Article(id=1320882609501098176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040382, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745942400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852554917, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852554917, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852554917, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852554917, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=491, endPage=500, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882609740173505, articleId=1320882609501098176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Inhibiting Retrogradation of Corn Starch by Different Physical Modification Methods, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Corn is the largest grain crop in China. Corn starch, as the primary component of corn, is widely favored due to its favorable functional properties and relatively low cost. The characteristics of starch significantly influence the quality of corn-based food products. However, starch retrogradation during processing and storage is inevitable, severely compromising the edible quality of starch-based foods. Consequently, inhibiting corn starch retrogradation has attracted considerable attention. This article reviews the physical methods for inhibiting the retrogradation of corn starch, including single modification methods such as the addition of exogenous substances (phenolic compounds, hydrophilic colloids, proteins, and lipids) and common physical field treatments (hydrothermal treatment, microwave treatment, screw extrusion treatment, and ultra-high pressure treatment), as well as the synergistic physical modification methods. It also deeply analyzes the mechanism of these modification methods in inhibiting starch retrogradation. The aim is to provide references for enhancing the quality of corn starch-based foods and related experimental studies.

, authors=Jiaqi LIN1, 2, Xiangyuan ZHAO1, 2, Jiayin DAI1, 2, Jina HAN1, 2, Yu WEI1, 2, Yong CAO1, 2, Yuzhu WU1, 2, Xiuying XU1, 2, *, Jingsheng LIU1, 2, *, authorsList=Jiaqi LIN, Xiangyuan ZHAO, Jiayin DAI, Jina HAN, Yu WEI, Yong CAO, Yuzhu WU, Xiuying XU, Jingsheng LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiuying XU, Jingsheng LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882612428722376, articleId=1320882609501098176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同物理改性方法抑制玉米淀粉回生的研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

玉米是我国第一大粮食作物,玉米淀粉是玉米的主要成分,由于其较好的功能特性、较低的成本而广受欢迎。淀粉的性质对玉米基食品的品质有着重要影响,但淀粉类食品在加工和贮藏过程中,出现淀粉回生是不可避免的,严重影响淀粉基食品的食用品质。因此,抑制玉米淀粉的回生受到了广泛关注。本文综述了抑制玉米淀粉回生的物理方法,包括外源添加物(酚类化合物、亲水胶体、蛋白质和脂质)和常见物理场处理(水热处理、微波处理、螺杆挤压处理和超高压处理)的单一改性方法以及协同的物理改性方法,并深入分析了这些改性方法抑制淀粉回生的作用机理,以期为玉米淀粉基食品品质提升及相关实验研究提供参考。

, authors=林嘉琪1, 2, 赵湘媛1, 2, 代佳音1, 2, 韩吉娜1, 2, 韦裕1, 2, 曹勇1, 2, 吴玉柱1, 2, 许秀颖1, 2, *, 刘景圣1, 2, *, authorsList=林嘉琪, 赵湘媛, 代佳音, 韩吉娜, 韦裕, 曹勇, 吴玉柱, 许秀颖, 刘景圣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=许秀颖, 刘景圣, authorNote=

林嘉琪(2000−)(ORCID:0009−0000−8260−6740),女,硕士,研究方向:谷物精深加工技术与物性研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
许秀颖(1980−)(ORCID:0000−0002−7003−7226),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:粮食精深加工与功能性食品,E-mail:。
刘景圣(1964−)(ORCID:0000−0002−1424−428X),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粮食精深加工与功能性食品,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=rUX0tjPDPhWJjvMlxd9XfQ==, magXml=NfphnNiTGY+dHbTG5orLHA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=uqz+ktc62i2U/MnBH/LqsA==, pdfFileSize=1273810, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=cXygjztVEA1vtLrykhKBxQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=NBGMGiol3EWGFP5CkQ+sPA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320882613104005328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=linjiaqi0225@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320882613225640147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, authorId=1320882613104005328, language=EN, stringName=Jiaqi LIN, firstName=Jiaqi, middleName=null, lastName=LIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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林嘉琪(2000−)(ORCID:0009−0000−8260−6740),女,硕士,研究方向:谷物精深加工技术与物性研究,E-mail:

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林嘉琪(2000−)(ORCID:0009−0000−8260−6740),女,硕士,研究方向:谷物精深加工技术与物性研究,E-mail:

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[ZHONG Shixin. China Food Industry Association, Xinhua publish white paper on corn staple food trends[J]. China Food Industry, 2024(6): 12−14.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882619454181658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHONG Shixin. China Food Industry Association, Xinhua publish white paper on corn staple food trends[J]. 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Food Science, 2024, 45(22): 199−206.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882635996516748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=81, rfOrder=112, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIAO Zhigang, LI Fan, WANG Kexin, et al. Synergistic effect of extrusion and polyphenol treatment on physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of corn starch[J]. Food Science, 2024, 45(22): 199−206., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882636113957261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=82, rfOrder=113, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Y, ZHAO X, BAO X, et al. Effects of pectin and heat-moisture treatment on structural characteristics and physicochemical properties of corn starch[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2021, 117: 106664., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882636218814862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=83, rfOrder=114, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ERICH V B-M, MÓNICA R, JAIME-FONSECA, et al. Addition of galactomannans and citric acid in corn starch processed by extrusion: Retrogradation and resistant starch studies[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2018, 83: 485−496., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882636298506639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=84, rfOrder=115, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LAN G, XIE S, DUAN Q, et al. Effect of soybean polysaccharide and soybean oil on gelatinization and retrogradation properties of corn starch[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 264: 130772., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882636390781328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=85, rfOrder=116, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIE F, ZHANG H, WU Y, et al. Effects of tamarind seed polysaccharide on physicochemical properties of corn starch treated by high pressure homogenization[J]. LWT, 2021, 150: 112010., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882636474667409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=86, rfOrder=117, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=唐艳红, 李书鋆, 张义平, 等. 水热处理温度对玉米淀粉-绿原酸复合物结构及消化性能的影响[J]. 轻工学报, 2024, 39(4): 34−41. [TANG Yanhong, LI Shenjun, ZHANG Yiping, et al. Effect of heat temperature on the structures and digestibility of corn starch-chlorogenic acid complexes[J]. Journal of Light Industry, 2024, 39(4): 34−41.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882636550164882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=86, rfOrder=118, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TANG Yanhong, LI Shenjun, ZHANG Yiping, et al. Effect of heat temperature on the structures and digestibility of corn starch-chlorogenic acid complexes[J]. Journal of Light Industry, 2024, 39(4): 34−41., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882636638245267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=87, rfOrder=119, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIANG Z, CHEN X, LUO J, et al. Addition of amino acids to modulate structural, physicochemical, and digestive properties of corn starch-amino acid complexes under hydrothermal treatment[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020, 160: 741−749., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882612739100873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882612747489482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, companyId=1320882612739100873, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882612755878091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, companyId=1320882612739100873, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1吉林农业大学食品科学与工程学院,吉林长春 130118)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882612990759116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882612999147725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, companyId=1320882612990759116, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2National Engineering Research Center for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882613011730638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, companyId=1320882612990759116, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2小麦和玉米深加工国家工程研究中心,吉林长春 130118)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320882618242027791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Physical methods to inhibit starch retrogradation, figureFileSmall=WXlDSetCgi0+yEYCfXrHVA==, figureFileBig=cXygjztVEA1vtLrykhKBxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882618363662608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, language=CN, label=图1, caption=抑制淀粉回生的物理方法, figureFileSmall=WXlDSetCgi0+yEYCfXrHVA==, figureFileBig=cXygjztVEA1vtLrykhKBxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882618594349329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Retrogradation process of starch[13], figureFileSmall=s64AlvED28KP09eXgsu4Mg==, figureFileBig=m4lD63eHpYYAfw7Or17zxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882618686624018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, language=CN, label=图2, caption=淀粉的回生过程[13], figureFileSmall=s64AlvED28KP09eXgsu4Mg==, figureFileBig=m4lD63eHpYYAfw7Or17zxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882618774704403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Main modes of action of proteins with starch[35], figureFileSmall=mf2ctcj1qUZohpUVpIVwgQ==, figureFileBig=b8Gw8cVYVd8FRUKk5EbS5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882618866979092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, language=CN, label=图3, caption=蛋白质与淀粉的主要作用方式[35], figureFileSmall=mf2ctcj1qUZohpUVpIVwgQ==, figureFileBig=b8Gw8cVYVd8FRUKk5EbS5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882618955059477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of different exogenous additives on the retrogradation properties of corn starch

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
外源添加物类型淀粉类型外源添加物名称添加量(w/v)作用机理参考文献
亲水胶体普通玉米淀粉皂荚糖胶0%、1%、3%、5%、7%具有较高的持水性;对淀粉颗粒起到包埋的作用;含有大量羟基基团,与淀粉及水分子形成胶-水或胶-水-淀粉的氢键相互作用张晓宇等[45]
玉木耳多糖0%、0.5%、1%、2%、5%、10%与淀粉竞争水分子;与直链淀粉通过氢键结合李妍等[46]
榕树种子多糖0.05%、0.1%、0.2%、0.4%多糖吸附到淀粉颗粒表面;与淀粉竞争水分子;与淀粉相互作用阻碍淀粉分子之间的相互作用Kong等[47]
蜡质玉米淀粉交联甜菜果胶0%、0.05%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%穿透淀粉内部,增加淀粉分子链之间的空间距离;羟基与淀粉分子的羟基之间形成氢键相互作用许欢等[48]
直链淀粉魔芋葡甘露聚糖0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%具有很强的亲水性;与直链淀粉相互作用Wang等[49]
酚类化合物普通玉米淀粉葡萄籽乙醇提取物、洋葱皮乙醇提取物0%、2.5%、5%、10%含有的大量羟基通过非共价相互作用与淀粉分支部分相互作用姜辰昊等[50−51]
儿茶素、没食子儿
茶素
1%酚羟基与水形成氢键降低直链淀粉流动性;酚羟基可与淀粉链的羟基通过氢键结合王杰等[52]
咖啡酸0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1%咖啡酸的羟基通过疏水相互作用、氢键和范德华力与淀粉相互作用;咖啡酸导致酸水解使淀粉水解成较短的聚合物链或单糖和双糖Zheng等[53]
普通玉米淀粉、蜡质玉米淀粉咖啡酸5%阻碍淀粉分子间氢键的形成Han等[54]
蜡质玉米淀粉茶叶乙醇提取物0%、2.5%、5%、10%富含较多的羟基,增加淀粉分子链与链之间的空间位阻,增加淀粉的持水能力王存堂等[55]
蛋白质普通玉米淀粉豌豆蛋白淀粉:蛋白=100:0、70:30、50:50、30:70、0:100蛋白中的亲水基团通过氢键与淀粉的羟基相互作用Choi等[56]
内源蛋白−蛋白质通过分离回生过程中游离水的沉淀来抑制淀粉回生分子间氢键Hu等[57]
脂肪酸普通玉米淀粉月桂酸淀粉:月桂酸=97:3脂肪酸通过氢键和范德华力与直链淀粉相结合,并嵌入淀粉螺旋结构解明昱等[58]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882619038945558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同外源添加剂对玉米淀粉回生特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
外源添加物类型淀粉类型外源添加物名称添加量(w/v)作用机理参考文献
亲水胶体普通玉米淀粉皂荚糖胶0%、1%、3%、5%、7%具有较高的持水性;对淀粉颗粒起到包埋的作用;含有大量羟基基团,与淀粉及水分子形成胶-水或胶-水-淀粉的氢键相互作用张晓宇等[45]
玉木耳多糖0%、0.5%、1%、2%、5%、10%与淀粉竞争水分子;与直链淀粉通过氢键结合李妍等[46]
榕树种子多糖0.05%、0.1%、0.2%、0.4%多糖吸附到淀粉颗粒表面;与淀粉竞争水分子;与淀粉相互作用阻碍淀粉分子之间的相互作用Kong等[47]
蜡质玉米淀粉交联甜菜果胶0%、0.05%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%穿透淀粉内部,增加淀粉分子链之间的空间距离;羟基与淀粉分子的羟基之间形成氢键相互作用许欢等[48]
直链淀粉魔芋葡甘露聚糖0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%具有很强的亲水性;与直链淀粉相互作用Wang等[49]
酚类化合物普通玉米淀粉葡萄籽乙醇提取物、洋葱皮乙醇提取物0%、2.5%、5%、10%含有的大量羟基通过非共价相互作用与淀粉分支部分相互作用姜辰昊等[50−51]
儿茶素、没食子儿
茶素
1%酚羟基与水形成氢键降低直链淀粉流动性;酚羟基可与淀粉链的羟基通过氢键结合王杰等[52]
咖啡酸0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1%咖啡酸的羟基通过疏水相互作用、氢键和范德华力与淀粉相互作用;咖啡酸导致酸水解使淀粉水解成较短的聚合物链或单糖和双糖Zheng等[53]
普通玉米淀粉、蜡质玉米淀粉咖啡酸5%阻碍淀粉分子间氢键的形成Han等[54]
蜡质玉米淀粉茶叶乙醇提取物0%、2.5%、5%、10%富含较多的羟基,增加淀粉分子链与链之间的空间位阻,增加淀粉的持水能力王存堂等[55]
蛋白质普通玉米淀粉豌豆蛋白淀粉:蛋白=100:0、70:30、50:50、30:70、0:100蛋白中的亲水基团通过氢键与淀粉的羟基相互作用Choi等[56]
内源蛋白−蛋白质通过分离回生过程中游离水的沉淀来抑制淀粉回生分子间氢键Hu等[57]
脂肪酸普通玉米淀粉月桂酸淀粉:月桂酸=97:3脂肪酸通过氢键和范德华力与直链淀粉相结合,并嵌入淀粉螺旋结构解明昱等[58]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882619131220247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Two-dimensional physical modifications to inhibit corn starch retrogradation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型名称添加比例/处理条件作用机理文献来源
亲水胶体-脂质大豆多糖-大豆油多糖:豆油=1:1、1:3、3:1大豆多糖可促进大豆油与淀粉之间的相互作用Lan等[84]
物理改性-亲水胶体高压均质-罗望子籽
多糖
0、40、80 MPa;淀粉:多糖=1:1高压均质破坏淀粉结构;多糖通过缠结或氢键与淀粉
分子交联
Xie等[85]
物理改性-酚类化合物水热处理-绿原酸70、80、90 ℃;淀粉:绿原酸=50:1水热处理破坏淀粉结构;绿原酸与淀粉通过氢键相互作作用连接;水热处理的温度会影响淀粉-绿原酸复合物的结构唐艳红等[86]
物理改性-氨基酸湿热处理-赖氨酸/丝氨酸/丙氨酸/天冬氨酸水分含量为30%,100 ℃,12 h;淀粉:氨基酸=10:1湿热处理可以产生更多的受损淀粉颗粒;带正负电荷的氨基酸通过静电相互作用与淀粉互作,亲水性氨基酸通过氢键与淀粉互作,疏水性氨基酸通过疏水相互作用与淀粉互作Liang等[87]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882619223494936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882609501098176, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

抑制玉米淀粉回生的二维物理改性方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型名称添加比例/处理条件作用机理文献来源
亲水胶体-脂质大豆多糖-大豆油多糖:豆油=1:1、1:3、3:1大豆多糖可促进大豆油与淀粉之间的相互作用Lan等[84]
物理改性-亲水胶体高压均质-罗望子籽
多糖
0、40、80 MPa;淀粉:多糖=1:1高压均质破坏淀粉结构;多糖通过缠结或氢键与淀粉
分子交联
Xie等[85]
物理改性-酚类化合物水热处理-绿原酸70、80、90 ℃;淀粉:绿原酸=50:1水热处理破坏淀粉结构;绿原酸与淀粉通过氢键相互作作用连接;水热处理的温度会影响淀粉-绿原酸复合物的结构唐艳红等[86]
物理改性-氨基酸湿热处理-赖氨酸/丝氨酸/丙氨酸/天冬氨酸水分含量为30%,100 ℃,12 h;淀粉:氨基酸=10:1湿热处理可以产生更多的受损淀粉颗粒;带正负电荷的氨基酸通过静电相互作用与淀粉互作,亲水性氨基酸通过氢键与淀粉互作,疏水性氨基酸通过疏水相互作用与淀粉互作Liang等[87]
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不同物理改性方法抑制玉米淀粉回生的研究进展
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林嘉琪 1, 2 , 赵湘媛 1, 2 , 代佳音 1, 2 , 韩吉娜 1, 2 , 韦裕 1, 2 , 曹勇 1, 2 , 吴玉柱 1, 2 , 许秀颖 1, 2, * , 刘景圣 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(10): 491-500
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (10) : 491 -500
不同物理改性方法抑制玉米淀粉回生的研究进展
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林嘉琪1, 2 , 赵湘媛1, 2, 代佳音1, 2, 韩吉娜1, 2, 韦裕1, 2, 曹勇1, 2, 吴玉柱1, 2, 许秀颖1, 2, * , 刘景圣1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1吉林农业大学食品科学与工程学院,吉林长春 130118
  • 2小麦和玉米深加工国家工程研究中心,吉林长春 130118
通讯作者:
许秀颖(1980−)(ORCID:0000−0002−7003−7226),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:粮食精深加工与功能性食品,E-mail:。
刘景圣(1964−)(ORCID:0000−0002−1424−428X),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粮食精深加工与功能性食品,E-mail:。
作者简介:

林嘉琪(2000−)(ORCID:0009−0000−8260−6740),女,硕士,研究方向:谷物精深加工技术与物性研究,E-mail:

Research Progress on Inhibiting Retrogradation of Corn Starch by Different Physical Modification Methods
Jiaqi LIN1, 2 , Xiangyuan ZHAO1, 2, Jiayin DAI1, 2, Jina HAN1, 2, Yu WEI1, 2, Yong CAO1, 2, Yuzhu WU1, 2, Xiuying XU1, 2, * , Jingsheng LIU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
  • 2National Engineering Research Center for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040382
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玉米是我国第一大粮食作物,玉米淀粉是玉米的主要成分,由于其较好的功能特性、较低的成本而广受欢迎。淀粉的性质对玉米基食品的品质有着重要影响,但淀粉类食品在加工和贮藏过程中,出现淀粉回生是不可避免的,严重影响淀粉基食品的食用品质。因此,抑制玉米淀粉的回生受到了广泛关注。本文综述了抑制玉米淀粉回生的物理方法,包括外源添加物(酚类化合物、亲水胶体、蛋白质和脂质)和常见物理场处理(水热处理、微波处理、螺杆挤压处理和超高压处理)的单一改性方法以及协同的物理改性方法,并深入分析了这些改性方法抑制淀粉回生的作用机理,以期为玉米淀粉基食品品质提升及相关实验研究提供参考。

玉米淀粉  /  回生特性  /  外源添加物  /  物理改性  /  协同作用

Corn is the largest grain crop in China. Corn starch, as the primary component of corn, is widely favored due to its favorable functional properties and relatively low cost. The characteristics of starch significantly influence the quality of corn-based food products. However, starch retrogradation during processing and storage is inevitable, severely compromising the edible quality of starch-based foods. Consequently, inhibiting corn starch retrogradation has attracted considerable attention. This article reviews the physical methods for inhibiting the retrogradation of corn starch, including single modification methods such as the addition of exogenous substances (phenolic compounds, hydrophilic colloids, proteins, and lipids) and common physical field treatments (hydrothermal treatment, microwave treatment, screw extrusion treatment, and ultra-high pressure treatment), as well as the synergistic physical modification methods. It also deeply analyzes the mechanism of these modification methods in inhibiting starch retrogradation. The aim is to provide references for enhancing the quality of corn starch-based foods and related experimental studies.

corn starch  /  retrogradation property  /  exogenous additives  /  physical modification  /  cooperative interaction
林嘉琪, 赵湘媛, 代佳音, 韩吉娜, 韦裕, 曹勇, 吴玉柱, 许秀颖, 刘景圣. 不同物理改性方法抑制玉米淀粉回生的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 491 -500 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040382
Jiaqi LIN, Xiangyuan ZHAO, Jiayin DAI, Jina HAN, Yu WEI, Yong CAO, Yuzhu WU, Xiuying XU, Jingsheng LIU. Research Progress on Inhibiting Retrogradation of Corn Starch by Different Physical Modification Methods[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 491 -500 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040382
随着人们生活水平的提高,玉米由原来的被动主粮选择逐步转变为主动选择,自2013年以来,玉米主食化趋势越发明显[1]。然而,玉米加工性质的缺陷是阻碍玉米产品走向市场不可忽视的因素。玉米淀粉是玉米重要组分之一,约占总重量的70%[2]。以玉米淀粉为原料的产品达3500多种,玉米淀粉易凝沉回生,当其被制成液态饮料后,易出现透明度低,沉降快等缺陷;而制成玉米馒头等玉米主食产品时,在贮藏过程中,由于回生现象使产品硬度变大,品质变差,缩短产品货架期[3]。
现阶段有关抑制淀粉回生的方法包括:化学改性、物理改性、生物改性。其中物理改性又分为外源物添加和物理场处理两种方法[4]。化学改性在工业生产中被广泛应用,使用不同种类的化学试剂,通过乙酰化、酯化、氧化、羟丙基化从而改变淀粉的结构。酶法改性是通过淀粉酶处理后,降低支链淀粉链长等影响淀粉分子结构与分布。常用的淀粉酶包括普鲁兰酶、脱支酶、α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶等。相比于化学改性,生物改性在生产时存在改性程度难以控制、工艺复杂等问题,物理改性是一种低成本、易操作、高效率的方法,在淀粉深加工领域被广泛研究和应用。
本文系统地综述了亲水胶体、酚类化合物、蛋白及其水解物和脂质等外源物添加、湿热处理、微波处理、螺杆挤压和超高压处理等常见物理改性的单一处理方式以及它们之间相互联用的方式(如图1所示)对延缓或抑制玉米淀粉回生的相关研究进展,以期为玉米淀粉基食品品质提升及相关实验研究提供参考。
淀粉是自然界中最丰富的储能物质之一,在自然状态下不溶于水。淀粉颗粒是在高等植物中由生物合成,具有高度复杂的超分子结构,包含簇、螺旋和微晶等。玉米淀粉由两种成分组成:直链淀粉和支链淀粉。直链淀粉和支链淀粉在淀粉颗粒内形成了结晶区和无定形区,从而组成了淀粉多尺度结构的基础[5]。淀粉多尺度结构包括颗粒结构(2~100 μm)、生长环(120~500 nm)、嵌段结构(20~50 nm)、结晶区和无定形区结构(9 nm)和分子结构(0.1~1 nm)[6]。生长环是由重复的无定形和结晶薄片组成的小块,结晶区域主要由支链淀粉的侧簇组成,而无定形区域主要由支链淀粉分支点组成。不同尺度结构的差异会显著影响淀粉的功能特性[7],而淀粉的功能特性对于调控食品的黏度、质构、风味、口感、保质期等至关重要。直链淀粉和支链淀粉的比例是影响淀粉理化性质的关键因素。直链淀粉和支链淀粉的结构及比例决定了淀粉的黏度、硬度、弹性、膨胀性等性质。
淀粉在发生回生现象之前,必须先经过淀粉的糊化过程。淀粉分子中含有大量羟基基团,羟基之间缔合形成氢键使淀粉颗粒在常温下不溶于水,但当淀粉在水中加热到一定温度后,淀粉颗粒开始膨胀,破坏了分子间氢键,双螺旋结构展开、直链淀粉浸出、破坏了有序排列,从而形成具有一定粘弹性的均匀糊状溶液。淀粉在糊化后,随着水分子的进入以及淀粉颗粒的塌陷,淀粉链的排列从有序变为无序[8]。淀粉糊化分为三个阶段,首先在淀粉刚开始受热时,淀粉颗粒与水分子相互作用而膨胀,但内部结构未被破坏,悬浮液黏度不会增加,此时水分子位于淀粉的无定形区,脱水后能恢复原状;继续加热进入第二阶段,大量水分子会进入到淀粉颗粒内部的微晶间隙中,淀粉颗粒迅速膨胀,使淀粉内部结构开始破裂变形,此时部分淀粉溶解,悬浮液黏度增大;最后阶段温度继续升高,淀粉颗粒破碎严重结构改变,大量淀粉链溶出,悬浮液呈糊状[9]。
淀粉在糊化后,破坏的淀粉分子链重新趋于平行,直链淀粉和支链淀粉重新结合成有序结构,这个过程称为淀粉回生[10]。淀粉回生分为短期回生和长期回生,回生过程如图2所示。直链淀粉的重结晶速率明显高于支链淀粉,由于直链淀粉具有更高的迁移率和更低的空间位阻,直链淀粉主要参与淀粉的短期回生。在短期回生过程中,直链淀粉相互缔合、重排,形成凝胶网络结构,该过程通常在冷却开始后的一天之内完成[11]。长期回生速率较慢,是因为支链淀粉的缓慢重结晶。长期回生在淀粉整个回生过程起着主导作用,这是导致淀粉基食品品质变劣的主要原因。淀粉回生过程分为三个不同的阶段:晶核形成、晶核生长、晶体完善或晶体进一步生长[12]。
淀粉回生后,会发生脱水收缩、冻融稳定性和淀粉糊透明度降低、凝胶硬度增加等宏观现象,从而导致淀粉基食品产生风味变劣、口感变差、货架期变短等问题[14]。对于大部分淀粉基主食产品而言,淀粉的回生现象是有害的,因此,在实际生产过程中人们经常采用各种手段来抑制淀粉的回生,从而改善淀粉基食品的品质。
许多外源添加物被用来抑制淀粉的回生,这些添加物可分为亲水性胶体、酚类化合物、蛋白质以及脂质等。外源物质的添加促进了与淀粉的氢键和离子键等相互作用[15]。这些相互作用抑制直链淀粉的溶出并限制淀粉重结晶,抑制淀粉回生[3]。表1总结了大量关于外源添加剂对淀粉回生特性的影响研究。
亲水胶体通常是指能溶解或分散在水中,并在一定条件下充分水合形成黏稠、滑腻的溶液或凝胶的大分子物质。亲水胶体因其不同的类型以及淀粉回生的发生条件对玉米淀粉回生的抑制效果也不同。Wang等[16]研究表明,可溶性大豆多糖可抑制于常温下储存淀粉的短期回生,并对4 ℃储存的玉米淀粉长期回生有延缓作用。Zhao等[17]也研究了可溶性大豆多糖对不同类型淀粉的抗回生作用,结果表明,4%的可溶性大豆多糖阻碍了玉米淀粉的回生。这是因为可溶性大豆多糖与淀粉相互作用,形成了V型晶体结构,从而抑制淀粉回生。此外,具有不同甘露糖/半乳糖比值的葫芦巴、瓜尔豆、刺槐豆和塔拉胶可以抑制玉米淀粉凝胶的回生[18],具有高甘露糖/半乳糖比和扩展结构的半乳甘露聚糖具有更高的表观粘度,更容易形成凝胶,能抑制淀粉回生,改善玉米淀粉凝胶的质构特征。同样,不同分子量的亲水胶体对玉米淀粉回生的抑制效果也不同,低分子量果胶对玉米淀粉结晶度以及凝胶硬度降低幅度更显著,抑制淀粉回生效果更好[19]。Mao等[20]也证实,低分子量的糊精可延缓玉米淀粉的回生。然而,亲水胶体的添加量均会影响其对玉米淀粉回生的抑制程度,在一定范围内亲水胶体的添加量越多,抑制玉米淀粉回生的效果越好。正如Qiu等[21]的研究结果,玉米纤维胶的添加提高了玉米淀粉的长期稳定性,与添加浓度呈现正相关。
亲水胶体可能是通过以下机制来抑制淀粉回生:亲水胶体具有较强的持水性和良好的成膜性,提高体系的粘度,减少水分散失,水分子流动性减弱,淀粉回生过程受到抑制;亲水胶体形成的空间,可以更好地锁住水分子,减少淀粉回生过程的水分子的迁移;亲水胶体可以包裹在淀粉分子表面,限制了直链淀粉与支链淀粉的结合,从而延缓淀粉回生;亲水胶体的加入提供更多的羟基基团,淀粉分子中的羟基可以通过氢键与外源羟基相互作用形成络合物,改善体系的稳定性,延缓淀粉回生过程中双螺旋结构的形成。
酚类化合物是一种广泛分布于植物中的多羟基化合物,包括酚酸类、黄酮类、单宁、茋类等,在植物中酚类化合物常以游离态和结合态存在。其主要通过氢键、静电相互作用、疏水相互作用、离子键等方式与淀粉形成非共价键相互作用[22]。淀粉与酚类化合物可以形成两种类型复合物,分别是V型复合物和非包合复合物。两种类型的复合物对玉米淀粉回生的抑制作用不同。由于直链淀粉形成的螺旋空腔有限,只有部分尺寸和形状合适的酚类化合物可以进入到螺旋腔内,主要依靠螺旋腔内的疏水相互作用形成V型复合物。当酚类化合物尺寸过大时,酚类化合物的羟基和羰基与淀粉相互作用形成分子间聚集体,以吸附、包埋或聚合等方式形成多酚-淀粉复合物,并通过氢键抑制淀粉回生[23]。
多酚与淀粉之间的相互作用可在一定程度上抑制淀粉回生,其原因在于活性酚羟基可以与淀粉中的羟基发生氢键作用,阻止淀粉分子之间的相互作用。许多研究结果表明,多酚与淀粉间的氢键作用力愈大,其抗回生性能愈好。柿子单宁[24]具有较多的羟基数量和较强的疏水性,通过丰富的氢键和疏水力促进与淀粉的相互作用,从而使其对玉米淀粉的回生抑制效果大于葡萄籽低聚原花青素。有研究表明,阿魏酸的苯环可以抑制玉米淀粉回生[25]。表明酚类化合物的不同结构,使其与淀粉之间的相互作用驱动力不同,从而导致抑制淀粉回生的效果不同。正如Yu等[26]研究结果,肉桂酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸均抑制玉米淀粉回生,其中咖啡酸的抑制效果最好。三种酚酸与玉米淀粉之间的相互作用类型取决于酚酸苯环上的取代基团。当苯环上存在两个或两个以上羟基时,酚酸与玉米淀粉之间的相互作用力为氢键;甲氧基使酚酸与玉米淀粉之间的相互作用转变为疏水相互作用。此外,酚类物质的来源、多酚添加量以及玉米淀粉的直支比均可能会影响酚类物质对玉米淀粉回生性质的作用。Wang等[27]研究表明,葡萄籽、花生皮和松树皮三种常见原花青素可以抑制玉米淀粉回生,其中花生皮原花青素的抑制效果要优于其他两种,原因可能是不同来源的原花青素的组成和结构特征不同。低聚原花青素在低浓度时可以抑制玉米淀粉的回生,且对高直链玉米淀粉、正常玉米淀粉和支链淀粉有不同的抑制作用。Liu等[28]也证实了该观点,并且进一步研究了相互作用机理。原花青素在含量较低(1%)时,抑制了直链淀粉重排,而高浓度抑制了原花青素与直链淀粉之间的相互作用。大豆异黄酮[29]可有效抑制玉米淀粉的短期/长期回生,并且在相同的贮藏期内,随大豆异黄酮浓度的增加,淀粉回生率显著降低。
谷物中淀粉含量一般远高于蛋白质,两者相互作用主要影响复合物中淀粉的性质。蛋白质对淀粉分子的覆盖或包裹、淀粉与蛋白质分子相互作用形成的空间位阻效应等可以影响淀粉的糊化和回生特性。在食品中,通常添加蛋白质来抑制淀粉的回生,蛋白质因其来源不同可分为植物蛋白和动物蛋白。不同类型的蛋白以及添加量对抑制玉米淀粉回生的效果不同。黑豆分离蛋白[30]在糊化过程中形成了分子间氢键,并且与浸出的直链淀粉相互作用,干扰直链淀粉之间的重排,减少了玉米淀粉的回生。大豆蛋白以及豌豆蛋白[31]均可以降低玉米淀粉的回生值,且添加量越多,降低的效果越好。此外,动物蛋白也可以抑制淀粉回生。有研究表明,乳清蛋白[31]可抑制玉米淀粉回生,并呈现出浓度依赖性。当带电离子相互吸引或排斥时,就会发生静电相互作用。Niu等[32]的研究发现带负电荷的猪血浆蛋白促进氢键和离子键的形成,通过空间效应阻碍支链淀粉微晶的形成,从而抑制玉米淀粉的长期回生。此外,疏水相互作用可能在淀粉-蛋白质相互作用中发挥作用,因为许多蛋白的中心有疏水区域。加热处理过程会使蛋白质展开,疏水残基暴露,疏水蛋白吸附在淀粉颗粒表面可能会限制淀粉对水的接触,从而限制颗粒膨胀和分子流动性[33],共价淀粉-蛋白质复合物的形成以及二硫键桥接可能在淀粉回生中起作用。蛋白质与淀粉之间的作用方式如图3所示。
蛋白质水解物是长链和短链肽的混合物,对淀粉回生存在潜在影响。鱼胶原蛋白肽[34]的加入降低了玉米淀粉的回生值以及回生度,抑制了玉米淀粉在贮藏期间的重排。猪血浆蛋白水解物[33]通过弱静电相互作用干扰直链淀粉,抑制玉米淀粉短期回生。这种影响在很大程度上归因于带电氨基酸和淀粉之间通过静电排斥或静电吸引进行的相互作用。
带不同性质电荷的氨基酸对抑制玉米淀粉回生同样有不同的效果。在玉米淀粉中添加赖氨酸、天冬氨酸和酪氨酸[36],可以有效抑制正常玉米淀粉的长期回生,其中带正电荷的赖氨酸的抑制作用效果最为显著。无论是小分子氨基酸或大分子蛋白质均可以在淀粉分子层面直接影响淀粉分子,蛋白质中氨基酸可对淀粉分子形成包裹,减少淀粉分子重结晶,有效延缓食品中的淀粉回生进程。Yue等[37]研究表明,无论氨基酸是否带电,均能抑制淀粉回生。糊化后,淀粉链的羟基暴露出来,使氨基酸分子更容易与淀粉链形成氢键,占据淀粉链上的氢键位点。氨基酸分子和淀粉链之间的氢键显著抑制淀粉链的重聚,降低其重结晶。此外,分子量较大的氨基酸对玉米淀粉回生的影响更大。氨基酸的酸碱度以及氨基酸、水和淀粉之间的非共价相互作用是影响淀粉理化性质的主要原因[38]。
脂质是人类饮食中一种重要的营养元素,是一类疏水性化合物。淀粉和脂质在食品加工过程中会发生一系列的变化和相互作用,导致淀粉的结构和功能特征发生变化。目前,人们已经在脂质对淀粉的改性方面进行了许多研究,发现淀粉性质的变化主要归因于脂质与淀粉形成了复合物。直链淀粉形成的螺旋结构内腔是疏水的,脂肪酸通过疏水相互作用进入螺旋腔内,从而形成V型复合物。脂质的亲水端位于螺旋腔外,疏水端位于螺旋腔内[39]。支链淀粉的长支链在与脂质分子的复合物中比直链淀粉要弱得多,而支链淀粉的短支链由于其较大的空间位阻而可以阻碍淀粉-脂质复合物的形成[40]。淀粉-脂质复合物形成的单螺旋结构,不易在回生过程中重新形成双螺旋,从而可以抑制淀粉的回生。另一方面,脂质和直链淀粉形成复合物,导致直链淀粉形成的晶核减少,为支链淀粉回生提供的晶种源减少,减弱了支链淀粉的重结晶,从而延缓了淀粉长期回生。
脂肪酸的浓度、结构以及复合时的反应温度均可影响其与玉米淀粉复合以及复合物的结构,进而影响玉米淀粉回生的抑制程度。Sun等[41]研究发现14-C的脂肪酸更有利于在直链淀粉螺旋外与玉米淀粉形成配合物。链长为10~14个碳的脂肪酸具有更强的分子间相互作用,并与玉米淀粉形成了更有序的结构。脂肪酸的碳链越长、饱和度越低所形成的玉米淀粉-脂肪酸配合物对凝胶结合水的能力越强,促进分子间氢键的形成,玉米淀粉-脂肪酸形成的配合物可以抑制淀粉回生[42]。碳链较长的脂肪酸具有较强的空间位阻和疏水性,可在直链淀粉的螺旋腔中形成更致密的结构[43]。但当碳链过长,疏水作用力较大,不利于脂肪酸与直链淀粉复合,但脱支后,直链淀粉含量增大,其对复合物的影响更大[44]。此外,脂肪酸的浓度,以及玉米淀粉的直支比均会影响脂肪酸对淀粉回生的抑制效果。
淀粉的物理改性是指通过物理场处理淀粉,从而使淀粉结构发生改变的过程。物理改性具有操作简单、安全绿色等特点。不会产生对人类和生态有害的物质。物理改性分为热改性和非热改性等。
根据淀粉的含水率和处理温度不同,将水热处理分为湿热处理和韧化处理。
湿热处理是指在高于淀粉糊化温度(90~120 ℃),且较低水分含量(10%~30%)的条件下对淀粉进行处理的一种方式[59]。湿热处理可以分为常压湿热和高压湿热两种处理方法。其中高压湿热处理对玉米淀粉结构的影响较大,在一定范围内,随高压湿热处理的时间和温度增加,玉米淀粉重结晶能力被破坏的程度越大,对淀粉回生的抑制作用越强[60]。湿热处理利用水热作用破坏淀粉内原有氢键结构和链结构进而重新形成新的结构,改变淀粉的理化性质,从而抑制淀粉的回生。不同水分含量下的湿热处理对玉米淀粉的影响也不一样,正如Zhong等[61]研究,玉米淀粉的热稳定性随着湿热处理中水分含量的增加而增加。此外,已发现湿热处理诱导的淀粉结构和性质变化与淀粉内直链淀粉含量有关[59]。
韧化处理是指在高于玻璃化转变温度但低于糊化温度(40~80 ℃),过量水分(>60%)或中等水分(40%~55%)条件下对淀粉进行处理的一种方式[62]。有研究表明,韧化处理的温度会影响淀粉的短期回生特性,当韧化处理的温度为60 ℃时,普通玉米淀粉和糯玉米淀粉的回生值均显著降低[63]。此外,重复韧化处理也可以降低玉米淀粉的回生值,抑制玉米淀粉短期回生[64]。
微波处理通过介电加热和电磁极化效应影响淀粉。微波的电磁能将作用于淀粉分子中的极性化学键及基团,促使部分特定分子发生定向极化和转向运动,使得淀粉内的原生分子构象遭受到不同程度的破坏[65]。目前研究表明,由于微波的热效应,微波处理对淀粉的结晶性、溶解度、溶胀性和黏度有一定的影响,对淀粉的糊化温度和稳定性有一定的改善作用,并使淀粉的回生趋势降低[66]。微波加热会影响淀粉颗粒的微观形貌和结构,微波会使淀粉颗粒聚集,表面变得粗糙,出现缺陷和裂缝,长时间微波甚至会使淀粉颗粒严重变形。此外,微波的功率与淀粉的水分含量也会影响处理结果,从而影响淀粉的回生速率。高强度微波处理使淀粉颗粒裂解,并增加玉米淀粉的糊化温度,破坏玉米淀粉的结晶结构,抑制了普通玉米淀粉和糯玉米淀粉的短期/长期回生[67]。
挤压处理是一种多功能的改性方法,它具有瞬时、高温等特点[68]。螺杆施加的高剪切力,通过破坏淀粉颗粒、熔融微晶、迫使分子分解,从而改变淀粉结构,改善淀粉回生特性。这个过程涉及不同温区温度、水分含量、螺杆转速,这些参数的改变可调节淀粉的有序结构。在挤压过程可以实现淀粉的高效糊化和降解。在此过程中,α-1,6糖苷键的位置优先降解,挤压后糊化淀粉的支链结构减少,伴随着分子量和黏度的降低[69]。在挤压过程中,由于热能的作用淀粉吸水膨胀,发生糊化现象,淀粉经历了有序向无序的转变。在此过程中,会破坏淀粉的晶体结构,其中短程有序结构和长程有序结构都会有一定程度的改变[70],同时,淀粉-脂质复合物等新的有序结构重新形成[71]。
挤压温度对淀粉多尺度结构起着至关重要的作用。高温挤压处理后,淀粉糊化程度较高,伴随有序结构严重破坏和分子链降解,导致黏度降低[72]。而低温挤压处理可以作为一种温和的改性技术,从而使部分淀粉预糊化,破坏淀粉的结晶结构[73]。挤压温度(60~100 ℃)越高,玉米淀粉颗粒破碎越严重,相对结晶度和双螺旋有序度降低,样品表现出更低的焓值[74]。此外,水分含量也会影响挤压后淀粉的回生特性。Wang等[75]研究发现,不同含水量的玉米淀粉链结构在挤压后被破坏,且随含水量的增加玉米淀粉糊化程度也增加,其结晶度、有序度和双螺旋度呈下降趋势,玉米淀粉的回生受到抑制。不同螺杆转速处理的玉米淀粉结构也不相同,随螺杆转速的增加,淀粉的长支链变为短支链,结晶度、有序度以及双螺旋度也随之降低。挤压处理能够调节淀粉的多尺度结构从而改变淀粉的回生特性。
超高压,也称为高静压,是一种食品的非热加工方式。利用液体(水或油)作为压力传递介质,在100~1000 MPa的压力下处理食品物料,延长食品的保质期或改善品质。与传统的处理方式相比,超高压处理较温和,超高压技术对共价键影响很小或没有影响,主要通过作用于非共价化学键,从而破坏高分子物质的结构,引起大分子物质改性。加压水平、处理时间和温度的不同,会影响抑制玉米淀粉回生的效果。Dominguez-Ayala等[76]发现,当高静水压的压力增加时,玉米淀粉的短程有序结构、双螺旋结构和焓值呈下降趋势,高静水压削弱了阻碍双螺旋之间相互作用的结晶区域。此外,不同直支比的玉米淀粉经过超高压糊化后,对其回生作用的影响不同。有研究表明,经过600 MPa,30 min的超高压处理,在高直链玉米淀粉与蜡质玉米淀粉比例为2:3时,回生值较低[77]。超高压处理后高直链玉米淀粉在蜡质玉米淀粉凝胶网络中分散,阻碍了冷却过程中淀粉分子重新聚集。Li等[78]研究表明,在600 MPa的高静水压处理后,正常玉米淀粉和糯玉米淀粉颗粒均已完全糊化。高静水压糊化糯玉米淀粉的回生速率慢于高静水压糊化普通玉米淀粉,源于其不同的直链淀粉含量。在回生过程中,直链淀粉可能无助于成核和晶核生长的过程,而只是通过氢键聚集在一起。正常玉米淀粉中存在的直链淀粉可能会阻碍支链淀粉分子的迁移,如果没有直链淀粉,糯玉米淀粉的结构比普通玉米淀粉更容易成核。
不同的食品加工方式及其条件的变化对淀粉多尺度结构的影响不同,选择合理的加工方式和条件可以调控淀粉多尺度结构从而进一步控制淀粉的回生特性。一维的改性方法已广泛应用于改善淀粉的回生性能,然而,某些缺点限制了它们的应用。现如今,越来越多的专家学者致力于用两种改性方法协同处理抑制淀粉回生。与单一改性方法相比,协同处理可以在更短的时间内获得预期的效果。不同的添加剂、不同的物理场处理对淀粉的理化、结构都有显著的影响,抑制玉米淀粉回生的二维物理改性方法见表2。
由于对消费者意识和环境安全的日益关注,有较多研究人员专注于使用绿色、安全的外源添加物改性淀粉。而单独使用一种添加剂可能存在用量大、效果不显著等问题,而过多地使用添加剂也可能会影响淀粉的理化特性,从而影响淀粉质食品的品质。因此使用两种外源添加物,调整适宜的比例,可能会避免这种情况的发生,并且在抑制淀粉回生方面有更好的效果。在先前的研究,得到了海藻酸钠与三种多酚(柚皮苷、芦丁、大豆异黄酮)可抑制玉米淀粉回生的结果[79],并且在相同添加量时,两种添加物共同的作用要优于单一添加物。房子蔚等[4]的研究表明,当油酸和麦芽糖醇按0.5:1.5质量比添加时,二者对延缓淀粉回生的效果最好。其中,油酸与淀粉分子相互作用形成复合物,麦芽糖醇与淀粉之间发生氢键相互作用,两种作用共同抑制淀粉的回生。Xu等[80]报道,高浓度的海带多糖促进了玉米淀粉的回生,但2%的香豆酸可以延缓玉米淀粉-海带多糖凝胶的回生。高浓度的香豆酸可以逆转海带多糖带来的淀粉回生效应。由此可见,两种外源添加物对抑制淀粉回生的效果较好。
物理改性改善了淀粉的功能、形态,利用物理改性耦合添加剂抑制淀粉回生是一种新兴手段,单一的物理场处理以及单一添加剂均可抑制淀粉回生,当两种方法复合时,物理场处理在一定程度上可以促进淀粉与添加剂的相互作用。肖志刚等[81]证明,挤压协同多酚可以抑制玉米淀粉回生。挤压处理破坏了淀粉的颗粒形态,促进多酚与淀粉的氢键相互作用,改变淀粉分子的结构。此外,由于多酚分子中酚羟基的数量和位置的影响,多酚可与淀粉形成新的致密结构。湿热处理协同果胶抑制玉米淀粉回生机理也是如此[82],果胶与淀粉之间的氢键相互作用,可使淀粉回生受到抑制,而湿热处理可以增强果胶与淀粉之间的相互作用。
多元组分间的相互作用较为复杂,对淀粉回生特性的调控作用不尽相同。为改善玉米淀粉易回生的问题,研究人员不断创新,找寻更加高效的方法,在改性和加工淀粉的同时,添加多种外源添加物,促进了淀粉的氢键和离子键等相互作用。现阶段已有研究人员将物理场处理协同两种外源物质来抑制玉米淀粉回生。Li等[15]利用高压微射流改性玉米淀粉-魔芋葡甘露聚糖-竹叶类黄酮复合物,高压微射流改性促进了玉米淀粉、魔芋葡甘露聚糖和竹叶类黄酮化合物之间的相互作用,影响淀粉结构,从而抑制淀粉的回生。在挤压过程添加半乳甘露聚糖(瓜尔豆胶、塔拉胶和刺槐豆胶)和柠檬酸可使玉米淀粉回生速率减缓,并且瓜尔豆胶处理的样品抑制淀粉回生效果更好[83]。在实际生产中,物理场处理协同外源物质是一种经济、安全、高效的方法。利用物理场耦合多种外源添加物,将成为抑制淀粉回生的研究趋势。
天然玉米淀粉在食品应用受到限制,尤其是在主食类产品贮藏特性方面,因淀粉易回生,导致品质劣变,为了克服这一现象,对天然淀粉使用绿色、安全的物理方法改性处理。目前一些外源物如亲水胶体、酶类化合物、蛋白质和脂质等以及一些物理场的改性处理对玉米淀粉的回生具有抑制作用。未来,对于外源添加剂的种类拓展及来源优化部分(如开发更为绿色环保的提取物质或从香蕉皮等农业副产物中提取)仍有待进一步的探索和开发;还应提升物理改性方法的实际应用效能和节能环保性,并优化物理改性方法。单一方法抑制玉米淀粉回生仍有一定局限存在,不能满足淀粉基食品生产应用的需求,采用两种或多种方式控制淀粉基食品回生已成为趋势。目前较为实用的协同处理主要有两类:利用两种或两种以上外源物质添加,通过调控适宜的添加比例,达到更好地抑制回生效果;利用物理方法与外源物相互联用,来抑制玉米淀粉的回生。基于此,还需研究多种外源添加物的复配协同效应以及物理改性与外源物质之间的相互作用对淀粉的作用是否会影响淀粉以及外源添加物的消化吸收。此外仍需不断探索开发创新、绿色、安全的改性方法,解决因淀粉分子重结晶而导致的品质劣化的问题。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040382
  • 接收时间:2025-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-30
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    1吉林农业大学食品科学与工程学院,吉林长春 130118
    2小麦和玉米深加工国家工程研究中心,吉林长春 130118

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许秀颖(1980−)(ORCID:0000−0002−7003−7226),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:粮食精深加工与功能性食品,E-mail:。
刘景圣(1964−)(ORCID:0000−0002−1424−428X),男,博士,教授,研究方向:粮食精深加工与功能性食品,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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