Article(id=1320882583022453452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060114, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749571200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852548604, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852548604, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852548603, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852548603, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=335, endPage=342, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882583219585741, articleId=1320882583022453452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=AuNPs-Sodium Alginate Hydrogel Combined with Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Rapid Detection of Thiram Residue on Apple Peels, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective: The traditional substrate had the problems of insufficient uniformity and difficult to adapt to the detection of pesticide residues on irregular fruit surface. This study was aimed to develop a new surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection method to improve the sensitivity and applicability of thiram residue detection on fruit surface. Methods: A gold nanoparticle (AuNPs)-sodium alginate (SA) composite substrate was fabricated via a gluconolactone (GDL)-calcium carbonate (CaCO3) slow-release crosslinking system to obtain controllable substrate shaping and improved gel homogeneity. The effects of CaCO3 loading (w/v) and AuNPs concentrations on the performance of the substrates were optimized. Their performance was evaluated in terms of sensitivity, reproducibility, and uniformity, followed by application to the detection of thiram residues on apple peel samples. Results: When the CaCO3 loading was 0.3% (w/v) and the AuNPs solution was concentrated 2×, the substrate exhibited the strongest Raman response. A good linear relationship (R2=0.987) was obtained between SERS signal intensity and thiram concentrations in the range of 0.005~1 mg/L. The limit of detection (LOD) for thiram residues on apple peels was reached 0.0625 μg/cm2, with a recovery rate of 92.45% and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.87%, meeting the requirements of the national standards. Moreover, the substrate was shown excellent uniformity (RSD=3.3%) and reproducibility (RSD=2.9%). Conclusion: The study proved that balancing gel mechanical properties with localized electromagnetic field enhancement density through slow-release crosslinking was the key to improve the detection efficiency on complex matrices, which would provide a regulatory principle for the design of flexible SERS substrates.

, authors=Zixin DENG1, Hao REN1, Siying WANG1, Keqiang LAI1, 2, *, authorsList=Zixin DENG, Hao REN, Siying WANG, Keqiang LAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Keqiang LAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882586788938462, articleId=1320882583022453452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=AuNPs-海藻酸钠水凝胶结合表面增强拉曼光谱快速检测苹果皮上福美双残留量, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的:传统基底存在均匀性不足及难以适配不规则果皮表面农药残留检测的问题,本研究旨在开发一种新型表面增强拉曼光谱(Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,SERS)检测方法,以提升果皮表面福美双残留检测的灵敏度和适用性。方法:本研究构建了金纳米粒子(AuNPs)-海藻酸钠(SA)水凝胶复合基底,通过葡糖酸内酯(GDL)-碳酸钙(CaCO3)缓释交联体系实现基底形状的可控性和凝胶均匀化,实验优化了CaCO3添加量和AuNPs浓度对基底性能的影响,从灵敏度、重现性与均匀性三个方面评估了该基底的性能,最后将其应用于苹果皮样品中福美双残留量的检测。结果:当CaCO3添加量为0.3%(w/v),AuNPs浓缩2×时,基底具备最佳的拉曼响应,对福美双标准溶液的检测在0.005~1 mg/L范围内呈现良好的幂函数关系(R2=0.987),对苹果皮上福美双残留检出限(LOD)达0.0625 μg/cm2,回收率为92.45%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.87%,符合国家检测标准(GB 2763-2021)。此外,基底表现出优异均匀性(RSD=3.3%)和重现性(RSD=2.9%)。结论:通过缓释交联平衡凝胶力学性能与局域电磁场增强区域密度是提升复杂基质检测效能的关键,这为柔性SERS基底的设计提供了调控原则。

, authors=邓紫欣1, 任昊1, 王思颖1, 赖克强1, 2, *, authorsList=邓紫欣, 任昊, 王思颖, 赖克强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赖克强, authorNote=

邓紫欣(2003−),女,本科,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
赖克强(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品质量安全快速分析检测,E-mail:。
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Detection of thiram on fruit surfaces and in juices with minimum sample pretreatment via a bendable and reusable substrate for surface-enhanced Raman scattering[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2022, 102(14): 6211−6219., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882594653258522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882583022453452, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国农业农村部. 食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量: GB 2763-2021[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2021: 144−146. [Ministry of agriculture and rural affairs of the PRC. National food safety standard for maximum residue limits of pesticides in Food: GB2763-2021[S]. 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articleId=1320882583022453452, language=CN, label=图8, caption=AuNPs-SA水凝胶检测不同福美双残留浓度苹果表皮的SERS光谱, figureFileSmall=zlXwXyGlF4T69jeaZjTB4A==, figureFileBig=wFpBY8ZqJHEtHQLKH1oU+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882592627409687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882583022453452, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Recovery rates of thiram detected by SERS on apple peels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品加标浓度(μg/cm2)回收率(%)RSD(%)
苹果皮0.0312571.295.42
0.0625092.452.87
0.3125096.224.87
), ArticleFig(id=1320882592824541976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882583022453452, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SERS法检测苹果皮上福美双的回收率

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样品加标浓度(μg/cm2)回收率(%)RSD(%)
苹果皮0.0312571.295.42
0.0625092.452.87
0.3125096.224.87
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AuNPs-海藻酸钠水凝胶结合表面增强拉曼光谱快速检测苹果皮上福美双残留量
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邓紫欣 1 , 任昊 1 , 王思颖 1 , 赖克强 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(10): 335-342
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (10) : 335 -342
AuNPs-海藻酸钠水凝胶结合表面增强拉曼光谱快速检测苹果皮上福美双残留量
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邓紫欣1 , 任昊1, 王思颖1, 赖克强1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1上海海洋大学食品学院,上海 201306
  • 2上海海洋大学食品热加工工程技术研究中心,上海 201306
通讯作者:
赖克强(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品质量安全快速分析检测,E-mail:。
作者简介:

邓紫欣(2003−),女,本科,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

AuNPs-Sodium Alginate Hydrogel Combined with Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Rapid Detection of Thiram Residue on Apple Peels
Zixin DENG1 , Hao REN1, Siying WANG1, Keqiang LAI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2Engneering Research Center of Food Thermal-processing Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060114
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目的:传统基底存在均匀性不足及难以适配不规则果皮表面农药残留检测的问题,本研究旨在开发一种新型表面增强拉曼光谱(Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,SERS)检测方法,以提升果皮表面福美双残留检测的灵敏度和适用性。方法:本研究构建了金纳米粒子(AuNPs)-海藻酸钠(SA)水凝胶复合基底,通过葡糖酸内酯(GDL)-碳酸钙(CaCO3)缓释交联体系实现基底形状的可控性和凝胶均匀化,实验优化了CaCO3添加量和AuNPs浓度对基底性能的影响,从灵敏度、重现性与均匀性三个方面评估了该基底的性能,最后将其应用于苹果皮样品中福美双残留量的检测。结果:当CaCO3添加量为0.3%(w/v),AuNPs浓缩2×时,基底具备最佳的拉曼响应,对福美双标准溶液的检测在0.005~1 mg/L范围内呈现良好的幂函数关系(R2=0.987),对苹果皮上福美双残留检出限(LOD)达0.0625 μg/cm2,回收率为92.45%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.87%,符合国家检测标准(GB 2763-2021)。此外,基底表现出优异均匀性(RSD=3.3%)和重现性(RSD=2.9%)。结论:通过缓释交联平衡凝胶力学性能与局域电磁场增强区域密度是提升复杂基质检测效能的关键,这为柔性SERS基底的设计提供了调控原则。

表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)  /  海藻酸钠(SA)  /  碳酸钙(CaCO3)  /  葡糖酸内酯(GDL)  /  水凝胶  /  福美双

Objective: The traditional substrate had the problems of insufficient uniformity and difficult to adapt to the detection of pesticide residues on irregular fruit surface. This study was aimed to develop a new surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection method to improve the sensitivity and applicability of thiram residue detection on fruit surface. Methods: A gold nanoparticle (AuNPs)-sodium alginate (SA) composite substrate was fabricated via a gluconolactone (GDL)-calcium carbonate (CaCO3) slow-release crosslinking system to obtain controllable substrate shaping and improved gel homogeneity. The effects of CaCO3 loading (w/v) and AuNPs concentrations on the performance of the substrates were optimized. Their performance was evaluated in terms of sensitivity, reproducibility, and uniformity, followed by application to the detection of thiram residues on apple peel samples. Results: When the CaCO3 loading was 0.3% (w/v) and the AuNPs solution was concentrated 2×, the substrate exhibited the strongest Raman response. A good linear relationship (R2=0.987) was obtained between SERS signal intensity and thiram concentrations in the range of 0.005~1 mg/L. The limit of detection (LOD) for thiram residues on apple peels was reached 0.0625 μg/cm2, with a recovery rate of 92.45% and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.87%, meeting the requirements of the national standards. Moreover, the substrate was shown excellent uniformity (RSD=3.3%) and reproducibility (RSD=2.9%). Conclusion: The study proved that balancing gel mechanical properties with localized electromagnetic field enhancement density through slow-release crosslinking was the key to improve the detection efficiency on complex matrices, which would provide a regulatory principle for the design of flexible SERS substrates.

surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS)  /  sodium alginate (SA)  /  calcium carbonate (CaCO3)  /  gluconolactone (GDL)  /  hydrogel  /  thiram
邓紫欣, 任昊, 王思颖, 赖克强. AuNPs-海藻酸钠水凝胶结合表面增强拉曼光谱快速检测苹果皮上福美双残留量. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 335 -342 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060114
Zixin DENG, Hao REN, Siying WANG, Keqiang LAI. AuNPs-Sodium Alginate Hydrogel Combined with Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Rapid Detection of Thiram Residue on Apple Peels[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 335 -342 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060114
农药残留污染是威胁果蔬食用安全的重要问题,其中福美双(又名二硫化四甲基秋兰姆)作为广谱含硫杀菌剂,其过量摄入可引发头痛、眩晕、消化系统紊乱及肝损伤等健康问题[1]。根据我国《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB 2763-2021)规定,福美双在苹果中的最大残留限量(MRL)为0.5 mg/kg[2],并被列为强制性检测项目。当前农药残留检测方法主要包括高效液相色谱法[3]、气相色谱法[4]和气相色谱-质谱法[5]等,然而这些技术普遍存在前处理复杂、检测周期长、灵敏度不足以及成本较高等缺点[6]。近年来,表面增强拉曼光谱(Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,SERS)技术因其卓越的分子指纹识别能力和超高灵敏度[7],在痕量物质检测领域展现出显著优势[8]。研究表明,通过创新基底材料设计可有效提升SERS检测性能。例如,Wu等[1]开发的糖模板法制备的金纳米粒子(Au nanoparticles,AuNPs)-聚二甲基硅氧烷海绵基底实现了水果表面及果汁中福美双的检测,此法将果皮中福美双的检出限(LOD)降低至0.024 ng/cm2;Zhang等[9]采用三乙氧基硅烷修饰滤纸表面并固定AuNPs,成功构建了可检测多种农药的SERS传感平台,此法的LOD可达至 0.1~1 ng/cm2。然而,现有技术仍面临基底制备工艺复杂[10]、均一性不足[11]等挑战,严重制约了SERS技术在复杂食品基质中农药残留检测的实际应用[12]。因此,开发工艺简便、均一性高的SERS基底制备方法,对于实现食品中福美双等农药残留的快速精准检测具有重要研究价值[13]。
水凝胶作为一种天然或合成聚合物构成的三维网络材料,因其独特的结构特性可实现对金属纳米粒子的高效分散和稳定封装[14],显著提升基底的稳定性和信号检测的可靠性[15]。海藻酸钠(Sodium alginate,SA)是一种从海藻中分离出来的天然碳水化合物聚合物[16],由于其生物相容性好、无毒性、成本低以及可实现温和凝胶化而广泛用于食品、制药和生物工程领域[17]。研究表明,藻酸盐水凝胶体系在SERS检测中展现出优异性能[18]。这主要源于其三维网络结构中丰富的孔隙可高效富集目标分子,同时通过物理限域作用防止纳米粒子团聚,保障相邻纳米粒子间形成的局域电磁场增强区域(即SERS热点区域)均匀分布;SA链上的羧基不仅能与AuNPs通过静电作用稳定结合,还能通过氢键等相互作用拉近目标分子与“热点”的距离,协同增强拉曼信号[19]。此外,水凝胶的高含水特性维持了纳米粒子的分散稳定性,柔性网络结构则赋予其优异的机械缓冲性能,确保基底在重复使用中的结构完整性和信号重现性[15]。SA固有的分子筛效应还能选择性排除果胶、蛋白质等大分子干扰[20],使该体系兼具高灵敏度、稳定性和抗干扰能力。例如,Vassalini等[19]通过β-环糊精修饰的AuNPs与海藻酸盐水凝胶复合,构建了可同时实现亚甲基蓝和磺胺甲恶唑捕获、检测及降解的多功能传感平台,对农药残留的LOD低至0.01 ng/cm2,并具有良好的抗干扰能力;Yue等[20]则采用微流控技术制备了AuNPs-海藻酸盐水凝胶微球,凭借水凝胶的分子筛效应,无需去除蛋白等样品预处理,成功实现了血清中6-硫鸟嘌呤的直接检测。这些研究成果充分证实,藻酸盐水凝胶基底具有检测灵敏度高、稳定性好、重现性优异以及抗基质干扰能力强等显著优势,为开发高性能SERS检测基底提供了极具前景的材料体系。
然而,在传统制备方法中,藻酸盐前驱体与二价阳离子交联溶液直接接触时会发生瞬时交联反应,在材料表面形成致密交联层,导致凝胶形成过程难以调控[21],使得传统方法难以适应不规则形态的样品,降低了痕量农药残留的检测灵敏度。为解决此问题,本研究提出了一种基于葡糖酸内酯(Gluconolactone,GDL)-CaCO3缓释交联水凝胶负载AuNPs的新策略。该体系中,SA是一种生物多糖大分子,其子链上的羧基在溶液中会发生解离从而使其溶液携带负电荷[22]。CaCO3与GDL作为缓释凝胶速率控制剂,GDL缓慢水解生成葡萄糖酸(弱酸),溶液pH逐渐降低,进而促进CaCO3的溶解并逐步释放出Ca2+[23],Ca2+与SA链上的羧基基团发生离子交换,取代其中的Na+,在不同分子链之间建立离子桥连接,促使SA分子之间形成稳定的交联点[24]。随着交联反应的进行,分子链逐步连接为空间立体网络结构。而AuNPs预先分散于SA溶液中,在凝胶过程中被物理包埋或与羧基形成弱相互作用,均匀分布于水凝胶网络中,赋予其SERS活性[25]。鉴于上述原理,在交联期间合理调控基底的形状、厚度等指标,可避免瞬时交联反应,实现凝胶的均匀化。
本研究将构建AuNPs-SA水凝胶复合基底,通过GDL-CaCO3缓释交联体系实现基底形状的可控性和凝胶均匀化,实验通过优化CaCO3添加量(0.20%、0.25%、0.30%和0.35%,w/v)和AuNPs浓度(浓缩1×、2×、3×和4×)以提高基底的SERS性能,确定基底的最佳制备条件为0.30%的CaCO3添加量(w/v)与2×的AuNPs浓度。在此基础上,实验将评估基底的SERS性能指标(灵敏度、重现性和均匀性),构建福美双检测的定量分析模型,并探究其在苹果皮实际样品中农药残留检测的适用性。该研究旨在突破传统水凝胶瞬时交联的技术瓶颈,开发具有高灵敏度、优异稳定性和良好适应性的新型SERS检测方法,为果蔬农药残留的快速、精准检测提供创新解决方案,推动食品安全监测技术的进步。
柠檬酸三钠、氯金酸 分析纯,J&K科学有限公司;海藻酸钠、碳酸钙、葡糖酸内酯 分析纯,阿拉丁试剂(中国上海);福美双 分析纯,Sigma Aldrich公司;实验所用苹果样品 为当地超市购买的新鲜苹果。
JEM-2100F透射电子显微镜(TEM) 日本JOEL公司;Evolution 220紫外−可见光谱仪、Nicolet DXR显微共聚焦拉曼光谱仪 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;PC-4200磁力加热板 美国Corning公司;Centrifuge5810R高速离心机 德国Eppendorf公司;GZX-9076MBE烘箱 博迅实业有限公司医疗设备厂;所有水溶液的超纯水来自Milli-Q 18.2 MΩ·cm超纯水系统 美国Millipore公司。
AuNPs通过经典的柠檬酸钠还原法[26]合成。将氯金酸水溶液(100 mL,0.01%,w/v)在油浴中加热到沸腾。然后,将1 mL柠檬酸三钠水溶液(0.01%,w/v)迅速加入沸腾溶液中,连续加热15 min。最后,将上述混合溶液转移至冰浴中冷却,以终止反应,冷却后使用紫外可见分光光度计在400~1800 nm全扫描波段对合成的AuNPs溶液进行表征,设定透射电子显微镜电压为200 kV,观察AuNPs粒子的形貌。
基于离子交联机理[24]制备AuNPs-SA水凝胶复合基底。将0.2500 g SA完全溶解在10 mL AuNPs溶液后,加入CaCO3,充分搅拌使其在溶液中分布均匀,迅速加入0.1600 g GDL搅拌均匀,得到水凝胶前驱体溶液。用1 mL胶头滴管(单滴体积250±5 μL)以每孔2~3滴垂直注入单孔直径约6 mm的48孔板中,静置流平后形成5±0.5 mm厚的凝胶层。静置,待交联反应2 h后用镊子将水凝胶复合基底取出,并用超纯水反复清洗10次以去除未反应完的单体,然后将其储存在4 ℃超纯水中,备用。
考虑到基底的灵敏度,本研究通过调节CaCO3在最终混合溶液中的质量体积百分比,设置4组不同比例(0.20%、0.25%、0.30%和0.35%)。同时,通过5000 r/min,30 min离心浓缩,对比4种不同浓度的AuNPs溶液(浓缩1×、2×、3×和4×)以优化基底的SERS性能。除各组控制变量外,其余试剂用量均同1.2.2.1。其中,在考察CaCO3添加量的单因素实验中,AuNPs浓度选用原浓度(1×)进行基底合成。以0.1 mg/L福美双标准溶液为目标进行SERS检测,比较1372 cm−1处特征峰强度变化,确定最佳的CaCO3添加量与AuNPs浓度。
称取0.0100 g福美双固体粉末,以丙酮为溶剂,溶解并定容至100 mL容量瓶中,得到0.10 g/L福美双标准溶液。以超纯水为稀释溶剂,将母液进一步稀释,得到一系列不同浓度的福美双标准溶液(0.005、0.010、0.100、0.500、1.000和5.000 mg/L),避光保存于4 ℃下,备用。
将于优化条件下制备的AuNPs-SA水凝胶基底投入到5 mL 0.1 mg/L福美双标准溶液中,浸泡吸附30 min后,取出,用滤纸将表面溶液擦干,置于60 ℃加热板上烘干,待测。空白基底通过将500 μL 0.1 mg/L福美双标准溶液直接滴加在载玻片上,置于60 ℃加热板上烘干所得;AuNPs溶胶基底则以AuNPs溶液为溶剂,将0.5 mg/L福美双标准溶液稀释5倍,得到0.1 mg/L福美双溶液,取500 μL该溶液滴加至载玻片上,置于60 ℃加热板上烘干所得。每组设置3个平行。SERS光谱采集采用He-Ne激光器(λ=633 nm,功率2.00±0.05 mW),20×物镜,狭缝宽度50 cm−1,曝光时间5 s,曝光次数2次。
采用AuNPs-SA水凝胶基底对0.1 mg/L福美双标准溶液进行检测,以空白基底和AuNPs溶胶基底作为对照组,分析福美双特征峰的归属,并比较各组在相同条件下的SERS信号强度差异以评估基底的灵敏度。
在同一批AuNPs-SA水凝胶基底上随机选取80个点,以0.1 mg/L福美双标准溶液为目标物进行SERS检测,用1372 cm−1处特征峰强度的RSD来表示基底均匀性。
以相同条件分别制备3批AuNPs-SA水凝胶,分别保存至不同容器中备用。以0.1 mg/L福美双标准溶液为目标物进行SERS检测,用批次内和批次间1372 cm−1处的特征峰强度的RSD来表示基底重现性。
将AuNPs-SA水凝胶从超纯水中取出,用滤纸将水凝胶表面残余水分擦干,然后分别将其投入到5 mL不同梯度浓度的待测溶液(0.005、0.010、0.100、0.500和1.000 mg/L)中,浸泡吸附30 min后,取出,用滤纸将表面溶液擦去,置于60 ℃加热板上烘干,待测。SERS检测参数设置同1.2.4.1。为建立定量分析模型,实验以福美双标准溶液的浓度(mg/L)为横坐标(x),1372 cm−1处特征峰的拉曼强度为纵坐标(y),采用最小二乘法拟合浓度-信号强度标准曲线,得到回归方程,通过计算决定系数(R2)评估函数相关性。
首先将苹果皮依次用流动的乙醇和水清洗干净,之后,分多次循环滴加250 μL的不同浓度(0.500、1.000和5.000 mg/L)的福美双溶液至果皮外表面(2 cm×2 cm),每次滴加约50 μL,待溶液在45 ℃热板上干燥后,重复操作直至全部溶液滴加完毕,确保果皮表面被均匀覆盖。同时设置空白对照组。随后用20 mL乙腈润湿果皮表面,立即用水凝胶片擦拭吸附残留物,最后将水凝胶片置于60 ℃加热板烘干待测。果皮上福美双残留浓度按下式计算求得分别为0.03125 μg/cm2、0.0625 μg/cm2和0.3125 μg/cm2。SERS检测参数设置同1.2.4.1。
$ \mathrm{果皮残留浓度}(\text{µ} \mathrm{g}/{\text{cm}}^{2})=\frac{\mathrm{C}\times \mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{A}} $
式中:C表示福美双溶液浓度,mg/L;V表示滴加溶液总体积,mL;A表示果皮表面积,cm2。
光谱数据采用OMNIC软件(Thermo Nicolet Corp,Madison,WI,USA)进行预处理,每个样品测试过程中,随机在基底上采集10个不同的点获得10条谱图,在不同批次合成的基底上重复采集SERS谱图2次,共获得20条谱图取其平均值进行分析。实验结果运用Origin 2021软件(Origin Lab Corporation,Natick,MA,USA)进行绘图并进行函数拟合。
通过传统的柠檬酸三钠还原法制备AuNPs,所得的溶液颜色呈现紫红色。AuNPs分散体系在530 nm处显示了一个消光峰,这是AuNPs的表面等离子共振峰,与Chen等[24]和Zhao等[25]的研究结果基本一致,说明AuNPs成功合成。透射电子显微镜(TEM)图像显示,得到的AuNPs是球形颗粒,表面光滑,呈现出良好的颗粒形态,如图1所示。
实验探究了CaCO3添加量依次为0.20%、0.25%、0.30%与0.35%(w/v)时水凝胶基底的SERS性能,实验结果如图2所示。在复合基底制备过程中,CaCO3的添加量显著影响材料的综合性能[27]。当CaCO3添加量过低时,无法在体系内形成足够的支撑结构,导致材料整体强度与稳定性不足,导致基底的吸附性能较差[28];同时,过少的Ca2+无法有效诱导AuNPs进行适度聚集,减少了局域电磁场增强区域(即SERS热点区域),从而得到较低的SERS强度[18]。当CaCO3添加量逐步上升至0.3%时,SERS强度得到了显著提升,这主要归因于CaCO3颗粒的均匀分散优化了凝胶网络结构,增强了基底机械稳定性;释放的Ca2+促进了AuNPs的适度聚集,形成更多“SERS热点区域”,有利于激光的传导与反射[29−31]。这一优化过程得益于本研究采用的GDL-CaCO3缓释交联体系,该体系通过GDL水解控制Ca2+的逐步释放,克服了传统水凝胶瞬时交联导致的均匀性差和形状不可控的关键难题。然而,进一步增加CaCO3添加量后,过量的CaCO3会诱导AuNPs出现过度团聚现象,在材料内部形成应力集中点,反而破坏结构均匀性[32]。当CaCO3添加量达到0.35%时,过量CaCO3诱导AuNPs过度团聚,形成应力集中点破坏结构均匀性[29],致密化网络和颗粒团聚阻碍激光传导,导致SERS性能下降。综合分析表明,CaCO3添加量为0.30%(w/v)时,基底表现出最优SERS性能。该条件下,凝胶网络结构稳定性、AuNPs分散状态与热点密度达到最佳平衡,故后续实验均采用此优化参数。
实验探究了AuNPs浓度依次为1×、2×、3×与4×时水凝胶基底的SERS性能,SERS检测结果如图3所示。在水凝胶制备过程中,AuNPs的浓度对水凝胶基底的SERS活性有着关键影响。当AuNPs浓度过低时,难以在水凝胶内部形成充足的“SERS热点区域”,导致SERS信号响应较弱,分析物难以获得有效的增强效果[18]。随着AuNPs浓度从1×升到2×时,拉曼强度呈现上升趋势,这是由于AuNPs数量增多,使得“SERS热点区域”相应增加,同时较多的AuNPs可能诱导自身发生聚集,形成多聚体结构,创造出更高SERS活性的“SERS热点区域”,从而提升了SERS强度[33]。然而,若进一步增加AuNPs浓度,SERS强度呈现下降趋势,这是由于AuNPs浓度超过一定阈值,AuNPs过度团聚,破坏水凝胶内部结构的均匀性与稳定性,导致内部结构紊乱或对激光传导产生阻碍[34],进而使SERS信号显著减弱,最终影响了基底对分析物的检测性能。实验结果表明,AuNPs浓缩2×条件下,基底表现出最优SERS性能。该浓度不仅保证了足够的“SERS热点”密度,同时避免了纳米粒子过度团聚引起的结构破坏,实现了信号增强与材料稳定性的最佳平衡,因此选定为后续实验的优化参数。
用0.1 mg/L福美双标准溶液对所制备基底的SERS性能进行表征,在水凝胶基底上可以观察到属于福美双的特征峰。这些特征峰主要归因于C-S-S的形变振动(446 cm−1)、S-S的伸缩振动(551 cm−1)、H3C-N的伸缩振动(934 cm−1)、C-N的伸缩振动(1140 cm−1)和C-N的伸缩振动(1372 cm−1)[35]。实验结果如图4所示,由于水凝胶的三维网络结构可富集更多福美双分子[36],且AuNPs在水凝胶中分布均匀且稳定性高,避免了溶胶中团聚导致的“热点”减少[32],同时SA的羧基可能通过静电作用与福美双的‒N(CH3)2结合,进一步拉近了与AuNPs的距离[29],增强了电磁场耦合效应[14],从而使AuNPs-SA水凝胶基底组的各个特征峰信号均强于AuNPs与空白组,说明制备的水凝胶基底较传统溶胶基底具备更高的灵敏度与SERS活性。
为了验证所获得的水凝胶SERS底物的均匀性,在同一基底上随机采集了80个位置的0.1 mg/L福美双SERS谱图,选择福美双在1372 cm−1处最具特征性的峰值来评估其均匀性,实验结果如图5所示。拉曼信号在1372 cm−1处RSD为3.3%,表明该基底具有良好的均匀性。
为了验证所制备的水凝胶SERS基底的重现性,实验采集并比较了在相同条件下制备的3批基底上任意10个位置(共30条光谱)的0.1 mg/L福美双SERS谱图,选择福美双在1372 cm−1处最具特征性的峰值来评估其重现性,结果如图6所示。拉曼信号在1372 cm−1处RSD为2.9%,表明AuNPs-SA水凝胶具有良好的重现性。
以一系列福美双标准溶液(0.005~1 mg/L)作为分析目标,SERS检测结果如图7所示。随着标准溶液中福美双浓度从0.005 mg/L上升至1 mg/L,其特征峰强度逐渐增加。通过非线性拟合,发现福美双1372 cm−1的特征峰强度与其浓度符合幂函数(y=1948.82x0.18)的规律,其决定系数R2=0.987,这表明利用AuNPs-SA水凝胶基底可以对福美双进行定量分析。
在本研究中,使用AuNPs-SA水凝胶片对附着在苹果表皮上的福美双进行检测,实验结果如图8所示。在表皮浓度为0.03125 μg/cm2的时候无法清晰地采集到关于福美双的特征峰,这是由于福美双浓度过低而导致水凝胶片吸附得不均匀,导致检测效果差。当福美双浓度提升至0.0625 μg/cm2时,SERS光谱图上可以很清晰地观察到属于福美双的特征峰,并且随着浓度提升至0.3125 μg/cm2 时,福美双在基底上分布更加均匀,1372 cm−1处特征峰信号进一步增强。上述实验结果表明,通过该基底可使苹果皮上福美双的LOD降低至0.0625 μg/cm2,说明AuNPs-SA水凝胶具有柔性基底的特点,可成功实现检测水果表皮上的福美双残留量。
同时,实验在此基础上实施了加标回收实验以检验该方法的准确度,结果如表1所示,苹果皮上在0.0625 μg/cm2加标浓度的回收率为92.45%,RSD=2.87%,揭示了该方法对定量分析果皮上福美双的可行性。
本研究在SERS柔性基底的设计上实现了重要突破,创新性地采用GDL-CaCO3缓释交联策略,在CaCO3添加量为0.3%(w/v),AuNPs浓缩2×时获得最佳性能,样品LOD=0.0625 μg/cm2,回收率92.45%。与现有基于糖模板、滤纸修饰或传统水凝胶等方法相比,本方法在保持高灵敏度的基础上,显著提升了信号的重现性(RSD=2.9%)和均匀性(RSD=3.3%)。这种性能提升主要归因于缓释交联体系对凝胶网络结构形成与AuNPs分布状态的协同调控作用。通过精确控制Ca2+释放动力学,使凝胶形成时间显著延长,既构建了稳定的三维凝胶网络,又实现了AuNPs的均匀适度聚集。这一技术路径成功克服了传统水凝胶瞬时交联导致的均匀性差和形状不可控等关键难题,突破了现有方法在复杂基质检测中的适用性瓶颈,为开发适配实际样品检测需求的高性能柔性SERS基底提供了新思路。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060114
  • 接收时间:2025-06-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-11
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    1上海海洋大学食品学院,上海 201306
    2上海海洋大学食品热加工工程技术研究中心,上海 201306

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赖克强(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品质量安全快速分析检测,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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