Article(id=1320882341820608927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120342, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735142400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852491096, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852491096, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852491096, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852491096, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=84, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882343749988768, articleId=1320882341820608927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Potato-Rice Protein Composite Gel on Hydration and Rheological Properties of Potato Powder Dough, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Gluten is an important component that controls the quality of dough and flour in food. To improve the quality of potato gluten-free food by replacing gluten with protein gel, the functional properties of potato-rice protein composite gels with different ratios and the effects of appropriate addition amounts on the hydration and rheological properties of dough made from gluten-free potato flour were studied. The results showed that, compared with pure potato protein gel, the pore size of the composite gel network with a compounding ratio of 1:0.5 was reduced, network structure was denser and more uniform, water retention increased by 36.6%, emulsion stability increased by 31.7%, and gel strength and Zeta potential were higher. The optimal ratio of 0%~8% composite gel was added to potato powder. With an increase in the amount of composite gel, the relaxation time (T2), bound water (A21), and immobile water (A22) of the dough first increased and then decreased, free water (A23) decreased, and water mobility in the dough decreased. The storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') of the dough as well as the loss tangent value (tanδ) continued to increase. The stress relaxation characteristics (E0 and E1 values) and the hardness of the dough first decreased and then increased, whereas the elasticity, cohesion, adhesiveness, resilience, and viscoelasticity of the dough increased. These results confirmed that the potato-rice protein composite gel exhibited good functional properties, and the addition of 4% composite gel effectively compensated for the deficiency of potato gluten-free protein and further improved the processing quality of the dough.

, authors=Suying HAO, Xiaobo FENG, Zhongqi GUO, Xiaoqing YANG*, authorsList=Suying HAO, Xiaobo FENG, Zhongqi GUO, Xiaoqing YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoqing YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882345494819249, articleId=1320882341820608927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=马铃薯-大米蛋白复合凝胶对马铃薯全粉面团水合及流变性质的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

麸质蛋白是控制面团和面食品品质的重要组分,为了利用蛋白凝胶替代麸质蛋白的功效以提升马铃薯无麸质食品的品质,本实验研究了马铃薯-大米蛋白以不同复配比例形成的复合凝胶的功能特性以及适当添加量下对无麸质马铃薯全粉中面团水合、流变特性的影响。结果表明:对比纯马铃薯蛋白凝胶,复配比例在1:0.5的复合凝胶网络孔径减小,网络结构更致密均匀,保水性提升了36.6%,乳化稳定性提升了31.7%,且具有较高的凝胶强度与Zeta电位。在马铃薯全粉中添加0%~8%的最优配比复合凝胶,随复合凝胶添加量的增加,面团的弛豫时间(T2)、结合水(A21)和不易流动水(A22)先增加后降低,自由水(A23)降低,面团中的水分迁移率降低;面团的储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G")持续增加,损耗角正切值(tanδ)持续上升,面团的应力松弛特性E0、E1值和面团的硬度先降低后升高,而面团的弹性、内聚性、胶着度和回复性增加,面团的黏弹性增强。研究结果证实了马铃薯-大米蛋白复合凝胶具有良好的功能特性,4%复合凝胶添加可有效弥补马铃薯无麸质蛋白的不足,进一步改善面团加工品质。

, authors=郝素颖, 冯晓博, 国中琪, 杨晓清*, authorsList=郝素颖, 冯晓博, 国中琪, 杨晓清, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨晓清, authorNote=

郝素颖(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨晓清(1966−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
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郝素颖(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

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郝素颖(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

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注:不同字母代表有显著性差异,P<0.05;图2~图4同。

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注:图a~e分别为马铃薯/大米蛋白比例1:0、1:0.25、1:0.5、1:0.75、1:1。

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注:A为储能模量和损耗模量,B为损耗因子。

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Effects of compounding ratio on the secondary structure of protein gel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
马铃薯/大米
蛋白比例
二级结构
α-螺旋(%)β-折叠(%)β-转角(%)无规则卷曲(%)
1:024.57±0.86b28.03±1.25d39.89±0.55a7.52±0.09b
1:0.2524.35±0.38b33.49±0.94b34.36±1.19c7.80±0.12b
1:0.526.33±0.70a44.43±0.61a21.63±1.02d7.61±0.29b
1:0.7518.70±0.71c30.61±1.39c41.00±0.35a9.68±1.01a
1:126.57±0.83a29.07±0.45cd36.74±0.84b7.62±0.39b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882350477652452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882341820608927, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

复配比例对蛋白凝胶二级结构的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
马铃薯/大米
蛋白比例
二级结构
α-螺旋(%)β-折叠(%)β-转角(%)无规则卷曲(%)
1:024.57±0.86b28.03±1.25d39.89±0.55a7.52±0.09b
1:0.2524.35±0.38b33.49±0.94b34.36±1.19c7.80±0.12b
1:0.526.33±0.70a44.43±0.61a21.63±1.02d7.61±0.29b
1:0.7518.70±0.71c30.61±1.39c41.00±0.35a9.68±1.01a
1:126.57±0.83a29.07±0.45cd36.74±0.84b7.62±0.39b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882352151179749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882341820608927, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Relaxation time and water distribution of dough with different composite gel additions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品T21(ms)T22(ms)T23(ms)A21(%)A22(%)A23(%)
0%1.07±0.02a9.68±0.10a68.15±0.75c10.90±0.10a87.43±0.12c1.67±0.15a
2%0.95±0.02c9.29±0.10b65.74±0.29d10.97±0.15a87.27±0.06c1.80±0.20a
4%0.91±0.01d8.51±0.24d68.18±0.10c10.17±0.15b88.60±0.10b1.20±0.00b
6%0.80±0.01e8.91±0.02c71.05±0.76b9.60±0.10c89.20±0.20a1.23±0.21b
8%1.01±0.01b9.28±0.07b80.50±0.41a10.03±0.15b88.80±0.10b1.17±0.23b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882352226677222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882341820608927, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同复合凝胶添加量面团弛豫时间和水分分布情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品T21(ms)T22(ms)T23(ms)A21(%)A22(%)A23(%)
0%1.07±0.02a9.68±0.10a68.15±0.75c10.90±0.10a87.43±0.12c1.67±0.15a
2%0.95±0.02c9.29±0.10b65.74±0.29d10.97±0.15a87.27±0.06c1.80±0.20a
4%0.91±0.01d8.51±0.24d68.18±0.10c10.17±0.15b88.60±0.10b1.20±0.00b
6%0.80±0.01e8.91±0.02c71.05±0.76b9.60±0.10c89.20±0.20a1.23±0.21b
8%1.01±0.01b9.28±0.07b80.50±0.41a10.03±0.15b88.80±0.10b1.17±0.23b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882352306368999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882341820608927, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of composite gel addition amount on texture characteristics of potato flour dough

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(g)弹性内聚性胶着度回复性
0%2898.45±81.46a0.12±0.00b0.16±0.01b456.40±26.39b0.05±0.00b
2%2139.80±179.23c0.12±0.01b0.16±0.01b348.40±44.89c0.05±0.01b
4%2568.15±104.52b0.15±0.00a0.20±0.00a507.92±16.42ab0.06±0.00a
6%2666.94±147.53ab0.14±0.01a0.19±0.01a495.81±35.38ab0.06±0.00a
8%2809.22±147.09ab0.14±0.01a0.19±0.02a544.01±66.10a0.06±0.00a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882352381866472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882341820608927, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

复合凝胶添加量对马铃薯全粉面团质构特性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品硬度(g)弹性内聚性胶着度回复性
0%2898.45±81.46a0.12±0.00b0.16±0.01b456.40±26.39b0.05±0.00b
2%2139.80±179.23c0.12±0.01b0.16±0.01b348.40±44.89c0.05±0.01b
4%2568.15±104.52b0.15±0.00a0.20±0.00a507.92±16.42ab0.06±0.00a
6%2666.94±147.53ab0.14±0.01a0.19±0.01a495.81±35.38ab0.06±0.00a
8%2809.22±147.09ab0.14±0.01a0.19±0.02a544.01±66.10a0.06±0.00a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882352453169641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882341820608927, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Maxwell model parameters of potato flour dough with different additive amounts of composite gel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品E0(N/m2)E1(N/m2)η(N·s/m2)T(s)
0%0.77±0.06a1.40±0.13bc0.27±0.00a1.25±0.08b
2%0.66±0.03c1.39±0.13bc0.26±0.01a1.33±0.04ab
4%0.58±0.01d1.21±0.14d0.27±0.01a1.29±0.12ab
6%0.70±0.01bc1.49±0.16b0.27±0.00a1.34±0.11ab
8%0.73±0.02ab1.72±0.02a0.27±0.00a1.43±0.07a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882352524472810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882341820608927, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同复合凝胶添加量马铃薯全粉面团Maxwell模型参数

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样品E0(N/m2)E1(N/m2)η(N·s/m2)T(s)
0%0.77±0.06a1.40±0.13bc0.27±0.00a1.25±0.08b
2%0.66±0.03c1.39±0.13bc0.26±0.01a1.33±0.04ab
4%0.58±0.01d1.21±0.14d0.27±0.01a1.29±0.12ab
6%0.70±0.01bc1.49±0.16b0.27±0.00a1.34±0.11ab
8%0.73±0.02ab1.72±0.02a0.27±0.00a1.43±0.07a
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马铃薯-大米蛋白复合凝胶对马铃薯全粉面团水合及流变性质的影响
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郝素颖 , 冯晓博 , 国中琪 , 杨晓清 *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(1): 84-93
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (1) : 84 -93
马铃薯-大米蛋白复合凝胶对马铃薯全粉面团水合及流变性质的影响
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郝素颖 , 冯晓博, 国中琪, 杨晓清*
作者信息
  • 内蒙古农业大学食品科学与工程学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010018
通讯作者:
杨晓清(1966−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
作者简介:

郝素颖(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:

Effect of Potato-Rice Protein Composite Gel on Hydration and Rheological Properties of Potato Powder Dough
Suying HAO , Xiaobo FENG, Zhongqi GUO, Xiaoqing YANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120342
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麸质蛋白是控制面团和面食品品质的重要组分,为了利用蛋白凝胶替代麸质蛋白的功效以提升马铃薯无麸质食品的品质,本实验研究了马铃薯-大米蛋白以不同复配比例形成的复合凝胶的功能特性以及适当添加量下对无麸质马铃薯全粉中面团水合、流变特性的影响。结果表明:对比纯马铃薯蛋白凝胶,复配比例在1:0.5的复合凝胶网络孔径减小,网络结构更致密均匀,保水性提升了36.6%,乳化稳定性提升了31.7%,且具有较高的凝胶强度与Zeta电位。在马铃薯全粉中添加0%~8%的最优配比复合凝胶,随复合凝胶添加量的增加,面团的弛豫时间(T2)、结合水(A21)和不易流动水(A22)先增加后降低,自由水(A23)降低,面团中的水分迁移率降低;面团的储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G")持续增加,损耗角正切值(tanδ)持续上升,面团的应力松弛特性E0、E1值和面团的硬度先降低后升高,而面团的弹性、内聚性、胶着度和回复性增加,面团的黏弹性增强。研究结果证实了马铃薯-大米蛋白复合凝胶具有良好的功能特性,4%复合凝胶添加可有效弥补马铃薯无麸质蛋白的不足,进一步改善面团加工品质。

复合蛋白  /  复合凝胶  /  马铃薯全粉  /  水合特性  /  流变特性

Gluten is an important component that controls the quality of dough and flour in food. To improve the quality of potato gluten-free food by replacing gluten with protein gel, the functional properties of potato-rice protein composite gels with different ratios and the effects of appropriate addition amounts on the hydration and rheological properties of dough made from gluten-free potato flour were studied. The results showed that, compared with pure potato protein gel, the pore size of the composite gel network with a compounding ratio of 1:0.5 was reduced, network structure was denser and more uniform, water retention increased by 36.6%, emulsion stability increased by 31.7%, and gel strength and Zeta potential were higher. The optimal ratio of 0%~8% composite gel was added to potato powder. With an increase in the amount of composite gel, the relaxation time (T2), bound water (A21), and immobile water (A22) of the dough first increased and then decreased, free water (A23) decreased, and water mobility in the dough decreased. The storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') of the dough as well as the loss tangent value (tanδ) continued to increase. The stress relaxation characteristics (E0 and E1 values) and the hardness of the dough first decreased and then increased, whereas the elasticity, cohesion, adhesiveness, resilience, and viscoelasticity of the dough increased. These results confirmed that the potato-rice protein composite gel exhibited good functional properties, and the addition of 4% composite gel effectively compensated for the deficiency of potato gluten-free protein and further improved the processing quality of the dough.

composite protein  /  composite gel  /  potato powder  /  hydration properties  /  rheological properties
郝素颖, 冯晓博, 国中琪, 杨晓清. 马铃薯-大米蛋白复合凝胶对马铃薯全粉面团水合及流变性质的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 84 -93 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120342
Suying HAO, Xiaobo FENG, Zhongqi GUO, Xiaoqing YANG. Effect of Potato-Rice Protein Composite Gel on Hydration and Rheological Properties of Potato Powder Dough[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 84 -93 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120342
麸质(即面筋蛋白)是广泛存在于小麦、大麦、黑麦等谷物中的蛋白质复合物,主要由麦醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白组成[1],是控制面团加工特性和形成面食品良好品质的重要组分,但同时也是一种易引发慢性肠道吸收不良疾病的过敏源,可引起发育滞后、身材矮小、缺铁性贫血、不育症等疾病[2]。目前对于麸质不耐受症的治疗最有效的方法是无麸质饮食。无麸质食品原料包括大米、小米、玉米、藜麦、马铃薯等。马铃薯是全球第四大粮食作物[3],具备菜粮双重属性,营养价值高,产量高。马铃薯全粉是由鲜薯经切片、蒸煮、混合、制泥、干燥和过筛等多道工艺加工制成,基本保留了马铃薯鲜薯绝大部分的营养成分,由于其耐储存,运输方便等特点,成为马铃薯食品的主要原料形式。马铃薯全粉的主要成分是淀粉,富含维生素C、氨基酸、钾和多酚类物质,不含胆固醇[4],特别是,马铃薯全粉不含麸质蛋白,适宜制作麸质过敏人群的功能性食品。然而,也正是由于缺少这种能够赋予面团独特网络结构的麸质蛋白,马铃薯全粉制作主食类产品时,普遍存在产品难以成型、硬度大、持水力差等阻碍食品加工的问题[5],目前无麸质马铃薯全粉食品主要通过添加多糖、胶体等成分来补充马铃薯全粉中面筋蛋白的不足,也有将天然淀粉经改性处理后应用于食品领域中。
马铃薯蛋白含有人体需要的九种必需氨基酸(包括其他植物蛋白所缺乏的赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和色氨酸),其营养价值可与鸡蛋蛋白相当[6],有较好的生理功能[7],如抗氧化性、调节胆固醇和抗菌特性等。马铃薯蛋白比其他重要植物蛋白来源具有更高的生物价[8]和消化率,马铃薯蛋白相对分子量小、过敏性低,与同源的马铃薯全粉有较好的匹配相容性,且具有良好的加工功能特性如凝胶性。蛋白凝胶化是赋予食品理想质构的主要手段之一[9],在改善食品品质方面具有重要意义。蛋白质形成凝胶的过程首先是在热处理后,蛋白质分子发生变性和部分展开,逐渐暴露出一些功能基团(巯基和疏水残基)到蛋白质分子表面,然后巯基和疏水基团通过共价(二硫键)或非共价相互作用(氢键、疏水相互作用、静电相互作用、范德华力)产生交联,从而形成有序的三维凝胶网络结构。将马铃薯蛋白凝胶化后用于无麸质饮食是安全的,且不会引起过敏反应,同时也可强化马铃薯蛋白的功能特性,但由于马铃薯蛋白分子量较小,单一马铃薯蛋白形成的凝胶在强度方面较其他蛋白形成的凝胶弱,与其他蛋白混合形成复合凝胶可实现互补效果[10]。目前关于形成低过敏且用于无麸质食品中的复合蛋白凝胶方面的研究较少。大米蛋白因其具有合理的氨基酸组成、低致敏性、高消化率以及较高的生物利用价等特点[11]显示出独特的优越性,然而由于大米蛋白是植物蛋白中典型的疏水性蛋白,其含量最高的谷蛋白(约80%)中有大量的疏水性基团,蛋白质分子间通过氢键和二硫键的作用使这些疏水性基团相互交联形成难溶性的聚集体,导致大米蛋白的水溶性差[12]。但鉴于马铃薯蛋白较好的溶解性和凝胶性,两种蛋白混合并在热诱导下,或可能发生共聚形成杂合单一的凝胶网络结构,或两种蛋白质可能完全兼容形成相互贯穿的聚合网络结构[7],因此可消除大米蛋白水溶性差的问题,使二者凝胶化功能性得以互补,从而调控蛋白体系的凝胶性,弥补马铃薯无麸质食品因缺乏麸质蛋白而导致的食品成型差等缺陷。
因此,本研究以马铃薯蛋白和大米蛋白混合物凝胶化作为研究对象,研究两种混合蛋白形成的复合凝胶的结构和功能性及最优配比下复合凝胶添加对马铃薯全粉面团水分分布、流变特性、质构及应力松弛特性等面团加工品质特性的影响。本研究旨在为寻找麸质蛋白替代品而促进马铃薯全粉无麸质食品的开发应用提供理论依据。
马铃薯全粉 购自内蒙古呼和浩特市马铃薯(夏波蒂)种植基地,由黑龙江北大荒马铃薯全粉内蒙古有限公司加工制粉(试验批次测定粗蛋白含量6.7%,脂肪1.12%,水分12.1%);马铃薯蛋白粉(蛋白质含量90%)、大米蛋白粉(蛋白质含量90%) 食品级,西安米先尔生物科技有限公司。
HWS-12电热恒温水浴锅 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;HS4型磁力搅拌器 德国IKA公司;SCIENTZ-10N/A冷冻干燥机 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;SQP电子天平 上海赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司;TGL-20B型离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;TM4000Plus扫描电镜 日本Hitachi公司;TA.XT.Plus质构仪 英国Stable Micro System公司;MesoMR23-060H-I型核磁共振仪 苏州纽迈公司;HAAKE Rheo Stress6000型旋转流变仪 美国赛默飞公司;Renishaw inVia Qontor共焦显微拉曼光谱仪 英国雷尼绍公司;Omni型电位仪、纳米粒度仪 布鲁克海文仪器公司。
根据预实验的结果,用蒸馏水配制15%(w/v)的马铃薯蛋白和大米蛋白混合悬液,马铃薯蛋白与大米蛋白的比例分别为1:0、1:0.25、1:0.5、1:0.75、1:1,在室温下充分搅拌。将混合溶液置于90 ℃水浴中30 min,然后将加热后的溶液在冰水中冷却以形成凝胶。将所有凝胶样品置于冰箱(4 ℃)中过夜,直至进一步测试。取部分样品用于凝胶强度、保水性的测定。其余样品真空冷冻干燥48 h,研磨成粉后,过80目筛制得混合蛋白凝胶粉末用于后续测定。
参考Wang等[13]的方法进行少量修改测定复合凝胶强度。将复合凝胶样品切成1 cm3的正方体,使用质构分析仪凝胶强度模块,设定测前速度1 mm/s,测中速度2 mm/s,测后速度2 mm/s,应变30 %,触发力5 g,使用P0.5/R探头进行测定,记录样品的凝胶强度。
参考Zhao等[14]的方法进行少量修改测定复合凝胶的保水性。称取蛋白凝胶5 g,记录初始凝胶的重量为W1,将凝胶放入离心管中,4000 r/min离心30 min后,取出凝胶样品,擦去表面水分,并将最终蛋白凝胶的重量记为W2,复合凝胶的保水性由离心损失(Centrifugation Loss,CEL)反映,按照下列公式(1)进行计算:
$ \text{CEL}(\text{%})=({\text{W}}_{{1}}-{\text{W}}_{{2}})/{\text{W}}_{{1}}\times {100} $
参考刘兴丽等[15]的方法用粒度电位仪测定复合凝胶样品悬浮液的粒径和电位。将冻干后的样品配成悬浮液,用去离子水按1:500(0.2%)的比例稀释悬浮液,参数设置:温度25 ℃,平衡时间1 min;粒径测定采用可抛弃样品池,材料折射率为1.45,溶剂折射率为1.33;电位测定采用Omega样品池,溶剂折射率为1.33,对每个样液至少测定3次。
参考于勇[16]的方法,用0.01 mol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.0)将样品配制成溶液,稀释到1 mg/mL,取3 mL的大豆油加入到1 mL的稀释液中,用高剪切分散乳化机在10000 r/min下搅打2 min。从容器底部取50 μL乳化液加入到5 mL的质量分数为0.1%的SDS溶液中,混匀,于波长500 nm下测0 min和10 min的吸光值,用SDS溶液空白调零。乳化性(Emulsification Activity Index,EAI)及乳化稳定性(Emulsification Stability Index,ESI)计算公式:
$ \text{EAI}({\text{m}}^{{2}}\times{\text{g}}^{{-1}})=\frac{2\times2.303\times{\text{A}}_{{0}}\times {\mathrm{N}}}{\rho\times {\varphi}\times{{10}}^{{4}}} $
$ \text{ESI}(\text{%})=\frac{{\text{A}}_{{0}}\times {10}}{{\text{A}}_{{0}}-{\text{A}}_{{10}}} $
式中,N为稀释倍数(100);ρ为蛋白质质量浓度;$\varphi $为乳液中油相的体积分数(25%),A0和A10分别表示乳化液静置0 min和10 min后的吸光度值。
使用扫描电子显微镜观察复合凝胶样品的微观结构,取冻干后复合凝胶的完整断面进行喷金处理,设置加速电压15 kV,放大500倍观察。
拉曼光谱的测定方法参考Feng等[17]的方法并稍作修改。将冻干后的样品粉末直接平铺在载玻片上进行拉曼光谱测定,激发光波长为785 nm,激光功率300 mW,扫描范围400~1800 cm−1,每次扫描时间60 s,4次扫描累加。使用Peakfit 4.12 进行蛋白质酰胺Ⅰ带(1600~1700 cm−1)的分析,依次进行基线校正、去卷积、二阶导数拟合,根据各子峰面积计算蛋白二级结构相对含量。
根据复合凝胶性质测定确定马铃薯蛋白与大米蛋白的比例为1:0.5,基于马铃薯全粉的质量比,以0%、2%、4%、6%、8%的比例向100 g的马铃薯全粉中加入复合凝胶,根据预实验结果添加70%的水制成面团。
根据Xie等[18]的方法略微修改。使用核磁共振分析仪,原位监测面团水分迁移的情况。取面团中心2 g左右的面团样品放入检测管,置于低场核磁共振检测室进行检测。每个样品进行3次重复测定,最终数据取平均值。检测参数设定为:采样点数TD=1500,重复扫描次数NS=8,弛豫衰减时间T0=1000 ms。利用CPMG脉冲序列测定样品的横向时间弛豫T2。
根据She等[19]的方法略微修改。通过动态流变分析仪对样品进行频率扫描。取混粉面团5 g,将面团压至厚3 mm的面片,并静置20 min,使残留压力松弛。选择转子型号P60Ti,流变仪工作程序设置如下:温度25 ℃,应变1%,扫描频率0.1~100 Hz,测试得到样品的储能模量(G')、损耗模量(G")、损耗角正切值(tanδ=G"/G'),随着频率的变化曲线,每组样品重复3次试验。
根据王佩瑶等[20]的方法略微修改。使用质构仪进行测定,将样品切为20 mm×20 mm×10 mm的小方块。质构仪设定参数:选取P/36R探头,触发力5 g,数据采集率为200 pps,测试前、中、后速度均为1 mm/s,形变量50%,时间间隔1 s。
根据郑莹等[21]的方法略微修改。采用质构仪,设定测前、测中、测后速度均为1 mm/s,应变量10%,使用P36/R探头进行测定。测定时取1 g面团,成均匀球状,放置于载物台面上,以触发力5 g下压后保持180 s,记录面团下压过程中应力与时间的变化曲线,利用三元广义Maxwell模型对面团的应力松弛阶段进行非线性回归分析,计算相应的应力松弛特性参数。
该模型的应力松弛本构方程如公式(4)、公式(5)所示:
$ \sigma \left(\mathrm{t}\right)={\varepsilon}_{0}\left[{\mathrm{E}}_{0}+{\mathrm{E}}_{1}{\mathrm{e}}^{\left(\tfrac{-\mathrm{t}}{\mathrm{T}}\right)}\right] $
$ \mathrm{T}=\frac{\eta}{{\mathrm{E}}_{1}} $
式中:σ(t),样品在t时刻所承受的应力,N/m2;ε0,样品的初始应变率,%,所对应的应力为初始应力σ0,N/m2;E0,平衡弹性系数,表征黏弹性物体内部虎克体的弹性模量,反映残余应力的大小,N/m2;E1,衰变弹性系数,相当于分子链的相对位移,N/m2;T,松弛时间,s;t,时间,从施加初始应变开始的计时,s;η,阻尼系数,N·s/m2。
所有实验都至少重复3次。使用Origin 2021软件分析原始数据及绘图。使用SPSS 26软件,在P<0.05的水平上进行方差分析的多重比较,采用LSD法以检验各数值之间的差异,结果以平均值(Mean)±标准偏差(SD)表示。
蛋白质凝胶的凝胶强度是蛋白质聚集和食品质地的重要指标[22]。马铃薯/大米蛋白复配比例对凝胶强度影响如图1所示。由图1可知,复合凝胶的凝胶强度随着大米蛋白所占比例的增加而呈现先上升后下降的趋势。在复配比例为1:0~1:0.5时表现较好,复配比例为1:0.25和1:0.5的复合凝胶比纯马铃薯蛋白的凝胶强度(33.67 g)有所提升,对应复合凝胶强度分别为36.67 g和36.33 g,且无显著性差异(P>0.05),但随着大米蛋白比例的进一步提高,复合凝胶强度逐渐显著降低(P<0.05)。复合凝胶强度的提高可能是由于改性蛋白分子结构的展开进而暴露分子内的巯基基团,伴随游离巯基与二硫键的转化,分子间相互作用力加强。当大米蛋白添加过多时,会导致强度降低,这可能是由于大米蛋白浓度过高,充当非凝胶组分的角色,蛋白以散布的颗粒填充于连续相蛋白凝胶网络中,大米蛋白过多会导致其分散性较差[23],导致体系不均匀,不利于网络结构形成。因此,马铃薯与大米蛋白比例在1:0.25与1:0.5时,可有效提升复合蛋白凝胶性能。
保水特性能够显著影响蛋白凝胶的理化性质及其制品的品质[24]。图2中显示了复配比例对凝胶保水特性的影响。从图中可以看出,当马铃薯与大米蛋白比例为1:0.5时复合凝胶的离心损失显著低于纯马铃薯蛋白凝胶(P<0.05),离心损失相比于纯马铃薯蛋白凝胶降低了36.6%,即此比例下的复合凝胶的保水性明显更好,这表明复合凝胶具有更好的水分子包埋能力,徐潼[25]的研究结果表明,大米蛋白凝胶样品的离心损失显著高于大米蛋白/豌豆蛋白复合凝胶,即复合凝胶的保水性明显更好,与本研究结果类似。此外,复合凝胶的保水能力随着大米蛋白所占比例的增加而呈现先升高后降低的趋势,说明大米蛋白含量过高会影响复合体系的保水性,原因是大米蛋白含量过高,导致两种蛋白之间的结合变弱,使体系稳定性变差。先前研究表明,凝胶保水性的增强归因于蛋白质凝胶系统内更强的氢键[26]。说明在马铃薯与大米蛋白比例为1:0.5时复合凝胶可以形成更密集的凝胶网络,更好地保持水分子在凝胶网络中,可以有效提升蛋白凝胶的保水性。
复配比例对凝胶粒径与电位的影响由图3所示,随着大米蛋白所占比例的增加,复合凝胶的粒径呈现升高的趋势,当马铃薯蛋白与大米蛋白比例在1:0~1:0.5比例区间时,复合凝胶具有较小的粒径,且各组差异并不显著(P>0.05),在这个比例范围内,悬浊液的特性也更稳定,混合体系颗粒分散更加均匀,使得结构更加稳定,随着两种蛋白复配比例中大米蛋白添加量的持续增加,粒径显著性增加(P<0.05),这是由于大米蛋白的疏水性易在体系中形成难溶的聚集体,添加过多时使体系不均匀,导致粒径变大,说明当大米蛋白添加量过大,会影响混合体系的稳定性。
Zeta电位绝对值的大小表示了一个分散体系的稳定性,通常大于30 mV代表体系稳定[27]。图3中,马铃薯蛋白与大米蛋白比例为1:0.25~1:0.5的复合凝胶的Zeta电位绝对值显著大于纯马铃薯蛋白凝胶(P<0.05),这表明了蛋白质内部结构的再分布。当马铃薯蛋白与大米蛋白比例在1:0.25~1:0.5时,复合蛋白凝胶的电位绝对值最大区间为43.97~44.30 mV,说明此范围复合比例下混合体系的稳定性最强,且电位值变化不显著(P>0.05),与粒径范围相符。两种蛋白的复合优化了蛋白质聚集物的内部和外部电荷分布以促进凝胶的结构化,导致更多带负电荷的基团暴露。较高的表面电荷引起较强的静电排斥,将有助于蛋白质凝胶的稳定性,两种蛋白发生共聚合形成杂合单一的凝胶网络[28]。在马铃薯与大米蛋白比例为1:0.25与1:0.5时复合凝胶粒径较小且电位绝对值较大,体系更稳定。
复配比例对复合凝胶乳化及乳化稳定性的影响如图4所示。乳化特性是蛋白质最重要的功能特性之一,EAI代表蛋白质在油水界面的吸附能力,EAI越高对应着更强的乳化活性[29]。随着大米蛋白所占比例的增加,复合凝胶的乳化性呈现先上升后下降的趋势。与纯马铃薯蛋白凝胶相比,马铃薯蛋白与大米蛋白比例在1:0.25~1:0.5的复合凝胶的乳化活性显著增强(P<0.05),复配比例在1:0.5时凝胶的乳化性达到最大。这证明了在该比例范围下两种蛋白复合能够改善凝胶颗粒的乳化特性,与单体蛋白凝胶相比,复合蛋白微凝胶暴露了更多疏水基团,导致更高的蛋白质表面活性,降低了水油之间的吸附屏障,增强了凝胶的乳化活性[30]。
ESI代表蛋白质在乳液储存一段时间后保留在油水界面的能力。随着大米蛋白所占比例的增加,复合凝胶的乳化稳定性先上升后下降。马铃薯蛋白与大米蛋白比例在1:0.5时表现出最好的乳化稳定性,比纯马铃薯蛋白凝胶提升了31.7%。因为复合微凝胶暴露了更多疏水氨基酸残基,有利于凝胶在液滴周围形成更稳定和更坚硬的薄膜[31]。与2.3中凝胶的Zeta电位增加相对应,凝胶表面所带电荷越多,颗粒之间的静电斥力越强,可有效抑制颗粒之间的聚集,增强了凝胶的乳液稳定性[32]。随着马铃薯/大米蛋白比例增加到1:0.75~1:1时,EAI及ESI开始下降,即乳化性及乳化稳定性变差,可能由于随着大米蛋白添加量的进一步增加,热处理下两种蛋白互溶变差,体系不均匀,颗粒的数量变得不足以完全稳定油滴,乳液的稳定性降低。在马铃薯蛋白与大米蛋白比例在1:0.5时,复合凝胶表现出最好的乳化活性及乳化稳定性。
如图5所示,所有样品的SEM图中明显可见复杂交错的蛋白网络结构。纯马铃薯蛋白凝胶微观结构的孔隙较大且结构不均匀(图a),随着大米蛋白比例的增加,复合凝胶结构的平整度及均匀性逐渐增大,且马铃薯蛋白与大米蛋白的添加比例在1:0.5时(图c),凝胶网络结构更致密均匀,孔洞较小,经热处理改性蛋白中二硫键的共价交联程度增大,二硫键是稳定蛋白构象的重要化学键,从而促使蛋白凝胶有序网络的形成[33]。当马铃薯蛋白与大米蛋白添加比例增加到1:0.75、1:1时(图d、e),复合凝胶粗糙程度显著增大,孔隙变大。比较复合凝胶的微观结构以及保水性可以发现,凝胶的保水性与其微观结构均匀程度相一致。刘鑫硕等[34]研究发现结构致密的凝胶更容易截留水分,因此具有较高的保水性,与本实验结果相似。当大米蛋白添加过多时,可能会影响两种蛋白之间的相互作用[35],进而使凝胶网络结构孔洞增多,结构松散。在马铃薯蛋白与大米蛋白的添加比例在1:0.5时(图c),表现出最好的凝胶网络结构。
图6为不同复配比例蛋白凝胶的拉曼光谱图,表1为不同复配比例蛋白凝胶的二级结构相对含量。由表1可知,复合蛋白凝胶的β-折叠相对含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,α-螺旋、β-转角、无规卷曲的含量无明显规律性变化。在马铃薯/大米蛋白比例为1:0.5时,复合蛋白凝胶中β-折叠相对含量相比其他复配比例下显著提高(P<0.05),达到44.43%,比纯马铃薯蛋白凝胶的β-折叠相对含量增加了58.51%,这被认为有利于蛋白质分子的相互连接,从而形成复杂的三维网络结构,形成力学结构稳定的凝胶,因为β-折叠主要维持蛋白分子间多肽链的稳定,是蛋白二级结构中较为稳定的构象[36]。
综合比较凝胶强度、保水性、粒径电位、乳化及乳化稳定性、微观结构和二级结构的测试结果,选取马铃薯/大米蛋白比例为1:0.5制备复合凝胶。
面团中水的含量、分布及与其他组分的结合程度对面团的外观、内部结构及最终产品的品质有重要影响[37]。不同样品的横向弛豫时间图谱见图7,所有样品面团均显示有三个特征峰,T2包含3个弛豫区,T21、T22、T23说明存在3种状态水分子,三个峰的面积依次为A21、A22、A23,分别代表蛋白质及淀粉颗粒等大分子物质之间结合水、不易流动水以及自由水的相对含量[38]。不同状态水分的横向弛豫时间T2和三种状态水分含量见表2。从图7可以看出,T22为主峰,这表明面团的水分分布以不易流动水为主。从表2知,添加复合凝胶面团的T21、T22、T23值呈现先下降后上升的趋势,在复合凝胶添加量为0%~4%时,面团T21、T22、T23值的下降可解释为面团中的淀粉-蛋白质网络结构阻碍了水分的迁移,表明添加复合凝胶后,面团中水分的自由度降低,水分与其他组分结合更紧密。相比复合凝胶添加量为0%~4%的弛豫时间,复合凝胶添加量为6%时T21显著下降(P<0.05),T22、T23开始上升,添加量增加到8%时,面团的T21、T22、T23显著上升(P<0.05),可能由于较多的复合凝胶产生凝聚,易与淀粉竞争水分子而导致结构稳定性变差,使体系中水的迁移率增加。随着复合凝胶添加量的增加,面团的结合水含量(A21)在复合凝胶添加量为0%与2%时无显著变化(P>0.05),结合水含量(A21)在复合凝胶添加量为2%时开始呈现先上升后下降的趋势,不易流动水含量(A22)呈现上升趋势,自由水含量(A23)呈现下降趋势,推测可能由于面团中加入复合凝胶与淀粉、脂肪和水组成混合物,各组分之间相互竞争水分,造成水分的重新分布。自由水含量的降低,可能发生了自由水向不易流动水转变的现象[39],结合水和不易流动水的增加表明面团持水性能的提升。当复合凝胶添加量为4%时,T21、T22值较低,而A21、A22含量相对较高,这意味着更多水分位于蛋白质-淀粉基质的内部区域,水流动性受到相当数量的蛋白质的影响,结合水与不易流动水含量较高的情况下,水的迁移率较低,表明加入4%的复合凝胶,在面团网状结构增强情况下,可使水分不易散失,体系更稳定。
面团的流变性质反映面团加工过程中的品质变化和最终产品的质量,是评价面团质量的重要指标之一[40]。储能模量(G')反映了面团的弹性和形变后恢复原状的能力。损耗模量(G")反映了面团的黏性和抗流动能力。损耗角正切值(tanδ=G"/G')表示面团的综合黏弹性的比值,其值越大,表明面团黏性的比例越大,表现为更强的流动性[41]。图8显示了不同复合凝胶添加量对马铃薯全粉面团动态流变的影响。由图可知,各组面团的G'和G"都随着频率的增加而增加,且G'的数值始终高于G",tanδ均小于1,表明马铃薯全粉面团的弹性比黏性更突出。添加复合凝胶后,面团的G'和G"不但均显著高于空白组马铃薯全粉面团,而且G'的上升趋势均高于G",说明复合蛋白凝胶的加入增强了蛋白网络形成,使面团较早显示出固态化趋势,添加量越大,G'与G"值越大,说明复合蛋白凝胶增强了马铃薯全粉面团的黏弹性,促进了面团中面筋网络结构的形成,面团强度增加,这与刘兴丽等[15]在大米面团中添加马铃薯蛋白微凝胶增加了面团G'的提升幅度、强化了大米面团空间结构、提高了面团加工性能的研究结论相一致。与空白组的变化不同的是,添加复合凝胶后,各组面团的tanδ均呈上升趋势,表明面团在固态化基础上的流体特性增强,且随着添加量的增加,tanδ逐渐增大,表明混合体系黏弹性趋于平衡,但是添加量增到8%时,其tanδ明显下降,可能是复合凝胶添加过多产生聚集与淀粉混合性变差,导致面团黏弹性失衡,复合凝胶的加入可改善马铃薯全粉因缺乏面筋蛋白而导致黏弹性较差和可塑性差等问题,综合G'、G"和tanδ值的变化,复合凝胶添加量为2%~6%可有效提升马铃薯全粉面团的黏弹性。
复合凝胶添加量对马铃薯全粉面团质构特性的影响如表3所示。与空白组马铃薯全粉面团相比,添加2%~4%复合凝胶后,面团的硬度显著降低(P<0.05),这是由于其保水能力的增强可阻止水分子从面团内部向外部的运输,从而降低了面团的硬度[42]。随着复合凝胶添加量增加到6%~8%,面团硬度与空白组相比无显著性变化,说明过多添加凝胶可能与淀粉分子竞争水分子[43],导致面团硬度无明显变化。复合凝胶添加量在4%时,面团的弹性和内聚性达到最大,回复性比空白组显著性上升(P<0.05),可能是由于添加蛋白凝胶相当于添加了面筋蛋白,有利于蛋白网络形成,从而增加了面团的黏弹性,与流变性质测定结果一致,此外,添加复合蛋白凝胶后,在面团混合过程中,淀粉颗粒可以与蛋白凝胶结合形成更连续的蛋白相[44],外源蛋白结构物质的加入会有效改善无麸质面团的结构特性[45]。结合质构特性各项参数,添加4%复合凝胶的面团质构特性较好。
不同样品面团的应力-时间曲线的回归分析结果见表4。E0(弹性模量)为平衡弹性系数,反映面团的弹性行为,代表着面团恢复弹性形变的速度,E0值越大,表明面团达到平衡时的应力以及残余应变越大,面团硬度越大,则恢复弹性形变的速度越慢[46]。对比空白组马铃薯全粉面团,复合凝胶的加入使E0值降低,即增加了面团的黏性行为,在复合凝胶添加量为4%时,E0值最小,面团恢复弹性形变的速度快,这与前文中G'、G"和tanδ的变化是基本一致的。之后随着添加量的继续增加,E0逐渐显著增大(P<0.05),面团恢复弹性形变的速度变慢,可能是由于复合蛋白凝胶添加过多,蛋白质与淀粉大分子之间发生纠缠,影响面团整体的松弛行为。
E1为衰变弹性系数,反映面团恢复弹性形变的能力,E1的值越小,则面团恢复弹性形变的能力越大。添加2%~4%的复合凝胶,降低了面团的E1值,在复合凝胶添加量为4%时,E1值最小,面团恢复弹性形变的能力最强,而随着添加量持续增加,E1也显著增加(P<0.05)。4%复合凝胶的加入强化了马铃薯全粉面团恢复弹性形变的能力,一定程度上更利于马铃薯面团在生产加工过程。
阻尼系数η由分子链间的相互移动摩擦引起,反映了面团的黏性。复合凝胶的加入未引起η的显著变化(P>0.05)。T为松弛时间,反映面团达到一定的形变量后,应力降为初始应力1/e的时间,是黏性与弹性协同表现的结果[47]。复合凝胶的加入,增加了T值,只有当添加量为8%变化显著(P>0.05)。综合应力松弛特性参数,添加量为4%时,面团性能最佳。
以马铃薯蛋白和大米蛋白为原料制备复合凝胶,与纯马铃薯蛋白凝胶相比,复合凝胶经热处理改性后,蛋白中二硫键的共价交联程度增大,分子间相互作用力加强,促使复合凝胶形成致密均匀的网络结构,使水分子更好地保持在凝胶网络中,从而有效提升了复合凝胶的保水性。两种蛋白的复合优化了蛋白质聚集物的内外部电荷分布,Zeta电位绝对值有不同程度的增加,促进蛋白溶液的稳定。复合凝胶中维持蛋白分子间多肽链稳定的β-折叠含量增加,两种蛋白复合能够改善凝胶颗粒的乳化特性,增强蛋白凝胶的乳化活性及乳化稳定性,同时在蛋白凝胶中形成稳定的三维网络结构,然而过多大米蛋白的添加会破坏平衡,在马铃薯/大米蛋白比例为1:0.5时,复合凝胶性能最佳。将最优复配比例(1:0.5)的复合凝胶添加到马铃薯全粉中,流变特性显示复合凝胶添加量为2%~6%时可有效提升马铃薯全粉面团的黏弹性。当复合凝胶添加量为4%时,面团中的水分迁移率降低,水分不易散失,体系更稳定,质构特性及应力松弛测试显示,该添加量下面团的硬度降低,弹性、内聚性、胶着度和回复性增加,面团恢复弹性形变的能力增强。复合凝胶的添加,可在一定程度上提升面团的水合稳定性,强化面团的黏弹性,为复合蛋白凝胶在马铃薯全粉无麸质制品中的应用提供了一定的理论依据。

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2026年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120342
  • 接收时间:2024-12-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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    内蒙古农业大学食品科学与工程学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010018

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杨晓清(1966−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:食品科学与工程,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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