Article(id=1320882395386065703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010274, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737648000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852503868, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852503868, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852503868, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852503868, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=177, endPage=188, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882396979901224, articleId=1320882395386065703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Various Inhibitors on the Flavor and Nutritional Quality of Heat-treated Lychee Juice, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reduce the cooked off-flavor of lychee juice after thermal processing, six inhibitors were screened, including pyrogallol, gallic acid, rosmarinic acid, catechins, ascorbic acid, and glucose oxidase. These inhibitions were evaluated based on flavor and nutritional properties such as color, pH, flavor profile, electronic nose, volatile components, sulfur-reducing rate, as well as total phenols, flavonoids contents, and antioxidant properties. The results showed that the samples treated with ascorbic acid and gallic acid had the smallest color difference compared to fresh juice. The overall aroma profile indicated glucose oxidase was the most effective inhibitor in reducing cooked off-flavor, followed by rosmarinic acid. The electronic nose results showed that the lychee juice treated with glucose oxidase was closest to fresh juice, followed by catechins and pyrogallol. The principal component analysis of volatile components showed that the sample treated with ascorbic acid was closest to fresh juice, followed by gallic acid, catechins, and rosmarinic acid. The sulfur reduction rate showed that glucose oxidase had the most significant sulfur reduction effect, with inhibition rates of 100% for dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, and methional, and 61.11% for dimethyl disulfide. In terms of nutritional quality, polyphenol and ascorbic acid treatment significantly improved the total phenol, total flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant properties (P<0.05), while the total phenol and total flavonoid contents of glucose oxidase-treated sample were higher than those of fresh juice but the antioxidant activities showed no significant difference compared to fresh juice. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of lychee juice quality, integrating factors such as color, pH, aroma profile, nutritional quality, and sulfur reduction effect, revealed that glucose oxidase had the best effect on the overall quality. The findings of this study can provide references for quality improvement in lychee and other subtropical fruits processing industry.

, authors=Xinyang YI1, 2, Weili LI1, 2, Wei ZHENG2, Yuanyuan ZHANG1, Tenggen HU2, Yujuan XU2, Kejing AN1, 2, *, authorsList=Xinyang YI, Weili LI, Wei ZHENG, Yuanyuan ZHANG, Tenggen HU, Yujuan XU, Kejing AN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kejing AN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882398678594357, articleId=1320882395386065703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=多种抑制剂对热加工荔枝汁风味及营养品质的影响研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了减少荔枝汁在加热后产生的“蒸煮”异味,筛选了邻苯三酚、没食子酸、迷迭香酸、儿茶素、抗坏血酸及葡萄糖氧化酶六种抑制剂,从色泽、pH、香气轮廓、电子鼻、挥发性成分、降硫率以及总酚、总黄酮、抗氧化特性等角度去评价六种抑制剂对荔枝汁风味及营养品质的影响。结果显示抗坏血酸和没食子酸抑制剂处理的样品与新鲜汁相比的色差值最小;整体香气轮廓显示葡萄糖氧化酶抑制蒸煮异味效果最佳,其次为迷迭香酸;电子鼻结果显示葡萄糖氧化酶处理的荔枝汁与新鲜汁最为接近,其次是儿茶素和邻苯三酚。挥发性成分的主成分分析结果显示抗坏血酸抑制剂处理的样品与新鲜汁最接近,其次为没食子酸、儿茶素、迷迭香酸。降硫率结果显示葡萄糖氧化酶的降硫效果最为显著,对二甲基硫醚、二甲基三硫醚、甲硫基丙醛的抑制率均达到100%,对二甲基二硫醚的抑制率为61.11%。营养品质方面,多酚类抑制剂与抗坏血酸处理的总酚、总黄酮含量和抗氧化性较新鲜汁均显著上升(P<0.05),而葡萄糖氧化酶处理的总酚、总黄酮含量较新鲜汁上升但抗氧化活性与新鲜汁无显著差异。综合色泽、pH、香气轮廓、营养品质以及降硫效果等因素进行偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA),发现葡萄糖氧化酶对荔枝汁整体品质影响最好。本研究可为荔枝以及其他热敏性水果加工过程中品质提升提供参考依据。

, authors=易心杨1, 2, 李卫丽1, 2, 郑薇2, 张媛媛1, 胡腾根2, 徐玉娟2, 安可婧1, 2, *, authorsList=易心杨, 李卫丽, 郑薇, 张媛媛, 胡腾根, 徐玉娟, 安可婧, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=安可婧, authorNote=

易心杨(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

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安可婧(1985−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品加工及储藏工程,E-mail:。
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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(16): 129−137., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882398942835510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882398947029815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, companyId=1320882398942835510, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882398959612728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, companyId=1320882398942835510, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1华南农业大学食品学院,广东广州 510642)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882399056081721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882399068664634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, companyId=1320882399056081721, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882399077053243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, companyId=1320882399056081721, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所,农业农村部功能食品重点实验室,广东省农产品加工重点实验室,广东广州 510610)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320882403707564909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effect of inhibitor treatments on the color of lychee juice, figureFileSmall=Ke7QQdMH0Jtzm6IGdzHa5A==, figureFileBig=8mO+zX1LbMXRZkh3a/2wUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882403778868078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=CN, label=图1, caption=抑制剂处理对荔枝汁颜色的影响, figureFileSmall=Ke7QQdMH0Jtzm6IGdzHa5A==, figureFileBig=8mO+zX1LbMXRZkh3a/2wUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882404022137711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of different inhibitors on the sensory profile of lychee juice, figureFileSmall=BeDzSDnyobxZZrMLTgPWZA==, figureFileBig=W6W18bhHPIPZSFb2hihi5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882404101829488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同抑制剂对荔枝汁风味轮廓的影响, figureFileSmall=BeDzSDnyobxZZrMLTgPWZA==, figureFileBig=W6W18bhHPIPZSFb2hihi5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882404181521265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=E-nose PCA results of lychee juice after treatment with different inhibitors, figureFileSmall=MtbLOAokhPNzPjlMZYXaXQ==, figureFileBig=wv1Jsz9GUoT7ezWICHHX/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882404269601650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同抑制剂处理后荔枝汁电子鼻PCA结果

注:A:各抑制剂处理的PCA图,B:各传感器的载荷图。

, figureFileSmall=MtbLOAokhPNzPjlMZYXaXQ==, figureFileBig=wv1Jsz9GUoT7ezWICHHX/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882405926351731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Relative content (A) and type (B) of volatile substances in lychee juice of different treatments, figureFileSmall=c+6MyTZxdNnb7qj1CcPn1Q==, figureFileBig=QJXtBBZzXoBjCqh1LHNEEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882406043792244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同处理荔枝汁挥发性物质相对含量(A)和种类(B), figureFileSmall=c+6MyTZxdNnb7qj1CcPn1Q==, figureFileBig=QJXtBBZzXoBjCqh1LHNEEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882406127678325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=PCA of aroma components of heat-treated lychee juice with added inhibitors, figureFileSmall=GoQNUrwn3oyPgzAvfmlU/A==, figureFileBig=aVjY9Jaix7wDoVg8jvcrVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882406232535926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=CN, label=图5, caption=添加抑制剂热处理荔枝汁香气成分PCA

注:A:得分图,B:载荷图。

, figureFileSmall=GoQNUrwn3oyPgzAvfmlU/A==, figureFileBig=aVjY9Jaix7wDoVg8jvcrVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882406312227703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=PLS-DA of the comprehensive quality of lychee juice from multiple inhibitor treatments, figureFileSmall=MqFB5RXU2T0bjOm8VpN0KQ==, figureFileBig=WscgloZasjoPkZpO9R5Jqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882406404502392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=CN, label=图6, caption=多种抑制剂处理荔枝汁综合品质PLS-DA

注:A为得分图;B为VIP,C为载荷图。

, figureFileSmall=MqFB5RXU2T0bjOm8VpN0KQ==, figureFileBig=WscgloZasjoPkZpO9R5Jqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882406505165689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory descriptors of aroma characteristics for flavor profile analysis of lychee juice samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
香气属性参比实物浓度
(μg/L)
参比强
度值
定义
水果香3-辛酮0.13与新鲜成熟水果相关联的混合香气
甜香乙酸异戊酯143与蜂蜜、焦糖和棉花糖关联的香气
花香芳樟醇63与玫瑰、月季等关联香气
青瓜味反-2-壬烯醛0.363与黄瓜西瓜等相关联的清新香气
青草香苯乙醛73与新鲜切割青草相关的气息
柑橘香壬醛203与柑橘皮等相关的气息
蒸煮味甲硫基丙醛0.83与蒸煮鸡蛋或土豆相关联的不良气味
), ArticleFig(id=1320882406597440378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

荔枝汁样品风味轮廓分析用香气特征感官描述词

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
香气属性参比实物浓度
(μg/L)
参比强
度值
定义
水果香3-辛酮0.13与新鲜成熟水果相关联的混合香气
甜香乙酸异戊酯143与蜂蜜、焦糖和棉花糖关联的香气
花香芳樟醇63与玫瑰、月季等关联香气
青瓜味反-2-壬烯醛0.363与黄瓜西瓜等相关联的清新香气
青草香苯乙醛73与新鲜切割青草相关的气息
柑橘香壬醛203与柑橘皮等相关的气息
蒸煮味甲硫基丙醛0.83与蒸煮鸡蛋或土豆相关联的不良气味
), ArticleFig(id=1320882406672937851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensor performance description of E-nose

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阵列序号传感器名称性能描述
R1W1C芳香成分,苯类
R2W5S灵敏度大,对氮氧化合物很灵敏
R3W3C芳香成分灵敏,氨类
R4W6S主要对氢化物有选择性
R5W5C短链烷烃芳香成分
R6W1S对甲基类灵敏
R7W1W对硫化物灵敏
R8W2S对醇类、醛酮类灵敏
R9W2W芳香成分,对有机硫化物灵敏
R10W3S对长链烷烃灵敏
), ArticleFig(id=1320882406773601148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

电子鼻传感器性能描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阵列序号传感器名称性能描述
R1W1C芳香成分,苯类
R2W5S灵敏度大,对氮氧化合物很灵敏
R3W3C芳香成分灵敏,氨类
R4W6S主要对氢化物有选择性
R5W5C短链烷烃芳香成分
R6W1S对甲基类灵敏
R7W1W对硫化物灵敏
R8W2S对醇类、醛酮类灵敏
R9W2W芳香成分,对有机硫化物灵敏
R10W3S对长链烷烃灵敏
), ArticleFig(id=1320882406870070141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Standard curves for four key off-flavor sulfide

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
硫化物标准曲线拟合度
DMSy=0.1004x+3.5292R2=0.9944
DMDSy=0.8771x+8.5189R2=0.9946
DMTSy=0.6968x+16.737R2=0.9891
MTPy=0.0005x−0.008R2=0.997
), ArticleFig(id=1320882406953956222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

4种关键异味硫化物的标准曲线

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
硫化物标准曲线拟合度
DMSy=0.1004x+3.5292R2=0.9944
DMDSy=0.8771x+8.5189R2=0.9946
DMTSy=0.6968x+16.737R2=0.9891
MTPy=0.0005x−0.008R2=0.997
), ArticleFig(id=1320882407046230911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effect of inhibitor treatments on color and pH of lychee juice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理pH颜色
L*a*b*△E
新鲜5.00±0.01a27.85±0.61a1.72±0.02e2.64±0.09e−
加热4.88±0.01c26.12±0.90b1.06±0.09f6.63±0.74a4.46±0.69c
没食子酸4.76±0.01f26.15±0.07b0.65±0.04g3.92±0.15c2.38±0.09d
抗坏血酸4.70±0.01g28.29±0.19a−0.29±0.02h3.80±0.14cd2.37±0.09d
迷迭香酸4.82±0.01e24.83±0.06c2.07±0.02d5.80±0.06b4.39±0.08c
儿茶素5.00±0.01a21.10±0.36e4.28±0.04a3.18±0.06de7.23±0.34a
葡萄糖氧化酶4.85±0.01d23.25±0.58d3.11±0.09b4.03±0.18c5.00±0.58bc
邻苯三酚4.90±0.01b22.52±0.10d2.54±0.11c4.27±0.29c5.63±0.16b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882407130116992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

抑制剂处理对荔枝汁颜色及pH的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理pH颜色
L*a*b*△E
新鲜5.00±0.01a27.85±0.61a1.72±0.02e2.64±0.09e−
加热4.88±0.01c26.12±0.90b1.06±0.09f6.63±0.74a4.46±0.69c
没食子酸4.76±0.01f26.15±0.07b0.65±0.04g3.92±0.15c2.38±0.09d
抗坏血酸4.70±0.01g28.29±0.19a−0.29±0.02h3.80±0.14cd2.37±0.09d
迷迭香酸4.82±0.01e24.83±0.06c2.07±0.02d5.80±0.06b4.39±0.08c
儿茶素5.00±0.01a21.10±0.36e4.28±0.04a3.18±0.06de7.23±0.34a
葡萄糖氧化酶4.85±0.01d23.25±0.58d3.11±0.09b4.03±0.18c5.00±0.58bc
邻苯三酚4.90±0.01b22.52±0.10d2.54±0.11c4.27±0.29c5.63±0.16b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882407251751809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Volatile components of lychee juice in different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号物质名称RI浓度(μg/L)
参考值实际值新鲜加热没食子酸葡萄糖氧化酶邻苯三酚抗坏血酸儿茶素迷迭香酸
醇类
X1乙醇48950067.99±3.81bc53.02±10.41cd49.69±3.72d97.26±10.92a56.98±14.44cd65.06±2.09bcd62.12±4.67bcd74.71±9.61b
X123-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇73473417.02±3.32a12.98±2.90ab5.75±0.38d9.31±1.01bcd9.18±3.20bcd9.82±0.94bcd7.56±0.09cd12.05±4.07bc
X13异戊醇743740−6.16±0.97a6.29±2.09a−−−−6.12±3.16a
X142-甲基-1-丁醇7427427.09±0.85−−−−−−−
X153-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇77277814.88±2.00b14.83±2.71b9.60±2.58c17.44±2.28b13.98±0.78b15.04±0.10b−19.36±4.49a
X18正己醇869865−5.09±1.40a−−−−−5.20±0.04a
X251-辛烯-3-醇9649684.40±0.44bc5.97±0.94a2.04±0.13e5.47±0.74ab3.04±1.22de3.45±0.28cd2.72±0.32de5.06±0.70ab
X292-乙基己醇1025101410.22±1.29a7.49±1.04bc8.96±0.35ab5.58±0.77d6.14±0.91cd5.93±0.72d7.58±0.29bc8.39±0.86b
X34芳樟醇108010866.97±1.15e22.78±2.41cd21.39±1.42d42.20±4.20a20.05±1.43d27.60±3.18b10.99±1.24e26.40±2.67bc
X37苯乙醇11171099−5.04±1.05a−3.41±0.35b2.82±0.15c−−−
X424-萜烯醇116011661.89±0.12ab1.43±0.53bc2.28±0.10a1.90±0.33ab0.63±0.17d1.81±0.04ab1.13±0.10cd1.55±0.56bc
X452-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-醇118311741.47±0.10b−−−2.29±0.87a−−−
X46alpha-松油醇118911812.34±0.30c−4.54±0.52b6.36±0.19a−4.43±0.34b2.45±0.19c3.76±0.18c
X47L-alpha-松油醇11921181−4.10±0.05a−−2.63±1.08b−1.99±0.16b−
X51橙花醇1220121321.84±6.54bcd26.46±5.26ab8.36±1.92e14.74±3.83de22.58±1.06bc17.44±4.18cd−31.69±5.53a
X52香茅醇12121215172.36±10.56a168.47±26.85a91.13±8.91c94.63±7.33c109.77±11.92c138.35±13.56b93.09±6.15c171.29±20.33a
X54异香叶醇123212279.59±2.58ab9.41±2.15ab−7.79±0.41bc11.21±0.96a9.23±0.43ab6.26±1.09c11.40±1.63a
X55香叶醇1247123726.85±4.67cd46.41±8.51a20.83±2.89d24.62±0.33cd43.17±7.24ab35.43±2.72bc24.47±3.63cd52.93±10.16a
X613,4-二羟基苯甘醇/1644−0.98±0.15b1.01±0.10b−1.25±0.06a0.92±0.12b−0.87±0.09b
醇类总量364.91390.62231.87330.71305.72334.51220.36430.78
醛类
X3丁醛589.5582−−−5.37±2.82−−−−
X8异戊醛6646663.32±0.40c6.52±0.70b1.67±0.32cd13.29±1.81a1.21±0.09d2.03±0.89cd1.58±0.30cd2.66±1.58cd
X92-甲基丁醛6646774.25±0.60b4.34±1.74b2.50±0.28bc7.17±0.46a−2.37±1.02bc−4.90±3.16ab
X163-甲基-2-丁烯醛7967897.72±0.34bc10.19±2.08a5.39±0.91d−−8.58±0.08b6.26±0.39cd11.31±1.21a
X17己醛7987972.66±0.53ab3.42±0.10a1.53±0.34cd2.03±0.98bc−1.82±0.08cd1.14±0.15d2.64±0.43ab
X22苯甲醛961950−−−19.75±2.81−−−−
X235-甲基呋喃醛954953−−−−4.24±0.47−−−
X30苯乙醛10431029−5.72±2.09ab−7.49±0.98a4.39±0.20b3.34±0.93b3.55±1.24b7.26±2.27a
X35壬醛110110911.68±0.22b2.21±0.09ab3.21±0.43a3.52±0.79a3.43±1.34a3.49±1.47a3.04±0.53ab3.60±0.54a
X49癸醛12031193−0.85±0.05b−−−−−1.54±0.22a
X535-羟甲基糠醛12241225−−−−30.83±3.68−−−
X56柠檬醛/12553.56±1.18b1.94±0.26c1.94±0.37c7.52±0.42a1.93±0.04c
醛类总量23.1935.1914.3060.5651.6221.6315.5735.84
醚类
X4乙烯基乙醚/588−−−−8.60±0.93a−5.96±1.09b−
X36(2S,4R)-顺式氧化玫瑰醚/109521.38±1.76d48.03±4.96b34.71±1.22c84.49±9.25a31.90±4.81c51.22±5.58b22.77±1.20d53.39±2.92b
X393,6-二氢-4-甲基-2-(2-甲基-1-丙烯
基)-2氢-吡喃
115311372.54±1.12e10.91±1.86b6.03±0.31d17.08±1.27a−9.02±0.75bc3.97±1.88e8.69±0.53c
X41莳萝醚11811140−−−−−2.72±0.43a−3.05±0.45a
X48橙花醇甲醚/11848.64±0.15a3.43±0.38b−2.90±0.08b2.72±0.61b3.21±0.11b1.95±0.12b3.03±0.21b
醚类总量32.5662.3740.74104.4743.2266.1734.6568.16
烯类
X19苯乙烯8888842.97±0.98a2.39±0.49ab−−2.68±0.86ab1.90±0.10c−−
X26月桂烯987975−8.61±0.79−−−−−−
X31(Z)-β−罗勒烯103110312.45±1.57a−−−−−1.72±0.04b−
X321,3-环庚二烯/1071−−−1.71±0.38−−−−
X332,4-二甲基苯乙烯107610753.01±1.37ab4.17±0.76a−1.60±0.12cd3.21±1.03ab2.72±0.76bc−1.09±0.19d
X401,6-二甲基庚-1,3,5-三烯/11403.15±0.72−−−−−−−
X503-蒈烯10311191−−2.07±0.13b5.32±2.74a−−1.63±0.30b−
烯类总量11.5815.172.078.635.894.623.351.09
酯类
X7乙酸乙酯61262626.26±6.72a18.45±1.98b12.40±3.46b18.31±1.48b11.99±1.10b13.46±1.78b12.01±2.11b14.45±3.28b
X20丁内酯908909−−−−3.95±0.40−−−
X592,2,4-三甲基-1,3-戊二醇二异丁酸酯/1591−−−−−−1.04±0.17a0.82±0.17b
X62戊二酸丁酯异丁酯/1675−−−−2.22±0.76−−−
酯类总量26.2618.4512.4018.3118.1613.4613.0515.27
酚类
X44百里香酚12901274−3.21±0.20b−8.58±0.27a−−−3.32±0.60b
X582,4-二叔丁基苯酚15021489152.1±2.32cd161.16±5.32cd299.48±67.45a99.93±10.64d247.00±30.90ab255.50±4.38ab297.44±43.82a212.60±17.51bc
酚类总量152.10164.37299.48108.51247.00255.50297.44215.92
酮类&酸类
X11乙酸663716−18.80±3.71b−−33.98±6.17a−−−
X211,3-环戊二酮/921−−−−2.77±0.20−−−
X382,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-6-甲基-4氢-吡喃-4-酮11341134−12.63±10.59b−−16.32±1.26a−−−
X57香叶基丙酮14441430−1.05±0.03b−−2.20±0.99a−−−
酮类&酸类总量032.480055.27000
硫化物
X2二甲基硫醚544545−38.94±5.37a24.12±2.39c−31.81±4.72b38.91±4.95a30.74±3.96b21.78±3.59c
X5硫代氨基甲酸乙酯/600−7.29±2.34−−−−−−
X24二甲基三硫醚962954−0.88±0.44−−−−−−
硫化物总量047.1124.12031.8138.9130.7421.78
其他类
X6正己烷/613−−2.93±0.05−−−−−
X102,2-二甲基己烷/7012.17±0.10b−3.23±0.81a3.06±0.97a−−−−
X27苄基氯997−−−18.99±3.67−−−−
X28间异丙基甲苯102610081.75±0.28a1.88±0.37a−−−0.90±0.13b−−
X433-己炔/1172−−−−−−−2.19±0.60
X60十六烷/1609−0.62±0.06b−−1.58±0.77a−−−
其他类总量3.922.506.1622.051.580.9002.19
), ArticleFig(id=1320882407369192322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同处理荔枝汁挥发性成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号物质名称RI浓度(μg/L)
参考值实际值新鲜加热没食子酸葡萄糖氧化酶邻苯三酚抗坏血酸儿茶素迷迭香酸
醇类
X1乙醇48950067.99±3.81bc53.02±10.41cd49.69±3.72d97.26±10.92a56.98±14.44cd65.06±2.09bcd62.12±4.67bcd74.71±9.61b
X123-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇73473417.02±3.32a12.98±2.90ab5.75±0.38d9.31±1.01bcd9.18±3.20bcd9.82±0.94bcd7.56±0.09cd12.05±4.07bc
X13异戊醇743740−6.16±0.97a6.29±2.09a−−−−6.12±3.16a
X142-甲基-1-丁醇7427427.09±0.85−−−−−−−
X153-甲基-2-丁烯-1-醇77277814.88±2.00b14.83±2.71b9.60±2.58c17.44±2.28b13.98±0.78b15.04±0.10b−19.36±4.49a
X18正己醇869865−5.09±1.40a−−−−−5.20±0.04a
X251-辛烯-3-醇9649684.40±0.44bc5.97±0.94a2.04±0.13e5.47±0.74ab3.04±1.22de3.45±0.28cd2.72±0.32de5.06±0.70ab
X292-乙基己醇1025101410.22±1.29a7.49±1.04bc8.96±0.35ab5.58±0.77d6.14±0.91cd5.93±0.72d7.58±0.29bc8.39±0.86b
X34芳樟醇108010866.97±1.15e22.78±2.41cd21.39±1.42d42.20±4.20a20.05±1.43d27.60±3.18b10.99±1.24e26.40±2.67bc
X37苯乙醇11171099−5.04±1.05a−3.41±0.35b2.82±0.15c−−−
X424-萜烯醇116011661.89±0.12ab1.43±0.53bc2.28±0.10a1.90±0.33ab0.63±0.17d1.81±0.04ab1.13±0.10cd1.55±0.56bc
X452-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-醇118311741.47±0.10b−−−2.29±0.87a−−−
X46alpha-松油醇118911812.34±0.30c−4.54±0.52b6.36±0.19a−4.43±0.34b2.45±0.19c3.76±0.18c
X47L-alpha-松油醇11921181−4.10±0.05a−−2.63±1.08b−1.99±0.16b−
X51橙花醇1220121321.84±6.54bcd26.46±5.26ab8.36±1.92e14.74±3.83de22.58±1.06bc17.44±4.18cd−31.69±5.53a
X52香茅醇12121215172.36±10.56a168.47±26.85a91.13±8.91c94.63±7.33c109.77±11.92c138.35±13.56b93.09±6.15c171.29±20.33a
X54异香叶醇123212279.59±2.58ab9.41±2.15ab−7.79±0.41bc11.21±0.96a9.23±0.43ab6.26±1.09c11.40±1.63a
X55香叶醇1247123726.85±4.67cd46.41±8.51a20.83±2.89d24.62±0.33cd43.17±7.24ab35.43±2.72bc24.47±3.63cd52.93±10.16a
X613,4-二羟基苯甘醇/1644−0.98±0.15b1.01±0.10b−1.25±0.06a0.92±0.12b−0.87±0.09b
醇类总量364.91390.62231.87330.71305.72334.51220.36430.78
醛类
X3丁醛589.5582−−−5.37±2.82−−−−
X8异戊醛6646663.32±0.40c6.52±0.70b1.67±0.32cd13.29±1.81a1.21±0.09d2.03±0.89cd1.58±0.30cd2.66±1.58cd
X92-甲基丁醛6646774.25±0.60b4.34±1.74b2.50±0.28bc7.17±0.46a−2.37±1.02bc−4.90±3.16ab
X163-甲基-2-丁烯醛7967897.72±0.34bc10.19±2.08a5.39±0.91d−−8.58±0.08b6.26±0.39cd11.31±1.21a
X17己醛7987972.66±0.53ab3.42±0.10a1.53±0.34cd2.03±0.98bc−1.82±0.08cd1.14±0.15d2.64±0.43ab
X22苯甲醛961950−−−19.75±2.81−−−−
X235-甲基呋喃醛954953−−−−4.24±0.47−−−
X30苯乙醛10431029−5.72±2.09ab−7.49±0.98a4.39±0.20b3.34±0.93b3.55±1.24b7.26±2.27a
X35壬醛110110911.68±0.22b2.21±0.09ab3.21±0.43a3.52±0.79a3.43±1.34a3.49±1.47a3.04±0.53ab3.60±0.54a
X49癸醛12031193−0.85±0.05b−−−−−1.54±0.22a
X535-羟甲基糠醛12241225−−−−30.83±3.68−−−
X56柠檬醛/12553.56±1.18b1.94±0.26c1.94±0.37c7.52±0.42a1.93±0.04c
醛类总量23.1935.1914.3060.5651.6221.6315.5735.84
醚类
X4乙烯基乙醚/588−−−−8.60±0.93a−5.96±1.09b−
X36(2S,4R)-顺式氧化玫瑰醚/109521.38±1.76d48.03±4.96b34.71±1.22c84.49±9.25a31.90±4.81c51.22±5.58b22.77±1.20d53.39±2.92b
X393,6-二氢-4-甲基-2-(2-甲基-1-丙烯
基)-2氢-吡喃
115311372.54±1.12e10.91±1.86b6.03±0.31d17.08±1.27a−9.02±0.75bc3.97±1.88e8.69±0.53c
X41莳萝醚11811140−−−−−2.72±0.43a−3.05±0.45a
X48橙花醇甲醚/11848.64±0.15a3.43±0.38b−2.90±0.08b2.72±0.61b3.21±0.11b1.95±0.12b3.03±0.21b
醚类总量32.5662.3740.74104.4743.2266.1734.6568.16
烯类
X19苯乙烯8888842.97±0.98a2.39±0.49ab−−2.68±0.86ab1.90±0.10c−−
X26月桂烯987975−8.61±0.79−−−−−−
X31(Z)-β−罗勒烯103110312.45±1.57a−−−−−1.72±0.04b−
X321,3-环庚二烯/1071−−−1.71±0.38−−−−
X332,4-二甲基苯乙烯107610753.01±1.37ab4.17±0.76a−1.60±0.12cd3.21±1.03ab2.72±0.76bc−1.09±0.19d
X401,6-二甲基庚-1,3,5-三烯/11403.15±0.72−−−−−−−
X503-蒈烯10311191−−2.07±0.13b5.32±2.74a−−1.63±0.30b−
烯类总量11.5815.172.078.635.894.623.351.09
酯类
X7乙酸乙酯61262626.26±6.72a18.45±1.98b12.40±3.46b18.31±1.48b11.99±1.10b13.46±1.78b12.01±2.11b14.45±3.28b
X20丁内酯908909−−−−3.95±0.40−−−
X592,2,4-三甲基-1,3-戊二醇二异丁酸酯/1591−−−−−−1.04±0.17a0.82±0.17b
X62戊二酸丁酯异丁酯/1675−−−−2.22±0.76−−−
酯类总量26.2618.4512.4018.3118.1613.4613.0515.27
酚类
X44百里香酚12901274−3.21±0.20b−8.58±0.27a−−−3.32±0.60b
X582,4-二叔丁基苯酚15021489152.1±2.32cd161.16±5.32cd299.48±67.45a99.93±10.64d247.00±30.90ab255.50±4.38ab297.44±43.82a212.60±17.51bc
酚类总量152.10164.37299.48108.51247.00255.50297.44215.92
酮类&酸类
X11乙酸663716−18.80±3.71b−−33.98±6.17a−−−
X211,3-环戊二酮/921−−−−2.77±0.20−−−
X382,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-6-甲基-4氢-吡喃-4-酮11341134−12.63±10.59b−−16.32±1.26a−−−
X57香叶基丙酮14441430−1.05±0.03b−−2.20±0.99a−−−
酮类&酸类总量032.480055.27000
硫化物
X2二甲基硫醚544545−38.94±5.37a24.12±2.39c−31.81±4.72b38.91±4.95a30.74±3.96b21.78±3.59c
X5硫代氨基甲酸乙酯/600−7.29±2.34−−−−−−
X24二甲基三硫醚962954−0.88±0.44−−−−−−
硫化物总量047.1124.12031.8138.9130.7421.78
其他类
X6正己烷/613−−2.93±0.05−−−−−
X102,2-二甲基己烷/7012.17±0.10b−3.23±0.81a3.06±0.97a−−−−
X27苄基氯997−−−18.99±3.67−−−−
X28间异丙基甲苯102610081.75±0.28a1.88±0.37a−−−0.90±0.13b−−
X433-己炔/1172−−−−−−−2.19±0.60
X60十六烷/1609−0.62±0.06b−−1.58±0.77a−−−
其他类总量3.922.506.1622.051.580.9002.19
), ArticleFig(id=1320882407490827139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Effect of inhibitor treatment on the concentration of key odorants in heated litchi juice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硫化物含量及抑制率
DMS
(μg/mL)
抑制率
(%)
DMDS
(μg/mL)
抑制率
(%)
DMTS
(μg/mL)
抑制率
(%)
MTP
(μg/mL)
抑制率
(%)
新鲜3.63±0.28d0.76±0.12b−0.036±0.004bc
加热6.48±0.82a1.08±0.11a0.23±0.04ab0.054±0.004a
迷迭香酸4.17±0.07cd35.651.04±0.04a3.700.30±0a−30.430.033±0.003cd42.31
邻苯三酚4.31±0.16c33.491.05±0.08a2.780.32±0.06a−39.130.031±0.002cd37.82
抗坏血酸5.74±0.14b11.421.01±0.02a6.480.25±0.09ab−8.690.029±0.002d46.28
儿茶素4.12±0.1cd36.421.00±0.04a7.400.19±0.03b17.390.038±0.001b28.63
没食子酸3.89±0.21cd39.971.02±0.05a5.560.08±0.03c65.220.035±0.001bc34.20
葡萄糖氧化酶−1000.42±0.08c61.11−100−100
), ArticleFig(id=1320882407570518916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

抑制剂处理对加热荔枝汁关键异味物质浓度影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硫化物含量及抑制率
DMS
(μg/mL)
抑制率
(%)
DMDS
(μg/mL)
抑制率
(%)
DMTS
(μg/mL)
抑制率
(%)
MTP
(μg/mL)
抑制率
(%)
新鲜3.63±0.28d0.76±0.12b−0.036±0.004bc
加热6.48±0.82a1.08±0.11a0.23±0.04ab0.054±0.004a
迷迭香酸4.17±0.07cd35.651.04±0.04a3.700.30±0a−30.430.033±0.003cd42.31
邻苯三酚4.31±0.16c33.491.05±0.08a2.780.32±0.06a−39.130.031±0.002cd37.82
抗坏血酸5.74±0.14b11.421.01±0.02a6.480.25±0.09ab−8.690.029±0.002d46.28
儿茶素4.12±0.1cd36.421.00±0.04a7.400.19±0.03b17.390.038±0.001b28.63
没食子酸3.89±0.21cd39.971.02±0.05a5.560.08±0.03c65.220.035±0.001bc34.20
葡萄糖氧化酶−1000.42±0.08c61.11−100−100
), ArticleFig(id=1320882407671182213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Effects of different inhibitor treatments on total phenol and total flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity of lychee juice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品总酚(mg GAE/100 mL)总黄酮(mg RE/100 mL)DPPH(μmol TE/mL)ABTS(μmol TE/mL)FRAP(mg VC/100 mL)
新鲜12.59±0.11h25.33±0.35g121.79±18.41d68.95±13.84de6.64±2.19f
加热25.85±0.55f56.61±1.97de177.55±24.41d89.00±2.82cd14.11±0.53f
没食子酸41.58±0.69d52.15±0.62e363.55±27.87a119.14±7.1b183.91±7.73b
抗坏血酸18.82±0.15g34.46±0.19f300.71±14.39b95.41±10.35bc85.05±13.56d
邻苯三酚81.20±0.59a134.87±2.12c381.17±38.37a154.55±21.3a350.74±44.08a
儿茶素56.40±1.44c181.99±0.91b239.97±52.48c111.97±3.27bc56.34±5.83de
迷迭香酸66.99±0.39b485.45±13.36a322.43±43.24ab103.32±12.95bc149.44±18.62c
葡萄糖氧化酶32.12±0.6e61.51±1.52d159.49±25.44d61.08±15.63e27.72±5.06ef
), ArticleFig(id=1320882407750873990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882395386065703, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同抑制剂处理对荔枝汁总酚、总黄酮含量以及抗氧化能力的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品总酚(mg GAE/100 mL)总黄酮(mg RE/100 mL)DPPH(μmol TE/mL)ABTS(μmol TE/mL)FRAP(mg VC/100 mL)
新鲜12.59±0.11h25.33±0.35g121.79±18.41d68.95±13.84de6.64±2.19f
加热25.85±0.55f56.61±1.97de177.55±24.41d89.00±2.82cd14.11±0.53f
没食子酸41.58±0.69d52.15±0.62e363.55±27.87a119.14±7.1b183.91±7.73b
抗坏血酸18.82±0.15g34.46±0.19f300.71±14.39b95.41±10.35bc85.05±13.56d
邻苯三酚81.20±0.59a134.87±2.12c381.17±38.37a154.55±21.3a350.74±44.08a
儿茶素56.40±1.44c181.99±0.91b239.97±52.48c111.97±3.27bc56.34±5.83de
迷迭香酸66.99±0.39b485.45±13.36a322.43±43.24ab103.32±12.95bc149.44±18.62c
葡萄糖氧化酶32.12±0.6e61.51±1.52d159.49±25.44d61.08±15.63e27.72±5.06ef
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多种抑制剂对热加工荔枝汁风味及营养品质的影响研究
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易心杨 1, 2 , 李卫丽 1, 2 , 郑薇 2 , 张媛媛 1 , 胡腾根 2 , 徐玉娟 2 , 安可婧 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(1): 177-188
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (1) : 177 -188
多种抑制剂对热加工荔枝汁风味及营养品质的影响研究
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易心杨1, 2 , 李卫丽1, 2, 郑薇2, 张媛媛1, 胡腾根2, 徐玉娟2, 安可婧1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1华南农业大学食品学院,广东广州 510642
  • 2广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所,农业农村部功能食品重点实验室,广东省农产品加工重点实验室,广东广州 510610
通讯作者:
安可婧(1985−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品加工及储藏工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

易心杨(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Effects of Various Inhibitors on the Flavor and Nutritional Quality of Heat-treated Lychee Juice
Xinyang YI1, 2 , Weili LI1, 2, Wei ZHENG2, Yuanyuan ZHANG1, Tenggen HU2, Yujuan XU2, Kejing AN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010274
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为了减少荔枝汁在加热后产生的“蒸煮”异味,筛选了邻苯三酚、没食子酸、迷迭香酸、儿茶素、抗坏血酸及葡萄糖氧化酶六种抑制剂,从色泽、pH、香气轮廓、电子鼻、挥发性成分、降硫率以及总酚、总黄酮、抗氧化特性等角度去评价六种抑制剂对荔枝汁风味及营养品质的影响。结果显示抗坏血酸和没食子酸抑制剂处理的样品与新鲜汁相比的色差值最小;整体香气轮廓显示葡萄糖氧化酶抑制蒸煮异味效果最佳,其次为迷迭香酸;电子鼻结果显示葡萄糖氧化酶处理的荔枝汁与新鲜汁最为接近,其次是儿茶素和邻苯三酚。挥发性成分的主成分分析结果显示抗坏血酸抑制剂处理的样品与新鲜汁最接近,其次为没食子酸、儿茶素、迷迭香酸。降硫率结果显示葡萄糖氧化酶的降硫效果最为显著,对二甲基硫醚、二甲基三硫醚、甲硫基丙醛的抑制率均达到100%,对二甲基二硫醚的抑制率为61.11%。营养品质方面,多酚类抑制剂与抗坏血酸处理的总酚、总黄酮含量和抗氧化性较新鲜汁均显著上升(P<0.05),而葡萄糖氧化酶处理的总酚、总黄酮含量较新鲜汁上升但抗氧化活性与新鲜汁无显著差异。综合色泽、pH、香气轮廓、营养品质以及降硫效果等因素进行偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA),发现葡萄糖氧化酶对荔枝汁整体品质影响最好。本研究可为荔枝以及其他热敏性水果加工过程中品质提升提供参考依据。

荔枝汁  /  蒸煮异味  /  抑制剂  /  偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)  /  全二维气相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(GC×GC-QTOF MS)

In order to reduce the cooked off-flavor of lychee juice after thermal processing, six inhibitors were screened, including pyrogallol, gallic acid, rosmarinic acid, catechins, ascorbic acid, and glucose oxidase. These inhibitions were evaluated based on flavor and nutritional properties such as color, pH, flavor profile, electronic nose, volatile components, sulfur-reducing rate, as well as total phenols, flavonoids contents, and antioxidant properties. The results showed that the samples treated with ascorbic acid and gallic acid had the smallest color difference compared to fresh juice. The overall aroma profile indicated glucose oxidase was the most effective inhibitor in reducing cooked off-flavor, followed by rosmarinic acid. The electronic nose results showed that the lychee juice treated with glucose oxidase was closest to fresh juice, followed by catechins and pyrogallol. The principal component analysis of volatile components showed that the sample treated with ascorbic acid was closest to fresh juice, followed by gallic acid, catechins, and rosmarinic acid. The sulfur reduction rate showed that glucose oxidase had the most significant sulfur reduction effect, with inhibition rates of 100% for dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, and methional, and 61.11% for dimethyl disulfide. In terms of nutritional quality, polyphenol and ascorbic acid treatment significantly improved the total phenol, total flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant properties (P<0.05), while the total phenol and total flavonoid contents of glucose oxidase-treated sample were higher than those of fresh juice but the antioxidant activities showed no significant difference compared to fresh juice. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of lychee juice quality, integrating factors such as color, pH, aroma profile, nutritional quality, and sulfur reduction effect, revealed that glucose oxidase had the best effect on the overall quality. The findings of this study can provide references for quality improvement in lychee and other subtropical fruits processing industry.

lychee juice  /  cooked off-flavor  /  inhibitors  /  partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA)  /  comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-QTOF MS)
易心杨, 李卫丽, 郑薇, 张媛媛, 胡腾根, 徐玉娟, 安可婧. 多种抑制剂对热加工荔枝汁风味及营养品质的影响研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 177 -188 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010274
Xinyang YI, Weili LI, Wei ZHENG, Yuanyuan ZHANG, Tenggen HU, Yujuan XU, Kejing AN. Effects of Various Inhibitors on the Flavor and Nutritional Quality of Heat-treated Lychee Juice[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 177 -188 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010274
荔枝属无患子科荔枝属植物,果肉晶莹剔透,清甜多汁,是最具特色的热带亚热带水果之一,我国的荔枝种植规模居世界首位,而广东省则是我国荔枝种植的第一大省,种植面积和产量占全国65%以上[1−2]。然而由于荔枝成熟期集中、呼吸代谢旺盛,果实采摘后极易发生色变甚至腐烂,严重影响了荔枝的鲜销。因此,利用现代食品加工技术将相对过剩或外观品质不佳的荔枝进行深加工是保障荔枝产业健康发展、改善生态环境的当务之急。然而荔枝加工面临重要的瓶颈问题,就是其香气劣变严重,加热后容易产生明显的“蒸煮”异味。前期预实验发现当加热温度大于50 ℃时,荔枝会产生明显的“蒸土豆”“煮白菜”味,当温度继续升高会产生“洋葱”“大蒜”甚至“臭鸡蛋”味,严重影响了荔枝产品的可接受程度。
目前关于热加工香气裂变的控制技术主要包括非热加工技术、加工参数调控、添加掩蔽剂以及抑制剂等。前期研究发现四种挥发性硫化物:二甲基硫醚(dimethyl sulfide,DMS)、二甲基二硫醚(dimethyl disulfide,DMDS)、二甲基三硫醚(dimethyl trisulfide,DMTS)、甲硫基丙醛(methional,MTP)是荔枝汁蒸煮异味的关键物质[3]。多项研究报道表明挥发性硫化物的产生涉及含硫氨基酸的取代反应、Strecker降解反应和氧化反应[4−7]。因此本文选择具有降低pH、淬灭美拉德反应中间产物、捕获中间体以及氧化挥发性硫化物等能力的化合物来抑制挥发性硫化物的生成及释放[8−10]。孙钰清等[9]使用了儿茶素、染料木黄酮、黄豆苷元、海藻多酚及邻苯三酚处理去除甜瓜汁的热异味,其中儿茶素的效果最好。Luo等[10]通过添加酚类物质、维生素、氨基酸和葡萄糖氧化酶来抑制甜瓜汁的热异味,发现葡萄糖氧化酶的效果最好。刘媛媛[11]尝试了调节pH、添加葡萄糖氧化酶、多酚物质和环糊精控制番茄汁的热异味,发现芦丁对DMS和DMTS的抑制效果最好,而调节pH可以最有效地控制MTP的产生,但葡萄糖氧化酶的效果一般。不同抑制剂的抑制效果会由于基质的不同而存在差异。
目前在荔枝汁中还未见关于“蒸煮”异味控制的应用研究,为了更好地评估抑制剂对荔枝汁“蒸煮”异味的抑制作用以及对风味和营养品质的影响,本文筛选了儿茶素、邻苯三酚、没食子酸、迷迭香酸、抗坏血酸和葡萄糖氧化酶六种抑制剂,考察了上述抑制剂对热加工荔枝汁降硫效果、色泽、香气轮廓、挥发性成分,以及总酚、总黄酮和抗氧化性的影响。在我国最新的食品标准GB 2760-2024中,葡萄糖氧化酶是食品可用的酶制剂。此外维生素、酚类物质等多种抗氧化剂已经被列入食品标准,虽然邻苯三酚未被纳入国家标准,但它添加到果汁中的文献已有报道,本文也进一步探讨它的产业应用前景。基于上述内容,通过考察儿茶素、邻苯三酚、没食子酸、迷迭香酸、抗坏血酸和葡萄糖氧化酶抑制剂对果汁的影响从而为新型抑制剂的开发提供思路,也为果蔬加工过程中不良风味的控制提供参考和借鉴。
妃子笑荔枝 购于海南海口;邻苯三酚、没食子酸、迷迭香酸、儿茶素、芦丁(纯度均为98%),福林酚、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、2,2'-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)、6-羟基-2,5,7,8-四甲基色烷-2-羧酸(Trolox)、2,4,6-三吡啶基三嗪(TPTZ) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;葡萄糖氧化酶(10000 GODU/g)、己酸乙酯(99%) 阿拉丁试剂公司;NaNO2、NaCO3、过硫酸钾 福晨(天津)化学试剂有限公司;抗坏血酸(分析纯) 天津市大茂化学试剂厂;C5~C20系列正构烷烃 德国CNW Technologies GmbH公司;氯化钠(分析纯)、盐酸(36%~38%) 天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司。
CR22GIII高速冷冻离心机 日本日立公司;WFA2000榨汁机 美的有限公司;PEN3电子鼻 德国AIRSENSE公司;UltraScan VIS色差仪 美国HunterLab公司;Infinite M200pro酶标仪 奥地利TECAN公司;UV1800紫外分光光度计 日本岛津公司;FE28-Standard pH计 梅特勒托利多科技(中国)有限公司;7890B-5977B气相色谱-质谱联用仪、7890B-7250气相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱联用仪 美国Agilent科技公司;50/30 μm DVB/Carboxen/PDMS萃取针 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司。
挑选果实饱满的荔枝,洗净后去皮去核,榨汁,将荔枝汁用4层纱布过滤后在4 ℃条件下以10000 r/min转速离心10 min,取上层清汁备用。
参考Luo等[10]方法,分别将60 mL荔枝汁与60 mg的酶粉或邻苯三酚、没食子酸、迷迭香酸、儿茶素以及抗坏血酸粉末混合,由于葡萄糖氧化酶在30 ℃左右酶活较高,选择在30 ℃下振荡反应40 min,为了控制变量,其他抑制剂均在相同条件下处理,然后沸水浴处理10 min,待降温后冷藏备用。
pH采用pH计测定。色差参考Oladunjoye等[12]的方法,采用全自动色差仪测定样品的L*、a*、b*,其中L*为明度指数,L*=0表示黑色,L*=100表示白色;+a方向颜色接近红色,−a方向颜色接近绿色;+b方向接近黄色,−b方向接近蓝色。总色差△E的对照为新鲜荔枝汁,计算公式见式(1)。
$ \Delta {E}=\sqrt{{({{L}}^{{*}}-{{L}}_{{0}}^{{*}})}^{{2}}+{({{a}}^{{*}}-{a}_{{0}}^{{*}})}^{{2}}+{({{b}}^{{*}}-{{b}}_{{0}}^{{*}})}^{{2}}} $
式中:L0*、a0*和b0*为新鲜荔枝汁的测定值,L*、a*和b*为添加不同抑制剂的荔枝汁样品的测定值。
感官评价方法参照Xu等[13]的风味轮廓分析方法,感官评价小组由10名经过训练的成员组成(5名女性,5名男性)。根据小组成员讨论统计出频率最高的感官属性描述词,并选择相应标准参比物质,如表1所示;以选取的这些感官分属性为评价指标,采用5点强度法(5-很强,3-中等强度,0-无)对样品进行香气特征感官评价。具体操作如下:取40 mL荔枝汁样品于125 mL带盖嗅闻瓶中,将样品随机排列后进行编号,随后送至感官评价室(25±1 ℃),每位评价员以各属性标准品的香气强度为参照,嗅闻评价三次,每次评价后休息20 min。
荔枝汁的电子鼻分析参考Zhang等[14]的方法。取10 mL样品,在37 ℃水浴中平衡10 min,然后以300 mL/min的速度将顶空物引入电子鼻中进行分析,传感器自清洗时间为120 s,归零时间为10 s,样品预采样时间为5 s,采样时间为120 s,分析时间为120 s。提取10个传感器的特征值,10个不同传感器及其对应的性能描述见表2,采用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)对样品进行区分分析。
采用GC-MS对整体挥发性成分进行定性和半定量分析,采用GC×GC-QTOF MS对荔枝汁“蒸煮”异味的关键贡献物质进行定量分析。
参考An等[3]的方法,采用顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid phase microextraction,HP-SPME)提取挥发性物质,吸取5 mL荔枝汁于20 mL顶空萃取瓶中,加入1.5 g氯化钠以及6 μL内标己酸乙酯(浓度为105.2 mg/L),然后于40 ℃水浴中平衡20 min;平衡结束后萃取针顶空吸附30 min,随后迅速于250 ℃条件下解析5 min。
GC-MS分析参考Feng等[15]的方法并略作修改,色谱柱选择DB-5(30 mm×0.25 mm,0.25 μm),载气为氦气,流速1.7 mL/min,采用无分流模式。升温程序为:色谱柱初始温度为30 ℃,以4 ℃/min升温至200 ℃。采用全扫描模式对信号进行采集,电子轰击能量为70 eV,电离方式为EI,离子源温度为230 ℃,扫描质量范围为40~600 amu。
参考陈颖[16]的方法并稍作修改,一维色谱柱为DB-Wax(30 mm×0.25 mm,0.25 μm),二维色谱柱为DB-17(1.0 mm×0.18 mm,0.18 μm),采用选择离子监控模式,DMS、DMDS、DMTS、MTP的特征离子片段分别为62.0185、93.9905、125.9626、104.0290。
定性分析:通过质谱信息与标准信息库NIST16.0进行比对;使用C5~C20的系列正构烷烃计算各挥发性成分的保留指数(rentation index,RI),计算公式见式(2)。
$ \text{RI}=100{\mathrm{N}}+100{\mathrm{n}}({\text{t}}_{\text{Ra}}-{\text{t}}_{\text{RN}})/({\text{t}}_{\text{R}({\mathrm{N}}+{\mathrm{n}})}-{\text{t}}_{\text{RN}}) $
式中:N是目标物质左侧正构烷烃的碳原子数,n为位于目标物质两侧的正构烷烃的碳原子数之差,tRa、tRN和tR(N+n)分别是待测物质、待测物质左侧和右侧正构烷烃的保留时间。
定量分析:参考Mandha等[17]的方法,采用内标法对荔枝汁中所有挥发性物质进行半定量,根据式(3)计算各挥发性物质的含量。
$ {\text{M}}_{\text{S}}({\text{μg/L}})=\frac{{\text{M}}_{\text{i}}\times{\text{A}}_{\text{s}}}{{\text{A}}_{\text{i}}} $
式中:Ms是鉴定的挥发性物质浓度,Mi是内标物浓度,As是鉴定的挥发性物质峰面积,Ai是内标物峰面积。
通过内标与外标结合法对硫化物进行定量,配制7个浓度梯度的硫化物混合标准品,混合标准品原液中DMS、DMDS、DMTS以及MTP的浓度分别为100、5、5、100 μg/mL,然后依次稀释5、10、50、100、500、1000倍,并添加内标己酸乙酯,根据内标与标准品浓度比值及内标与标准品峰面积比值绘制标准曲线,4种硫化物的标准曲线如表3所示,由此计算硫化物的浓度。
采用Folin-Ciocalteu比色法测定总酚含量,参考Manzoor等[18]的方法并加以修改。吸取200 μL稀释20倍的荔枝汁加入400 μL稀释10倍的福林酚溶液,振荡混匀后加入400 μL 10% NaCO3溶液,并在室温下避光反应60 min。用酶标仪在760 nm下测定吸光度。样品中总酚含量以没食子酸当量表示,单位为mg GAE/100 mL。
采用硝酸铝显色法测定总黄酮含量,参考Manzoor等[18]的方法并稍加修改。取0.5 mL荔枝汁样品加入0.1 mL的5% NaNO2溶液,振荡混匀后静置6 min,随后加入10% Al(NO3)3溶液0.1 mL振荡混匀,静置6 min后,最后加入1 mol/L的NaOH溶液2 mL,混匀后静置15 min,在505 nm下测定吸光度。样品中总黄酮含量以芦丁当量表示,单位为mg RE/100 mL。
采用DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS+自由基清除能力、FRAP铁离子还原能力评估荔枝汁的抗氧化能力,参考Moreira等[19]的方法并稍作修改。
DPPH自由基清除能力:以无水乙醇为溶剂配制200 μmol/L的DPPH溶液,取稀释50倍的荔枝汁50 μL与150 μL DPPH溶液混合,避光反应15 min,采用酶标仪在517 nm处测定吸光度。以Trolox为标准品绘制标准曲线,样品的DPPH自由基清除能力以Trolox当量表示,单位为μmol TE/mL。DPPH自由基清除能力按公式(4)计算。
$ \text{DPPH}{自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{A}}_{{0}}-{\text{A}}_{{1}}}{{\text{A}}_{{0}}}\times {100} $
式中:A1表示样品加DPPH吸光度,A0表示无水乙醇加DPPH吸光度。
ABTS+自由基清除能力:将7 mmol/L的ABTS溶液和2.45 mmol/L的过硫酸钾溶液1:1混合,在室温、避光的条件下静置12~16 h,使用前用无水乙醇稀释至734 nm波长处吸光度为0.7±0.02。测试时将50 μL样品与3 mL ABTS工作液混合,避光静置20 min,在734 nm下测定吸光度,同样以Trolox为标准品绘制标准曲线,样品的ABTS+自由基清除能力以Trolox当量表示,单位为μmol TE/mL。ABTS+自由基清除能力计算公式如下。
$ \text{ABTS}^+{自由基清除率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{A}}_{{0}}-{\text{A}}_{{1}}}{{\text{A}}_{{0}}}\times 100 $
式中:A1表示样品加ABTS吸光度,A0表示无水乙醇加ABTS吸光度。
FRAP铁离子还原能力:将乙酸缓冲液(0.1 mol/L,pH3.6)、TPTZ溶液(10 mmol/L,以40 mmol/L HCl为溶剂)、FeCl3溶液(20 mmol/L)以10:1:1的比例混合得到FRAP工作液,测试时取2 mL FRAP工作液与50 μL样品混合,在593 nm下测定吸光度。样品的FRAP以抗坏血酸当量表示,单位为mg VC/100 mL。
使用SPSS 27软件(IBM,197 USA)进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)和Duncan多重比较分析,不同小写字母表示组内差异显著(P<0.05)。采用Origin 2021(Origin Lab,USA)绘制雷达图和柱状图,采用电子鼻自带软件Winmuster(AIRSENSE Analytics GmbH,German)对电子鼻结果进行PCA处理,采用SIMCA 14.1(Umetrics,Sweden)进行PCA和PLS-DA分析。所有实验均重复3次以上,数据表示为平均值±标准差(SD)。
颜色是影响消费者购买欲以及影响果汁品质的重要指标。图1展示了抑制剂处理对荔枝汁颜色的影响。经处理后荔枝汁颜色由深到浅依次为儿茶素>葡萄糖氧化酶≈邻苯三酚>迷迭香酸>没食子酸>抗坏血酸,其中抗坏血酸和没食子酸处理的样品颜色更加接近新鲜汁。表4中显示的L*、a*、b*值及色差△E值和图片相符,没食子酸和抗坏血酸处理汁的颜色与新鲜汁色差最小,添加了迷迭香酸的样品与加热处理荔枝汁颜色相似,而儿茶素、葡萄糖氧化酶、邻苯三酚处理的样品色差变化较热处理更大,且排序为儿茶素>邻苯三酚>葡萄糖氧化酶,它们导致L*值降低,a*和b*值升高,使荔枝汁亮度降低,颜色向红黄转变。
添加抑制剂导致荔枝汁颜色变化的原因包括两个方面:一是抑制剂本身颜色的影响,如儿茶素的颜色偏红黄,从而导致添加儿茶素组的色差最大;二是处理过程中发生的一系列反应,酚类物质容易氧化成醌同时还能与果汁中的金属离子、有机酸等反应发生非酶褐变;而葡萄糖氧化酶催化葡萄糖氧化生成的过氧化氢是强氧化剂,可以将酚类物质氧化成醌类物质,同时会促进色素的氧化,因此也会促使荔枝汁发生褐变[20−21]。从颜色结果分析,抗坏血酸和没食子酸的效果最佳。
研究表明pH对果汁中酚类、色素等物质的稳定性有影响,在一定范围内较低的pH有助于颜色稳定并且会降低美拉德反应速率[22−23]。不同抑制剂处理的荔枝汁pH如表4所示。新鲜汁的pH为5.00±0.01,经处理后pH从低到高依次为抗坏血酸<没食子酸<迷迭香酸<葡萄糖氧化酶<加热<邻苯三酚<儿茶素。抗坏血酸是食品中常见的低pH酸,常被用于保护食品的颜色和风味[24];没食子酸、迷迭香酸属于酚酸类,结构中均有羧基,因此溶于水后能明显降低pH;葡萄糖氧化酶能将葡萄糖氧化成葡萄糖酸,从而降低基质pH[21]。对比荔枝汁色差结果发现,不同抑制剂处理后pH越小荔枝汁颜色变化越小,这可能是由于较低的pH抑制了美拉德反应,同时更好地保护了荔枝汁中多酚、花色苷等色素的稳定性[25−26]。
通过感官分析,评估了不同抑制剂对热加工荔枝汁整体风味的影响,图2显示了经不同抑制剂处理后荔枝汁风味轮廓雷达图。结果显示热处理后产生了明显的蒸煮味,抑制剂处理使蒸煮异味减弱的能力大小依次为:葡萄糖氧化酶>迷迭香酸>儿茶素>邻苯三酚>没食子酸>抗坏血酸,其中葡萄糖氧化酶对蒸煮味的抑制效果最显著。
在其他风味方面,加热和邻苯三酚处理荔枝汁的甜香较为突出,葡萄糖氧化酶和儿茶素处理荔枝汁的青草香、青瓜味较为突出,同时葡萄糖氧化酶和迷迭香酸分别在保留水果香和花香方面效果好,而经抗坏血酸处理后荔枝汁青瓜味、花香、水果香、柑橘香均减弱。因此总体而言葡萄糖氧化酶在抑制蒸煮异味和保留新鲜荔枝特征香气成分方面效果最好,其次是迷迭香酸。由于感官评价受主观影响较大,无法解释不同抑制剂对具体香气成分的影响,需要采用电子鼻、GC-MS和GC×GC-QTOF MS对硫化物以及其他挥发性化合物进行具体分析。
电子鼻采用10个传感器快速检测样品的挥发性成分,建立响应曲线,模拟人类对气味的感知。采用电子鼻PCA结果表征不同抑制剂处理对荔枝汁风味的影响,主成分总贡献率为99.37%,图3B表明,W1W硫化物对PC1贡献最大,W5S氮氧化合物对PC2贡献最大。通过图3A可知,同一处理组的点聚集,说明电子鼻处理效果稳定,各处理之间互不重叠,说明电子鼻可以较好地区分不同处理的荔枝汁风味。添加抑制剂处理与热处理相对分离,且与热处理在第一主成分上差异较大,说明添加抑制剂能一定程度保留荔枝汁的风味,且能减少挥发性硫化物的含量。此外,图中结果显示葡萄糖氧化酶处理组的荔枝汁整体香气更接近新鲜荔枝汁,其次是邻苯三酚和儿茶素,而抗坏血酸、迷迭香酸和没食子酸处理与新鲜汁距离较远。结合感官分析,葡萄糖氧化酶与新鲜汁的香气特征最为接近。
GC-MS共鉴定出62种物质(表5),不同处理荔枝汁挥发性物质的相对含量和种类如图4所示,新鲜荔枝汁共检测到31种挥发性物质,加热荔枝汁共检测到41种挥发性物质,而添加没食子酸、葡萄糖氧化酶、邻苯三酚、抗坏血酸、儿茶素、迷迭香酸处理的荔枝汁分别检测到26、32、36、29、26、34种挥发性物质。其中醇类是荔枝汁的最主要的挥发性物质,此外醛类、烯类、酯类物质也是荔枝汁中重要的挥发性成分,与文献描述相符[1,27−28]。
各类挥发性物质种类和含量的结果如图4所示,醇类物质经各抑制剂处理后相对含量均下降,迷迭香酸处理后下降幅度最小且种类增多,多种醇类物质如芳樟醇、橙花醇、香茅醇等表现出花香,这与迷迭香酸在感官评价中花香突出结果相似,其次葡萄糖氧化酶处理组的醇类相对含量下降幅度也较小。醛类经加热、葡萄糖氧化酶、邻苯三酚、迷迭香酸处理后明显上升且种类增多,其中增加的醛类有壬醛、苯乙醛,壬醛呈现柑橘香、花香,苯乙醛呈现花香。除了邻苯三酚外,各处理均使荔枝汁的醚类相对含量增加,尤其是葡萄糖氧化酶处理后醚类总含量增加了2.21倍。烯类成分含量和种类经各种抑制剂处理后均下降,而其中葡萄糖氧化酶处理的下降程度最小。葡萄糖氧化酶在保留酯类挥发性成分含量方面同样较为良好,酯类通常在水果中表现出水果香,这与感官评价中葡萄糖氧化酶对水果香保留较好的结论一致。因此在保留各类重要挥发性物质的含量和种类方面葡萄糖氧化酶具有显著的效果。
对GC-MS结果进行PCA分析,如图5所示。前2个主要成分累计贡献为44.80%。PCA得分图显示加热处理位于PC1和PC2的负半轴,与其他处理相隔较远,而经过抑制剂处理的样品(除邻苯三酚)与新鲜汁距离接近,其中抗坏血酸处理与新鲜汁之间差异最小,没食子酸、儿茶素及迷迭香酸次之。
PCA分析中将各处理组区分开的物质主要有3,4-二羟基苯甘醇(X61)、香茅醇(X52)、丁内酯(X20)、苯甲醛(X22)、苯乙烯(X19)、2,2-二甲基己烷(X10)、2,2,4-三甲基-1,3-戊二醇二异丁酸酯(X59)、柠檬醛(X56)、2,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-6-甲基-4氢-吡喃-4-酮(X38)、2-(4-甲基苯基)丙-2-醇(X45)、丁醛(X3)、橙花醇(X51)、己醛(X17)、二甲基三硫醚(X24)、香叶基丙酮(X57)、异香叶醇(X54)、3-蒈烯(X50)等。其中丁醛、苯甲醛仅在葡萄糖氧化酶处理的荔枝汁中检测到,丁内酯仅在邻苯三酚处理中检测到。苯乙烯具有塑料味[29],经处理后均下降,在没食子酸、葡萄糖氧化酶、儿茶素、迷迭香酸处理后未检测到;香茅醇具有花香、柑橘香[3],经加热以及抑制剂处理后含量均下降,迷迭香酸处理组的下降幅度最小;柠檬醛具有柠檬、柑橘味,经邻苯三酚处理后显著上升,经其他处理后下降,没食子酸、抗坏血酸以及儿茶素处理后消失;己醛具有青草味,经加热处理后含量上升,但各种抑制剂处理后含量均下降,邻苯三酚处理后消失;二甲基三硫醚具有腐烂的白菜以及洋葱、大蒜的气味,仅在加热处理中检测到;橙花醇具有花香气味,经加热、邻苯三酚和迷迭香酸处理后含量上升,经没食子酸、葡萄糖氧化酶、抗坏血酸处理后含量下降,儿茶素处理后消失。GC-MS的PCA结果显示抗坏血酸处理组最接近新鲜汁,而感官和电子鼻显示葡萄糖氧化酶处理组与新鲜汁最相似,GC-MS的PCA结果与感官和电子鼻结果之间存在差异是因为GC-MS的PCA区分的是挥发性化合物,并不是呈香化合物。
由于GC-MS无法检测到全部的硫化物,本文采用检测限较低的GC×GC-QTOF MS技术分析不同抑制剂对四种挥发性硫化物的抑制作用。结果如表6所示,新鲜汁中的DMS、DMDS、MTP浓度分别为3.63±0.28、0.76±0.12、0.036±0.004 μg/mL,未检测到DMTS;加热后DMS、DMDS、MTP分别提高78.51%、42.10%、50.00%,并新产生了0.23±0.04 μg/mL的DMTS。多酚类化合物已被证实可以通过还原美拉德反应前体、与前体形成加合物等机制抑制牛奶、果汁中蒸煮异味物质的生成[8,30],但由于酚类物质结构不同对异味抑制效果也不相同。四种酚类物质处理的荔枝汁中DMS、DMDS的含量无显著差异,就MTP而言,迷迭香酸和邻苯三酚的抑制效果最好,就DMTS而言,儿茶素和没食子酸对DMTS起抑制作用,其中没食子酸的抑制效果更好,而邻苯三酚和迷迭香酸对DMTS的产生起促进作用。这可能是由于邻苯三酚和迷迭香酸在热加工过程中容易被氧化成醌类,作为亲电试剂与甲硫醇反应,促进MTP氧化成DMTS[10,31]。葡萄糖氧化酶对四种异味物质的抑制效果最好,对DMS、DMTS、MTP的抑制率达到100%,对DMDS的抑制率为61.11%,这一结果与感官评价中添加葡萄糖氧化酶后蒸煮味最低相符合。由于葡萄糖氧化酶可以与葡萄糖反应生成葡萄糖酸和过氧化氢,葡萄糖酸可以降低基质pH,从而使硫化物前体S-甲基蛋氨酸(S-methylmethionine,SMM)质子化,减少被水中羟基的亲核取代;而过氧化氢可以氧化DMS,生成溶解度较高的亚砜和砜类化合物;反应产物同样可以与前体蛋氨酸(methionine,Met)反应,能与之形成更加稳定的化合物,从而减少MTP、DMDS和DMTS的生成[10]。但葡萄糖氧化酶并不适用于所有的果蔬,如在番茄中葡萄糖氧化酶的抑制效果并不理想[11],这说明抑制剂的作用效果与果汁的基质有较大关系。抗坏血酸对DMS的抑制效果在六种抑制剂中最差,对DMTS的生成有一定的促进作用,但对MTP的抑制效果仅次于葡萄糖氧化酶,这可能与抗坏血酸可以降低基质酸度、清除自由基的特性有关[32]。综上所述,葡萄糖氧化酶对四种关键硫化物生成的抑制效果最好,其次是没食子酸。
添加抑制剂后,对各处理荔枝汁的总酚、总黄酮含量进行了测定。如表7所示,新鲜荔枝汁中总酚、总黄酮含量分别为12.59 mg GAE/100 mL、25.33 mg RE/100 mL,加热后总酚和总黄酮含量上升,这一现象可归因于两个方面:一是加热使多酚氧化酶失活,阻止了酚类化合物的氧化,二是高温促进了共价键的断裂,使得更多结合酚向游离酚转化[33]。
添加抑制剂的荔枝汁总酚含量均显著提高(P<0.05),尤其是添加了四种多酚类抑制剂的处理组:没食子酸、邻苯三酚、儿茶素、迷迭香酸处理的荔枝汁总酚含量较新鲜汁分别提高了2.30、5.45、3.48、4.32倍,较加热荔枝汁分别增加了0.61、2.14、1.18、1.59倍,其中邻苯三酚处理组的总酚含量最高;葡萄糖氧化酶处理组的总酚含量较新鲜汁、加热汁分别提高了1.55、0.24倍;抗坏血酸处理的总酚含量较新鲜汁上升了0.49倍,但较加热汁则下降了27.20%。同样抑制剂的添加使荔枝汁总黄酮含量上升,其中以添加迷迭香酸的荔枝汁总黄酮含量最高;其次是儿茶素和邻苯三酚。葡萄糖氧化酶、没食子酸处理的荔枝汁的总黄酮相较于新鲜汁分别上升了1.23、1.06倍,但与加热处理无显著差异,抗坏血酸处理组的总黄酮较新鲜汁提高了0.36倍,但较加热荔枝汁下降了39.13%。综上,针对总酚、总黄酮的提升来说,添加多酚抑制剂的贡献显著大于葡萄糖氧化酶和抗坏血酸。直接添加多酚类抑制剂会使总酚、总黄酮含量增加。添加葡萄糖氧化酶降低pH、消耗氧气从而增加酚类物质的稳定性,有文献报道添加葡萄糖氧化酶可以减缓百香果汁中花色苷、缩合单宁等多酚物质的降解[34]。而抗坏血酸具有强还原性,可以减少酚类物质的氧化[35]。
抗氧化能力是评价果蔬汁品质的重要指标,综合三种抗氧化能力评价方法,六种抑制剂中邻苯三酚展现出最显著的抗氧化效果,其次是没食子酸,这可能归因于邻苯三酚与没食子酸均有三个直接连在苯环上的羟基,从而使其具有更高的反应活性,此外儿茶素、迷迭香酸和抗坏血酸也能有效提升荔枝汁的抗氧化性,这是因为多酚和抗坏血酸本身具有抗氧化性。整体来看,添加多酚类抑制剂较抗坏血酸可以更大程度地提升荔枝汁的抗氧化性,而葡萄糖氧化酶则对抗氧化性影响不显著。
由于六种抑制剂在各个方面表现均有差异,为了评估抑制剂对荔枝汁综合品质的影响,综合色泽、感官评价、电子鼻、挥发性硫化物变化以及营养品质等因素进行PLS-DA处理,结果如图6所示。PLS-DA模型的参数Rx2、Ry2和Q2分别为0.942、0.842、0.605,符合Rx2−Ry2<0.3,且Q2>0.5,所有样本均在95%的置信区间内,说明该模型具有高稳定性及良好的预测能力[36]。图6A得分图显示处理组内聚集,处理组间明显分离,其中葡萄糖氧化酶处理的样品与新鲜样品均位于第一象限,距离最近,证明葡萄糖氧化酶处理汁与新鲜荔枝汁综合品质较为接近,其次是儿茶素。
变量投影重要性(variable importance in the projection,VIP)通常用于解释变量对模型的贡献,一般VIP值>1的变量可以认为是重要的[29]。图6B中红色部分表示VIP>1的变量,包括营养品质中总黄酮及总酚含量、硫化物中MTP和DMTS浓度、所有感官品质、总色差以及电子鼻中长链烷烃结果,这13个变量对于区分不同处理之间荔枝汁品质是重要的。
通过载荷图可以将变量与样品聚类之间的相关性可视化[16],如图6C所示,加热处理对荔枝汁的电子鼻、MTP、DMS等指标有较大影响;与此同时,抗坏血酸处理与加热处理的整体性质接近,对蒸煮味、硫化物含量的影响较大;添加没食子酸、迷迭香酸、邻苯三酚对总酚、总黄酮以及抗氧化性的提升具有较大影响,儿茶素处理则对总色差以及甜香的影响较大;葡萄糖氧化酶处理组与水果香、柑橘香指标呈正相关,且整体性质与新鲜荔枝汁的特征最为相似。这些结果与前文所得出的结果一致,既证明了PLS-DA模型良好的预测能力,也进一步说明了葡萄糖氧化酶在这几种抑制剂中表现最好。
本文采用添加抑制剂的方法去除热加工荔枝汁的“蒸煮”异味,除对挥发性硫化物的抑制作用外,也对加热后荔枝汁色泽、风味及营养品质进行了综合评估。颜色结果显示抗坏血酸和没食子酸对荔枝汁颜色品质保留更好。风味轮廓图显示抑制剂对“蒸煮”异味的抑制从强到弱依次为:葡萄糖氧化酶>迷迭香酸>儿茶素>邻苯三酚>没食子酸>抗坏血酸。电子鼻结果显示葡萄糖氧化酶处理的荔枝汁与新鲜汁最为接近。GC-MS共鉴定出62种挥发性成分,总体挥发性成分的PCA结果表明抗坏血酸与新鲜汁更加接近。硫化物抑制率结果显示葡萄糖氧化酶对四种硫化物的抑制效果最好,对DMS、DMTS、MTP的抑制率均达到100%,对DMDS的抑制率为61.11%。此外,营养品质方面,添加的全部抑制剂均可以使荔枝汁总酚、总黄酮含量上升,多酚类抑制剂对总酚、总黄酮的提升效果大于葡萄糖氧化酶和抗坏血酸。抗氧化能力显示邻苯三酚和没食子酸较大程度地提高了抗氧化能力,而葡萄糖氧化酶对荔枝汁抗氧化能力的影响较小。综合品质进行PLS-DA分析发现葡萄糖氧化酶处理后的荔枝汁在感官及营养品质方面与新鲜荔枝汁最接近,表现最为突出。但由于葡萄糖氧化酶在色泽品质方面表现有待提高,后期可开展多种抑制剂的协同作用研究,以期最大程度地减少热加工对荔枝汁的不利影响。

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2026年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025010274
  • 接收时间:2025-01-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-24
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    1华南农业大学食品学院,广东广州 510642
    2广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所,农业农村部功能食品重点实验室,广东省农产品加工重点实验室,广东广州 510610

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安可婧(1985−),女,博士,研究员,研究方向:农产品加工及储藏工程,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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