Article(id=1320882560763281965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882506312826993, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040158, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744560000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852543297, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852543297, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852543297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852543297, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882506312826993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='525', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778774400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852530314, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852530314, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=355, endPage=364, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882561014940206, articleId=1320882560763281965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of Bacterial and Fungal Community Successionduring Cold Storage of Pork, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To reveal the change pattern of microbial community structure in fresh pork during storage, samples were stored at 4 ℃ in this experiment. Five samples were collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days respectively. The changes in the total number of colonies, the total number of mold and yeast, and the content of volatile basic nitrogen were measured. Furthermore, the bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal ITS high-throughput sequencing were further used to analyze the changes in the structure of microbial flora. The results showed that throughout the storage period, both the TVC and TVB-N content exhibited upward trends, increasing from 3.88 lg CFU/g and 5.77 mg/100 g to 6.83 lg CFU/g and 23.26 mg/100 g, respectively (P<0.05). The mold and yeast counts showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with a significant increase to 2.71 lg CFU/g observed at 3 days of storage (P<0.05). Both Chao1 richness and Shannon diversity indices of bacteria and fungi exhibited significant declines (P<0.05). The β-diversity analysis revealed that the structures of bacteria and fungi were significantly difference across storage periods (P<0.05). At the genus level, the relative abundance of Brochothrix increased significantly during the storage stage and reached to 70.56%, becoming the dominant genus at Day 7, while Lactococcus and Acinetobacter showed marked depletion (P<0.05). Fungal communities were predominated by Kurtzmaniella, Debaryomyces, Aspergillus, Filobasidium, and Candida. Notably, the relative abundance of Kurtzmaniella increased significantly with prolonged storage (P<0.05), contrasting with reductions in Candida, Filobasidium, and Aspergillus (P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated significant positive correlations between the bacterial genera Brochothrix and Lactococcus and the fungal genera Kurtzmaniella and Candida, respectively. This study highlights Brochothrix, Lactococcus, Acinetobacter, and the fungal taxa Kurtzmaniella and Candida as critical contributors to chilled pork spoilage. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing shelf-life extension and quality control strategies in chilled pork preservation.

, authors=Yinmei LUO1, 2, Zhenfeng YE3, Zhaohui QIAO1, Wentao LÜ2, Lingyan MA2, Yingping XIAO2, *, authorsList=Yinmei LUO, Zhenfeng YE, Zhaohui QIAO, Wentao LÜ, Lingyan MA, Yingping XIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yingping XIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882565033083459, articleId=1320882560763281965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=冷鲜猪肉贮藏过程中细菌与真菌群落演替分析, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为揭示冷鲜猪肉在贮藏过程中微生物菌群结构的变化规律,本试验将猪肉置于4 ℃贮藏保存,分别在第0、1、3、5、7 d各取5份样品,测定其菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数及挥发性盐基氮含量的变化,并进一步通过细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌ITS高通量测序技术分析菌群结构的变化。结果显示:在整个贮藏过程中,菌落总数和挥发性盐基氮含量均呈上升趋势,分别从3.88 lg CFU/g、5.77 mg/100 g增加至6.83 lg CFU/g、23.26 mg/100 g(P<0.05),霉菌和酵母菌总数呈现先升高后降低的趋势,贮藏3 d时显著增加为2.71 lg CFU/g(P<0.05);真菌和细菌的丰富度Chao1和多样性Shannon指数均显著降低(P<0.05),β-多样性分析显示不同贮藏时间冷鲜猪肉的菌群结构显著差异(P<0.05)。在贮藏阶段环丝菌属(Brochothrix)显著增加(P<0.05),至7 d时,环丝菌属的相对丰度达到70.56%,成为优势菌属,而乳球菌属(Lactococcus)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)显著降低(P<0.05);在真菌属水平上,Kurtzmaniella、德巴利氏酵母属(Debaryomyces)、曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)、线黑粉酵母属(Filobasidium)和假丝酵母属(Candida)为优势菌属,其中Kurtzmaniella相对丰度随着贮藏时间的延长显著增加(P<0.05),而假丝酵母属、线黑粉酵母属和曲霉菌属等相对丰度显著减少(P<0.05)。Spearman分析显示,细菌环丝菌属和乳球菌属分别与真菌Kurtzmaniella、假丝酵母属表现出较强的正相关关系。本研究表明环丝菌属、乳球菌属、不动杆菌属和真菌Kurtzmaniella、假丝酵母属是导致冷鲜猪肉在贮藏过程中肉变质的主要微生物,研究结果为延长冷鲜猪肉的货架期和品质控制提供理论基础。

, authors=罗银梅1, 2, 叶振峰3, 乔朝晖1, 吕文涛2, 马灵燕2, 肖英平2, *, authorsList=罗银梅, 叶振峰, 乔朝晖, 吕文涛, 马灵燕, 肖英平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=肖英平, authorNote=

罗银梅(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
肖英平(1984−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:畜产品质量安全研究,E-mail:。
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注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图2、图8~图9同。

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注:红色线条表示正相关,蓝色线条表示负相关,图7同。

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Bacterial and fungal Alpha diversity of chilled pork during storage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物类别Alpha多样性指数样本处理
D0D1D3D5D7
细菌ASV308.20±26.60a178.60±23.12bc269.40±59.65ab206.40±19.31abc129.60±17.08c
Shannon3.19±0.19a2.61±0.11b2.30±0.26b2.08±0.09b1.50±0.15c
Simpson0.12±0.02c0.16±0.01c0.34±0.05b0.34±0.02b0.48±0.03a
Chao1310.60±26.60a181.20±21.96bc271.20±59.95ab209.80±19.23abc130.20±16.79c
真菌ASV80.20±34.25a71.60±22.11a72.20±12.64a41.80±10.64b37.20±9.93b
Shannon2.23±1.05a2.06±0.25ab1.24±0.39bc0.80±0.36c1.19±0.70c
Simpson0.30±0.30b0.30±0.06b0.58±0.12a0.71±0.12a0.58±0.19a
Chao180.20±34.25a71.60±22.11a72.20±12.64a41.80±10.64b37.20±9.93b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882573664961165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882560763281965, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冷鲜猪肉在贮藏过程中细菌和真菌Alpha多样性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物类别Alpha多样性指数样本处理
D0D1D3D5D7
细菌ASV308.20±26.60a178.60±23.12bc269.40±59.65ab206.40±19.31abc129.60±17.08c
Shannon3.19±0.19a2.61±0.11b2.30±0.26b2.08±0.09b1.50±0.15c
Simpson0.12±0.02c0.16±0.01c0.34±0.05b0.34±0.02b0.48±0.03a
Chao1310.60±26.60a181.20±21.96bc271.20±59.95ab209.80±19.23abc130.20±16.79c
真菌ASV80.20±34.25a71.60±22.11a72.20±12.64a41.80±10.64b37.20±9.93b
Shannon2.23±1.05a2.06±0.25ab1.24±0.39bc0.80±0.36c1.19±0.70c
Simpson0.30±0.30b0.30±0.06b0.58±0.12a0.71±0.12a0.58±0.19a
Chao180.20±34.25a71.60±22.11a72.20±12.64a41.80±10.64b37.20±9.93b
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冷鲜猪肉贮藏过程中细菌与真菌群落演替分析
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罗银梅 1, 2 , 叶振峰 3 , 乔朝晖 1 , 吕文涛 2 , 马灵燕 2 , 肖英平 2, *
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(10): 355-364
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (10) : 355 -364
冷鲜猪肉贮藏过程中细菌与真菌群落演替分析
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罗银梅1, 2 , 叶振峰3, 乔朝晖1, 吕文涛2, 马灵燕2, 肖英平2, *
作者信息
  • 1宁波大学食品科学与工程学院,浙江宁波 315000
  • 2浙江农业科学院农产品质量安全全国重点实验室,农产品质量安全与营养研究所,浙江杭州 310000
  • 3宁海县动物卫生监督所,浙江宁波 315000
通讯作者:
肖英平(1984−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:畜产品质量安全研究,E-mail:。
作者简介:

罗银梅(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品微生物,E-mail:

Analysis of Bacterial and Fungal Community Successionduring Cold Storage of Pork
Yinmei LUO1, 2 , Zhenfeng YE3, Zhaohui QIAO1, Wentao LÜ2, Lingyan MA2, Yingping XIAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China
  • 2National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
  • 3Ninghai County Animal Health Supervision Office, Ningbo 315000, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040158
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为揭示冷鲜猪肉在贮藏过程中微生物菌群结构的变化规律,本试验将猪肉置于4 ℃贮藏保存,分别在第0、1、3、5、7 d各取5份样品,测定其菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数及挥发性盐基氮含量的变化,并进一步通过细菌16S rRNA基因和真菌ITS高通量测序技术分析菌群结构的变化。结果显示:在整个贮藏过程中,菌落总数和挥发性盐基氮含量均呈上升趋势,分别从3.88 lg CFU/g、5.77 mg/100 g增加至6.83 lg CFU/g、23.26 mg/100 g(P<0.05),霉菌和酵母菌总数呈现先升高后降低的趋势,贮藏3 d时显著增加为2.71 lg CFU/g(P<0.05);真菌和细菌的丰富度Chao1和多样性Shannon指数均显著降低(P<0.05),β-多样性分析显示不同贮藏时间冷鲜猪肉的菌群结构显著差异(P<0.05)。在贮藏阶段环丝菌属(Brochothrix)显著增加(P<0.05),至7 d时,环丝菌属的相对丰度达到70.56%,成为优势菌属,而乳球菌属(Lactococcus)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)显著降低(P<0.05);在真菌属水平上,Kurtzmaniella、德巴利氏酵母属(Debaryomyces)、曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)、线黑粉酵母属(Filobasidium)和假丝酵母属(Candida)为优势菌属,其中Kurtzmaniella相对丰度随着贮藏时间的延长显著增加(P<0.05),而假丝酵母属、线黑粉酵母属和曲霉菌属等相对丰度显著减少(P<0.05)。Spearman分析显示,细菌环丝菌属和乳球菌属分别与真菌Kurtzmaniella、假丝酵母属表现出较强的正相关关系。本研究表明环丝菌属、乳球菌属、不动杆菌属和真菌Kurtzmaniella、假丝酵母属是导致冷鲜猪肉在贮藏过程中肉变质的主要微生物,研究结果为延长冷鲜猪肉的货架期和品质控制提供理论基础。

冷鲜猪肉  /  贮藏  /  细菌  /  真菌  /  菌群结构  /  优势菌

To reveal the change pattern of microbial community structure in fresh pork during storage, samples were stored at 4 ℃ in this experiment. Five samples were collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days respectively. The changes in the total number of colonies, the total number of mold and yeast, and the content of volatile basic nitrogen were measured. Furthermore, the bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal ITS high-throughput sequencing were further used to analyze the changes in the structure of microbial flora. The results showed that throughout the storage period, both the TVC and TVB-N content exhibited upward trends, increasing from 3.88 lg CFU/g and 5.77 mg/100 g to 6.83 lg CFU/g and 23.26 mg/100 g, respectively (P<0.05). The mold and yeast counts showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with a significant increase to 2.71 lg CFU/g observed at 3 days of storage (P<0.05). Both Chao1 richness and Shannon diversity indices of bacteria and fungi exhibited significant declines (P<0.05). The β-diversity analysis revealed that the structures of bacteria and fungi were significantly difference across storage periods (P<0.05). At the genus level, the relative abundance of Brochothrix increased significantly during the storage stage and reached to 70.56%, becoming the dominant genus at Day 7, while Lactococcus and Acinetobacter showed marked depletion (P<0.05). Fungal communities were predominated by Kurtzmaniella, Debaryomyces, Aspergillus, Filobasidium, and Candida. Notably, the relative abundance of Kurtzmaniella increased significantly with prolonged storage (P<0.05), contrasting with reductions in Candida, Filobasidium, and Aspergillus (P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated significant positive correlations between the bacterial genera Brochothrix and Lactococcus and the fungal genera Kurtzmaniella and Candida, respectively. This study highlights Brochothrix, Lactococcus, Acinetobacter, and the fungal taxa Kurtzmaniella and Candida as critical contributors to chilled pork spoilage. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing shelf-life extension and quality control strategies in chilled pork preservation.

chilled pork  /  storage  /  bacteria  /  fungi  /  community structure  /  dominant bacterium
罗银梅, 叶振峰, 乔朝晖, 吕文涛, 马灵燕, 肖英平. 冷鲜猪肉贮藏过程中细菌与真菌群落演替分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (10) : 355 -364 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040158
Yinmei LUO, Zhenfeng YE, Zhaohui QIAO, Wentao LÜ, Lingyan MA, Yingping XIAO. Analysis of Bacterial and Fungal Community Successionduring Cold Storage of Pork[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (10) : 355 -364 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040158
冷鲜猪肉作为全球消费量最大的肉类之一[1],其丰富的蛋白质、脂类、矿物质和维生素等营养成分在满足人体营养需求的同时,也为微生物增殖提供了理想基质。尤其是必需营养素和高水分的协同作用,导致新鲜猪肉极易发生腐败变质。在肉类腐败的复杂机制中,微生物群落演替被认为是核心诱因,其中贮藏时间作为影响肉类中微生物生长的重要因素之一[2],会通过影响微生物的生长代谢显著改变冷鲜猪肉的货架期。微生物的生长会引起猪肉颜色、气味、质地和其他腐败特性的变化[3−4]。然而目前对冷鲜肉腐败机制的研究主要集中在细菌的种类、生长特性及其对肉类品质的影响上[5],值得注意的是,真菌在食品腐败过程中的作用被长期忽视。相较于细菌,真菌在空气中的传播范围更广[6],已有研究在腐烂的食品中检测到霉菌和酵母菌[7],并在香肠[8]、核桃[9]和大麦[10]等食品中检测到真菌的多样性,但在冷鲜肉贮藏过程中真菌群落动态及其细菌的关系尚未见报道。
目前冷藏和冷冻是肉类储存中最常用的两种条件,其中冷藏通过抑制酶活性和微生物生长,延长猪肉保质期,故被广泛应用于其贮藏[11]。而猪肉含有丰富的营养基质,即使在冷藏条件下,微生物的生长代谢活动仍难以完全抑制[12]。冷鲜猪肉在贮藏期间,微生物通过分解利用碳水化合物、蛋白质、核酸和脂类等营养成分,释放胺类、吲哚、硫化物等腐败代谢产物,进而影响肉品质量和安全性[13]。研究表明,在低温贮藏条件下,猪肉腐败状况与微生物的类型和数量有关[14],如Li等[15]在腐败猪肉中检测到大量的假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)。因此,监测冷鲜猪肉在贮藏过程中细菌群落和真菌群落的演替与互作,对于识别关键腐败菌群的主要来源、延长猪肉保质期及开发精准抑腐策略具有重要意义。基于此,本研究利用高通量测序技术对冷鲜猪肉贮藏过程中细菌和真菌群落变化进行分析,系统解析了4 ℃贮藏条件下冷鲜猪肉表面细菌和真菌菌群结构的演替规律,通过构建微生物互作网络模型,阐明了关键腐败细菌和真菌的互作关系,为冷鲜肉的防腐保鲜和品质控制提供科学依据。
鲜猪肉(后腿肉) 购自杭州农贸综合市场;无菌生理盐水(0.9% NaCl)、平板计数琼脂、马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂 杭州微生物试剂有限公司;硼酸、盐酸 分析纯,西陇科学股份有限公司;琼脂糖 西班牙Biowest公司。
Kjeltec 9凯氏定氮仪 Foss公司;5427R高速离心机 Eppendorf(德国);SW-CF-IF超净工作台 苏州安泰空气技术有限公司;HYCD-290冰箱 海尔公司;i100Illumina Miseq型测序仪 Illumina公司。
取当天同一屠宰批次的猪肉,在无菌操作室内将猪肉平均分成25份,每份100 g,放入聚乙烯材质的无菌袋中(320 mm×200 mm),手动排出袋内空气进行封口包装[15],置于4 ℃冰箱贮藏,在0、1、3、5、7 d取样待测,每个时间点取5个重复。
菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数分别参照GB 4789.2-2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 菌落总数测定》[16]、GB 4789.15-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 霉菌和酵母计数》[17]方法测定。挥发性盐基氮(Total Volatile Base Nitrogen,TVB-N)参照GB 5009.228-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中挥发性盐基氮的测定》[18]方法测定。
使用FastLee DNA Kit for Feces试剂盒(Thermo Scientific)提取猪肉中微生物基因组DNA,并利用1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测提取的DNA浓度。以引物515 F和907 R对细菌16S rRNA基因的V3~V4区进行PCR扩增及以引物ITS3F-ITS4R对真菌ITS的3F-4R区进行PCR扩增。PCR反应程序为:98 ℃ 1 min,98 ℃ 10 s,50 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 60 s,重复30个循环后,72 ℃ 5 min。
采用NEB Next® UltraTM Ⅱ DNA构建试剂盒生成测序文库,在Illumina平台对文库进行测序,同时对序列质量进行质控过滤。序列分析由UPARSE软件包进行,相似度为100%的序列被分配到相同的扩增子序列变体(Amplicon Sequence Variant,ASV),并使用uclust为每个有代表性的序列注释分类信息。为了计算Alpha多样性,对ASV表进行稀释,并使用QIIME2检验分析微生物组成的多样性指数,包括ASV数量、Chao l指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数。Beta多样性通过Bray-Curtis距离进行主坐标分析(Principal Co-ordinates Analysis,PCoA)。
使用SPSS 27.0软件进行单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),Duncan法多重比较,显著水平为P<0.05,结果以均值±标准差表示,并使用GraphPad Prism 9.5软件绘制图。筛选相对丰度大于0.01%的菌属,结合非参数检验与线性判别分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis,LDA),通过LEfSe分析组间菌群丰度的差异(LDA>2,P<0.05),进一步利用Gephi软件以Spearman相关系数(|r|>0.8,P<0.05)绘制菌群之间相关性网络图。
从图1看出,在猪肉贮藏过程中,菌落总数呈现动态演替特征。随着贮藏时间的延长菌落总数显著上升(P<0.05),在1~3 d贮藏期间增长速度最快,至7 d时,猪肉样品的菌落总数达到了6.83 lg (CFU/g);而霉菌和酵母菌总数呈先升高后降低的趋势,贮藏前期霉菌和酵母菌总数缓慢增加,随着贮藏时间的推移,贮藏5 d后开始减少,至贮藏结束时降低为2.41 lg (CFU/g)。
挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)是衡量肉类新鲜度的重要指标,也是评估猪肉品质的重要参数[19]。如图2所示,贮藏前(0 d)猪肉中的挥发性盐基氮含量为5.77 mg/100 g,随着贮藏时间的延长显著增加(P<0.05),至5 d和7 d时分别增加为14.01 mg/100 g、23.26 mg/100 g。而TVB-N的升高反映蛋白质和非蛋白化合物的降解导致的肉质劣变,主要源于微生物的大量繁殖(菌落总数升高)[20]。猪肉在冷藏7 d后的菌落总数(TVC)超过了6 lg CFU/g上限,因此,同时使用TVC和TVB-N作为猪肉腐败判定标准更为可靠。
Chao 1指数通常反映物种丰富度,而Simpson和Shannon指数用于评估微生物群落多样性水平,Shannon指数越大,同时Simpson指数越小则表明群落多样性越高。从表1看出,细菌和真菌ASV数量、丰富度指数Chao 1和Shannon指数均随贮藏时间的延长呈现波动和下降趋势(P<0.05),其中细菌和真菌的ASV数量和丰富度指数Chao 1均在7 d时达到最低值(表1),说明冷藏会降低冷鲜猪肉中菌群的丰富度。贮藏后期(7 d)细菌的Shannon指数达到最低值,而真菌的Shannon指数至7 d时出现回升现象,可能是由于随着贮藏时间的增加,环境中氧含量逐渐下降,脂肪、蛋白质等营养物质会因微生物的繁殖被不断消耗,导致可供细菌利用的资源逐渐减少,从而适应低氧环境的细菌会通过分泌抗菌物质抑制其他敏感细菌的生长,导致细菌多样性下降。与此同时,在低氧环境和营养消耗情况下,多数真菌(如酵母菌、霉菌)属于兼性厌氧或耐低氧生物,能分泌更高效的酶类分解剩余的复杂有机物,更利于真菌的生长[21]。因此,随着贮藏时间的延长,冷鲜猪肉表面细菌与真菌的多样性和丰富度下降,至贮藏第7 d,由细菌菌群逐渐演替为真菌菌群主导。
基于Bray-Curits距离的主坐标分析(PCoA)显示,贮藏时间显著影响冷鲜猪肉表面的微生物群落结构(P<0.05)。细菌群落演替呈现阶段性特征(图3A):0 d和1 d的猪肉样品相互聚集,3 d和5 d的样品相互聚集,表明它们之间的细菌群落组成较为相似,贮藏至7 d的样品细菌群落结构与其他样品差异较大,表明后期腐败阶段形成特征菌群;真菌群落结构变化呈现不同的模式(图3B),0 d样品在PCoA1轴上与其他样品间显著分离,而1~7 d样品沿PCoA2轴逐步迁移,形成连续演变轨迹。
在门水平上,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)是冷鲜猪肉贮藏期间的优势细菌菌门,相对丰度占整个细菌群落的98.72%(图4(A))。在贮藏过程中,厚壁菌门的相对丰度逐渐增加,从初始贮藏(0 d)的63.80%持续上升至贮藏后期(7 d)的92.16%,并成为贮藏后期的优势菌门。在属水平上,贮藏初期(1 d)冷鲜猪肉表面优势菌属为巨球菌属(Macrococcus)、乳球菌属(Lactococcus)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和魏斯氏菌属(Weissella),随着贮藏时间增加,至贮藏中期(3~5 d)时,乳球菌属、不动杆菌属和魏斯氏菌属相对丰度逐渐减少,巨球菌属相对丰度持续上升并占据主导地位,到贮藏后期(7 d)其优势菌属主要为环丝菌属(Brochothrix),相对丰度可达70.56%。
如图5A所示,猪肉在整个贮藏过程中的核心真菌主要来源于两个门,子囊菌门(Ascomycota,85.71%)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota,13.03%),其相对丰度占所有真菌的98.74%。在贮藏过程中,子囊菌门的相对丰度持续上升,并始终维持较高值,至7 d时达到了94.73%。在属水平上,贮藏前(0 d)冷鲜猪肉表面优势菌属为Kurtzmaniella、线黑粉酵母属(Filobasidium)和曲霉菌属(Aspergillus),贮藏1 d后,逐渐被Kurtzmaniella、德巴利氏酵母属(Debaryomyces)和假丝酵母属(Candida)占据主导地位,随着贮藏时间的延长,至贮藏中后期(3~7 d)时,冷鲜猪肉表面的优势菌属为Kurtzmaniella和德巴利氏酵母属,其中Kurtzmaniella属的相对丰度在5 d时达到最高值(84.14%),随后开始缓慢下降,至7 d时相对丰度为76.54%。此外,所有样品中均存在的菌属主要为Kurtzmaniella和假丝酵母属等。
基于Spearman相关系数(|r|>0.8,P<0.05)分别构建了冷鲜猪肉贮藏过程中细菌与真菌群落的属水平互作网络。细菌群落互作显示,在整个贮藏过程中主要由属于变形菌门和厚壁菌门的细菌菌属构成了密切复杂的网络共生图(图6)。贮藏前(0 d)冷鲜猪肉表面细菌之间的互作关系较强,联系也更加紧密,而贮藏至7 d样品中细菌菌属之间的互作关系减弱,且大部分菌属之间主要呈正相关关系,如不动杆菌属与鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas)呈正相关,嗜冷杆菌属与溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)呈正相关,而存在负相关关系的菌属相对较少。与细菌群落相比,真菌之间的互作关系相对较弱。贮藏前主要由子囊菌门和担子菌门的菌属构成了网络共生图(图7),随着贮藏时间的延长,至贮藏中期猪肉样品中的真菌互作较为活跃,联系也更加紧密,到贮藏后期(7 d)时冷鲜猪肉表面真菌之间的互作减弱,并主要以子囊菌门的Kurtzmaniella属、曲霉菌属和假丝酵母属等菌属形成紧密的共生网络。
为了深入解析微生物群落的动态分布,对细菌属水平上相对丰度大于0.01%的菌属进行LEfSe分析(LDA>2,P<0.05),共筛选出48个差异细菌菌属(图8A)。在整个贮藏过程中,环丝菌属、巨球菌属、乳球菌属、不动杆菌属和假单胞菌属的相对丰度发生显著变化(图8B)。其中环丝菌属的相对丰度显著增加,贮藏后期达到了70.56%(P<0.05),巨球菌属相对丰度在0~3 d期间保持增加趋势,至5 d开始下降,并在7 d时达到了最低值(17.31%)。而假单胞菌属与其相反,其相对丰度则呈现出先下降后上升趋势。此外,乳球菌属和不动杆菌属的相对丰度在整个贮藏过程中显著降低(P<0.05),可能是由于环丝菌属的迅速增长,导致到贮藏后期时逐渐被环丝菌属所取代。
对真菌属水平上相对丰度大于0.01%的菌属进行LEfSe分析(LDA>2,P<0.05),共筛选出7个差异菌属(图9A)。在整个贮藏过程中,Kurtzmaniella属和假丝酵母属变化较为显著(P<0.05),其中Kurtzmaniella的相对丰度始终保持增加趋势,并在5 d时达到了最高值(84.14%),随后开始缓慢降低,但整体上其相对丰度始终保持较高值。假丝酵母属在贮藏期间其相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),至贮藏后期时相对丰度降为0.59%(图9B)。
进一步采用Spearman相关性深入分析细菌与真菌在冷鲜猪肉贮藏过程中的互作(|r|>0.6,P<0.05),从图10可知,在整个贮藏期间,优势腐败真菌Kurtzmaniella和假丝酵母属在微生物群落互作关系中占据关键地位,与其他多种细菌表现出较强的相互作用。其中贮藏后期的优势腐败真菌Kurtzmaniella与优势腐败细菌环丝菌属表现出较强的正相关关系(r=0.7044),与贮藏后期显著减少的乳球菌属表现出负相关关系(r=−0.6390)。
微生物的污染是导致猪肉腐败变质的主要原因,其数量能够作为判断肉类制品新鲜程度的指标[22]。在本研究中,猪肉的菌落总数呈现出不断增长趋势,贮藏7 d时,菌落总数超过了GB/T 9959.2-2008《分割鲜、冻猪瘦肉》中微生物允许上限6 lg (CFU/g),猪肉可能已经发生腐败变质,该研究结果与Li等[4]的结果一致;霉菌和酵母菌总数作为评价猪肉卫生状况和潜在腐败变质风险的重要指标,其生长繁殖需要一定的水分和营养物质等条件[23]。本研究中贮藏初期霉菌和酵母菌因适应贮藏环境而增殖,后期可能因细菌过度繁殖导致营养竞争加剧、代谢产物积累及氧气、水分活度等环境条件改变,从而抑制了霉菌和酵母菌生长,使其数量发生下降[24]。挥发性盐基氮被广泛用于判断肉类和肉制品新鲜度的重要质量指标[19],在本研究中,挥发性盐基氮含量的上升趋势揭示了鲜猪肉在贮藏期间持续变质,贮藏至7 d时,TVB-N的含量达到了23.26 mg/100 g,超过了GB 2707-2016《鲜(冻)畜、禽产品》中规定的腐败限量(≤15 mg/100 g)。此外,TVB-N的增加与TVC的变化呈正相关,与Wang等[25]报道TVB-N值的增长趋势与鸡肉贮藏过程中的微生物菌落总数一致,表明冷鲜猪肉在贮藏期间,微生物的污染对其品质影响较大。
肉类在贮藏过程中发生的腐败变质主要归因于特定腐败微生物的生长繁殖,而鲜肉上特定微生物的生长主要是由初始携带的微生物菌群和贮藏时间决定的[26]。因此,为解析贮藏时间影响猪肉腐败进程的微生物机制,本研究进一步利用高通量测序技术对冷鲜猪肉贮藏过程中细菌和真菌群落结构及多样性进行分析。研究表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,猪肉表面微生物多样性及丰富度逐渐降低[27],本研究结果与之一致。通过对冷鲜猪肉细菌群落的物种组成分析显示,在门水平上,厚壁菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门为冷鲜猪肉贮藏期间的优势菌门,这与以往的研究结果一致[28]。在属水平上,不动杆菌属、巨球菌属、乳球菌属和环丝菌属在整个贮藏过程中相对丰度较高,不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属、泛菌属和环丝菌属已被证实是猪肉贮藏过程中的优势腐败菌[29],表明贮藏期间猪肉出现变质。不动杆菌属作为革兰氏阴性好氧菌,属于条件致病菌,其相对丰度快速降低可能与贮藏后期假单胞菌属的增长有关。假单胞菌属在生长繁殖过程中可能与不动杆菌属竞争营养成分,产生的代谢产物和生物毒素在环境中积累,导致氧气含量出现下降,从而抑制了不动杆菌属的增殖[30]。而假单胞菌属和环丝菌属几乎占已识别的腐败菌属的90%[31],与本研究检测到环丝菌属优势化规律具有一致性。然而,Yi等[27]关于新鲜猪肉的研究中发现假单胞菌是主要腐败菌,与本研究结果存在差异,这可能是因为包装方式和材质不同。研究表明,不同的包装方式对减少相应优势腐败菌有积极作用,其中真空包装能降低不动杆菌属、环丝菌属的相对丰度,气调包装能有效地控制假单胞菌属和不动杆菌属的增殖[32];不同企业生产的鲜宰猪肉其初始微生物群落结构不同,也有可能导致贮藏后期的优势菌属不同[33]。
假单胞菌属作为新鲜食品变质的重要细菌菌群,其有强大的代谢活性,并能分泌多种蛋白质酶和脂肪酶,从而促进肉类中蛋白质和脂肪的分解[5]。此外,假单胞菌属还能释放出各种初级或次级代谢物,如酮、挥发性脂肪酸、硫化氢、胺和乙酸等,这些代谢物会引发肉类的氧化及酸败,从而影响其风味、颜色和质地[34]。在本研究中,贮藏前冷鲜猪肉表面假单胞菌属的相对丰度较低,随着贮藏时间的增加,至第7 d时缓慢增加到0.22%,其相对丰度在整个贮藏期间均保持较低值,而环丝菌属相对丰度较高。Li等[15]在三文鱼中也发现了类似的结果,随着贮藏时间的增加,环丝菌属成为其贮藏后期的优势菌属。此外,在海鲜制品中,游离氨基酸、水和适宜的pH也为环丝菌属提供了有利的生长环境[35]。研究发现,环丝菌属可以从肉制品中分离出来,并能在低温贮藏环境中存活,如冷冻真空包装的熟羊肉和4 ℃贮藏的新鲜鸡肉中均有检测到,对肉类加工产业造成重大经济损失[36−37]。本研究中,冷鲜猪肉表面菌群结构随着贮藏时间的延长呈现动态变化特征,优势菌属由贮藏初期的巨球菌属逐步演替为环丝菌属主导。研究发现,环丝菌属在牛肉贮藏7 d后成为优势菌群[38],作为典型腐败菌,该菌属通过特定代谢途径显著缩短有氧贮藏肉品的货架期[39]。环丝菌属的快速生长进一步证实了其为嗜冷菌,并且可以分解代谢猪肉基质来生长,Fall等[40]也证实了环丝菌属在肉基质中的作用。
与细菌群落相比,冷鲜猪肉表面真菌的多样性较低。本研究对真菌群落的物种组成分析显示,在门水平上,主要为子囊菌门和担子菌门,而子囊菌门是整个贮藏过程中的优势菌门,这与以往研究结果一致[10]。属水平上,贮藏前期,冷鲜猪肉表面的优势菌属为Kurtzmaniella、线黑粉酵母属和曲霉菌属,而曲霉属的特定菌株具有代谢产生次级毒性代谢产物的能力,其生物合成途径可产生赭曲霉毒素和棒曲霉素等有毒化合物,它们能够对人类造成严重影响[41]。贮藏中期,逐渐被假丝酵母属和德巴利氏酵母属占据主导地位,而假丝酵母属、德巴利氏酵母菌属、红酵母属和毛孢菌属是鲜肉和乳制品中最常见的菌属[6,42]。研究表明,假丝酵母可代谢生成乳酸丙酯、丁酸乙酯及辛酸乙酯等呈香物质,其果香与奶酪风味特征可增强食品风味层次[43]。然而,根据GB 2707-2016《食品安全国家标准 鲜(冻)畜、禽产品》对冷鲜肉感官品质的规定,此类香气属于异味范畴。贮藏后期,优势菌属演替为Kurtzmaniella和德巴利氏酵母属主导,由此可见霉菌和酵母菌在整个贮藏过程中占据了大部分的种类。研究表明,部分酵母菌种可抑制腐败菌的繁殖[44],姚文娟等[45]在针对拮抗酵母菌株对梨果毛霉菌(Mucor)及青霉菌(Penicillium)抑制效果的研究中发现,红酵母属菌株对这两种霉菌表现出一定的抑制作用。本研究检测到的真菌菌群中,曲霉属、Kurtzmaniella和德巴利氏酵母属为优势菌属,表明这三个属的真菌在猪肉腐败过程中形成核心微生物群落,其代谢活性可能对猪肉腐败变质具有重要影响。此外,微生物相互作用对微生物群落结构变化起到重要的作用[46],因此,使用斯皮尔曼相关性进一步解析细菌与真菌之间的关系。结果显示,优势腐败真菌Kurtzmaniella属与优势腐败细菌环丝菌属表现出较强的正相关关系,与贮藏后期显著减少的乳球菌属表现出负相关关系。呈正相关的菌属往往具有相似的环境适应能力,它们之间可能存在某种互惠共生关系,因此,推测猪肉在贮藏期间,细菌与真菌可能发生了协同作用,共同加速了冷鲜猪肉的腐败变质。随着贮藏时间的增加,嗜冷菌环丝菌属通过分泌蛋白酶分解肌原纤维蛋白,同时脂肪酶催化脂肪氧化生成己醛等挥发性物质,与此同时,真菌Kurtzmaniella属、曲霉属和酵母属等通过分泌低温活性水解酶突破肌肉组织屏障,加速蛋白质与碳水化合物分解[47−48],进而导致肉类的腐败变质。因此,基于冷鲜猪肉的优势腐败菌群分析(4 ℃贮藏第7 d时环丝菌属和Kurtzmaniella占比均超过70%),可以通过靶向抑制细菌环丝菌属和真菌Kurtzmaniella的增殖入手,从而有效减缓猪肉腐败速率,提升其贮藏稳定性与货架期。
本研究系统揭示了冷鲜猪肉在4 ℃贮藏过程中微生物群落的动态演替规律。贮藏期间,微生物总数和挥发性盐基氮含量显著升高,同时细菌与真菌群落的多样性和丰富度均持续下降。贮藏初期,优势细菌属为巨球菌属、乳球菌属和不动杆菌属,优势真菌属为Kurtzmaniella、线黑粉酵母属和曲霉菌属;贮藏后期,以细菌属环丝菌属和真菌Kurtzmaniella为绝对优势类群。相关性分析显示,腐败细菌环丝菌属与腐败真菌Kurtzmaniella呈正相关,表明二者在腐败后期可能形成了特定的相互作用,协同加速了肉品腐败进程。这些微生物群落的动态变化与猪肉贮藏过程中的品质劣变密切相关,未来研究可进一步聚焦于这些优势腐败菌(细菌和真菌)的代谢途径及其互作如何具体影响品质劣化,并基于此开发天然抗菌剂以延长肉制品的保质期。

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2026年第47卷第10期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025040158
  • 接收时间:2025-04-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-14
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    1宁波大学食品科学与工程学院,浙江宁波 315000
    2浙江农业科学院农产品质量安全全国重点实验室,农产品质量安全与营养研究所,浙江杭州 310000
    3宁海县动物卫生监督所,浙江宁波 315000

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肖英平(1984−),男,博士,研究员,研究方向:畜产品质量安全研究,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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