462000

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江正强(1971−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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