Article(id=1320882533147988612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760025600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852536713, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852536713, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852536713, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852536713, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=412, endPage=420, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882533399646853, articleId=1320882533147988612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Analysis of the Release Characteristics of Ginger Essential Oil from Agar-Sodium Alginate Bilayer Film and Its Effect on the Quality of Refrigerated Grass Carp, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the present study, agar-sodium alginate bilayer films were prepared with ginger essential oil (GEO) as the antibacterial agent. Representative water-based and fatty food simulation solvents were selected for immersion and unilateral release experiments of the films to explore the behavior of essential oil diffusion and release from the film matrix. In addition, four classical mathematical models were selected to fit the primary release mechanism of GEO. The effect of the antibacterial film on the microbial quality of grass carp during refrigeration was evaluated. The results showed that the immersion release and unilateral release of GEO in simulated solvents (distilled water, 10% v/v ethanol, 50% v/v ethanol, and 95% v/v ethanol solution) for water-based and fatty foods exhibited a behavioral pattern of rapid release, followed by stable and sustained release, which could enable the achievement of good sustained release from the film matrix. The model fitting results of the GEO release behavior indicated that the GEO release from the film matrix was primarily based on Fickian diffusion, and that the Peppas-Sahlin model could better explain its release mechanism, followed by the Peleg model. The results of the refrigeration of grass carp showed that the antibacterial effect of GEO on the bilayer film and its rapid and sustained slow release from the film matrix could effectively inhibit microbial growth and production of volatile salt based nitrogen compounds of the grass carp, and based on the comprehensive detection results of sensory, physicochemical, and microbiological indicators, it was found that the addition of GEO could extend the shelf life of grass carp with the agar-sodium alginate bilayer film packaging by approximately 3 d during refrigeration compared with the PE treatment group and the control group without packaging.

, authors=Bin ZHANG, Xiaozhen HOU, Yisheng HUANG, Shiqing LIANG, Que GAO, Zhuo LI, Jianliang LIU, authorsList=Bin ZHANG, Xiaozhen HOU, Yisheng HUANG, Shiqing LIANG, Que GAO, Zhuo LI, Jianliang LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882536125944466, articleId=1320882533147988612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=含生姜精油的琼胶-海藻酸钠双层膜释放特性分析及对冷藏草鱼品质影响, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

制备以生姜精油(ginger essential oil,GEO)为抗菌剂的琼胶-海藻酸钠双层膜,选用代表性的水性食品模拟溶剂和脂肪类食品模拟溶剂进行薄膜的浸渍释放和单侧释放试验,探讨精油从膜基质扩散释放的行为规律,并选用4种经典数学模型拟合生姜精油的主要释放机制;同时,评价了抗菌薄膜对草鱼肉冷藏期间的微生物品质影响。结果表明,GEO在所用水性食品和脂肪类食品模拟溶剂(蒸馏水、10% v/v乙醇、50% v/v乙醇、95% v/v乙醇溶液)中的浸渍释放与单侧释放均呈先快速释放后平稳持续释放的行为规律,可实现从薄膜基质的较好缓释。GEO释放行为的模型拟合结果表明,GEO从膜基质释放主要为Fickian扩散,且Peppas-Sahlin模型可更好地阐释其释放机制,其次为Peleg模型。草鱼肉冷藏保鲜实验结果表明,GEO赋予双层膜的抗菌作用及其从膜基质先快速后持续缓慢释放能有效抑制微生物生长繁殖和挥发性盐基氮化合物的产生;综合草鱼肉冷藏期间的感官、理化和微生物指标测定结果,表明GEO的添加可使琼胶-海藻酸钠双层膜包装处理延长草鱼肉约3 d的冷藏货架期。

, authors=章斌, 侯小桢, 黄乙生, 梁诗晴, 高塙, 李卓, 刘建良, authorsList=章斌, 侯小桢, 黄乙生, 梁诗晴, 高塙, 李卓, 刘建良, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

章斌(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与质量安全,E-mail:

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LWT-Food Science and Technology, 2014, 59: 989−995., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882545835758339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KASHIRI M, CERISUELO J, DOMÍNGUEZ I, et al. Zein films and coatings as carriers and release systems of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil for antimicrobial food packaging[J]. 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Tai'an: Shandong Agricultural University, 2023.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882546091610886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Fengqin. Study on the preservation effect of different ozone water sterilization treatment on frozen chicken legs[D]. Tai'an: Shandong Agricultural University, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882536352436883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882536365019796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, companyId=1320882536352436883, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882536377602709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, companyId=1320882536352436883, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=韩山师范学院生命科学与食品工程学院,广东潮州 521041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320882539783377605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=UV-Vis absorption spectrum of GEO, figureFileSmall=24q/GrIMQUy8yYo+/PAVhQ==, figureFileBig=yb5kAftbdrX3wHytFJ1aAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882539875652294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=CN, label=图1, caption=生姜精油紫外-可见吸收光谱图, figureFileSmall=24q/GrIMQUy8yYo+/PAVhQ==, figureFileBig=yb5kAftbdrX3wHytFJ1aAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882540072784583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Release curve of S-A-g film immersed in stimulant solvent, figureFileSmall=GREYJCFEDIy27VVkVO+log==, figureFileBig=rbGa0Sf2VetmBg5oyfQU9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882540160864968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=CN, label=图2, caption=S-A-g膜在不同模拟溶剂中的浸渍释放曲线, figureFileSmall=GREYJCFEDIy27VVkVO+log==, figureFileBig=rbGa0Sf2VetmBg5oyfQU9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882540240556745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=One-way release curve of S-A-g film in stimulant solvent, figureFileSmall=fV4VDy89DnWQWpIIpaLEEw==, figureFileBig=RenYHzSsUxFiyEel/E2eWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882540349608650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=CN, label=图3, caption=S-A-g膜在不同模拟溶剂中的单侧释放曲线, figureFileSmall=fV4VDy89DnWQWpIIpaLEEw==, figureFileBig=RenYHzSsUxFiyEel/E2eWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882540437689035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=TVC changes in different treatment groups, figureFileSmall=+anLRqEjh8boY/sCwiu9Xw==, figureFileBig=TJx8XuLRxh7UYAhkV0BZNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882540546740940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同处理组样品的菌落总数变化

注:同一时间点不同小写字母表示存在显著性差异(P<0.05);图5~图6同。

, figureFileSmall=+anLRqEjh8boY/sCwiu9Xw==, figureFileBig=TJx8XuLRxh7UYAhkV0BZNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882540618044109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=PTC changes in different treatment groups, figureFileSmall=Pxearv/g986wU9JTQgCryg==, figureFileBig=B3yy591PxVZHcpKIefG4eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882540697735886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同处理组样品的嗜冷菌变化, figureFileSmall=Pxearv/g986wU9JTQgCryg==, figureFileBig=B3yy591PxVZHcpKIefG4eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882540819370703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Changes in TVB-N of different treatment groups during refrigeration, figureFileSmall=6gyr4MqaopBaNksNvUOBGA==, figureFileBig=tffmzMRoMcrXYUs8Wp3mlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882540911645392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同处理组样品贮藏期间的TVB-N值变化, figureFileSmall=6gyr4MqaopBaNksNvUOBGA==, figureFileBig=tffmzMRoMcrXYUs8Wp3mlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882541016502993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Type of stimulation solvent

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水性食品模拟物脂肪类食品模拟物
蒸馏水10%乙醇50%乙醇95%乙醇/正己烷
模拟具有水连续相的食物模拟脂肪含量较低的食品(如鸡胸肉、南瓜)或琼脂培养基模拟脂肪含量较高的体系(奶酪)、水包油乳液和酒精食品模拟具有脂肪连续相的食物
(如脂肪、油)
), ArticleFig(id=1320882541100389074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模拟溶剂类型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水性食品模拟物脂肪类食品模拟物
蒸馏水10%乙醇50%乙醇95%乙醇/正己烷
模拟具有水连续相的食物模拟脂肪含量较低的食品(如鸡胸肉、南瓜)或琼脂培养基模拟脂肪含量较高的体系(奶酪)、水包油乳液和酒精食品模拟具有脂肪连续相的食物
(如脂肪、油)
), ArticleFig(id=1320882541196858067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Cumulative release profile of GEO from S-A-g films in different stimulant solvent

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型参数蒸馏水10%乙醇50%乙醇95%乙醇正己烷
Rigter-Peppask49.53428.47336.59151.6292.696
n0.0770.1060.0810.0900.419
Adjusted R20.623710.962510.940440.726840.98376
Peppas-Sahlink140.93821.58140.71547.4291.904
k2−5.5527.239−5.165−6.582−0.025
n0.2390.0800.1090.2140.533
Adjusted R20.962960.994080.993860.963070.99044
Kopchak10.001260.000770.000920.001360.00022
k2−4.838E-5−2.784E-5−3.431E-5−5.090E-5−2.703E-6
Adjusted R20.777130.782300.741740.776220.99079
Pelegk1705.1871256.596817.956706.80223264.019
k2129.553194.197174.027115.892271.144
Adjusted R20.979790.966350.981780.976090.97753
), ArticleFig(id=1320882541284938452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

S-A-g薄膜在不同模拟溶剂的GEO的累积释放特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型参数蒸馏水10%乙醇50%乙醇95%乙醇正己烷
Rigter-Peppask49.53428.47336.59151.6292.696
n0.0770.1060.0810.0900.419
Adjusted R20.623710.962510.940440.726840.98376
Peppas-Sahlink140.93821.58140.71547.4291.904
k2−5.5527.239−5.165−6.582−0.025
n0.2390.0800.1090.2140.533
Adjusted R20.962960.994080.993860.963070.99044
Kopchak10.001260.000770.000920.001360.00022
k2−4.838E-5−2.784E-5−3.431E-5−5.090E-5−2.703E-6
Adjusted R20.777130.782300.741740.776220.99079
Pelegk1705.1871256.596817.956706.80223264.019
k2129.553194.197174.027115.892271.144
Adjusted R20.979790.966350.981780.976090.97753
), ArticleFig(id=1320882541368824533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Cumulative release profile of GEO from S-A-g films in different stimulant solvent

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型参数模拟溶剂类型
95%乙醇正己烷
Rigter-Peppask37.800371.52344
n0.03920.27415
Adjusted R20.596120.93035
Peppas-Sahlink126.208521.32267
k211.631050.30367
n0.029480.20416
Adjusted R20.991720.97499
Kopchak10.003783.06823E-4
k2−1.99095E-4−1.02874E-4
Adjusted R20.790090.95309
Pelegk170.930648249.00297
k259.01473409.74094
Adjusted R20.987120.93087
), ArticleFig(id=1320882541452710614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

S-A-g薄膜在不同模拟溶剂的GEO的累积释放特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型参数模拟溶剂类型
95%乙醇正己烷
Rigter-Peppask37.800371.52344
n0.03920.27415
Adjusted R20.596120.93035
Peppas-Sahlink126.208521.32267
k211.631050.30367
n0.029480.20416
Adjusted R20.991720.97499
Kopchak10.003783.06823E-4
k2−1.99095E-4−1.02874E-4
Adjusted R20.790090.95309
Pelegk170.930648249.00297
k259.01473409.74094
Adjusted R20.987120.93087
), ArticleFig(id=1320882541528208087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Sensory evaluation of grass carp sheet with different packaging treatments during refrigeration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组贮藏时间(d)
03691215
CK4.43±0.16a3.54±0.12a2.66±0.33a1.64±0.25a0.74±0.22a0.53±0.23a
PE4.47±0.14a3.98±0.17c3.02±0.33b2.68±0.19c1.97±0.39c1.26±0.18b
S-A-04.41±0.13a3.78±0.14b2.99±0.13b2.01±0.19b1.49±0.25b0.68±0.23a
S-A-GEO4.44±0.11a4.23±0.18d3.73±0.24c3.19±0.15d2.53±0.18d1.99±0.29c
), ArticleFig(id=1320882541616288472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882533147988612, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同包装处理的草鱼肉冷藏过程中的感官评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理组贮藏时间(d)
03691215
CK4.43±0.16a3.54±0.12a2.66±0.33a1.64±0.25a0.74±0.22a0.53±0.23a
PE4.47±0.14a3.98±0.17c3.02±0.33b2.68±0.19c1.97±0.39c1.26±0.18b
S-A-04.41±0.13a3.78±0.14b2.99±0.13b2.01±0.19b1.49±0.25b0.68±0.23a
S-A-GEO4.44±0.11a4.23±0.18d3.73±0.24c3.19±0.15d2.53±0.18d1.99±0.29c
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含生姜精油的琼胶-海藻酸钠双层膜释放特性分析及对冷藏草鱼品质影响
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章斌 , 侯小桢 , 黄乙生 , 梁诗晴 , 高塙 , 李卓 , 刘建良
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(15): 412-420
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (15) : 412 -420
含生姜精油的琼胶-海藻酸钠双层膜释放特性分析及对冷藏草鱼品质影响
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章斌 , 侯小桢, 黄乙生, 梁诗晴, 高塙, 李卓, 刘建良
作者信息
  • 韩山师范学院生命科学与食品工程学院,广东潮州 521041
作者简介:

章斌(1981−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:食品加工与质量安全,E-mail:

Analysis of the Release Characteristics of Ginger Essential Oil from Agar-Sodium Alginate Bilayer Film and Its Effect on the Quality of Refrigerated Grass Carp
Bin ZHANG , Xiaozhen HOU, Yisheng HUANG, Shiqing LIANG, Que GAO, Zhuo LI, Jianliang LIU
Affiliations
  • College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100030
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制备以生姜精油(ginger essential oil,GEO)为抗菌剂的琼胶-海藻酸钠双层膜,选用代表性的水性食品模拟溶剂和脂肪类食品模拟溶剂进行薄膜的浸渍释放和单侧释放试验,探讨精油从膜基质扩散释放的行为规律,并选用4种经典数学模型拟合生姜精油的主要释放机制;同时,评价了抗菌薄膜对草鱼肉冷藏期间的微生物品质影响。结果表明,GEO在所用水性食品和脂肪类食品模拟溶剂(蒸馏水、10% v/v乙醇、50% v/v乙醇、95% v/v乙醇溶液)中的浸渍释放与单侧释放均呈先快速释放后平稳持续释放的行为规律,可实现从薄膜基质的较好缓释。GEO释放行为的模型拟合结果表明,GEO从膜基质释放主要为Fickian扩散,且Peppas-Sahlin模型可更好地阐释其释放机制,其次为Peleg模型。草鱼肉冷藏保鲜实验结果表明,GEO赋予双层膜的抗菌作用及其从膜基质先快速后持续缓慢释放能有效抑制微生物生长繁殖和挥发性盐基氮化合物的产生;综合草鱼肉冷藏期间的感官、理化和微生物指标测定结果,表明GEO的添加可使琼胶-海藻酸钠双层膜包装处理延长草鱼肉约3 d的冷藏货架期。

生姜精油  /  琼胶  /  海藻酸钠  /  释放特性  /  草鱼  /  冷藏

In the present study, agar-sodium alginate bilayer films were prepared with ginger essential oil (GEO) as the antibacterial agent. Representative water-based and fatty food simulation solvents were selected for immersion and unilateral release experiments of the films to explore the behavior of essential oil diffusion and release from the film matrix. In addition, four classical mathematical models were selected to fit the primary release mechanism of GEO. The effect of the antibacterial film on the microbial quality of grass carp during refrigeration was evaluated. The results showed that the immersion release and unilateral release of GEO in simulated solvents (distilled water, 10% v/v ethanol, 50% v/v ethanol, and 95% v/v ethanol solution) for water-based and fatty foods exhibited a behavioral pattern of rapid release, followed by stable and sustained release, which could enable the achievement of good sustained release from the film matrix. The model fitting results of the GEO release behavior indicated that the GEO release from the film matrix was primarily based on Fickian diffusion, and that the Peppas-Sahlin model could better explain its release mechanism, followed by the Peleg model. The results of the refrigeration of grass carp showed that the antibacterial effect of GEO on the bilayer film and its rapid and sustained slow release from the film matrix could effectively inhibit microbial growth and production of volatile salt based nitrogen compounds of the grass carp, and based on the comprehensive detection results of sensory, physicochemical, and microbiological indicators, it was found that the addition of GEO could extend the shelf life of grass carp with the agar-sodium alginate bilayer film packaging by approximately 3 d during refrigeration compared with the PE treatment group and the control group without packaging.

ginger essential oil  /  agar  /  sodium alginate  /  release characteristics  /  grass carp  /  refrigeration
章斌, 侯小桢, 黄乙生, 梁诗晴, 高塙, 李卓, 刘建良. 含生姜精油的琼胶-海藻酸钠双层膜释放特性分析及对冷藏草鱼品质影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 412 -420 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100030
Bin ZHANG, Xiaozhen HOU, Yisheng HUANG, Shiqing LIANG, Que GAO, Zhuo LI, Jianliang LIU. Analysis of the Release Characteristics of Ginger Essential Oil from Agar-Sodium Alginate Bilayer Film and Its Effect on the Quality of Refrigerated Grass Carp[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 412 -420 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100030
草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)作为我国四大家鱼之一,是淡水养殖最丰富和产量最高的鱼类,据《2024-2029年中国草鱼行业竞争格局及投资规划深度研究分析报告》统计,2024年全国草鱼总产量为616.5万吨,这一高产量使其成为水产品保鲜研究的重要对象之一。同时,因草鱼含水量高和营养基质丰富,易在贮藏和销售过程发生微生物腐败和品质劣变而存在食用安全隐患。因此,采用适当且经济的方式延长草鱼肉销售货架期和减少经济损失是行业人员一直探求的研究方向。
活性包装能通过持续释放活性物质来保持产品质量、延长货架期,已成为食品保鲜与包装材料开发的热点领域。依据活性剂类型,目前已开发的活性包装主要包括水分吸收、氧气/乙烯清除、二氧化碳生成及抗菌包装等系统[1−3];其中,抗菌活性包装薄膜因其效果显著、应用广泛,发挥着尤为关键的作用。此类薄膜的效能核心在于其抗菌成分的类型、含量、分布及扩散-迁移-释放特性[4]。尤其重要的是,抗菌成分从包装基材向食品的迁移扩散行为受扩散动力学支配[5]。因此,在设计包装薄膜配方与结构时,需充分考虑抗菌剂的释放动力学与食品本身的微生物污染腐败动力学相匹配,以实现高效防护。在基材选择上,多糖(如纤维素衍生物[6]、淀粉衍生物[7]、壳聚糖[8]、普鲁兰[9]等)可通过分子间作用力(如氢键、静电引力)形成结构稳定、机械性能良好的网状结构薄膜,是研制抗菌包装的常用基材。进一步地,通过将不同特性的多糖进行复配,例如海藻酸钠(sodium alginate,SA)与琼胶(agar,AG),可利用SA分子链上的β-D-甘露糖醛酸和α-L-古洛糖醛酸与AG分子基团上的L-半乳糖6-硫酸盐产生分子间协同效应而形成更为致密稳定的网络结构[10−11],有效弥补单一材料的缺陷,提升复合薄膜的综合性能[12]。在抗菌剂方面,植物精油(主要含生物碱、黄酮、萜类等化合物)因其广谱抗菌性、安全无毒且能改善薄膜性能,成为研究热点;其中,生姜精油(ginger essential oil,GEO)富含的萜类化合物(如α-姜烯、β-没药烯)、酚类衍生物(如6-姜酚、6-姜烯酚)等活性成分赋予其广谱抗菌、抗氧化及抗炎特性,被证实能有效抑制水产品常见腐败微生物的生长[13],适用于鱼肉的低温冷藏,且赋予水产品特有且令人愉悦的气味。然而,精油的实际应用效果受到两大关键因素的制约:一是其自身的高挥发性,以及介质类型、温度、湿度等环境条件对其迁移释放的影响[14];二是其复杂的化学组成和分子特性,也会反过来影响聚合物基材的结构与释放动力学;这些因素共同决定了含精油抗菌包装薄膜的最终性能[15]。
国内外已有较多含植物精油的活性薄膜用于鱼、虾等水产品保鲜方面的研究,但大多集中在基材和活性成分选择、制备方法比较等方面[16−17],对于精油释放动力学及其与食品保鲜动力学的匹配机制研究相对较少。相比之下,本研究选用适用于平板状包装有限体积类型的常用数学模型,探讨含GEO的琼胶-海藻酸钠双层抗菌膜在代表液态食品和脂肪类食品的不同食品模拟介质中的浸渍释放与单侧释放行为及其主要机制,并结合草鱼肉的冷藏保鲜实验,评价该双层抗菌膜释放动力学与抗菌效能的构效关系,为反向设计高效缓释抗菌包装提供新视角。
草鱼 本地农贸市场购买的现宰新鲜草鱼脊背肉;生姜精油 华硕香料油有限公司;海藻酸钠 青岛明月海藻集团有限公司;琼胶 用当年采收的龙须菜进行水提-醇沉所得;平板计数琼脂培养基 广东环凯微生物科技有限公司;甘油(≥99.5%)、正己烷、氯化钙、吐温−80 上海西陇化工股份有限公司,均为国产分析纯。
FJ200-SH型高速分散均质机 上海沪析实业有限公司;FD-1D-50型冷冻干燥机 北京博医康实验仪器有限公司;TU-1901型紫外可见分光光度计 北京普析仪器有限公司;IkA T18 basic型高速均质器 德国Janke & Kunkel GmbH公司;GZX-9146MBE型电热鼓风干燥箱 上海博迅实业有限公司医疗设备厂;PS-60A型超声波清洗机 深圳市歌能超声清洗设备有限公司。
制备浓度为0.05 μL/mL的GEO-正己烷溶液,用紫外-可见分光光度计在190~500 nm范围进行扫描,测定精油的最大吸收波长为λmax。同时,分别配制0、1、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50 nL/mL的GEO-正己烷溶液,测定其在λmax波长处的吸光度并绘制标准曲线。
将海藻酸钠与琼胶按2:8(m:m,w/w)质量比混合,加入蒸馏水和25%(w/w,海藻酸钠和琼胶质量)的甘油,在10000 r/min转速下对混合物进行高速分散处理15 min和20 min的超声脱气处理,以制备浓度为1.8%(w/v)的S-A成膜溶液。取S-A成膜溶液,加入膜溶液体积5% v/v的生姜精油和1% v/v的吐温80后12000 r/min下高速分散处理5 min,然后按0.25 g/cm2用量平铺膜溶液并干燥,得含GEO的内层薄膜。同时,取S-A成膜溶液与等体积的75%乙醇溶液和一半体积的1% CaCl2溶液混合并高速分散处理2 min后得交联膜溶液,取15.0 g该交联膜溶液均匀浇铸在干燥好的内层膜表面,于35 ℃干燥至完全,即得含GEO的海藻酸钠-琼胶双层抗菌膜,命名为S-A-g膜。
取干燥好的整张双层膜充分剪碎并溶于装有500 mL超纯水的锥形瓶中,调溶液pH至10.5后于70 ℃磁力搅拌恒温水浴中加热至薄膜充分溶解,然后10000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液用无水乙醇定容后,测定GEO的λmax波长处的吸光度,依据标曲计算S-A-g薄膜中的GEO含量。
裁取2 cm×2 cm规格的薄膜片,分别完全浸入装有30 mL不同模拟溶剂(表1)的锥形瓶中并于25 ℃避光静置,每隔12 h量取1 mL溶液并用5 mL无水乙醇稀释,于GEO的λmax波长处测定吸光度;同时向锥形瓶的模拟溶剂体系中补加1 mL各模拟溶剂。GEO从S-A-g膜中的释放测定进行到其释放动力学达到平衡值;按式(1)计算GEO的累积释放百分比(%)。
$ \rm 累积释放百分比({\text{%}})=\frac{{M}_{t}}{M}\times 100 $
式中,Mt为t h内测定的GEO含量(mL),M为与2 cm×2 cm尺寸的薄膜相同重量的薄膜中最初负载的GEO总量(mL)。
参照陈曦[18]所述方法并作修改。在1.2.4中,由于海藻酸钠和琼胶的高亲水性,S-A-g抗菌膜与水性模拟溶剂接触一定时间后,发生明显的溶胀而破裂,甚至溶解;因此单侧释放试验选用95%乙醇、正己烷为食品模拟液。往圆柱形玻璃瓶中分别加满95%乙醇、正己烷溶剂,与用瓶口外径大小一致的薄膜圆片的内层膜贴紧瓶口,然后依次在膜片上放置保鲜袋、PVDC阻隔保鲜膜、铝箔,盖上瓶盖并旋紧、静置,期间每12 h取样测定释放的GEO含量并计算累积释放百分比。
为描述精油从S-A-g薄膜迁移和向模拟溶剂释放的过程,在与释放研究相同的实验操作条件下,使用式(2)~式(5)所示的数学模型方程来描述GEO释放所涉及的释放行为和主要机制。
$ \rm {Rigter{\text-}Peppas模型:} {M} _{ {t} } {/M} _{ \text{∞} } = {kt} ^{ {n} } $
$ \rm{Peppas{\text-}Sahlin模型:} {M} _{ {t} } {/M} _{\text {∞} } = {k} _{ \mathrm{1}} {t} ^{ {n} } + {k} _{ \mathrm{2}} {t} ^{ {2n} } $
$ \rm{Kopcha模型:} {M} _{ {t} } = {k} _{ {1}} {t} ^{ {1/2} } + {k} _{ {2}} {t} $
$ \rm{Peleg模型:} {M} _{ {t} } =t/( {k} _{ {1}} + {k} _{ {2}} {t}) $
式中:Mt、M∞、k、n、t分别表示t时刻释放的GEO总量(μg)、无限时间释放的精油量(μg)、释放速率常数(h−n)、Fickian释放指数(无量纲)、采样时间(h)。式(2)中,n为释放指数(如果0.89≤n≤1,主要的释放机制是侵蚀;如果n≤0.45,释放机制通常基于Fickian扩散,如果0.45<n<0.89,释放GEO的主导机制是非Fickian)。式(3)(4)中,k1是Fickian释放常数(mg·h−1/2),k2是侵蚀常数(mg·h−1)。式(5)中的1/k1和1/k2分别代表均衡(M∞)下GEO的释放速率(h·mg−1)和释放量(mg−1)。采用OriginPro 2021软件用于将动力学释放数据与各种数学模型进行拟合。
将新鲜的草鱼脊背肉切成尺寸为3 cm×3 cm×2 cm的肉块后,用无菌盐水冲洗肉块并晾干,随机分为3大组,然后用S-A-g薄膜包装并置于事先已消毒的保鲜盒中(标记为S-A-GEO);不做任何包装处理的鱼肉样品为空白对照组(标记为CK),分别用不含GEO的薄膜包装的样品(标记为S-A-0)和用PE膜包装的样品(标记为PE)为对照组。将上述各处理组样品置于4 ℃冰箱中冷藏15 d,每3 d取样并测定鱼肉样品的嗜冷菌计数值(psychrotrophic count,PTC)、菌落总数(total viable bacterial count,TVC)、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N),并进行感官评价;其中,菌落总数测定按GB 4789.2-2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 菌落总数测定》进行[19],TVB-N值测定按GB 5009.228-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中挥发性盐基氮的测定》进行[20],嗜冷菌测定参照Zhang等[21]法进行。样品贮藏期间的感官评价参考GB 2733-2015《食品安全国家标准 鲜、冻动物性水产品》进行[22],选择10名熟悉主要感官评估技术并具有鱼肉评估经验的半训练有素的成员为小组成员,采用5分制量表法(1为极不喜欢,5为极喜欢)对样品进行整体可接受性评分,总分为3分及以上的样品被认为是可接受的。
各试验指标测定至少3次平行,测定结果均表示为平均值±标准偏差。使用SPSS 22.0统计分析软件,采用Duncan多范围测试,进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)并确定每个平均属性值的显著性(P<0.05)。
由于不同物质的吸收波长不同,因而表现出不同的特征吸收峰。从图1可看出,以α-姜烯、α-姜黄烯、β-倍半水芹烯为主要组分的生姜精油在190~380 nm之间出现多个特征吸收峰;一方面,生姜精油是混合物,其所含的主要化学组分会呈现不同的特征吸收峰;另一方面,作为溶剂的正己烷在紫外区也有一定的强吸收,且为尽量减少短波长下的强紫外吸收干扰,并依据共轭双键在210~280 nm有强吸收的特性,确定278 nm为含有共轭双键结构的生姜精油的主特征吸收峰。
配制浓度为0~50 nL/mL的GEO-正己烷溶液,测定其在278 nm波长的吸光度以绘制标准曲线,拟合得线性回归方程y=0.0266x−0.0039,R2=0.999;说明GEO在所测浓度范围内与吸光度呈现良好的线性关系。
精油在不同食品模拟物中的释放是一个较复杂的过程,受精油类型、薄膜结构和组成、溶剂类型与极性、处理时间、食物特性等多种因素影响[23]。在释放初期,模拟物溶剂会侵蚀薄膜并进入薄膜内部,从而引起薄膜的润胀和溶解。随着时间的推移,薄膜基质的水合程度加剧,逐渐变得疏松,薄膜基质之间的相互作用被破坏,导致精油快速释放。
如图2所示,除正己烷溶剂之外的每个释放曲线都存在类似的变化趋势,且释放曲线总体呈现为两步模式:首先是快速释放,尤其是在95%乙醇和蒸馏水中,24 h已分别达到累积释放量的75.95%、69.62%;其次是膜基质中的GEO在达到平衡之前的稳定缓慢释放,表明GEO在蒸馏水、10% v/v乙醇、50% v/v乙醇、95% v/v乙醇溶液中从薄膜中的释放得到较好控制;急剧释放可能归因于GEO以相对较短的扩散路径在薄膜表面附近渗入。GEO在5种食品模拟物中的累积释放量在孵育时间内均呈增加趋势,且表现为95%乙醇>蒸馏水>50%乙醇>10%乙醇>正己烷,一方面可能是由于SA、AG属于极性较大的高分子聚合物,且两者的分子链上富含-OH,具有良好的亲水性,与极性同样较大的水或水-乙醇混合液接触后,薄膜基质间的主作用力被破坏,基质网络和结构变得越来越松散,从而利于GEO的释放[24]。另一方面,水是大多数水胶体基薄膜中的最普遍、最常见的增塑剂,可通过引起天然聚合物基质结构的变化而对薄膜基质中活性物质的迁移、扩散与释放过程产生影响[25]。综合上述结果,S-A-g抗菌膜更适用于极性较低的脂肪性食品。
不同于本试验结果的是,对百里香精油在蒸馏水、50%乙醇、95%乙醇3种模拟介质中从壳聚糖薄膜释放的研究发现,百里香精油在95%乙醇中的释放速率最慢,其次是蒸馏水和50%乙醇;且在95%乙醇中的释放呈现“快-慢-快”的趋势[26]。Lee等[27]则观察到丁香精油从壳聚糖-埃洛石纳米粘土薄膜中的最快释放出现在50%乙醇模拟物中,比10%乙醇和95%乙醇快近3倍,并将这种现象解释为精油在乙醇中的溶解性和薄膜膨胀。上述两项研究与Sánchez-González等[28]报道的乙醇含量越高,溶剂体系极性越低,薄膜中活性物质释放越慢的结论也不一致。除此之外,Ke等[29]发现,45 ℃下,肉桂醛从玉米淀粉基薄膜向10%乙醇或95%乙醇的扩散百分比的总体趋势相似。因此,精油从聚合物基质的扩散和向环境的释放是一个复杂的过程,与薄膜溶胀和溶解度、溶液极性、精油类型、环境条件(如温度、湿度)等诸多因素有关。
本试验中,在最小极性的正己烷溶剂中,GEO的扩散释放最慢,这可能是由于以下事实:琼胶海藻酸钠聚合物基质在该溶剂中的溶胀程度很低,导致聚合物链的自由体积减小,从而限制了GEO在基质内的扩散进程;但随着薄膜表层GEO的逐渐溶解和释放,正己烷反向进入并填充基质中的孔隙,引起基质的轻度膨胀,一定程度上加快溶解基质内部的GEO,因而表现为正己烷介质中的GEO累积释放量在试验周期内缓慢增加。
为进一步研究GEO在不同食品模拟溶剂中从薄膜中的释放,采用4种典型模型来拟合释放行为和描述释放过程,对应的R2(决定系数)和释放特性参数见表2。
基于Ritger-Peppas的标准释放动力学,释放指数n>0.45属于非Fickian机制。如表2所示,该模型均呈现n<0.45,表明GEO在这5种模拟液中从S-A-g薄膜中的主要释放符合Fickian机制。此外,用Peppas-Sahlin模型拟合所得的释放指数同样呈现n<0.45(正己烷除外),进一步表明GEO从S-A-g薄膜中的主要释放符合Fickian机制。
对于同一种食品模拟液中的释放情况,与R2值的比较表明,Peleg模型最能描述在蒸馏水(R2,0.62371→0.97979)和 95% 乙醇(R2,0.72684→0.97609)中的释放行为,Peppas-Sahlin模型最能描述在10%乙醇(R2,0.78230→0.99408)和50%乙醇(R2,0.74174→0.99386)中的释放,而Kopcha模型(R2,0.97753→0.99079)最能描述在正己烷中的释放行为。注意到Peppas-Sahlin模型和Kopcha模型的case-II弛豫贡献常数k2的值非常小,并对于所有食品模拟液几乎都是负值,表明case-II松弛在释放过程中没有显著贡献,再次表明GEO在模拟液中从S-A-g薄膜中的主要释放符合Fickian机制。综合在5种模拟液中获得的R2值来看,Peppas-Sahlin模型能更佳、更全面地描述GEO在代表水性食品和脂肪食品中的浸渍释放,其次为Peleg模型;同时也表明GEO在S-A-g薄膜基质中的释放主要通过扩散过程进行。同样,Zhila等[30]研究了来自淀粉基纳米复合膜的丁香精油在蒸馏水、10% 乙醇和 50% 乙醇中120 h的释放行为,他们认为设计结构中的丁香精油的释放数据符合Peleg模型,且观察到丁香精油在模拟食品介质中是Fickian扩散。
GEO在代表高脂肪含量食品的95%乙醇和正己烷两种模拟液中从S-A-g的结构中释放132 h的结果如图3所示。根据释放速率,在95%乙醇中观察到在测试前12 h内的快速释放,释放高达42.47%;然后持续缓慢释放至基本恒定;这种行为可能是由于S-A-g内层膜表面的GEO与溶剂接触后,迅速迁移扩散到溶剂中,并使位于靠近表面区域的精油在测试的早期阶段被释放[31]。此后,由于S-A-g膜结构中的孔隙,乙醇渗透进入膜基质并通过与GEO的接触而逐渐增加薄膜深层基质中的GEO向表面迁移以及向介质中的释放。此外,GEO的释放导致薄膜基质和模拟溶剂之间的浓度梯度降低,从而引起薄膜网络的释放速率降低,直至液-固平衡。
琼胶-海藻酸钠因其亲水性,可与极性溶剂(95%乙醇)形成氢键,这将导致水渗透到膜基质中引起膜基质的润胀并为乙醇-多糖基质相互作用提供条件。由此,基于薄膜基质与介质之间浓度梯度的差异,琼胶-海藻酸钠内层膜中的GEO扩散到介质中[32]。同时,模拟溶剂的极性与包装膜极性之间的差异会影响精油的扩散,即当两相极性相同或相近时,溶剂可以吸附在食品模拟物与聚合物膜的界面上,并渗透到膜基质中,使膜膨胀,同样也利于GEO向95%乙醇介质的迁移和扩散[33]。
相比而言,在整个单侧释放试验周期内,S-A-g薄膜中的GEO在正己烷中的释放总体呈现缓慢增加趋势,且幅度远低于95%乙醇介质(图3);这可能是由于SA和AG都是水溶性多糖,可以吸收95%乙醇中存在的少量水而发生润胀,从而使膜基质生成更大的精油外扩和乙醇内渗的通道,产生更开放的结构,并因此提高了GEO的迁移率,利于GEO的扩散与释放[34]。综合2.2.1中浸渍释放试验结果,说明薄膜基质中精油等活性物质的释放速率受活性化合物含量、组成、成膜方法、模拟物介质的影响较大。
为研究从S-A-g双层抗菌膜中单侧释放GEO所涉及的机制,使用1.2.6中所列的4种数学模型拟合其释放行为;同时,根据决定系数(R2)和释放特性参数(表3)选择描述GEO从设计结构中释放行为的最佳模型。如表3所示,采用Ritger-Peppas模型研究薄膜的释放行为所得到的n参数均<0.45,即薄膜的GEO释放遵循Fickian扩散;但在95%乙醇模拟液中,拟合模型的R2值(0.56912)较低。就相同食品模拟液中的释放行为来说,均是Peppas-Sahlin模型的R2最高(95%乙醇介质为0.99172、正己烷介质为0.97499),所以该模型很好地描述了在这两种食品模拟物中S-A-g抗菌膜结构中GEO的释放行为,其次为Peleg模型;这与浸渍释放试验的结果一致。此外,在Rigter-Peppas方程中,指数n小于0.45,Peppas-Sahlin方程中的k1/k2>1;因此,可以得出结论,GEO从S-A-g薄膜单侧释放的主要机制是Fickian扩散;这也与Zhila等[30]、Arancibia等[35]、Kashiri等[36]的研究结果相一致。对于上述模型在拟合活性成分从基质向环境迁移-扩散-释放的实际过程中,大多是基于一定假设条件的预设,主要包括:a.活性成分在基质内部呈均匀分布状态,b.模拟物或模型食品中含有的活性成分浓度或含量为零,c.过程的传质系数不受活性成分浓度的影响。然而,对于以多糖为代表的生物基抗菌包装膜的实际场景应用,抗菌成分的释放情况往往更为复杂;比如膜基质可能在精油释放过程受湿度等环境因素影响而发生溶胀,可导致由膜基质结构变化而引起聚合物的自由体积、链段迁移速率发生变化,从而影响精油的释放。同时,精油是由一系列小分子化合物所组成的复杂混合物,其化合物组成与含量差异也在很大程度上影响其在薄膜基质和特定使用环境中的扩散、迁移与释放特性;因此,需进一步在上述传统的经典动力学模型拟合条件下,扩大在真实食品和复杂场景中的应用范围,强化不同实际场景和条件下的释放模拟,以更好地量化表征以精油为代表的抗菌活性成分在生物基包装薄膜中的实际应用效果。
所有处理组样品的TVC值均随贮藏时间延长而增加(图4),尤其是CK组样品,其TVC值在第6 d时达到6.87 lg CFU/g,接近推荐限值7 lg CFU/g[37];而PE组、S-A-0组、S-A-GEO组样品的TVC值约分别在第11、10、13 d时接近该推荐限值。同时,S-A-GEO组样品的TVC值在整个贮藏期间均显著低于CK组和S-A-0组(P<0.05),也显著低于PE组(第15 d除外),这表明精油的存在可有效抑制鱼肉表面的微生物生长和繁殖,且参照推荐限值,S-A-GEO膜包装处理较CK组、PE组和S-A-0组可分别延缓草鱼肉约6、2和3 d的货架期。同时,S-A-GEO组样品的TVC值在前6 d内的增加幅度变化较小,这可能与GEO在早期从膜基质的快速释放有关,而从第9 d至贮藏期结束,GEO大体处于持续缓慢释放且在鱼肉表面维持相对较低的恒定浓度,对肉样表面微生物的生长与繁殖抑制效能逐渐减弱,因而表现出TVC值在此阶段的快速上升;由此可看出整个过程的TVC值变化与GEO的浸渍释放和单侧释放规律总体相符。
嗜冷菌是造成肉类制品在低温有氧贮藏环境下发生腐败变质的主要微生物类型[38]。从图5可看出,类似菌落总数的变化趋势,各处理组样品的PTC值在贮藏期间均不断增加,且CK组呈现出最快的嗜冷菌生长速度,在第0 d除外的其余时间点均显著高于S-A-GEO组(P<0.05),这表明GEO协同低温对嗜冷菌的生长繁殖起到了理想的抑制作用,能较好地延缓草鱼肉的腐败劣变。此外,S-A-GEO组样品第6 d的PTC值相比第0 d的增幅仅为5.53%,这进一步证实薄膜基质中的GEO在早期的快速释放发挥了良好的抑菌效果;同时,从第9 d至贮藏期结束,S-A-GEO组鱼样的嗜冷菌数量较第0 d的嗜冷菌数量分别增加了22.84%、49.76%、71.39%,表明膜基质中的GEO对嗜冷菌的抑制能力随时间推移而逐渐减弱,这符合GEO在膜基质释放后期逐渐减少的变化趋势。此外,S-A-GEO组样品的PTC值从第3 d开始的贮藏期内显著低于PE组和S-A-0组(P<0.05),这与GEO在实验过程的持续释放所创造的良好抑菌微环境有关,且初步表明S-A-GEO薄膜的抗菌性能与阻隔性能的协同效应在草鱼肉低温保鲜方面的效果总体优于PE膜单一的高阻隔性。
动物性食品在贮藏期间,其所含蛋白质在内源性酶和细菌作用下会产生氨和胺等碱性含氮物质,这可以作为识别和评估鱼类产品新鲜度的指标。根据GB 2733-2015《食品安全国家标准 鲜、冻动物性水产品》,TVB-N值超过25 mg/100 g时,淡水鱼类将被视为变质[22]。图6显示,随着冷藏时间的延长,所有处理组样品的TVB-N值逐渐增大;其中,CK组样品的TVB-N值上升速率最快,第9 d时已达27.69 mg/100 g,其次为PE组和S-A-0组样品,且这两组样品的TVB-N值在整个贮藏期较为接近,均在第9 d时处于变质状态(分别为26.45 mg/100 g和26.36 mg/100 g);而S-A-GEO处理组样品的TVB-N值升高相对缓慢,第9 d时仅为19.36 mg/100 g(P<0.05),约在11 d时接近变质状态所对应的临界值,这可归因于薄膜基质中的GEO对鱼肉样品表面出现的细菌表现出有效的抑制或杀菌作用,从而延缓蛋白质降解过程。上述结果表明,以TVB-N值为指标,CK组、PE组、S-A-0组、S-A-GEO组样品的货架期约分别为8、8、9、11 d,且S-A-GEO膜包装处理的草鱼肉储藏时间较CK组、PE组和S-A-0组可分别延长3、3、2 d左右。此外,各处理组的TVB-N值均从第6 d开始上升幅度明显增大,这可能是由于膜基质中GEO在早期的快速释放较好地减缓了鱼肉样品因细菌分解蛋白质而产生的挥发性碱性含氮物质积累,而后期的GEO缓释使碱性含氮物质累积速率加快,并使体系微环境pH上升到内源性组织蛋白酶的较适范围,从而进一步激发酶的活性和加速鱼肉蛋白质的降解,导致TVB-N值迅速增加。
动物性制品的颜色、气味等感官性状所构成的总体可接受度会影响消费者对产品的接受程度。从表4可看出,经不同处理的样品的整体可接受性随贮藏时间的延长而逐渐下降,尤其是CK组和S-A-0组,且这两组样品在第6 d时的整体可接受评分已低于3分,处于不可接受状态;PE组样品第6 d的总体评分略高于3分,在后续各时间点均显著高于CK组和S-A-0组,表明PE的高阻隔性对延缓鱼肉腐败变质有一定的保护作用。相比而言,S-A-GEO处理组样品在整个储存期间(除第0 d外)的综合评分最高,与其他处理组有显著差异(P<0.05),在第9 d时的整体可接受评分仍达3.19,这可能是GEO较好地抑制了鱼肉表面和内部微生物的生长繁殖,从而使样品冷藏期延长至少3 d。此外,根据评估结果和小组成员的观点,本研究中使用的含有GEO的薄膜对草鱼肉的感官特性没有不利影响。综合以上冷藏期间的感官、理化和微生物指标测定结果,表明GEO的添加可延长草鱼肉约3 d的冷藏货架期。
本研究对含生姜精油的琼胶-海藻酸钠双层抗菌膜在不同食品模拟液中的浸渍释放和单侧释放动力学进行探讨,并用4种经典数学模型进行了释放行为的拟合;同时,将抗菌膜用于草鱼肉的冷藏保鲜。结果表明:除代表高脂食品的模拟液正己烷之外,GEO在蒸馏水、10% v/v乙醇、50% v/v乙醇、95% v/v乙醇溶液中的浸渍释放与单侧释放均呈首先快速释放、然后平稳持续释放的行为规律,表明GEO在所制备的S-A-g膜中实现了较好的缓释;且不同模型拟合GEO的释放行为结果表明,Peppas-Sahlin模型被选为解释GEO从S-A-g薄膜浸渍和单侧释放行为的最佳机制,其次为Peleg模型,且GEO从S-A-g薄膜释放的主要机制是Fickian扩散。
S-A-g膜对草鱼肉的贮藏保鲜试验结果表明:GEO赋予薄膜的抗菌作用及其从膜基质的先快速后持续缓慢释放能有效提升草鱼肉冷藏期间的微生物品质,延长约3~6 d的冷藏货架期;也能延缓鱼肉蛋白的微生物分解和减少挥发性碱性含氮化合物的内源性生成,延长约3 d的冷藏货架期。同时,以总体感官可接受度为评价指标,GEO在S-A膜中的添加及其释放特性可延长鱼肉样品至少3 d的冷藏货架期。综合上述感官、理化和微生物指标测定结果,可推断S-A-GEO双层膜能有效延长草鱼肉约3 d的冷藏货架期,为以草鱼肉为代表的鱼类保鲜提供了一定参考。另一方面,引起鱼类等水产和其它动物性食品腐败变质的微生物群通常比较复杂,且各类动物性食品的优势腐败菌或特征腐败菌各异;为更好地探讨含精油的多糖基活性薄膜的保鲜效用,需在今后的研究中进一步综合质构、生物胺、K值、总巯基(SH)等指标的测定,并结合高通量测序技术、固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术等揭示活性包装薄膜的冷藏保鲜机理,解析鱼肉品质劣变机制及其与包装微环境的互作网络。

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2026年第47卷第15期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025100030
  • 接收时间:2025-10-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-10
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    韩山师范学院生命科学与食品工程学院,广东潮州 521041
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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