Article(id=1320882341745119617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733241600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852491079, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852491079, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852491079, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852491079, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=468, endPage=476, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882343330566530, articleId=1320882341745119617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Application of Novel Non-thermal Sterilization Technologies in Spices, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Spices are natural plant products with unique aromatic and spicy flavors, which could improve flavor and color, and stimulate appetite. During the harvesting and production processes of spices, they are easily contaminated by environmental microorganisms. Moreover, the flavor of spices is susceptible to heat. Therefore, the non-thermal sterilization technology has become an important way. Previous studies have shown that the novel non-thermal sterilization technology can effectively kill microorganisms while maintaining the quality of spices to the maximum extent, providing a new technological direction for food safety and quality assurance in the spice industry. In this paper, the progress of novel non-thermal sterilization technologies for the sterilization of spices is reviewed. Additionally, the principle, sterilization effect, influencing factors and the influence on the quality of spices are examined to provide a scientific basis and reference for the application in the production and processing of spices.

, authors=Hongxiao GUO1, 2, Wenliang WANG1, Zhengyou YANG2, Yansheng WANG1, Shasha SONG1, Junyan SHI1, Fengjuan JIA1, Jian ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Hongxiao GUO, Wenliang WANG, Zhengyou YANG, Yansheng WANG, Shasha SONG, Junyan SHI, Fengjuan JIA, Jian ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jian ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882343796134275, articleId=1320882341745119617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=新型非热杀菌技术在香辛料中的应用研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

香辛料是一种天然植物产品,具有独特的芳香和辛辣风味,具有改善风味、色泽,促进食欲等功能。香辛料在收获和加工过程中易受微生物污染,且其风味易受热损害,因此非热杀菌技术成为重要的解决方案。研究显示,新型非热杀菌技术能有效杀灭微生物,同时最大程度保持香辛料的品质,为香辛料产业的食品安全和质量保障提供了新的技术方向。本文综合评述了新型非热杀菌技术在香辛料杀菌中的应用进展,探讨了这些技术的原理、杀菌效果、影响因素及对香辛料品质的影响,旨在为香辛料生产加工中新型非热杀菌技术的应用提供科学依据和参考。

, authors=郭洪笑1, 2, 王文亮1, 杨正友2, 王延圣1, 宋莎莎1, 史君彦1, 贾凤娟1, 张剑1, *, authorsList=郭洪笑, 王文亮, 杨正友, 王延圣, 宋莎莎, 史君彦, 贾凤娟, 张剑, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张剑, authorNote=

郭洪笑(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:生物技术与工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张剑(1984−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:果蔬精深加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=pmtJguMHUUFMajSngUIADg==, magXml=ZSxoiN6JbmIFe6rmgV4NoA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Sx2K11GKnOLEHi9kYxVMhg==, pdfFileSize=726901, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7xgBC7e+UMq7aDUdCs+Gkw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320882344211370379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882341745119617, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=13561064578@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320882344316227982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882341745119617, authorId=1320882344211370379, language=EN, stringName=Hongxiao GUO, firstName=Hongxiao, middleName=null, lastName=GUO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Institute of Agricultural Processing and Nutrition, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China
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新型非热杀菌技术在香辛料中的应用研究进展
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郭洪笑 1, 2 , 王文亮 1 , 杨正友 2 , 王延圣 1 , 宋莎莎 1 , 史君彦 1 , 贾凤娟 1 , 张剑 1, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(1): 468-476
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (1) : 468 -476
新型非热杀菌技术在香辛料中的应用研究进展
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郭洪笑1, 2 , 王文亮1, 杨正友2, 王延圣1, 宋莎莎1, 史君彦1, 贾凤娟1, 张剑1, *
作者信息
  • 1山东省农业科学院农产品加工与营养研究所,农业部新食品资源加工重点实验室,山东济南 250100
  • 2山东农业大学生命科学学院,山东泰安 271000
通讯作者:
张剑(1984−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:果蔬精深加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

郭洪笑(1999−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:生物技术与工程,E-mail:

Research Progress on the Application of Novel Non-thermal Sterilization Technologies in Spices
Hongxiao GUO1, 2 , Wenliang WANG1, Zhengyou YANG2, Yansheng WANG1, Shasha SONG1, Junyan SHI1, Fengjuan JIA1, Jian ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Agricultural Processing and Nutrition, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China
  • 2College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120030
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香辛料是一种天然植物产品,具有独特的芳香和辛辣风味,具有改善风味、色泽,促进食欲等功能。香辛料在收获和加工过程中易受微生物污染,且其风味易受热损害,因此非热杀菌技术成为重要的解决方案。研究显示,新型非热杀菌技术能有效杀灭微生物,同时最大程度保持香辛料的品质,为香辛料产业的食品安全和质量保障提供了新的技术方向。本文综合评述了新型非热杀菌技术在香辛料杀菌中的应用进展,探讨了这些技术的原理、杀菌效果、影响因素及对香辛料品质的影响,旨在为香辛料生产加工中新型非热杀菌技术的应用提供科学依据和参考。

香辛料  /  杀菌  /  新型非热杀菌技术  /  微生物  /  品质

Spices are natural plant products with unique aromatic and spicy flavors, which could improve flavor and color, and stimulate appetite. During the harvesting and production processes of spices, they are easily contaminated by environmental microorganisms. Moreover, the flavor of spices is susceptible to heat. Therefore, the non-thermal sterilization technology has become an important way. Previous studies have shown that the novel non-thermal sterilization technology can effectively kill microorganisms while maintaining the quality of spices to the maximum extent, providing a new technological direction for food safety and quality assurance in the spice industry. In this paper, the progress of novel non-thermal sterilization technologies for the sterilization of spices is reviewed. Additionally, the principle, sterilization effect, influencing factors and the influence on the quality of spices are examined to provide a scientific basis and reference for the application in the production and processing of spices.

spices  /  sterilization  /  novel non-thermal sterilization technologies  /  microorganisms  /  quality
郭洪笑, 王文亮, 杨正友, 王延圣, 宋莎莎, 史君彦, 贾凤娟, 张剑. 新型非热杀菌技术在香辛料中的应用研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 468 -476 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120030
Hongxiao GUO, Wenliang WANG, Zhengyou YANG, Yansheng WANG, Shasha SONG, Junyan SHI, Fengjuan JIA, Jian ZHANG. Research Progress on the Application of Novel Non-thermal Sterilization Technologies in Spices[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 468 -476 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120030
香辛料是一类具有芳香和辛香等典型风味的天然植物性调味品,主要包括辣椒、胡椒、姜等辛辣型香辛料,八角、桂皮、丁香等芳香型香辛料,花椒、孜然等其他香辛料,对我国居民饮食的风味改善起到了十分重要的作用。除此之外,香辛料还具有抗氧化、防腐抑菌、抗炎等功效,在食品工业、医药、香氛等领域也具有广泛的应用[1]。然而,香辛料在收获、生产、运输和储存过程中,容易受到微生物的污染。目前,微生物超标是香辛料市场面临的主要问题。李燕杰等[2]对市场上购买的八角、桂皮、花椒进行微生物检测,发现三种香辛料中大肠菌群数与细菌总数均超标。魏文莉[3]对不同省份的干辣椒进行微生物分析,发现干辣椒中存在大肠埃希氏菌属、黑曲霉属等优势菌属,干辣椒采摘收获过程中受土壤微生物污染较为严重。叶丹等[4]对国内外香辛料的污染情况进行分析发现,不规范的干燥、储藏方式都会导致香辛料的微生物污染。为保障食品安全,杀菌处理成为香辛料加工的重要环节。传统热杀菌方式如高温短时蒸汽杀菌,虽达到良好的杀菌效果但会导致香辛料品质下降[5],新型非热杀菌技术在保持香辛料品质方面具有显著优势。因此,研究新型非热杀菌技术在香辛料中的应用具有重要意义。
新型非热杀菌技术是指运用各种物理技术手段或利用各类消毒剂、天然抑菌剂等化学手段杀灭微生物的一类新型杀菌技术[6]。主要有超高压技术、高压二氧化碳杀菌技术、辐照技术、脉冲强光杀菌技术、超声波杀菌等物理杀菌[7]以及抑菌剂等化学杀菌,不同新型非热杀菌技术联合杀菌的应用[8]也十分广泛,达到了相比单一物理杀菌技术更好的杀菌效果。与传统热杀菌技术相比,非热杀菌技术在保持食品品质方面具有显著优势,但其杀菌效率受设备参数、环境温度、样品状态等因素影响。因此,选择适宜的杀菌方法、设备,根据环境因素进行相应的调控并优化杀菌条件,是实现高效杀菌的关键[9]。新型非热杀菌技术在有效灭活微生物的同时,能够最大限度地保持香辛料色泽、质地、营养、风味等品质,但在实际应用中,非热杀菌技术还存在一些局限性,仍需不断研究,为该技术在香辛料加工领域的广泛应用和未来发展奠定坚实的基础。
本文主要综述了新型物理非热杀菌技术在香辛料领域的应用进展,探讨了不同杀菌技术的原理、对微生物的灭杀效果及其影响因素,总结了新型非热杀菌技术对香辛料品质的影响,以期为新型杀菌技术在香辛料中的应用提供参考。
目前在众多新型非热杀菌技术中,化学杀菌技术如植物源抑菌剂、化学消毒剂等具有杀菌效果好、广谱、低毒性、副产物少等特点,但同时也存在化学残留、易对环境造成污染以及微生物易产生抗药性等缺点[6]。物理非热杀菌技术凭借其安全、无污染的优势,更加契合现代食品行业对高品质、绿色加工的需求。目前非热杀菌技术的研究主要针对超高压杀菌、高压二氧化碳杀菌、辐照杀菌、脉冲强光杀菌、低温等离子杀菌、紫外杀菌等,通过各种物理技术手段对微生物的细胞壁、细胞膜、蛋白质、核酸等造成损伤,从而达到杀灭微生物的目的。随着消费者对高品质、天然香辛料及其制品的需求持续增长,非热杀菌技术为香辛料的保质杀菌带来了新的契机。但新型非热杀菌技术也存在着一些局限性,在实际生产中,需要不断优化设备处理参数,针对不同的物料特征选择适合的杀菌方式,保障杀菌效果稳定高效。
超高压技术(Ultra-high pressure,UHP)是食品加工中常见的一种非热物理加工技术,通过对食品介质的持续加压,导致微生物的细胞膜、细胞壁等结构受损、细胞膜的流动性降低,胞内物质出现外流,同时细胞内蛋白质、核酸等生物大分子结构遭到破坏,活性丧失,影响基因的表达与复制,阻碍微生物生长繁殖[10]。超高压技术具有安全、对食品本身的风味、色泽、营养物质等影响较小等优势,广泛应用于果蔬、肉类、乳制品、香辛料等食品加工领域,应用前景十分广阔。但该技术存在一定缺陷,如压力在食品内受形状、大小、水分影响,高压环境在一定程度上会诱导芽孢萌发等[11]。
张悦[12]采用超高压灭菌对蒜蓉进行处理,发现当压力450 MPa,保压时间20 min,初始温度40 ℃时,菌落数为406.67 CFU/g,符合生产要求。张艳等[13]采用超高压对鲜花椒膏进行杀菌,研究了保压时间、压力大小对鲜花椒膏杀菌效果的影响,发现在500 MPa保压15~20 min的条件下菌落总数达标。Woldemariam等[14]探讨了高压处理对红辣椒膏中微生物的影响,结果显示在527 MPa、保温517 s的条件下好氧嗜温细菌的数量减少了4.5 lg CFU/g,在600 MPa、保温315 s的条件下,酵母和霉菌的数量减少到1 lg CFU/g。超高压杀菌技术在香辛料中的应用集中在固体及密封产品的杀菌,经过超高压处理能有效降低食源性致病菌风险,保证香辛料食用安全。
高压二氧化碳杀菌技术(High pressure carbon dioxide,HPCD)是一种非常有效的非热杀菌方法。该技术通过在低于50 MPa的压力下利用二氧化碳的分子效应来抑制酶的活性[15],达到杀菌钝酶的效果。同时,高压环境也会导致细胞膜受损破裂,细胞内容物流出,二氧化碳以分子态进入微生物细胞,导致细胞内pH降低,超出微生物正常生长的酸碱范围,钝化相关酶类进而影响细胞代谢过程,导致微生物生长抑制或死亡[16]。与传统的热杀菌技术相比,高压二氧化碳杀菌技术具有节能、安全环保等诸多优势,目前该技术主要应用于香辛料、水产品、肉类、谷物等食品领域[17]。但该技术对于一些质地较硬,结构致密的产品,二氧化碳难以充分渗透到内部实现全面杀菌,同时设备成本较高,限制了其规模化应用[18]。
Fang等[19]评估了高压二氧化碳杀菌技术对胡椒粉的杀菌效果,经高压二氧化碳处理后,胡椒粉中的大肠杆菌数目减少了0.44 lg CFU/g。Calvo等[20]发现压力保持在6~10 MPa、温度维持在85~90 ℃、处理时间在30~45 min时,可使辣椒粉微生物含量显著降低。Casas等[21]采用牛至精油联合高压二氧化碳杀菌技术处理辣椒粉,结果显示,在10 MPa、80 ℃的条件下,结合0.02%牛至精油处理30 min时,辣椒粉中的微生物减少99.5%,杀菌效果显著。总体而言,高压二氧化碳杀菌技术单独应用能显著减少香辛料(尤其是粉状香辛料)中的微生物,同时高压二氧化碳杀菌技术还可以与其他杀菌技术相结合,增强杀菌效果,减少对香辛料风味的影响,提高香辛料品质及安全性。
辐照杀菌技术(Irradiation sterilization)是香辛料杀菌中常用的一种非热杀菌方法,微生物在经一定剂量的高能射线照射时,自身的蛋白质、脂类以及核酸出现断裂、交联、降解等众多化学反应[22]。同时,水分子产生辐解现象,进而形成水合电子、氢原子、羟基自由基以及过氧化氢等带有电荷的物质。这些物质又会进一步对生物大分子产生作用,促使氧化还原反应的发生,破坏微生物的细胞结构,导致其生物功能降低甚至丧失,从而实现杀灭微生物的效果[23]。另外研究发现辐照能够显著减少香辛料中黄曲霉毒素含量[24]。辐照杀菌具有穿透力强、适用范围广、节能、高效的优势,在肉类、果蔬、香辛料等方面的应用已十分广泛。但辐照杀菌技术存在以下缺点:X射线辐照的能量转化效率低,能量大部分都以热能损失,能量利用效率低。
李姣等[25]采用60Co-γ射线辐照对孜然粉进行处理,发现辐照对孜然粉具有显著的杀菌作用。Gryczka等[26]实验发现300 keV的能量束与9 MeV的高能电子束具有相似的微生物灭活效果。Gupta等[27]研究了60Co-γ射线辐照对葫芦巴微生物负荷、总黄曲霉毒素的影响。实验表明剂量为2.5 kGy的γ辐照导致需氧微生物总数减少了2个对数。李志坚等[28]对辣椒粉进行60Co-γ射线辐照处理,发现当辐射剂量达到10.11 kGy时,样品中的菌落总数、霉菌和酵母均低于100 CFU/g,达到了较好的杀菌效果。综上,60Co-γ射线、高能电子束处理均能显著减少微生物数量,展现出高效的杀菌作用,有效降低菌落总数、霉菌和酵母数量,使产品达到理想的微生物指标。
脉冲强光杀菌技术(Pulsed light sterilization,PLS)是一种利用瞬时峰值能量极强的脉冲光辐射杀菌的新型技术,常见的脉冲光源是管状脉冲氙灯,可见脉冲强光在紫外波段具有很高的峰值,同时在近红外区域也展现出较强的辐射强度[29]。脉冲强光光谱中的紫外线波段能够促使核酸生成胸腺嘧啶二聚体,影响基因的复制和转录,杀菌过程中的热效应也会导致酶和其他细胞成分的钝化,同时杀菌过程中脉冲强光所产生的机械效应会作用于微生物表面,破坏其细胞壁和细胞膜,导致内容物流出,造成细胞死亡[30]。脉冲强光杀菌技术以其穿透性高、低温、高峰值能量、安全等优势广泛用于食品杀菌及食品包装材料杀菌。但脉冲强光杀菌技术在实际应用中也具有一定的局限性,脉冲强光杀菌的设备在工作过程中易产生内外受热不均匀的现象;脉冲强光的热效应会对热敏性食品品质造成不良影响[31]。
Hwang等[32]在氙灯直流电压1800~4200 V,脉宽0.5~1.0 ms,频率2 Hz,处理时间1~5 min的处理条件下,对黑胡椒粉、红辣椒粉进行杀菌处理,微生物总数分别降低了0.66和0.88 lg CFU/g。此外Hwang等[33]还研究了去皮大蒜在高压脉冲电场作用下的微生物变化,处理时间为1 min,电压增加到1600 V时,其菌落总数降低了0.78 lg CFU/g。夏国华[34]经红外预处理联合脉冲强光对干青花椒进行处理,发现催化红外预处理可显著提高脉冲强光杀菌效率,预处理2 min后脉冲强光处理50 s,其表面铜绿假单胞菌降低2.81 lg CFU/g,低于灭菌香辛料类卫生标准。多项研究表明,通过氙灯处理、高压脉冲电场以及红外预处理联合脉冲强光等不同技术手段,对黑胡椒粉、红辣椒粉、去皮大蒜、干青花椒等进行处理,均能显著降低微生物数量,有效抑制细菌滋生,部分处理结果显示甚至能使微生物数量低于相关卫生标准,展现出良好的杀菌效果。
作为一种新兴的非热加工技术,低温等离子体技术(Low temperature plasma sterilization,LTP)通过热、电流、磁场、无线电或微波频率等各种能量导致气体解离产生等离子体[35]。在等离子体放电过程中可产生自由基,自由基具有强氧化性,主要通过诱导氧化应激发挥抗菌作用。自由基与微生物细胞内的生物分子发生反应,造成膜穿孔、脂质过氧化、酶失活和DNA裂解等细胞损伤,抑制基因表达和蛋白质合成,导致细胞功能丧失和细胞裂解,最终导致细胞死亡[36]。低温等离子体杀菌技术因具有样品处理简单、能够降解真菌毒素和农药残留[37]、降解食物过敏原[38]、绿色环保等优势,在食品杀菌保鲜,保障食品安全等方面具有广泛应用。但该技术仍存在局限性,如低温等离子体穿透性较弱,在不规则形状物品处理过程中易出现等离子体分布不均匀,杀菌效果不一致等现象[39]。
徐艳阳等[40]在低温等离子体放电电源功率400 W、处理时间4.6 min的条件下处理生姜片,杀菌率可达到99.89%。Lee等[41]采用低温等离子体联合脉冲强光杀菌技术对辣椒粉进行处理,发现联合处理后,酵母和霉菌的数量从2.5 lg CFU/g减少至检测限以下。Mošovská等[42]研究发现经300 s低温等离子处理后,黑胡椒颗粒中枯草芽孢杆菌数量降低了5.06 lg CFU/g。240 s处理后,其大肠杆菌和肠炎链球菌的数量分别减少了5.29和4.43 lg CFU/g。以上研究表明,低温等离子体技术具有高效的杀菌效果,具有很好的应用前景。
超声波杀菌(Ultrasonic sterilization)是一种新型的非热物理加工技术,能够在短时间内杀灭微生物,同时减少对食品中功能性成分的破坏,保持食品的品质。超声波杀菌的主要机理涉及产生的机械效应、空化效应和热效应[43],在超声波作用下,高频机械波引起微生物细胞的剧烈振动,导致细胞壁结构受损。同时,空化效应产生的微小气泡破裂时形成的微束流和湍流进一步破坏细胞壁,使细胞内容物泄漏。此外,超声波过程中产生的局部高温可以导致微生物细胞内的蛋白质变性、酶活性丧失,进而干扰其代谢过程和繁殖能力。以上综合作用最终导致微生物细胞死亡[44]。超声波能在短时间内对微生物起到杀灭作用,且设备操作简便,无化学残留,适用于各类液态、固态等不同对象的杀菌处理。但该技术单独杀菌的能力及作用范围十分有限,对于结构复杂或质地较为致密的食品难以穿透,对于抗性较强的芽孢等微生物,杀菌效果不强,且长时间高强度的超声波能耗较大[45]。
孙晋越等[46]研究了超声联合乳酸处理对沙门氏菌的杀灭作用,结果表明,400 W超声联合1.0%乳酸处理30 min可以完全杀死沙门氏菌。史长政[47]分析根皮素联合超声的协同杀菌效果,发现700 W超声和300 μg/mL根皮素联合处理,使大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌分别减少6.5 lg CFU/mL和6.6 lg CFU/mL。Lin等[48]研究了超声波对大肠杆菌的灭活作用,在超声100 W的条件下处理7 min可以达到68.91%的杀菌效果,相同条件下处理1 h可以达到完全灭菌的效果。Park等[49]采用超声联合富马酸处理大肠杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和单核增生李斯特菌,研究发现经过超声联合0.15%的富马酸处理,三种微生物分别减少了5.67、6.35和3.47 lg CFU/mL,联合处理对病原菌的减少具有十分显著的效果。超声波杀菌技术对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等微生物具有良好的灭活效果,与化学杀菌联合,不仅降低了化学抑菌剂的使用剂量,且达到了更显著的杀菌效果。
紫外杀菌(Ultraviolet sterilization)是利用紫外辐射源产生的紫外线照射微生物,对其内部的遗传物质的分子结构造成影响,阻碍其解旋和复制,从而使微生物丧失分裂能力,造成微生物代谢系统紊乱。同时,紫外线还能破坏细胞膜的完整性,改变细胞膜的流动性和通透性,使微生物的酶和结构蛋白失活,进而干扰微生物的正常生理功能,最终导致微生物细胞死亡[50]。紫外杀菌技术具有杀菌效率高,能在短时间内迅速有效地杀灭各种微生物,杀菌范围广,无化学残留,设备易操作,成本较为低廉等优势,被广泛用于生产用水杀菌、包装材料和设备表面消毒以及食品保鲜领域。虽然紫外杀菌时间短,效率高,但由于紫外穿透能力较差,并且存在潜在的光复活现象等不足[51],使其应用受到限制。
Wang等[52]研究了紫外联合超声处理对细菌总数的影响,紫外照射10 min联合超声600 W处理可使细菌完全失活,与高温巴氏杀菌(85 ℃、10 min)的灭菌效果78.12%相比,紫外联合超声处理具有更好的杀菌效果。符纯愿等[53]研究了紫外LED对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭效果,发现杀灭效果随着紫外辐照强度的增加而增强,当辐照强度为13428 μW/cm2时,对金黄色葡萄球菌杀菌率达99.99%。刘艳霞[54]采用臭氧联合紫外对蒜片、蒜粉进行处理,结果发现蒜片、蒜粉的菌落总数分别减少了2.78、3.18 lg CFU/g。以上研究表明运用紫外联合超声、紫外LED、臭氧联合紫外等能大幅减少微生物数量,且部分处理方式相比高温巴氏杀菌等传统方法展现出更优的杀菌效果。
新型非热杀菌技术因其设备多样性和原理的差异性,导致其杀菌效果受多种因素影响。包括原料特性、杀菌方法、温度、湿度等环境因素以及杀菌设备的操作条件及设备性能等。
原料本身的形态会对杀菌效果造成影响。液态原料均一性较好,杀菌效果好。而固态原料形状,如颗粒状原料的颗粒大小和分布都会影响杀菌效果。原料中微生物生长阶段和种类也会对杀菌效果造成影响。Hwang等[55]采用强脉冲光-等离子体-紫外线组合系统对颗粒和粉末食品进行处理,发现与初始微生物数量相比,经处理后黑胡椒粉和红辣椒粉中的微生物分别减少了0.41±0.04 lg CFU/g和0.51±0.05 lg CFU/g,芝麻籽中的微生物减少了1.33±0.24 lg CFU/g。由于黑胡椒粉和辣椒粉颗粒表面粗糙,减弱了组合系统对微生物的杀灭作用,而芝麻小且表面光滑,经过处理芝麻表面的微生物数量与前两者相比显著降低。Lee等[56]使用脉冲强光联合低温等离子体杀菌技术对红辣椒片中的黄曲霉孢子、短芽孢杆菌孢子和大肠杆菌进行处理,实验发现不同种类微生物对联合杀菌的敏感度不同,在实验过程中大肠杆菌的灭活条件远低于以上两种孢子,这是由于细菌孢子与细菌营养细胞结构不同,使孢子能够抵抗更强的外部压力,从而导致联合处理大肠杆菌的灭活水平最高,其次是短芽孢杆菌孢子和黄曲霉孢子。Hwang等[57]发现处于指数期的大肠杆菌对脉冲强光的作用更加敏感,且可造成更加严重的DNA损伤,导致大肠杆菌数目快速下降。因此,为提高杀菌效果并保护原料品质,应根据原料的物理特性、微生物生长阶段及种类选择适宜的杀菌技术,并考虑将不同杀菌技术联合应用以达到理想的处理效果。
温度、湿度等环境因素也是影响杀菌效果的主要因素。Liang等[58]研究了强脉冲光在室温(25 ℃)和冷藏(4 ℃)环境下对铜绿假单胞菌的杀灭效果的影响,结果表明当电容容量、辐照频率一定时,与25 ℃相比,4 ℃下铜绿假单胞菌杀菌率明显降低,表明提高环境温度可增强脉冲强光的杀菌效果。Xia等[59]使用催化红外(Catalytic infrared,CIR)对干青花椒进行杀菌处理,发现表面水分含量影响铜绿假单胞菌的灭菌率,处理2 min的灭菌率随加水量的增加而增加,加水样品的灭菌率显著高于未加水样品。Hwang等[60]分析了环境中水分对脉冲强光杀菌效果的影响,调节金黄色葡萄球菌、肠炎葡萄球菌、酿酒酵母悬浮液的水分活度后,进行脉冲强光杀菌处理,经过实验发现三种微生物的减少量均随着水分活度的降低逐渐增加,说明在低水分活度下,脉冲强光杀菌对以上三种微生物具有显著的杀菌效果。
各杀菌技术的设备参数也被认为是影响灭活微生物的主要因素,不同杀菌方式的影响因素因设备参数而有所差异。如脉冲强光杀菌和高压二氧化碳杀菌,前者杀菌效果取决于脉冲时间、脉冲频率、波长范围等参数。而影响高压二氧化碳杀菌效果的主要技术因素为处理压力、处理温度及二氧化碳浓度。此外不同杀菌设备对杀菌效果的影响也是显著的。
Zhang等[61]研究了高功率脉冲微波(High power pulsed microwave,HPPM)对单增李斯特菌的杀灭作用,当脉冲频率在50~250 Hz范围内,相同处理时间下单核增生李斯特菌的死亡率随着脉冲频率的增加而增加。当脉冲频率为200 Hz,处理时间由7 min变为9 min时,死亡率显著增加了1.54倍。这表明单增李斯特菌的失活与脉冲频率与处理时间呈正相关。Hwang等[62]通过对脉冲强光杀菌设备增加不同的滤光片来研究脉冲强光波长和强度对微生物的影响,当使用300 F滤光片控制波长范围为250~350 nm时,金黄色葡萄球菌、肠炎葡萄球菌、酵母菌数量显著降低,不同的脉冲强光波长其能量强度不同,从而对微生物起到不同程度的杀灭作用。Rotabakk等[63]采用超高压结合高压二氧化碳对单增李斯特菌进行处理,结果表明400和600 MPa的处理条件下增大CO2浓度能显著降低单增李斯特菌的数量。Kawachi等[64]采用高压二氧化碳在70~100 ℃下处理白胡椒和黑胡椒粉末,研究发现,在5 MPa的二氧化碳处理条件下,随着温度升高,微生物数量显著降低。100 ℃下加压20 min可将细菌总数降低至最低可检测水平,处理温度变化对杀菌效果具有显著影响。
因此全面考虑影响杀菌效率的各种因素,并进行合理的优化和调整,才能在实际应用中达到最优的杀菌效果,确保产品的质量和安全。
新型非热杀菌技术以其温和的杀菌温度而区别于传统高温杀菌方法,其在保持食品的品质方面具有突出的优点。多项研究显示,非热物理杀菌技术对香辛料的品质破坏较小,脉冲强光、辐照、低温等离子体等杀菌技术能较好地保持香辛料的色泽、风味和营养成分,提高其抗氧化活性,延长产品货架期,在提升香辛料产品的整体质量和市场竞争力方面具有显著的优势。
感官品质的变化可以直观地反映香辛料产品的新鲜度和质量状况。Hwang等[32]对采用脉冲强光杀菌对黑胡椒粉、红辣椒粉的品质影响进行研究,经脉冲强光杀菌处理后,两者在颜色、水分含量上与未处理组相比没有显著变化。Hwang等[33]还研究了去皮大蒜和鲜切大蒜在高压脉冲电场作用下的色泽、含水量变化,经脉冲强光处理后,与未处理组相比,两者在含水量和颜色上没有显著差异。张悦[12]探究了超高压灭菌对蒜蓉感官品质的影响,当菌落总数符合生产要求时,超高压灭菌对其脆度、色泽等感官品质无显著影响。新型非热杀菌技术在确保食品满足卫生标准的前提下,最大程度保留香辛料的外观、口感与质地,为香辛料行业在提升安全水平的同时维持产品高质量提供了有力的技术支撑。
香辛料的营养品质在评价香辛料产品品质方面起着极为关键的作用。李志坚等[28]研究60Co-γ射线辐照对辣椒粉品质的影响,发现6.67 kGy的辐照剂量便能达到较好的杀菌效果,且对辣椒粉的氨基酸、蛋白质含量不会产生明显的影响。Schottroff等[65]研究发现伽马辐射和低能电子束两种处理对多香果、葛缕子、牛至及迷迭香叶等香料的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量没有显著影响,储存时间可达105 d。Woldemariam等[14]发现高压杀菌处理对辣椒膏中类胡萝卜素、总酚等含量无显著影响。徐艳阳等[40]研究了低温等离子体技术对生姜片品质的影响,发现经过处理后,生姜切片中总多酚和总黄酮含量、颜色与未处理组相比无显著性变化。以上研究表明,新型非热杀菌技术在对香辛料进行处理的同时,极大程度地避免了其营养成分的流失。
香辛料中挥发性成分的含量和组成可以作为衡量其质量和品质的重要指标。董丹等[66]探讨了辐照杀菌对辣椒粉辣度及挥发油成分的影响,结果显示,辐照对辣椒粉的色泽没有显著影响,而辣度则有所增强。此外,辣椒挥发油中主要成分双戊烯的含量提高了15.41%,而其他含量较低的成分变化不明显。辐照对辣椒的风味物质没有显著影响。Xia等[59]研究发现经催化红外处理0~4 min后,干青花椒表面的微生物含量显著降低,其挥发油含量略有降低,香气成分略有下降,生物碱含量无显著变化。Eliasson等[67]通过催化红外辐射技术处理牛至,研究发现其挥发性组分中两种关键香气活性化合物——香芹酚和百里香酚的相对含量未发生显著变化,该处理工艺有效维持了牛至特征香气物质的结构稳定性,从而完整保留了其典型感官属性。Kucukoglu等[68]对比了蒸汽灭菌、γ辐照对牛至中挥发性化合物的影响,发现经过蒸汽灭菌,牛至中的挥发性化合物、生物碱含量显著降低,经γ辐照其挥发性化合物没有显著变化。相较于传统的蒸汽杀菌方法,非热杀菌技术能够更有效地保留香辛料的挥发性成分。
抗氧化性在维持香辛料色泽、保护营养成分、提升产品稳定性等方面具有重要的作用。Alashti等[69]研究了介质阻挡放电等离子体处理对丁香总酚含量和抗氧化活性的影响,研究结果表明经等离子体处理后,丁香抗氧化活性显著提高。李姣等[25]研究探讨了60Co-γ射线辐照对孜然粉抗氧化性的影响,实验结果显示,在13.00~14.00 kGy辐照剂量范围内,孜然粉乙醇粗提液的抗氧化活性也得到了显著提升。Lee等[41]探讨了脉冲强光联合等离子体处理对红辣椒粉抗氧化活性的影响,经脉冲强光和等离子体处理后其抗氧化活性与未处理相比无显著差异。Khatun等[70]研究发现经γ辐射(0.5和0.1 kGy)和煮沸联合处理可有效提高生姜的抗氧化活性,且用0.5 kGy处理的大蒜也显示具有更高的抗氧化活性。Kirkin等[71]采用γ射线辐照处理百里香、迷迭香和黑胡椒,发现辐照增强了三者提取物的抗氧化活性。这说明新型非热杀菌技术在处理过程中,对香辛料抗氧化活性等功能特性的保持与提升发挥了重要作用。
香辛料中的抗菌成分能够抑制食品中常见腐败菌和致病菌的生长繁殖,减缓食品的变质速度,保持食品的品质和风味。Aly等[72]发现用10 kGy的γ射线照射葛缕子,能够增强其精油的抗菌和抗肿瘤活性。Esmaeili等[73]研究发现牛至经γ射线辐照后,其精油对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抗菌活性无显著影响。Hidar等[74]采用γ射线对甜叶菊进行处理,与未处理组相比,辐照处理后其精油对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌、酵母菌和真菌的抗菌活性无显著变化。Kirkin等[71]采用14 kGy的γ射线对黑胡椒和百里香进行辐照处理,发现两者精油的抗菌活性与未处理组相比均有所增强。综上,新型非热杀菌技术特别是γ射线辐照处理可有效保持香辛料的抗菌活性。
随着新型非热杀菌技术逐渐成熟,原理不断完善,其凭借高效杀菌、维持食品的色、香、味及营养,能很好地保留食品功能成分活性,提升产品品质的优势,成为香辛料产业保质杀菌的关键技术,未来有望替代或补充传统热杀菌技术。无论是固态的香辛料粉末、颗粒,还是液态的香辛料提取物或调配液,都能借助新型非热杀菌技术在确保最大程度保留品质的前提下实现高效杀菌,然而非热杀菌技术的产业化应用也存在一些挑战:部分设备成本较高且规模化生产适配性不足,应用场景受限,杀菌效率受物料状态、环境参数及设备设定值等多因素影响。未来需深入研究新型非热杀菌技术的作用机制,优化杀菌工艺参数,突破杀菌技术自身的局限性,提高杀菌效果。同时探索不同杀菌技术的协同应用,结合不同杀菌技术优势,实现全面、高效杀菌,以推动该技术在香辛料产业中实现安全性与品质升级的双重目标。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120030
  • 接收时间:2024-12-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-04
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    1山东省农业科学院农产品加工与营养研究所,农业部新食品资源加工重点实验室,山东济南 250100
    2山东农业大学生命科学学院,山东泰安 271000

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张剑(1984−),女,硕士,助理研究员,研究方向:果蔬精深加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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