Article(id=1320882481075695911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120219, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734364800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852524297, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852524297, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852524297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852524297, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=318, endPage=325, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882482136854824, articleId=1320882481075695911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Rapid Quality Assessment of Antarctic Krill Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, columnId=1261343843585241413, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Analysis and Determination, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The aim of this study was to develop a rapid quality assessment method for Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) by integrating near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with partial least squares (PLS) regression. Quantitative models were established to predict two critical quality indicators: non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) contents. Following spectral acquisition, the key model parameters, including the preprocessing methods, characteristic spectral ranges, and principal factor numbers, were systematically optimized. Model performance was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP). For the NPN model, multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) was selected as the optimal preprocessing method, with a characteristic spectral range of 8887.1 to 7774.2 cm−1. The TVB-N model utilized a combination of MSC and Savitzky-Golay smoothing (SG), with the full spectral band employed for modeling. Both models adopted five principal factors. After optimization and external validation, the optimized NPN model demonstrated a robust performance, with R2=0.9384, RMSEC=0.279, and RMSEP=0.443, whereas the TVB-N model achieved R2=0.8685, RMSEC=3.800, and RMSEP=4.070. These results indicated that both models exhibit high predictive accuracy (R2>0.85) and stability, with the NPN model outperforming the TVB-N model in terms of predictive capability. In conclusion, quantitative analysis models constructed by combining NIRS and PLS can predict the NPN and TVB-N content in Antarctic krill. This approach provides a rapid solution for Antarctic krill quality assessment, addressing the growing demand for the efficient monitoring of Antarctic krill resource utilization.

, authors=Lin LI1, 2, Huihui SUN1, Rong CAO1, Yong SUN1, *, Zhaohui ZHANG2, *, authorsList=Lin LI, Huihui SUN, Rong CAO, Yong SUN, Zhaohui ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yong SUN, Zhaohui ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882484108177716, articleId=1320882481075695911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=基于近红外光谱技术的南极磷虾品质快速评定, columnId=1261343846139572559, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=分析检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为实现南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)品质的快速评定,本研究将近红外光谱技术(Near infrared spectroscopy,NIRS)与偏最小二乘法(Partial least squares,PLS)相结合,构建用于快速预测磷虾体内非蛋白氮(Non-protein nitrogen,NPN)含量和挥发性盐基氮(Total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N)含量的近红外定量分析模型。采集近红外光谱后,通过比较决定系数(Coefficient of determination,R2)、校正标准偏差(Root mean square error of calibration,RMSEC)、预测标准偏差(Root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP)等模型的评价参数,选取近红外光谱定量分析模型的最佳预处理方式、特征光谱范围以及主因子数。结果显示,NPN含量模型的最佳预处理方法为多元散射校正(Multiplicative signal correction,MSC),其特征光谱范围为8887.1~7774.2 cm−1;TVB-N含量模型则采用MSC与卷积平滑(Savitzky-Golay smoothing,SG)相结合的方式进行预处理,建模范围为全波段。两个定量模型的主因子数均为5。经模型的优化与外部验证,最终构建的PLS最优模型如下:NPN含量近红外定量分析模型的R2为0.9384,RMSEC为0.279,RMSEP为0.443;TVB-N含量近红外定量分析模型的R2为0.8685,RMSEC为3.800,RMSEP为4.070。研究结果表明,两个模型均具有良好的预测精度(R2>0.85)和稳定性,其中NPN定量分析模型的预测能力优于TVB-N定量分析模型。综上,本研究基于NIRS与PLS构建的定量分析模型能够有效预测南极磷虾体内的NPN和TVB-N含量,为南极磷虾的品质评价提供了可靠的技术支持,满足快速评定的实际应用需求。

, authors=李琳1, 2, 孙慧慧1, 曹荣1, 孙永1, *, 张朝辉2, *, authorsList=李琳, 孙慧慧, 曹荣, 孙永, 张朝辉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙永, 张朝辉, authorNote=

李琳(1998−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙永(1982−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:水产品加工与质量安全,E-mail:。
张朝辉(1968−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:海洋生物活性物质及水产品加工,E-mail:。
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注:a. NPN含量定量分析模型;b. TVB-N含量定量分析模型。

, figureFileSmall=AfZlUmlKruvWF2P6xmzBtw==, figureFileBig=fyqfwU3HFPO0mTIB7ChIVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882489120371045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882481075695911, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Quantitative NIR analysis model in PLS, figureFileSmall=TpFZi9R0OCs+d4EAOVaRlQ==, figureFileBig=mgjwg0LneHOZpoQFGS15cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882490823258470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882481075695911, language=CN, label=图4, caption=PLS近红外定量分析模型

注:a、c分别为NPN和TVB-N实测值与预测值之间的关系;b、d分别为NPN含量和TVB-N含量实测值与预测偏差之间的关系。

, figureFileSmall=TpFZi9R0OCs+d4EAOVaRlQ==, figureFileBig=mgjwg0LneHOZpoQFGS15cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882490923921767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882481075695911, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Model validation results, figureFileSmall=BIyXHkU90JxuRYjMe5gS2Q==, figureFileBig=a3X4DQpnxWQYcSENgQIeHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882491024585064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882481075695911, language=CN, label=图5, caption=模型验证结果

注:a. NPN含量模型验证结果;b. TVB-N含量模型验证结果。

, figureFileSmall=BIyXHkU90JxuRYjMe5gS2Q==, figureFileBig=a3X4DQpnxWQYcSENgQIeHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882491104276841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882481075695911, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Measurement results of NPN content and TVB-N content

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学指标样本集样本数最大值最小值平均值标准偏差
NPN
(mg/g)
校正集748.965.747.160.046
验证集258.466.097.010.039
TVB-N
(mg/100 g)
校正集7543.5687.21818.7471.916
验证集2535.8897.87717.3332.254
), ArticleFig(id=1320882491200745834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882481075695911, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

NPN含量和TVB-N含量测定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学指标样本集样本数最大值最小值平均值标准偏差
NPN
(mg/g)
校正集748.965.747.160.046
验证集258.466.097.010.039
TVB-N
(mg/100 g)
校正集7543.5687.21818.7471.916
验证集2535.8897.87717.3332.254
), ArticleFig(id=1320882491288826219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882481075695911, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

PLS modelling results for different spectral pre-processing methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型预处理方式R2RMSECRMSEP主因子数
NPNRaw0.75900.52600.44604
MSC0.90780.30900.36706
SNV0.90790.30900.36906
D10.91380.32800.39602
D20.84250.43500.69702
SG0.75850.52600.44604
MSC+SG0.88220.44700.47406
MSC+D1+SG0.88820.37100.43702
MSC+D2+SG0.99580.07370.64707
TVB-NRaw0.83854.1504.2106
MSC0.85943.6504.5505
SNV0.85953.6404.5405
D10.89033.4905.1802
D20.66935.6906.3001
SG0.91433.1005.3108
MSC+SG0.85673.9204.2805
MSC+D1+SG0.87893.6505.7702
MSC+D2+SG0.87823.6606.7802
), ArticleFig(id=1320882491385295212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882481075695911, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同光谱预处理方式的PLS建模结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型预处理方式R2RMSECRMSEP主因子数
NPNRaw0.75900.52600.44604
MSC0.90780.30900.36706
SNV0.90790.30900.36906
D10.91380.32800.39602
D20.84250.43500.69702
SG0.75850.52600.44604
MSC+SG0.88220.44700.47406
MSC+D1+SG0.88820.37100.43702
MSC+D2+SG0.99580.07370.64707
TVB-NRaw0.83854.1504.2106
MSC0.85943.6504.5505
SNV0.85953.6404.5405
D10.89033.4905.1802
D20.66935.6906.3001
SG0.91433.1005.3108
MSC+SG0.85673.9204.2805
MSC+D1+SG0.87893.6505.7702
MSC+D2+SG0.87823.6606.7802
), ArticleFig(id=1320882491473375597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882481075695911, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

PLS modelling results for different spectral ranges

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型光谱范围R2RMSECRMSEP
NPN全谱0.77150.51400.4180
8887.1~7774.2 cm−10.92550.30600.4240
5981.6~4915.4 cm−10.65790.60800.5340
8887.1~7774.2 cm−1、5981.6~4915.4 cm−10.75900.52600.4460
TVB-N全谱0.83854.1504.210
8773.8~7827.5 cm−10.83984.1405.120
5175.3~4169.1 cm−10.33207.1906.490
8773.8~7827.5 cm−1、5175.3~4169.1 cm−10.93772.6505.300
), ArticleFig(id=1320882491737616750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882481075695911, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同光谱范围的PLS建模结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型光谱范围R2RMSECRMSEP
NPN全谱0.77150.51400.4180
8887.1~7774.2 cm−10.92550.30600.4240
5981.6~4915.4 cm−10.65790.60800.5340
8887.1~7774.2 cm−1、5981.6~4915.4 cm−10.75900.52600.4460
TVB-N全谱0.83854.1504.210
8773.8~7827.5 cm−10.83984.1405.120
5175.3~4169.1 cm−10.33207.1906.490
8773.8~7827.5 cm−1、5175.3~4169.1 cm−10.93772.6505.300
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基于近红外光谱技术的南极磷虾品质快速评定
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李琳 1, 2 , 孙慧慧 1 , 曹荣 1 , 孙永 1, * , 张朝辉 2, *
食品工业科技 | 分析检测 2026,47(1): 318-325
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食品工业科技 |分析检测 2026 , 47 (1) : 318 -325
基于近红外光谱技术的南极磷虾品质快速评定
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李琳1, 2 , 孙慧慧1, 曹荣1, 孙永1, * , 张朝辉2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,山东青岛 266071
  • 2中国海洋大学,食品科学与工程学院,山东青岛 266003
通讯作者:
孙永(1982−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:水产品加工与质量安全,E-mail:。
张朝辉(1968−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:海洋生物活性物质及水产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李琳(1998−),女,硕士,研究方向:食品科学,E-mail:

Rapid Quality Assessment of Antarctic Krill Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Lin LI1, 2 , Huihui SUN1, Rong CAO1, Yong SUN1, * , Zhaohui ZHANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 2College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120219
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为实现南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)品质的快速评定,本研究将近红外光谱技术(Near infrared spectroscopy,NIRS)与偏最小二乘法(Partial least squares,PLS)相结合,构建用于快速预测磷虾体内非蛋白氮(Non-protein nitrogen,NPN)含量和挥发性盐基氮(Total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N)含量的近红外定量分析模型。采集近红外光谱后,通过比较决定系数(Coefficient of determination,R2)、校正标准偏差(Root mean square error of calibration,RMSEC)、预测标准偏差(Root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP)等模型的评价参数,选取近红外光谱定量分析模型的最佳预处理方式、特征光谱范围以及主因子数。结果显示,NPN含量模型的最佳预处理方法为多元散射校正(Multiplicative signal correction,MSC),其特征光谱范围为8887.1~7774.2 cm−1;TVB-N含量模型则采用MSC与卷积平滑(Savitzky-Golay smoothing,SG)相结合的方式进行预处理,建模范围为全波段。两个定量模型的主因子数均为5。经模型的优化与外部验证,最终构建的PLS最优模型如下:NPN含量近红外定量分析模型的R2为0.9384,RMSEC为0.279,RMSEP为0.443;TVB-N含量近红外定量分析模型的R2为0.8685,RMSEC为3.800,RMSEP为4.070。研究结果表明,两个模型均具有良好的预测精度(R2>0.85)和稳定性,其中NPN定量分析模型的预测能力优于TVB-N定量分析模型。综上,本研究基于NIRS与PLS构建的定量分析模型能够有效预测南极磷虾体内的NPN和TVB-N含量,为南极磷虾的品质评价提供了可靠的技术支持,满足快速评定的实际应用需求。

南极磷虾  /  近红外光谱技术  /  偏最小二乘法  /  非蛋白氮  /  挥发性盐基氮

The aim of this study was to develop a rapid quality assessment method for Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) by integrating near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with partial least squares (PLS) regression. Quantitative models were established to predict two critical quality indicators: non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) contents. Following spectral acquisition, the key model parameters, including the preprocessing methods, characteristic spectral ranges, and principal factor numbers, were systematically optimized. Model performance was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP). For the NPN model, multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) was selected as the optimal preprocessing method, with a characteristic spectral range of 8887.1 to 7774.2 cm−1. The TVB-N model utilized a combination of MSC and Savitzky-Golay smoothing (SG), with the full spectral band employed for modeling. Both models adopted five principal factors. After optimization and external validation, the optimized NPN model demonstrated a robust performance, with R2=0.9384, RMSEC=0.279, and RMSEP=0.443, whereas the TVB-N model achieved R2=0.8685, RMSEC=3.800, and RMSEP=4.070. These results indicated that both models exhibit high predictive accuracy (R2>0.85) and stability, with the NPN model outperforming the TVB-N model in terms of predictive capability. In conclusion, quantitative analysis models constructed by combining NIRS and PLS can predict the NPN and TVB-N content in Antarctic krill. This approach provides a rapid solution for Antarctic krill quality assessment, addressing the growing demand for the efficient monitoring of Antarctic krill resource utilization.

Antarctic krill  /  near infrared spectroscopy  /  partial least squares  /  non-protein nitrogen  /  total volatile base nitrogen
李琳, 孙慧慧, 曹荣, 孙永, 张朝辉. 基于近红外光谱技术的南极磷虾品质快速评定. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 318 -325 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120219
Lin LI, Huihui SUN, Rong CAO, Yong SUN, Zhaohui ZHANG. Rapid Quality Assessment of Antarctic Krill Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 318 -325 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120219
南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)的生物资源量巨大,且营养价值丰富,富含人体必需氨基酸和多不饱和脂肪酸,因此,其具有很高的开发利用价值,已成为南大洋中重要的渔业资源[1−2]。目前,南极磷虾多用于加工成南极磷虾粉、磷虾油、虾干等产品[3]。然而,南极磷虾在贮运过程中易受自身水解酶以及温度波动、贮藏时间等因素的影响,引起自身的品质劣变[4−5],这导致磷虾原料的品质不一。当前,对于磷虾品质的评定多采用化学分析法测定其理化指标,如非蛋白氮(Non-protein nitrogen,NPN)含量、挥发性盐基氮(Total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N)含量、硫代巴比妥酸值(Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)等[6],然而传统的化学分析方法存在操作繁琐,耗时长,效率低,且品质信息片面等缺点,很难满足生产实践的要求[7]。因此,建立一种快检技术实现南极磷虾品质的快速评定对于南极磷虾后续的加工利用具有重要意义。
近红外光谱技术(Near infrared spectroscopy,NIRS)具有检测速度快、操作简便,样品处理简单,待测样品范围广,主观因素影响小,检测过程无污染等特点。目前已逐渐成为食品快速检测技术发展的重要方向之一[8−9]。近红外光谱是介于可见光与中红外光谱之间的光谱,其波长范围在750~2500 nm(波数范围为13300~4000 cm−1)[10]。近红外光谱主要是由含氢基团(X-H)的伸缩振动产生的倍频和各基团的合频吸收产生的,光谱特征随着样品中成分及结构的不同引起散射和吸收光的变化而变化,因此,通过光谱信息可预测样品的化学结构,并识别样品中的代表性化学成分[11]。
NIRS主要与化学计量学等计算机技术相结合,提取光谱中的有效信息,用于定量或定性分析待测样品。目前已广泛应用于食品、农业、医药、化工等重要领域[12−15]。国内外多项研究表明NIRS在鳙鱼[16]、虹鳟鱼[17]、鲐鱼[18]、大西洋鲑鱼[19]、南美白对虾[20]等水产品品质的定量检测中均具有较好的预测效果,说明NIRS是水产品领域中可靠的快检技术之一。然而,NIRS在南极磷虾品质检测中应用尚浅,因此,可借助近红外光谱建立快速评定南极磷虾品质的检测方法。
实验室前期已证实NPN含量是可以表征南极磷虾自溶进程的指标[21],且TVB-N含量是GB 2733-2015中明确规定水产品的理化限量指标,是目前评价水产品品质时广泛采用的指标[22]。因此,本研究采用NPN含量和TVB-N含量作为品质指标,将近红外光谱技术与偏最小二乘法(Partial least squares,PLS)相结合,分别建立近红外定量分析模型,实现南极磷虾中NPN含量和TVB-N含量的快速测定,从而为高效评定南极磷虾品质提供技术支撑,具有实际应用价值。
南极磷虾 中国水产有限公司于南极海域48.1区捕捞,以虾砖的形式于−20 ℃冷冻贮运至实验室后,经流水解冻,将其分装成100份样品,装入无菌自封袋,随机取10份作为初始样品,其余90份均分成两组,分别放置于0 ℃和4 ℃冷藏条件下贮藏120 h,每间隔24 h分别从两组中随机取10份样品,匀浆后用于近红外光谱的采集及理化指标的测定;硫酸 分析纯,成都市科隆化学品有限公司;盐酸、三氯乙酸、硼酸、饱和碳酸钾、甲基红、溴甲酚绿、2-硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)、甘油 均为分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
Tensor27傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 德国Bruker公司;IntegratIRTM型近红外积分球 美国PIKE公司;K9840型自动凯氏定氮仪 山东海能公司;ME204型分析天平 感量为0.1 mg,梅特勒托利多科技(中国)有限公司;HH-4型数显恒温水浴锅 国华科技有限公司;2802UV/VIS型紫外分光光度计 上海UNIQUE公司;5804-R型冷冻离心机 德国EPPENDORF公司;5PX-25085H-Ⅱ型生化培养箱 上海新苗医疗器械有限公司。
取2~3 g南极磷虾样品装入样品瓶中,排除底部气泡。Tensor 27傅里叶变换红外光谱仪预热30 min并经镀金标准板系统校正后采集样品的近红外光谱。光谱测定条件:光谱扫描范围为10000~4000 cm−1,扫描次数为64次,分辨率为8 cm−1,工作环境温度为25 ℃。每份样品重复扫描3次,取平均光谱。
参考曹荣等[21]的方法并稍作修改。将5 g磷虾与蒸馏水按照1:4(m:v)比例进行均质,准确称取匀浆液8 g,加入8 mL质量分数为10%的三氯乙酸(Trichloroacetic acid,TCA)溶液,涡旋振荡1 min,静置15 min,8000 r/min离心20 min,取上清液10 mL,参照GB 5009.5-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》,采用凯氏定氮法测定其中氮元素的含量,即为非蛋白氮的含量,结果以mg/g表示。
参照GB 5009.228-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中挥发性盐基氮的测定》中的第三法 微量扩散法测定样品中TVB-N的含量,结果以mg/100 g表示。
采集近红外光谱过程中,由于样品的状态、均匀程度以及环境变化和仪器状态等因素会引起光谱出现基线漂移和噪声等现象。因此,采用光谱预处理方式对原始光谱进行基线校正及降噪处理,消除无关信息,提高信噪比,从而优化光谱[23]。本研究选取几种常用的光谱预处理方式,包括多元散射校正(Multiplicative signal correction,MSC)、标准正态变量变换(Standard normal variate,SNV)、卷积平滑(Savitzky-Golay smoothing,SG)、一阶导数(First derivative,D1)、二阶导数(Second derivative,D2)等及其组合共8种。其中,MSC和SNV主要用来消除或降低待测样品由于形态、颗粒大小及均匀程度不同产生的散射效应; SG平滑用于降低系统本身引起的随机噪声,过滤高频信号以提高信噪比;求导数法能够有效去除基线漂移对光谱的影响,一般只使用一阶和二阶导数[17,24]。
采用Kennard-Stone算法将样本集按照3:1的比例划分为校正集和验证集,通过综合考量TQ analyst软件(Thermo Fisher,美国)推荐的光谱范围及光谱吸光度显著变化区域确定模型的特征波数范围,并运用TQ analyst软件中的PLS建立定量分析模型。通过比较模型的决定系数(Coefficient of determination,R2)、校正标准偏差(Root mean square error of calibration,RMSEC)、预测标准偏差(Root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP)和偏差(Bias)等模型参数评价模型的稳定性和准确性,从而选择出各模型的最佳光谱预处理方式、最优建模波数范围和最佳主因子数,进而构建出最佳的定量分析模型。模型的预测能力进一步通过模型的外部样本进行验证,即:将建模样本集外的数据输入至所建立的模型中,所得的预测值与实测值相比较验证模型的准确性。
每组检测数据平行测定3次,取平均值。数据统计及图表绘制采用Excel 2021软件和OriginPro 2021软件。近红外光谱的预处理由OPUS 7.0(BRUKER,德国)完成。
图1为贮藏期所收集的所有南极磷虾样品的原始近红外光谱图。由图可知,原始光谱图趋势大致相同,但样品间的吸光度存在一定差异,这是由南极磷虾在贮藏过程中品质变化引起体内化学成分发生变化导致[16]。谱图中,在8887.1~7774.2 cm−1、5601.2~4176.6 cm−1波数范围内出现较为明显的吸收峰,这是磷虾体内O-H键以及蛋白质或氨基酸组分的N-H键伸缩振动的结果[25]。有关含氮键光谱区域的明显波动对于定量NPN和TVB-N至关重要。NPN含量是指包括除大分子蛋白质以外的含氮化合物的总量;TVB-N含量指蛋白质在酶和微生物的作用下分解产生碱性含氮物质及挥发性胺的含量[26],二者的化学结构中均含有N-H和N-N等官能团,因此,采集的近红外光谱可用于预测NPN和TVB-N含量。
校正集和验证集的NPN含量和TVB-N含量的化学值范围、平均值、标准偏差等见表1。其中,NPN含量中一组数据与其他平行组相比化学值偏高,被判定为异常值,因此剔除该组数据。为确保预测模型的准确性和稳定性,试验中使得验证集的化学值范围在校正集的化学值范围内[27−28]。此外,校正集和验证集中的TVB-N最大测定值均超过30 mg/100 g(国标规定值),说明建立定量模型采用的数据范围足够大,满足了建模的标准要求,且化学测定值的数据分布均匀,保证了模型的适用性及预测准确性。
原始光谱经8种不同光谱预处理方式处理后的谱图如图2所示。将预处理前后的光谱数据分别与样本集的NPN含量和TVB-N含量相关联,利用TQ analyst软件分别建立两种PLS定量分析模型,所得建模结果见表2。模型的决定系数(R2)越接近于1,校正标准偏差(RMSEC)与预测标准偏差(RMSEP)越小,且二者间的差异越小,表明模型的精度越高,预测性能越好[29]。经不同预处理方式处理后,大多数模型的R2均大于原始光谱,且均超过0.8,说明这些预处理方式均一定程度上优化了光谱,提高了模型的信噪比[30]。
通过比较不同预处理方式的评价参数发现,NPN定量分析模型由MSC、D2和SG平滑相结合的方式处理后,模型R2最大,为0.9958;但其RMSEC(0.0737)与RMSEP(0.6470)相差较大,说明该模型的稳定性差。此外,主因子数是否适宜也决定了模型的准确性。主因子数过少导致模型拟合不足,即模型不能涵盖所有的特性;若主因子数过多则会导致模型拟合过度,降低了模型的精度[31]。由表2可知,经MSC和SNV预处理后的NPN含量预测模型,其R2非常接近,且主因子数均为6。然而,MSC预处理后的RMSEP(0.3670)略低于SNV预处理后的RMSEP(0.3690),表明MSC处理的结果稍优。此外,考虑到MSC在实际应用中的稳定性更高,因此选择MSC作为NPN模型的最佳预处理方式。同理,综合比较各评价参数,MSC与SG平滑结合处理后的光谱在建立TVB-N含量预测模型时表现更佳。
近红外光谱数据中包含了大量冗余信息及噪声,本试验中每条光谱包含1556个信号点,从光谱信息中筛选出合适的建模波数范围,提取光谱中与NPN、TVB-N相关的有效信息,消除光谱中的无效信号,是提高模型预测性能的关键[32−33]。由2.1可知,光谱图中存在两个有明显吸收峰的波数范围,与TQ analyst软件推荐的建模范围相结合,通过模型评价参数筛选出适合建立模型的波段,结果见表3。当光谱波数范围选定为8887.1~7774.2 cm−1时,NPN定量模型的R2最大,为0.9255;RMSEC最小,为0.3060。尽管该范围的RMSEP略高于全谱范围(RMSEP=0.4180),但其值在各光谱范围中仍处于较低水平,且与RMSEC的差值较小,表明模型具有较好的稳定性。因此,选用8887.1~7774.2 cm−1作为NPN含量定量分析模型的特征波数范围。
同理,经比较发现,采用全光谱建立的TVB-N模型具有较高的R2(0.8385)和较低且最接近的RMSEC(4.150)与RMSEP(4.210),其他波数范围的RMSEP显著增大,且与RMSEC的差值过大,表明模型可能存在过拟合现象。这说明,在筛选特征波数时可能剔除了与预测TVB-N含量有关的信息。因此,建立TVB-N含量定量分析模型时应选用近红外光谱的全波段范围,以保证模型的准确性。
PLS通过主成分分析对光谱数据进行压缩(降维,特征提取),然后通过间接最小二乘法(Indirect least square,ILS)创建线性多元回归模型。由于PLS在计算主因子时同时利用了光谱数据和浓度信息,因此其定量分析模型的预测精度与主因子数量密切相关,主因子数也被称作模型的维数[34]。如2.3节所述,主因子数对模型预测准确性具有重要影响。为避免模型出现拟合不足或过拟合现象,本研究分别绘制了NPN和TVB-N模型的主因子数与RMSEP之间的关系图,如图3所示。结果表明,当主因子数为5时,两种模型的RMSEP均达到最小值,此时模型的精度最高,预测性能最好。
应用筛选出的最佳PLS建模条件分别构建南极磷虾NPN和TVB-N含量的预测模型,如图4所示。NPN含量模型的R2为0.9384,RMSEC为0.279,RMSEP为0.443;TVB-N含量模型的R2为0.8685,RMSEC为3.800,RMSEP为4.070。图4(a)(c)分别反映了南极磷虾体内NPN和TVB-N含量的实际测量值与模型预测值之间的关系。由图4(a)可知,校正集与验证集的数据较为均匀地分布在拟合直线的两侧,无明显偏离直线的点,说明NPN含量近红外定量模型的预测能力较好,精度较高。然而,图4(c)中TVB-N含量的校正集与验证集中的个别样本偏离拟合直线较远,且较多数据集中在6~30 mg/100 g之间,这是由于在南极磷虾贮藏前期TVB-N含量增加缓慢,而后期TVB-N含量迅速增加。
图4(b)(d)反映了两种指标的实际测量值与模型预测偏差大小之间的关系。NPN含量的偏差的绝对值均未超过1,说明模型的预测值偏差小,较接近实测值,进一步表明所建模型具备良好的预测性能。TVB-N含量中有一个样本的偏差大于10,其余样本的偏差的绝对值均在10以内,说明模型的预测能力较好。综上,两种模型的R2均大于0.85,且误差值接近,说明模型的性能均较好[29]。然而,与NPN含量的定量分析模型相比,TVB-N含量的模型预测性能较弱,这可能是由于微生物生长曲线随贮藏时间的延长发生变化,使得TVB-N含量后期显著上升,而NPN含量贮藏期间变化较稳定[35]。
为进一步验证模型的准确性,将建模样本集外的15组数据分别输入到所建模型中,所得的预测结果如图5所示。由图5(a)可知,只有少数样品(三组)的NPN含量实测值与预测值之间存在较大偏差,表明该模型能够较为准确地预测南极磷虾体内的NPN含量,满足建模要求。此外,图5(b)显示,TVB-N含量的验证结果中同样存在三组样品的偏差较大,但其偏差绝对值均小于10,进一步说明TVB-N含量定量分析模型具有良好的预测能力。因此,所建立的两种近红外定量分析模型均能够基本实现在工业生产、科学研究等实际需要中对南极磷虾体内NPN和TVB-N含量的快速检测。
本研究将近红外光谱与偏最小二乘法相结合,运用TQ analyst成功建立了用于快速预测南极磷虾体内NPN含量和TVB-N含量的定量分析模型。通过选择模型的最佳光谱预处理方式、特征波数范围以及主因子数实现模型的优化,其中,最优NPN含量近红外定量分析模型的R2为0.9384,RMSEC为0.279,RMSEP为0.443;最优TVB-N含量近红外定量分析模型的R2为0.8685,RMSEC为3.800,RMSEP为4.070。两个模型的R2均大于0.85,且RMSEP接近于RMSEC。此外,模型外部验证结果表明模型预测值与测定值之间偏差较小,均在可接受范围内。研究表明,两个定量模型的预测精度及稳定性均较好,且NPN定量分析模型的预测能力优于TVB-N定量模型。综上,近红外光谱技术结合PLS可实现南极磷虾品质的快速评定,本研究为南极磷虾的品质评价提供了技术支撑。
本研究基于传统的化学计量学方法构建了南极磷虾关键指标的预测模型,为进一步提升模型性能,后续将从以下方面深入研究:其一,引入集成学习和人工神经网络等机器学习算法,通过非线性关系挖掘与特征重要性排序,优化模型的泛化能力与预测精度;其二,通过细化取样时间、选取不同季节的磷虾扩大样本量,并系统比较区间筛选、遗传算法等特征波长优选方法的适用性,以降低光谱噪声干扰并提高模型鲁棒性。此外,鉴于便携式近红外光谱仪在检测中的技术优势,后续拟研究基于便携式近红外光谱仪的磷虾品质预测模型的构建和应用,进一步提高快检技术的实用性。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120219
  • 接收时间:2024-12-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-17
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    1中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,山东青岛 266071
    2中国海洋大学,食品科学与工程学院,山东青岛 266003

通讯作者:

孙永(1982−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:水产品加工与质量安全,E-mail:。
张朝辉(1968−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:海洋生物活性物质及水产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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