Article(id=1320882559769236363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070339, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753632000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852543060, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852543060, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852543060, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852543060, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=506, endPage=515, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882559995728780, articleId=1320882559769236363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Advances in Digitalization of Sensory Evaluation for Alcoholic Beverages Driven by Flavor Chemistry and Neuroscience, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It is a critical and common challenge for liquor enterprises to digitally and objectively describe and evaluate the sensory characteristics of Baijiu, thereby strengthening the connection with consumers and guiding the design of Baijiu body. This review explores how flavor chemical analysis tools, such as electronic tongue and electronic nose, combined with brain science tools like electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) technology, can contribute to establishing a modern sensory analysis technology system and guide the design of Baijiu body more scientifically. Through temporal dominance of sensations, professional panel tasting description, and spatial mapping with consumer experience descriptions, it is expected to effectively bridge professional sensory evaluation with consumer perception, enabling the accurate description of the quality characteristics of Baijiu while making it easy for consumers to understand and accept. With the continuous technological progress and evolving consumer tastes, enterprises must grasp the trends in consumer preferences and shifting demands by scientifically and digitally evaluating the sensory characteristics of alcoholic beverages, so as to proactively optimize product design.

, authors=Jierui QIN1, Liangbo LEI1, 2, *, authorsList=Jierui QIN, Liangbo LEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Liangbo LEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882560650040207, articleId=1320882559769236363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=风味化学结合神经科学驱动酒感官评价数字化的研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

酒企如何数字化、客观地描述和评价白酒的感官特征,从而加强与消费者的连接、指导酒体设计,是行业亟待解决的关键共性难题。本文综述了风味化学分析工具如电子舌、电子鼻,如何结合脑科学工具如脑电图、功能性近红外光谱技术,建立现代感官分析技术体系,从而更科学地指导酒体设计的相关研究进展。通过暂时性动态感官支配分析,专业组品评描述与消费者体验描述建立空间映射等手段,专业的感官描述能够与消费者的体验实现有效链接,使之既能准确表达白酒的品质特征,又能让消费者容易理解和接受。随着科技的不断进步和消费者品味的不断提升,企业必须通过将酒的感官评价科学化、数字化,来把握消费者的喜好和需求变化趋势,进而前瞻性地优化产品设计或开发新产品。

, authors=秦杰锐1, 雷良波1, 2, *, authorsList=秦杰锐, 雷良波, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=雷良波, authorNote=

秦杰锐(1997−),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:酒体设计,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
雷良波(1981−),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,研究方向:酿酒科学与工程,E-mail:。
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Comparison of EEG, fNIRS and fMRI technologies

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技术核心原理空间分辨率时间分辨率空间分辨率限制原因时间分辨率限制原因
EEG记录反映在头皮表面的神经元电活动[35]低:2~9 cm[66]高:1~10 ms[66–67]容积传导效应:电信号经颅骨、脑脊液扩散导致空间
模糊[66]
无显著延迟:直接捕捉神经元电活动[35,56]
fNIRS通过近红外光探测皮层浅表区域氧合/脱氧血红蛋白浓度变化[68]中等:1~2 cm[68]中等:0.1~1 s[56,69]光散射与穿透深度限制:近红外光穿透深度为厘米级,无法探测深部核团[69]血流动力学延迟:神经活动→血管扩张→血氧变化[56,69]
fMRI基于血氧水平依赖(BOLD)效应:神经活动触发局部血流增强,改变脱氧血红蛋白磁性[59]高:1~3 mm[60]低:1~3 s[60]无物理扩散限制,依赖磁场均匀性及图像重建算法[59,62]代谢响应滞后:神经活动→血管扩张→脱氧血红蛋白浓度及磁性变化[59–60]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882564877898668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882559769236363, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

EEG、fNIRS与fMRI技术的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术核心原理空间分辨率时间分辨率空间分辨率限制原因时间分辨率限制原因
EEG记录反映在头皮表面的神经元电活动[35]低:2~9 cm[66]高:1~10 ms[66–67]容积传导效应:电信号经颅骨、脑脊液扩散导致空间
模糊[66]
无显著延迟:直接捕捉神经元电活动[35,56]
fNIRS通过近红外光探测皮层浅表区域氧合/脱氧血红蛋白浓度变化[68]中等:1~2 cm[68]中等:0.1~1 s[56,69]光散射与穿透深度限制:近红外光穿透深度为厘米级,无法探测深部核团[69]血流动力学延迟:神经活动→血管扩张→血氧变化[56,69]
fMRI基于血氧水平依赖(BOLD)效应:神经活动触发局部血流增强,改变脱氧血红蛋白磁性[59]高:1~3 mm[60]低:1~3 s[60]无物理扩散限制,依赖磁场均匀性及图像重建算法[59,62]代谢响应滞后:神经活动→血管扩张→脱氧血红蛋白浓度及磁性变化[59–60]
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风味化学结合神经科学驱动酒感官评价数字化的研究进展
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秦杰锐 1 , 雷良波 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(15): 506-515
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (15) : 506 -515
风味化学结合神经科学驱动酒感官评价数字化的研究进展
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秦杰锐(1997−),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:酒体设计,E-mail:

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秦杰锐1 , 雷良波1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1贵州茅台酒股份有限公司,贵州仁怀 564501
  • 2江南大学生物工程学院,江苏无锡 214122
通讯作者:
雷良波(1981−),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,研究方向:酿酒科学与工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

秦杰锐(1997−),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向:酒体设计,E-mail:

Advances in Digitalization of Sensory Evaluation for Alcoholic Beverages Driven by Flavor Chemistry and Neuroscience
Jierui QIN1 , Liangbo LEI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Kweichow Moutai Co., Ltd., Renhuai 564501, China
  • 2School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070339
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酒企如何数字化、客观地描述和评价白酒的感官特征,从而加强与消费者的连接、指导酒体设计,是行业亟待解决的关键共性难题。本文综述了风味化学分析工具如电子舌、电子鼻,如何结合脑科学工具如脑电图、功能性近红外光谱技术,建立现代感官分析技术体系,从而更科学地指导酒体设计的相关研究进展。通过暂时性动态感官支配分析,专业组品评描述与消费者体验描述建立空间映射等手段,专业的感官描述能够与消费者的体验实现有效链接,使之既能准确表达白酒的品质特征,又能让消费者容易理解和接受。随着科技的不断进步和消费者品味的不断提升,企业必须通过将酒的感官评价科学化、数字化,来把握消费者的喜好和需求变化趋势,进而前瞻性地优化产品设计或开发新产品。

风味化学  /  脑机接口  /  感官评价  /  酒体设计

It is a critical and common challenge for liquor enterprises to digitally and objectively describe and evaluate the sensory characteristics of Baijiu, thereby strengthening the connection with consumers and guiding the design of Baijiu body. This review explores how flavor chemical analysis tools, such as electronic tongue and electronic nose, combined with brain science tools like electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) technology, can contribute to establishing a modern sensory analysis technology system and guide the design of Baijiu body more scientifically. Through temporal dominance of sensations, professional panel tasting description, and spatial mapping with consumer experience descriptions, it is expected to effectively bridge professional sensory evaluation with consumer perception, enabling the accurate description of the quality characteristics of Baijiu while making it easy for consumers to understand and accept. With the continuous technological progress and evolving consumer tastes, enterprises must grasp the trends in consumer preferences and shifting demands by scientifically and digitally evaluating the sensory characteristics of alcoholic beverages, so as to proactively optimize product design.

flavor chemistry  /  brain-computer interface  /  sensory evaluation  /  Baijiu body design
秦杰锐, 雷良波. 风味化学结合神经科学驱动酒感官评价数字化的研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 506 -515 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070339
Jierui QIN, Liangbo LEI. Advances in Digitalization of Sensory Evaluation for Alcoholic Beverages Driven by Flavor Chemistry and Neuroscience[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 506 -515 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070339
近年来,随着经济和社会的高速发展,消费者的消费理念与需求层次发生了深刻变化。消费者不再仅仅满足于产品的基本功能,对产品的品质、特色、健康属性及研发参与感也愈发关注。为了适应这一变化,酒企亟需构建一套消费者“看得懂”“品得出”的饮酒感官评价体系,实现“专业品鉴”与“消费饮用”的有效链接,深入了解消费者真实的饮用体验。掌握消费者的意见以及消费风尚变化,不仅可以更精准地优化酒体设计,还可以有效提高消费者的参与度、满意度,进而提升市场服务质量和产品力,更好迎合新的消费人群、新的消费市场的需求。
因此,如何科学准确、标准化、客观地评价酒给饮用者带来的真实感受,成为了业界关注的焦点和难点。例如,酱香型白酒的感官特征通常被描述为“酱香突出”“回味悠长”“醇厚”“饱满”“优雅”“细腻”等,这些专业词汇虽然能够较为准确地表达出酱香型白酒的品质特征,但却很难让普通消费者理解,而不同消费者的感受评价也可能有较大不同[1]。消费者无法表达清楚自己的体验,也会为企业的市场调研、产品改良带来阻碍。
本文针对酒感官评价数字化难题,综述了电子舌、电子鼻、脑电图、fNIRS和fMRI五种技术的原理,并重点关注了上述技术及其联合应用在酒风味评价中的新近研究,提出可以通过结合风味化学与神经科学技术的多模态方法,阐明风味物质组学与动态脑神经响应的互作关系,进而实现感官评价的数字化,科学指导酒体设计优化。在“风味组学-神经响应-感官语言”三位一体的感官评价新体系中,消费者能更好地理解专业的感官描述词及酒的不同层次和细节,更加准确地判断和选择酒。而酒企则能够更好理解消费者的需求,进而不断优化产品品质、提升市场竞争力,为消费者带来更加丰富多彩的饮酒体验。
食品风味评价的感官分析方法在近年研究中呈现多元化与精细化发展趋势,其核心目标是通过系统化手段解析食品的香气、口感等感官性质。传统方法主要依赖人工感官评价,常包括可以反映市场偏好的消费者测试和能够精准描述风味特征的专家评价。随着技术进步,仪器辅助感官评价日益普及。电子鼻、电子舌等仿生设备基于电化学传感器阵列和模式识别等技术,就像传统意义上的“舌头”“鼻子”能够感知不同的味道一样,能够通过检测液体中或挥发气相中的酸类、酯类、醛类等化学成分和其浓度,模拟人类的嗅觉与味觉[2]。需要指出,风味化学的研究是建立在人机联用的基础上开展的[3−4],没有人的参与,再先进的仪器也无法代替表达人体的感受。
脑电图技术可以用于监测大脑皮层的电信号变化,从而评价受试者的神经活动[5];还可以使用功能性近红外光谱技术,用于监测大脑皮层血氧变化[6]。近年创新方向聚焦于多模态技术融合。例如,研究情境因素、面部表情对风味感知的影响[7−9]。此外,人工智能模型开始被应用于感官大数据分析,通过训练神经网络预测风味接受度,为产品开发提供决策支持[10−11]。上述方法不仅弥补了人工评价的主观性和疲劳效应,还可与气相色谱-质谱技术结合,精准关联特定化合物与感官属性。
电子舌主要依赖于多个不同的电化学传感器,这些传感器对各种味道分子具有交叉敏感性,可以检测酸味、鲜味、咸味等呈味物质,即它们对多种不同的化学物质有反应,同时具有一定感官性的特异性[12−13]。当电子舌的传感器暴露于目标液体中时,来自传感器的电信号随后被转化为数字信号,生成与样品的化学成分对应的识别特征[3,13]。电子舌广泛应用于食品和饮料工业,用于分析液体样品的整体味道特征,鉴别、对比不同样品之间的差异[2]。品质控制方面,电子舌可以确保生产的食品和饮料符合一定的味道标准[14]。过程监测方面,可以在奶酪和酒的发酵过程中监测味道的变化[2]。除此以外,还能在环境监测中对水质进行检测,在药品研发中检测药物口感[3]。
电子舌的研究和应用正在迅速发展,随着技术的进步和传感器的改良,其分析能力和精确度将会进一步提升,也可以作为酒风味评价的重要依据。缪楠等[15]提出了一种采用电子舌结合组合算法模型的方法,可以区分不同贮藏年限的红酒。张思梦等[16]使用电子舌对11种市售西凤酒的味觉进行采集,建立了西凤酒的传感雷达图,发现可以对各价位档次以及两个不同年份的酒样实现区分,准确率都达到了95%以上。也有研究者使用电子舌区分不同轮次的酱香型白酒,准确率达90%以上[17]。浓香型、豉香型、酱香型白酒各自的质量等级和年份也可以结合电子舌来评价[14,18−20]。以上研究说明了电子舌是用于研究酒饮料风味品质表达的良好工具。
电子鼻通过传感器分析样品的挥发性组分来模拟人类的嗅觉系统[21−22],传感器在接触特定化学物质时会产生电阻、导电度或质量的变化,从而产生电信号反映出化合物的特性[23]。在食品工业中,电子鼻可以用于检测食品的保质期、控制发酵过程、检测食品的新鲜度和品质等[2]。在环境监测领域,电子鼻可用于检测空气中有害物质、监测水质和土壤污染等[21]。在医学领域,电子鼻有望用于疾病的诊断,通过呼出气体中的化学成分来识别某些病症,例如糖尿病、肺癌和哮喘等[23−25]。
电子鼻广泛应用于酒类产品的质量控制和品质评价。通过分析酒的挥发性组分,电子鼻可以帮助识别不同品牌和种类的酒[26],检测贮藏过程中品质的变化[27],甚至评价酒的老熟程度、年份等[28−29]。李俣珠等[30]使用电子鼻技术结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)联用技术比较了10口不同窖池的上、下层糟醅蒸馏得到的浓香型原酒样品,提出电子鼻结果可以与HS-SPME-GC-MS的结果互相印证:电子鼻分析显示上下层酒样风味轮廓相似,但醛酮类、醇类、芳香类、有机硫化物等化合物的含量存在差异;HS-SPME-GC-MS检测出76种挥发性风味化合物,其中有乙酸戊乙酯等13种化合物的变量重要性投影(variable importance in the projection,VIP)值大于1,被认为是关键差异风味物质。李昀哲等[31]用快速气相电子鼻技术(HeraclesⅡ)结合HS-SPME-GC-MS技术,比较了来自四个不同产区的石榴酒,发现电子鼻结果可经主成分分析(principal components analysis,PCA)对各样品实现较好区分,识别指数达88;而通过对GC-MS分析出的部分化合物进行定量并结合香气活度值(odor activity value,OAV)分析,发现四个产区的石榴酒的主要呈味物质含量及种类两两之间亦存在差异,说明两方法得到的结论可互为印证。
电子舌和电子鼻的联用可以提升鉴别的准确度。门洪等[32]使用电子舌和电子鼻融合系统并结合支持向量机法,可以区分8种不同品牌的白酒,最高可实现98.75%的识别率。李建军等[33]基于电子鼻和电子舌技术对不同金银花酒进行鉴别分析,发现电子鼻和电子舌的结果通过拟合后能对不同生产类型的金银花酒类实现鉴别,PCA识别指数达到95,并提出分析结果可以结合感官评价,弥补人工感官评价的误差,可使得鉴别结果更客观精准。除了酒产品以外,酒曲的风味物质也能用电子鼻结合电子舌技术进行分析,如王利萍等[34]分析了5种酱香型白酒大曲,发现5种酒曲除对CAO酸味传感器的负响应值差异显著(P<0.05)之外,风味轮廓基本相似,其中苦味、涩味、后涩味的传感器的响应值几乎重叠。电子鼻与电子舌的联用可以更精准地分析酒的特性,有望在未来的酒类感官数字化评定中扮演重要的角色。
脑电图(electroencephalogram,EEG)是一种记录脑电活动的生物医学测量技术。作为非侵入式的脑机接口,它通过头皮外部的监测电极,能够检测大脑额叶、枕叶等脑区的神经元活动产生的电波模式[5,35]。EEG也可以用来测量饮酒对大脑功能的影响。酒精进入血液发生代谢后,能够影响大脑的电活动。酒后常见的变化包括α波(alpha waves)增强和β波(beta waves)减弱,而α波通常与放松、冥想状态相关,β波与警觉性、焦虑状态相关[36−38]。脑电波的这些变化可被视为饮酒引起的放松或兴奋的指标。事件相关电位(event-related potential,ERP)是特定事件或刺激导致的大脑响应的波动,通常用于评估认知功能如注意力、记忆和决策,这些认知功能可在饮酒后受到影响[39]。外部刺激出现后约300 ms,受试者大脑皮层中央区和顶区能够监测到正向电位,被称为P300波。P300波是一种ERP分量,与注意力和工作记忆处理能力相关,被认为会因饮酒而减弱[40−41]。
新近研究借助脑电图探究了不同酒精浓度影响大脑风味感知的动态神经机制[42]。研究者招募了20名健康受试者,在严格控制的环境下进行EEG数据采集,发现受试者对水、5%、10%、20%、40%、53%酒精体积分数(alcohol by volume,ABV)溶液以及53% ABV白酒口含5 s的体验,可以通过全局场功率峰值提取、K-means聚类分为四个主导微状态A、B、C、D。结果表明,酒精浓度显著调制了大脑状态:低浓度(≤20%ABV)增强了感官聚焦,表现为情绪显著性评估相关的微状态B和感官再评估相关的微状态C的覆盖度、持续时间和出现频率显著增加;而高浓度(≥40%ABV)则诱导频繁的感官再评估和注意力转移,体现为微状态C的覆盖度降低、B到C的过渡概率升高,同时认知控制相关的微状态D到C的过渡增多,这揭示了酒精通过动态神经状态转换同时影响感官和认知处理的机制。
另一研究对相似的问题采取了不同的方法,更专注于特定脑区和脑电波波形的变化[43]。研究者发现,随着酒精浓度升高,整体脑区(1~30 Hz)及δ波(1~4 Hz)、α波(8~13 Hz)的功率谱密度曲线下面积均显著增强,说明酒精浓度与EEG信号强度呈显著正相关。尤为关键的是,53%vol白酒引发的EEG信号强度显著高于同浓度纯酒精溶液,证实白酒中复杂风味化合物可协同增强大脑感知。时域分析显示,高浓度酒精(40%、53%ABV)在2000~2600 ms引发缓慢激活,2600~3000 ms出现信号强度快速跃升;而白酒刺激特异性激活双侧颞叶,其响应模式与纯酒精溶液显著不同。空间定位进一步揭示额叶、中央区及右颞叶是酒精感知的核心脑区,其中δ波与酒精浓度、α波与感官-情绪整合分别存在显著相关性。
为了评价个体的饮酒体验,可以对照分析受试者饮酒前后的EEG数据,获取关于受试者认知和情绪状态的即时信息,从而了解消费者的饮用体验或饮后舒适度[41],从而指导酒体设计。王成等[44]联合燕京啤酒技术中心的研究指出,测量前额叶的脑电信号,可以预测消费者对啤酒产品的喜好度差异。他们通过收集受试者在品酒过程中脑电的变化,并经过数据清洗和建模,可以整理出theta、delta、middle gama、low gama、high beta、low beta、high alpha、low alpha八种不同类型脑电波,以及专注度(F)及放松度(R)两种情绪。将两种情绪综合为饮酒综合情绪指数(index of alcohol-drinking analysis,IAA)以作为喜好度判别的综合标准,发现20位受试者对3种啤酒样品的IAA与其感官问卷综合喜好得分的完全一致性为80%,不一致率为0%,说明脑电图技术能够较为准确地评价消费者对啤酒样品的喜好程度。王震等[45]新近使用脑电图研究受试者的气味感知及清香型白酒中香气物质的相互作用时,发现受试者α波段的脑活动与气味强度显著正相关(r>0.7,P<0.01),并能通过α波响应强度区分混合物和单一气味(P<0.001)。以上研究说明,脑电图数据不仅可以表征气味强度的加成效应,还可以反映不同气味之间的差异性。此外,酒行业已经有了将脑电图应用于指导新酒体的开发的研究及尝试[46−47]。
fNIRS技术,全称为功能性近红外光谱技术(functional near-infrared spectroscopy),是一种可以用于监测大脑血氧变化的非侵入性成像技术[48−49]。血红蛋白在含氧量不同状态下对近红外光的吸收存在可监测的差异,当大脑活动增加时,局部的神经活动会消耗更多的氧气,引起相应区域的血氧浓度变化[50]。fNIRS通过在头皮上放置一个特殊的探头来发射和接收近红外光,从而测量大脑皮层的血流和血氧饱和度变化,其空间分辨率略高于EEG[48,51]。通过分析大脑皮层的血流和血氧饱和度的变化,研究人员可以得到大脑活动的有关信息,如判定脑区的活跃程度。fNIRS技术具有操作简便、成本较低、干扰小以及对被试者运动的容忍度较高等优点[50]。因此,它被广泛应用于心理学、神经科学和其他相关领域,尤其适合对婴儿、儿童和需要在特殊环境下进行研究的人群进行大脑功能研究[50−51]。然而,虽然该技术空间分辨率较EEG更高,但深层脑区的信号衰减仍比较明显,因此主要用于测量靠近头皮表层的信号变化[50,52]。fNIRS技术已被用于茶鲜味等饮料风味的研究[53−54],但用于酒类风味评价的研究还较少。
联合使用EEG和fNIRS技术可以同时观察大脑的电生理活动和局部血液动力学变化,从而实现更全面、多维度的监测。研究者分析了受试者在各情绪下EEG与fNIRS信号的相关性,发现当受试者出现消极情绪时,其右侧前额叶的Theta波段和Delta波段的EEG活动,与通过fNIRS检测到的血氧动力学变化有较强相关性[55−56]。也有一些研究指出了EEG与fNIRS联用可以实现脑神经信号网络的互补性,它们的信号变化与外界信号刺激呈现一定的相关性,因此有助于情绪的精准化分类[57]。EEG和fNIRS联用,在未来或可以用于更精细地理解饮酒如何影响大脑,包括但不限于在饮酒过程中,分析脑部电位变化和血氧水平之间的同步性,提供关于大脑功能整合的更多信息,有助于深入地理解饮酒如何对大脑的功能网络,及其对认知、情绪等的潜在影响。
功能性磁共振成像(Functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)是一种非侵入性神经影像技术,通过检测脑部血流动力学变化间接反映神经元活动[58]。其核心原理基于血氧水平依赖(blood-oxygen-level-dependent,BOLD)效应:神经活动加强引发局部耗氧量增加,进而触发代偿性血流增强,导致脱氧血红蛋白与氧合血红蛋白的比例变化[59]。由于脱氧血红蛋白具有磁敏感性,其浓度变化可被磁共振设备捕获为信号差异,空间分辨率达毫米级,时间分辨率达秒级[59−60]。fMRI在基础研究与临床实践均有广泛应用,如可以通过任务态fMRI揭示视觉刺激下枕叶皮层的响应[59],在脑肿瘤术前定位中降低手术风险[60],通过解码功能连接组揭示阿尔茨海默病、精神分裂症等疾病中默认网络的失调机制[61],追踪神经可塑性及评估帕金森药物疗效的生物标志物等[60,62]。食品科学中,fMRI也被用于研究受试者对食物气味的反应及其体重变化的相关性[63],饱腹感调控食物选择的脑机制[64],以及视觉刺激对味觉皮层的激活等[65]。
fMRI相较fNIRS时间分辨率更低(表1),且设备成本高昂、便携性差、检测方式复杂并且可能对受试者造成较大不适感,因此不如fNIRS适合于即时的风味评价监测[56,58];但由于其具有优秀的空间分辨率,因此适用于研究饮酒或品酒带来的长期性神经影响。
例如,研究者采用fMRI,对比10名专业品酒师与10名对照者在盲品任务中大脑对葡萄酒与中性水的响应差异,重点分析了对应口腔含漱的味觉期与对应吞咽后阶段的后味期的神经活动。结果显示,品酒师组相较对照组,负责早期感官整合与情景记忆调用的左侧海马体、海马旁回及杏仁核等脑区在味觉期就出现BOLD信号上升,表现出更高效、集中的神经处理模式。而在后味期,在品酒师组的左岛叶皮层海马体监测到了更强的BOLD信号,指示受试者可能在调取记忆来匹配风味;相较之下,对照受试者的脑区激活图谱更为分散,说明其需更多认知资源处理风味信息,相较品酒师组神经资源的利用效率较低[70]。
新近研究则结合弥散张量成像(Diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)与fMRI,探讨品酒师经验如何重塑味觉感知与语义整合的神经回路。研究指出,品酒师的专业训练通过神经可塑性重塑显著优化了感官-语义整合的双重机制:品酒师组的受试者,上纵束(负责注意力、语言和感觉整合的脑区)的白质微结构存在结构性改变,分析显示上纵束各向异性分数(Fractional anisotropy,FA)的提升与葡萄酒复杂度识别能力呈正相关,且这种关联与品酒师的训练年限显著相关;功能层面,品酒师在品评高复杂度葡萄酒时,岛叶、颞叶、海马等脑区较对照组出现了更强烈的激活,说明其感官回路与认知回路之间存在更强的功能连接。这种神经同步性使其能够将感官输入更高效地被处理、转化为语言描述,从而展现出更优良的品评能力[71]。
一切感官体验都有物质基础,因此,风味化学的质谱、色谱分析结果对于指导酒体设计和数字化品评都至关重要。此外,需要理清酒体中各风味物质的含量及互作关系,才能深入理解感官体验的工作机制。传统的分析方法多关注个别物质,而风味物质组学通过高通量GC-MS、LC-MS、离子迁移谱等分析技术结合统计学方法,系统鉴定酒类中挥发性与非挥发性化合物,并建立其与感官属性的定量关联。与微生物组学关注微生物代谢网络不同[72–73],风味物质组学直接聚焦关键香气化合物(Key aroma compounds)的鉴定、阈值及其协同效应,为风味设计提供精准靶点[4]。
GC-MS和气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱(GC-O-MS)是风味组学的核心技术,而借助气味活性值(OAV)和香气提取稀释分析等分析方法,研究者能够筛选关键风味物质[4,74],并借助人工智能工具来实现大数据分析。如在葡萄酒中,3-巯基己醇和3-巯基己基乙酸酯分别能够赋予长相思白葡萄酒(Sauvignon blanc wines)百香果香和西柚香,两者的感知阈值<70 ng/L,而运用非靶向挥发性成分分析被认为能更精细地解析这类低阈值风味物质的作用机理[4]。Schreurs等[75]分析了250款比利时啤酒的226项化学参数(如酯类、萜烯、酸度)和50项感官属性,结合16人专业品评小组及18万条在线消费者评论,构建了风味预测模型。结果发现乙醇与甘油显著影响酒体饱满度,异α酸(iso-alpha acids)与苦味强相关,乙酸苯乙酯与花香相关性弱,显示出风味互作具有较高的复杂性。该研究还对比了10种机器学习模型,发现梯度提升回归模型具有预测消费者喜好的最佳效果(决定系数R2=0.69)。验证实验中,向低分啤酒中添加模型预测的正向风味化合物组合后,专业品评显示其整体喜好度显著提升。
除葡萄酒、啤酒外,机器学习模型在威士忌、白酒等蒸馏酒的产地鉴别与风味解析中也展现出了应用潜力。Singh等[76]通过结合风味组学数据与16位专业品评师对16款美式/苏格兰威士忌的感官数据,发现卷积神经网络能够区分威士忌产地,识别出了薄荷醇、庚酸等关键气味驱动分子,在气味描述符(descriptors)预测中的一致性甚至优于品评师与品评师之间(F1分数0.71>0.58)。Huang等[77]使用高光谱成像(Hyperspectral imaging)技术结合人工智能算法,通过在900~1700 nm波段范围采集酒样的光谱图像,结合堆叠集成学习的方法构建了白酒香气的预测模型,准确率高达98%以上。Li等[10]通过机器学习方法,在酱香型白酒中,构建了基于关键香气化合物的感官质量预测模型。通过相关性分析,团队确定了88对具有显著意义的香气化合物与感官属性组合,并指出早期轮次中的酸度与酸性化合物相关,中期至后期轮次中的酱香与酯类化合物相关,后期轮次中焦香则与醇类化合物相关。团队还从多种候选物中筛选出18种风味稀释(Flavor dilution,FD)值>10且OAV>1的关键活性物质,提出丁酸乙酯、异戊酸乙酯、乙醛和苯乙酸乙酯,对果香、花香和酸香特征有重要贡献,显示出其在风味形成中的协同作用。
综上所述,风味组学与AI的结合已成功应用于酒中关键香气化合物的鉴定和感官质量分析。然而,数据异质性、模型可解释性以及消费者偏好动态变化仍是解析酒风味成因所面临的挑战。未来研究需聚焦多模态数据融合和实时预测模型,以更精准指导酒体设计。
多模态方法通过技术协同有效关联了酒的物质属性与受试者的神经响应,为饮酒体验数字化提供了新方法。电子鼻和嗅觉脑电分别在表征气味信息和个体情绪方面各具优势,Xia等[11]联合电子鼻和嗅觉脑电的多模态分析构建出了跨主体的嗅觉偏好识别(Cross-subject olfactory preference recognition);该团队还通过采集由糖浆、果汁、蒜泥等八种不同气味诱发的前额叶、顶叶、左颞叶等脑区的电信号强弱变化,构建了气味感知维度空间,能够捕捉个体对气味的物质属性差异感知以及对食品气味的愉悦度差异[78]。上述方法有望用于酒的风味感官评价。除了脑电图之外,监测受试者的面部表情、心跳、体温等指标也可以用于受试者对酒的感官分析[7–8]。
除了脑部的电信号外,肌肉的电信号也能用于食物的感官评价。Aliya等[9]将EEG和肌电图(electromyogram,EMG)结合,选取了醇厚度差异显著的浓香型白酒样本,系统探究了浓香型白酒的风味感知机制。研究发现,认知相关的δ波在额叶的响应强度与醇厚感评分显著相关(r=0.68,P<0.05),但与酒精浓度无显著相关性(r=0.12,P>0.1),说明了额叶主要参与醇厚感而非酒精刺激感的处理,且醇厚感越强的白酒会引发更强的认知刺激。二腹肌活动与吞咽相关,吞咽过程中激活越弱指示受试者吞咽越顺畅。研究者发现,高醇厚感、低酒精度的酒样引发二腹肌激活显著低于低醇厚感、高酒精度的酒样(P<0.05),但中醇厚感、中酒精度酒样引发的二腹肌激活最弱,因此说明吞咽是否顺畅需结合酒体醇厚感和酒精度平衡性综合判断。可见,多模态方法通过整合电子鼻、EEG和EMG等技术,能够同步解析饮酒过程中的风味感知、神经响应及生理行为,实现跨模态关联,有望在未来进一步提升酒感官评价的数字化水平。
建立一套科学、通俗、客观的感官描述语言体系至关重要,为了实现这一目标,现有的技术方法还需要有所改进。主观感官评价具有快速、简便的特点,但不同人的感官灵敏度和评价维度存在差异,且较难准确地数据化。电子舌、电子鼻的分析只能分析出基本的味觉方向,距离品酒中使用的专业化、精细化的感受描述词还存在较大距离,因此需要从传感元件等方面提升电子舌、电子鼻的分析精度和维度,才能适用于复杂的饮酒感官体验评价(图1)。
脑电图技术虽然能够较好地识别出受试者的器质性神经病变、觉醒状态等,但其信号具有较明显的不稳定性,既受环境和测量设备的影响,也显著受到受试者个人差异的影响[35]。更重要的是,由于只能测量大脑皮层表层的电信号,受试者饮酒时反映在杏仁核等大脑深部的情绪感受变化很难被监测[79–80]。EEG与fNIRS联用虽然能更全面地分析脑部活动变化,但仍存在信号深度不足的问题[81]。fMRI信号深度较好,但时间分辨率不足、操作不便、成本高[58]。以上问题都带来了信号采集的局限性,而这直接影响了分析结果的精度和参考价值。除此以外,为了更深入地解析饮酒后的感官体验,需要许多的受试者和样本,这将使数据分析任务变得复杂而繁重,采样的成本也将不容小视。是否能使用脑电图在成百上千的受试者中提炼出具有识别性特征的信号模式并精确解释白酒复杂的感官风格,仍是一个具有争议的问题[35]。因此,目前的神经科学技术只能作为饮酒体验的辅助性手段,需要结合其以外的心理测试、行为观察和自我报告量表等其他测量手段,以便综合评估饮酒对个体的总体影响[45–46]。
受试者的代表性会极大影响分析的准确性及结果的参考价值,构建更具代表性的受试者库是确保“风味组学-神经响应-感官语言”三位一体评价体系可靠性的关键。可考虑建立与高校或企事业单位的战略合作,构建具有流动性,且涵盖不同地域、年龄、文化背景和饮酒习惯的受试者库。这不仅能显著提升感官数据的广度和深度,更能够构筑企业与消费者深度互动的桥梁,使数据采集本身即成为洞察市场趋势、增强用户黏性的过程,使得产品具有前瞻性和服务性。
饮酒体验是复杂的,需要更准确、精细和长时程的监测,才能有可观的解析深度,从而获得有指导意义的结论。即时的感官体验和酒在体内代谢后的反应也很有可能存在较大不同,这也是值得分别关注的问题。因此,在改进现有感官分析技术的同时,研究者也需要追踪有应用价值的前沿新技术。
现有的感官分析技术存在应用上的局限和精度上的不足,为了更精准有效地实现饮酒感官评价的数字化,应关注可能用于感官分析的前沿技术发展及应用情况。例如,侵入式脑机接口在饮酒感官评价中的应用可能性。
全侵入式脑机接口相比脑电图技术,可以通过植入大脑内的电极来直接测量神经元的电活动。半侵入式脑机接口的电极放置在颅骨之下,但不深入大脑组织。全侵入式脑机接口植入的电极会检测特定脑部区域的神经元活动,包括单个或多个神经元产生的电信号;收集到的原始信号通常需要经过放大和过滤,然后使用算法进行解码,以识别特定的模式或用户的意图[81]。解码的信号可以转换成指令,用来控制外部设备、计算机系统或其他电子设备[82]。在半侵入式脑机接口系统中,电极或传感器植入的程度较侵入式系统浅,信号可能比非侵入式脑机接口更清晰,但可能不如全侵入式脑机接口细致。解析信号时同样需要经过算法处理以提取控制信号,而经处理的信号转换成可以控制外部设备或计算机的命令[83]。
尽管全侵入式和半侵入式脑机接口可以提供较为精确的大脑信号读取,但它们也带来了更高的风险,如感染、组织损伤或电极移位等问题[52],长期性能的稳定性和宿主组织的生物相容性也是需要重点考量的方面。此外,如何提升信号解读的准确性、确保长期使用的稳定性和安全性,以及处理相关的隐私和身份权益问题,仍然存在争议。由于上述风险,这些技术目前多局限于重要的医学应用,如治疗癫痫、帕金森病,或是帮助严重肢体不便的人恢复通讯、运动能力[84−86]。随着技术发展,可以期待未来会出现更安全有效的脑机接口系统,以及更为精细和连续的大脑信号解码方法,用于人类情绪的解码及食品风味评价[86]。毫无疑问,品酒时及饮酒后的神经感官数据的深度解析,不仅能更科学地探究人与酒的关系,更可以赋能新时代的酒体设计。
侵入式脑机接口等前沿技术在人体上的应用尚具有较大风险,但在模式动物上的运用相对成熟。使用模式动物来开展饮酒的感官研究,不失为一条便捷的途径。目前,果蝇的嗅味觉脑区研究已比较全面,部分气味受体甚至可以精确到单对细胞上,非常方便记录和研究[87];而小鼠、大鼠等啮齿动物行为实验中,在脑部插入光纤或记录电极的技术也相对成熟[88−90]。
除了可以规避人体实验的安全问题以外,模式动物研究还可以使用成熟的成像和遗传工具,能够选择性地标记、激活和抑制特定的细胞类群,便于探索感官的细胞生物学基础。模式动物可以具有相对稳定的遗传背景和实验条件,可以相对低成本地提高样本量,使结论更具有一般性。此外,模式动物研究还能避免人体实验的复杂伦理问题。
模式动物上对关键呈味物质的研究,也有助于解释人的感官处理机制。例如,可以探究动物对具有特定含量呈味物质的酒样具有怎样的感官反应,会如何经由代谢和神经系统处理,从而影响情绪和行为。例如,模式动物还可以用于研究白酒中的风味物质,如部分酸、醛和高级醇等物质对于代谢或运动控制能力的影响[91–92]。可以通过攀爬测试、旷场测试和迷宫测试等动物行为实验范式来研究酒中的哪些物质配比有助于饮后“不上头”,哪些物质可能加快运动控制能力受损[92–93]。上述的研究既可以为针对人的研究提供思路和参考,更有助解析饮酒愉悦感以及饮后舒适度的神经生物学基础。理清相关作用机制,有望为未来的酒体设计中关键物质的含量调节起到重要指导作用。
构建数字化的酒类感官评价体系,需综合考虑人的主观评价与仪器分析的优势与局限。主观评价虽易受个体差异和文化偏好的影响,却能捕捉整体风味体验;仪器分析虽客观高效,却难以复现风味的复杂互作与消费者的情感反馈。未来研究趋势将更注重跨学科整合,以构建更全面的食品风味评价体系。使用电子鼻和电子舌,可以分析饮用不同种类和品质酒时产生的化学组成和感官特征;利用EEG和fNIRS技术监测受试者在品酒时的脑活动,能够捕捉受试者对酒的香气、口感和愉悦度等风味体验相关的感受模式。结合受试者所述体验,再经由运用机器学习和模式识别技术处理和分析,可以建立仪器监测指标与饮酒感受的映射,从而科学解析复杂的饮酒体验。两方面的分析结果相结合,能够进一步解析风味成分组成对应的感官评价,从而解释酒体中各物质的比例如何影响了饮酒体验,据此指导酒体设计。
具体而言,可以建立生产环节中的各个关键酒样(如盘勾酒、小样勾兑酒、成品酒)的风味物质数据库,构建更加成熟的酒样追踪、分析体系。还可以通过小样勾兑或化学添加试生产等方法获得实验酒样,再使用上述思路进行化学及感官测试。再结合上述方法,将品酒过程中的神经信号变化数据化、指标化地记录,从而提升分析的准确性和全面性,并指导新酒体开发。此外,结合专业品酒师的描述性评价及数字化感官描述用语,使其与特定化合物的感官影响相对应,有望进一步解析 “丰满”“醇厚”等酒体特征在人的感官评价、神经活动中的映射及其物质基础,进而深入阐释“人”与“酒”的互动关系。饮酒感官评价数字化目前面临数据广度和解析深度不足等瓶颈,还需要改良现有技术、前瞻布局突破性技术,构建代表性受试者库,借助模式动物揭示底层机制等方向的努力。通过建立“风味组学-神经响应-感官语言”三位一体的感官评价新体系,有望精准赋能酒体设计的科学化、个性化和健康化升级,引领酒行业高质量发展。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070339
  • 接收时间:2025-07-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-28
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    1贵州茅台酒股份有限公司,贵州仁怀 564501
    2江南大学生物工程学院,江苏无锡 214122

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雷良波(1981−),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,研究方向:酿酒科学与工程,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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