Article(id=1320882330982531997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880138208784845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070305, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753372800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852488512, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1785513600000, pubDateStr=2026-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852488512, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852488512, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852488512, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880138208784845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785513600000', pubDateStr='2026-08-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851965715, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792851965715, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=268, endPage=279, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882331171275678, articleId=1320882330982531997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Construction, Stability, and in Vitro Simulated Digestion of Chitosan-Oyster Peptide Nanoparticles, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the low bioavailability of oyster peptide (OP) after gastrointestinal digestion, this study optimized and investigated the preparation process and colloidal properties of chitosan-oyster peptide nanoparticles (CONP). The CONP were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction, with evaluations of their stability, simulated digestion characteristics, and release kinetics. Results indicated that the optimal preparation conditions were: Chitosan (CS) to sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) mass ratio of 4.8:1, CS concentration of 2.4 mg/mL, CS to OP mass ratio of 1:2, and CS solution pH of 5.5. Under these conditions, the encapsulation efficiency reached 85.44%, with a particle size of 259.67 nm. The CONP formed amorphous nanoparticles primarily through electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions, exhibiting irregular elliptical shapes with geometric dimensions around 100 nm and uniform particle size distribution. The peak thermal decomposition temperature of encapsulated OP increased by 37 °C. After treatment with 200 mmol/L NaCl, a 90 °C water bath for 120 min, and pH2 PBS, the particle sizes of CONP were 709, 338, and 431 nm, respectively. After 360 min of continuous simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the cumulative release rate reached 70.80%. After 24 h of separate simulated gastric and intestinal digestion, the release rate in gastric fluid was significantly lower than in intestinal fluid. The formation mechanism and structural characteristics of CONP significantly enhanced its ionic strength stability, thermal stability, and pH responsiveness. It exhibited high stability in simulated gastric fluid following Fickian diffusion, while showing swelling behavior and following Super Case Ⅱ release in simulated intestinal fluid, with rapid release of OP. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the application of OP in functional food development.

, authors=Wang ZHAO1, Xiongshen YU1, Zhongqin CHEN1, 2, Ming CHEN1, 2, Mingtang TAN1, 2, Jialong GAO1, 2, Huina ZHENG1, 2, Wenhong CAO1, 2, *, authorsList=Wang ZHAO, Xiongshen YU, Zhongqin CHEN, Ming CHEN, Mingtang TAN, Jialong GAO, Huina ZHENG, Wenhong CAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenhong CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882334686102447, articleId=1320882330982531997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=壳聚糖-牡蛎肽纳米颗粒的构建、稳定性及体外模拟消化研究, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决牡蛎肽(oyster peptide,OP)经胃肠道消化后生物利用度低的问题,该研究优化并探究了壳聚糖-牡蛎肽纳米颗粒(chitosan-oyster peptide nanoparticles,CONP)的制备工艺和胶体特性。利用扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪、差示扫描量热仪及X射线衍射仪对CONP进行表征分析,并评价其稳定性、模拟消化特性和释放动力学。结果表明,CONP的最佳制备工艺为壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)与三聚磷酸钠(sodium tripolyphosphate,TPP)质量比为4.8:1、CS浓度为2.4 mg/mL、CS与OP质量比为1:2、CS溶液pH为5.5,该条件下包埋率达85.44%,粒径为259.67 nm。CONP主要通过静电和氢键相互作用生成无定形纳米颗粒,呈不规则的椭圆形,几何尺寸约100 nm,粒径分布均匀。包埋后的OP热分解峰值温度提高了37 ℃。CONP经200 mmol/L的NaCl、90 ℃ 120 min的水浴和pH为2的PBS处理,其粒径分别为709、338、431 nm。经模拟胃肠连续消化360 min,累积释放率为70.80%,经模拟胃肠单独消化24 h,在胃液中的释放率明显小于在肠液中的。CONP的形成机制和结构特性使其离子强度稳定性、热稳定性和pH响应性显著提升,在模拟胃液中表现出极高的稳定性并遵循Fick扩散,在模拟肠液中表现出溶胀行为并遵循Super Case Ⅱ释放,OP快速释放。该研究为OP在功能食品开发中的应用提供了理论依据。

, authors=赵旺1, 余雄燊1, 陈忠琴1, 2, 陈铭1, 2, 谭明堂1, 2, 高加龙1, 2, 郑惠娜1, 2, 曹文红1, 2, *, authorsList=赵旺, 余雄燊, 陈忠琴, 陈铭, 谭明堂, 高加龙, 郑惠娜, 曹文红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曹文红, authorNote=

赵旺(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
曹文红(1977−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:海洋生物资源利用,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Lfmlh1B8vnfPHSaJ9nIViw==, magXml=TmaxhU3NP4xyymBN1Z8rXg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=RFYEZMWJ/CpieWFMvNUsQQ==, pdfFileSize=5275650, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=UGa1mbn9voo1R0aLTCj+mA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=QqE5QD4NnVu2osnoltN9HA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320882335067784119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=18723839417@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320882335151670201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, authorId=1320882335067784119, language=EN, stringName=Wang ZHAO, firstName=Wang, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, National Research and Development Branch Center for Shellfish Processing (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Prefabricated Seafood Processing and Quality Control, Zhanjiang 524088, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320882335214584762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, authorId=1320882335067784119, language=CN, stringName=赵旺, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1广东海洋大学食品科技学院,国家贝类加工技术研发分中心(湛江),广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室,广东省海洋生物制品工程实验室,广东省海洋食品工程技术研究中心,广东省水产预制食品加工与品质控制工程技术研究中心,广东湛江 524088, bio={"content":"

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Food Science, 2023, 44(24): 34−40.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882348783157311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHENG Changliang, CHEN Mengting, WANG Lan, et al. Evaluation of stability and biocompatibility of chitosan/sodium tripolyphosphate and chitosan/flaxseed gum composite nanoparticles loaded with bighead carp peptides[J]. Food Science, 2023, 44(24): 34−40., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882348867043392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WEN Peng, FENG Kun, YANG Huan, et al. Electrospun core-shell structured nanofilm as a novel colon-specific delivery system for protein[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2017, 169: 157−166., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882334895817648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882334908400561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, companyId=1320882334895817648, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, National Research and Development Branch Center for Shellfish Processing (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Prefabricated Seafood Processing and Quality Control, Zhanjiang 524088, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882334916789170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, companyId=1320882334895817648, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1广东海洋大学食品科技学院,国家贝类加工技术研发分中心(湛江),广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室,广东省海洋生物制品工程实验室,广东省海洋食品工程技术研究中心,广东省水产预制食品加工与品质控制工程技术研究中心,广东湛江 524088)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882334971315123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882334979703732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, companyId=1320882334971315123, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882334988092341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, companyId=1320882334971315123, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2海洋食品精深加工关键技术省部共建协同创新中心,大连工业大学,辽宁大连 116034)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320882339442443246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of various preparation factors on the entrapment efficiency, particle size, PDI, and Zeta potential of CONP, figureFileSmall=q7QkpqZ9uB1MhkWDHwpwdA==, figureFileBig=UGa1mbn9voo1R0aLTCj+mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882339505357807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同制备因素对CONP包埋率、粒径、PDI、Zeta电位的影响

注:A1和A2:CS分子量,B1和B2:CS与TPP质量比,C1和C2:CS溶液浓度,D1和D2:CS与OP质量比,E1和E2:CS溶液pH;同一组中不同的小写字母表示组内差异显著(P<0.05),图7同。

, figureFileSmall=q7QkpqZ9uB1MhkWDHwpwdA==, figureFileBig=UGa1mbn9voo1R0aLTCj+mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882339715073008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of factor interactions on comprehensive score, figureFileSmall=+9eDvWRN8S3DBry1BLYukA==, figureFileBig=4OQ4LeU1KVOrggkfkhWZXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882339777987569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各因素交互作用对综合评分的影响

注:a:CS与TPP质量比和CS与OP质量比,b:CS浓度和CS溶液pH,c:CS与OP质量比和CS溶液pH。

, figureFileSmall=+9eDvWRN8S3DBry1BLYukA==, figureFileBig=4OQ4LeU1KVOrggkfkhWZXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882339853485042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=SEM images and particle size distribution plots of CNP and CONP, figureFileSmall=aQltVF0Lo533zDFXvaWzXw==, figureFileBig=YfEBJELuy4vvbJO9KquwQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882339916399603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=CN, label=图3, caption=CNP和CONP的SEM图和粒径分布图

注:A:CNP和CONP的SEM图(放大倍数50k和150k),B:CNP和CONP的粒径分布图。

, figureFileSmall=aQltVF0Lo533zDFXvaWzXw==, figureFileBig=YfEBJELuy4vvbJO9KquwQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882339991897076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=FTIR spectra of CS, OP, CNP and CONP, figureFileSmall=MBoIch6RAJQfAvPg5AYfnQ==, figureFileBig=d0mGoGixcAV+qvDEwrpUxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882340050617333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=CN, label=图4, caption=CS、OP、CNP、CONP的FTIR图, figureFileSmall=MBoIch6RAJQfAvPg5AYfnQ==, figureFileBig=d0mGoGixcAV+qvDEwrpUxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882340109337590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=DSC curves of CS, OP, CNP and CONP, figureFileSmall=rlvvRzHe9cg87IZUHgoGfA==, figureFileBig=ct9EBGwQ4MyVEdbK9Biagw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882340184835063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=CN, label=图5, caption=CS、OP、CNP、CONP的DSC图, figureFileSmall=rlvvRzHe9cg87IZUHgoGfA==, figureFileBig=ct9EBGwQ4MyVEdbK9Biagw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882340264526840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=XRD spectra of CS, OP, CNP and CONP, figureFileSmall=TrfauQiKEo9sGW7qqpksUw==, figureFileBig=LRGYPAdYVbtHA/A4mmhZhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882340340024313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=CN, label=图6, caption=CS、OP、CNP、CONP的XRD图, figureFileSmall=TrfauQiKEo9sGW7qqpksUw==, figureFileBig=LRGYPAdYVbtHA/A4mmhZhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882340423910394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Ionic strength stability, pH stability and thermal stability of CONP and CNP, figureFileSmall=OiDSi+B60QBqnySYV2QsrQ==, figureFileBig=qeEEPeZPZ4hIVj24kFyDZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882340486824955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=CN, label=图7, caption=CONP和CNP的离子强度稳定性、pH稳定性和热稳定性

注:A1和A2:CNP和CONP的离子强度稳定性分析,B1和B2:CNP和CONP的pH稳定性分析,C1和C2:CNP和CONP的热稳定性分析。

, figureFileSmall=OiDSi+B60QBqnySYV2QsrQ==, figureFileBig=qeEEPeZPZ4hIVj24kFyDZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882340553933820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Cumulative release profile of CONP in simulated gastrointestinal fluids, figureFileSmall=+nrOvXYPJczie/OHYCdtAA==, figureFileBig=2CdqJnJ7yURLpdH0fZ6lNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882340633625597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=CN, label=图8, caption=CONP在模拟胃肠液中的累积释放曲线

注:A:连续模拟胃肠释放曲线,B:单独模拟胃肠释放曲线,C:零级动力学拟合结果,D:一级动力学拟合结果,E:Higuchi模型拟合结果,F:Ritger-Peppas模型拟合结果。

, figureFileSmall=+nrOvXYPJczie/OHYCdtAA==, figureFileBig=2CdqJnJ7yURLpdH0fZ6lNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882340721705982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Factors and levels of response surface methodology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A:CS与TPP质量比4:15:16:1
B:CS浓度(mg/mL)234
C:CS与OP质量比1:31:21:1
D:CS溶液pH55.56
), ArticleFig(id=1320882340793009151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面试验因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素水平
−101
A:CS与TPP质量比4:15:16:1
B:CS浓度(mg/mL)234
C:CS与OP质量比1:31:21:1
D:CS溶液pH55.56
), ArticleFig(id=1320882340889478144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Applied release models for CONP in vitro

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型方程释放机制
零级动力学模型Q=kt恒速扩散
一级动力学模型Q=1−exp(kt)浓度梯度驱动扩散
HiguchiQ=kt1/2Fick扩散
Ritger-PeppasQ=ktn,Q<60%n≤0.45,Fick扩散;0.45<n<0.89,非Fick扩散,扩散与聚合物溶胀或侵蚀协同作用;n=0.89,Case Ⅱ运输,接近零级释放;n>0.89,Super Case-Ⅱ运输,复杂机制
), ArticleFig(id=1320882340956585984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

CONP体外释放模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型方程释放机制
零级动力学模型Q=kt恒速扩散
一级动力学模型Q=1−exp(kt)浓度梯度驱动扩散
HiguchiQ=kt1/2Fick扩散
Ritger-PeppasQ=ktn,Q<60%n≤0.45,Fick扩散;0.45<n<0.89,非Fick扩散,扩散与聚合物溶胀或侵蚀协同作用;n=0.89,Case Ⅱ运输,接近零级释放;n>0.89,Super Case-Ⅱ运输,复杂机制
), ArticleFig(id=1320882341040472065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Design and results for response surface experimental

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A
CS与TPP
质量比
B
CS浓度
(mg/mL)
C
CS与OP
质量比
D
CS溶液
pH
粒径
(nm)
包埋率
(%)
Y
综合评分
14:121:25.5278.3787.6098.48
26:121:25.5288.4375.5189.95
34:141:25.5327.0387.2090.94
46:141:25.5427.2382.8378.68
55:131:35602.0388.7272.71
65:131:15366.2370.9377.30
75:131:36315.8080.8688.86
85:131:16554.3371.8365.14
94:131:25375.2387.5685.77
106:131:25450.9780.5475.70
114:131:26278.3083.3896.11
126:131:26350.7070.6978.82
135:121:35.5290.9782.9393.72
145:141:35.5340.9783.1186.93
155:121:15.5343.3776.0982.70
165:141:15.5374.2770.5976.31
174:131:35.5409.8087.3382.57
186:131:35.5312.6083.2590.65
194:131:15.5300.9781.3891.28
206:131:15.5567.9767.9562.36
215:121:25340.9785.5988.33
225:141:25514.8083.5073.61
235:121:26367.0382.2383.59
245:141:26289.5379.0391.75
255:131:25.5285.6087.5697.21
265:131:25.5273.4085.4798.17
275:131:25.5286.7386.0696.18
), ArticleFig(id=1320882341103386626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号A
CS与TPP
质量比
B
CS浓度
(mg/mL)
C
CS与OP
质量比
D
CS溶液
pH
粒径
(nm)
包埋率
(%)
Y
综合评分
14:121:25.5278.3787.6098.48
26:121:25.5288.4375.5189.95
34:141:25.5327.0387.2090.94
46:141:25.5427.2382.8378.68
55:131:35602.0388.7272.71
65:131:15366.2370.9377.30
75:131:36315.8080.8688.86
85:131:16554.3371.8365.14
94:131:25375.2387.5685.77
106:131:25450.9780.5475.70
114:131:26278.3083.3896.11
126:131:26350.7070.6978.82
135:121:35.5290.9782.9393.72
145:141:35.5340.9783.1186.93
155:121:15.5343.3776.0982.70
165:141:15.5374.2770.5976.31
174:131:35.5409.8087.3382.57
186:131:35.5312.6083.2590.65
194:131:15.5300.9781.3891.28
206:131:15.5567.9767.9562.36
215:121:25340.9785.5988.33
225:141:25514.8083.5073.61
235:121:26367.0382.2383.59
245:141:26289.5379.0391.75
255:131:25.5285.6087.5697.21
265:131:25.5273.4085.4798.17
275:131:25.5286.7386.0696.18
), ArticleFig(id=1320882341183078403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Variance analysis of response surface regression equation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源方差平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型2477.6414176.9736.64<0.0001**
A:CS与TPP质量比396.691396.6982.14<0.0001**
B:CS浓度123.721123.7225.620.0003**
C:CS与OP质量比303.411303.4162.83<0.0001**
D:CS溶液pH79.25179.2516.410.0016**
AB3.4913.490.72310.4118
AC342.141342.1470.84<0.0001**
AD13.03113.032.700.1265
BC0.039710.03970.00820.9293
BD130.831130.8327.090.0002**
CD200.401200.4041.50<0.0001**
A2101.121101.1220.940.0006**
B237.37137.377.740.0166*
C2611.101611.10126.54<0.0001**
D2513.051513.05106.23<0.0001**
残差57.95124.83
失拟项55.98105.605.660.1594不显著
纯误差1.9820.9891
总和2535.6026
R20.9771
Adj. R20.9505
CV(%)2.59
), ArticleFig(id=1320882341266964484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882330982531997, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

响应面回归方程方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源方差平方和自由度均方F值P值显著性
模型2477.6414176.9736.64<0.0001**
A:CS与TPP质量比396.691396.6982.14<0.0001**
B:CS浓度123.721123.7225.620.0003**
C:CS与OP质量比303.411303.4162.83<0.0001**
D:CS溶液pH79.25179.2516.410.0016**
AB3.4913.490.72310.4118
AC342.141342.1470.84<0.0001**
AD13.03113.032.700.1265
BC0.039710.03970.00820.9293
BD130.831130.8327.090.0002**
CD200.401200.4041.50<0.0001**
A2101.121101.1220.940.0006**
B237.37137.377.740.0166*
C2611.101611.10126.54<0.0001**
D2513.051513.05106.23<0.0001**
残差57.95124.83
失拟项55.98105.605.660.1594不显著
纯误差1.9820.9891
总和2535.6026
R20.9771
Adj. R20.9505
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壳聚糖-牡蛎肽纳米颗粒的构建、稳定性及体外模拟消化研究
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赵旺 1 , 余雄燊 1 , 陈忠琴 1, 2 , 陈铭 1, 2 , 谭明堂 1, 2 , 高加龙 1, 2 , 郑惠娜 1, 2 , 曹文红 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(15): 268-279
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (15) : 268 -279
壳聚糖-牡蛎肽纳米颗粒的构建、稳定性及体外模拟消化研究
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赵旺1 , 余雄燊1, 陈忠琴1, 2, 陈铭1, 2, 谭明堂1, 2, 高加龙1, 2, 郑惠娜1, 2, 曹文红1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1广东海洋大学食品科技学院,国家贝类加工技术研发分中心(湛江),广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室,广东省海洋生物制品工程实验室,广东省海洋食品工程技术研究中心,广东省水产预制食品加工与品质控制工程技术研究中心,广东湛江 524088
  • 2海洋食品精深加工关键技术省部共建协同创新中心,大连工业大学,辽宁大连 116034
通讯作者:
曹文红(1977−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:海洋生物资源利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

赵旺(2000−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工与安全,E-mail:

Construction, Stability, and in Vitro Simulated Digestion of Chitosan-Oyster Peptide Nanoparticles
Wang ZHAO1 , Xiongshen YU1, Zhongqin CHEN1, 2, Ming CHEN1, 2, Mingtang TAN1, 2, Jialong GAO1, 2, Huina ZHENG1, 2, Wenhong CAO1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, National Research and Development Branch Center for Shellfish Processing (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Prefabricated Seafood Processing and Quality Control, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 2Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
出版时间: 2026-08-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070305
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为解决牡蛎肽(oyster peptide,OP)经胃肠道消化后生物利用度低的问题,该研究优化并探究了壳聚糖-牡蛎肽纳米颗粒(chitosan-oyster peptide nanoparticles,CONP)的制备工艺和胶体特性。利用扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪、差示扫描量热仪及X射线衍射仪对CONP进行表征分析,并评价其稳定性、模拟消化特性和释放动力学。结果表明,CONP的最佳制备工艺为壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)与三聚磷酸钠(sodium tripolyphosphate,TPP)质量比为4.8:1、CS浓度为2.4 mg/mL、CS与OP质量比为1:2、CS溶液pH为5.5,该条件下包埋率达85.44%,粒径为259.67 nm。CONP主要通过静电和氢键相互作用生成无定形纳米颗粒,呈不规则的椭圆形,几何尺寸约100 nm,粒径分布均匀。包埋后的OP热分解峰值温度提高了37 ℃。CONP经200 mmol/L的NaCl、90 ℃ 120 min的水浴和pH为2的PBS处理,其粒径分别为709、338、431 nm。经模拟胃肠连续消化360 min,累积释放率为70.80%,经模拟胃肠单独消化24 h,在胃液中的释放率明显小于在肠液中的。CONP的形成机制和结构特性使其离子强度稳定性、热稳定性和pH响应性显著提升,在模拟胃液中表现出极高的稳定性并遵循Fick扩散,在模拟肠液中表现出溶胀行为并遵循Super Case Ⅱ释放,OP快速释放。该研究为OP在功能食品开发中的应用提供了理论依据。

壳聚糖  /  牡蛎肽  /  纳米颗粒  /  稳定性  /  释放动力学

To address the low bioavailability of oyster peptide (OP) after gastrointestinal digestion, this study optimized and investigated the preparation process and colloidal properties of chitosan-oyster peptide nanoparticles (CONP). The CONP were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction, with evaluations of their stability, simulated digestion characteristics, and release kinetics. Results indicated that the optimal preparation conditions were: Chitosan (CS) to sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) mass ratio of 4.8:1, CS concentration of 2.4 mg/mL, CS to OP mass ratio of 1:2, and CS solution pH of 5.5. Under these conditions, the encapsulation efficiency reached 85.44%, with a particle size of 259.67 nm. The CONP formed amorphous nanoparticles primarily through electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions, exhibiting irregular elliptical shapes with geometric dimensions around 100 nm and uniform particle size distribution. The peak thermal decomposition temperature of encapsulated OP increased by 37 °C. After treatment with 200 mmol/L NaCl, a 90 °C water bath for 120 min, and pH2 PBS, the particle sizes of CONP were 709, 338, and 431 nm, respectively. After 360 min of continuous simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the cumulative release rate reached 70.80%. After 24 h of separate simulated gastric and intestinal digestion, the release rate in gastric fluid was significantly lower than in intestinal fluid. The formation mechanism and structural characteristics of CONP significantly enhanced its ionic strength stability, thermal stability, and pH responsiveness. It exhibited high stability in simulated gastric fluid following Fickian diffusion, while showing swelling behavior and following Super Case Ⅱ release in simulated intestinal fluid, with rapid release of OP. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the application of OP in functional food development.

chitosan  /  oyster peptide  /  nanoparticles  /  stability  /  release kinetics
赵旺, 余雄燊, 陈忠琴, 陈铭, 谭明堂, 高加龙, 郑惠娜, 曹文红. 壳聚糖-牡蛎肽纳米颗粒的构建、稳定性及体外模拟消化研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (15) : 268 -279 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070305
Wang ZHAO, Xiongshen YU, Zhongqin CHEN, Ming CHEN, Mingtang TAN, Jialong GAO, Huina ZHENG, Wenhong CAO. Construction, Stability, and in Vitro Simulated Digestion of Chitosan-Oyster Peptide Nanoparticles[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (15) : 268 -279 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070305
牡蛎是一种健康且优质的蛋白质来源,牡蛎蛋白经酶解或发酵后得到的多肽具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗高血压、促进生殖、抗炎、抗癌等多种生物活性[1],在健康食品和营养保健等产业方面极具发展潜力。但如果直接食用牡蛎肽(oyster peptide,OP),其生物活性可能会因胃肠道的转运与吸收过程而减弱或丧失[2]。这主要是因为在消化过程中,胃肠道剧烈变化的pH[3],以及蛋白质和肽类会被消化液中的蛋白酶酶解,肠道细胞刷状缘酶还会进一步酶解[4]。因此,食物来源的生物活性肽在被人体吸收过程中稳定性差、生物利用度低。对生物活性物质进行包埋可以有效提高其稳定性及生物利用度,并且不会对其物化性质和感官特性产生负面影响[5]。
目前,已报道的牡蛎肽递送体系主要包括乳液[6]、水凝胶[2]、微胶囊[7]和无机纳米颗粒[8]等。基于肽中氨基酸多结合位点的独特优势,多肽可以在适当的条件下与多糖形成纳米结构[9]。二者相互作用方式包括共价交联和非共价交联,非共价交联的静电相互作用是多糖-蛋白递送体系形成的主要推动力[10]。壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)是一种天然的阳离子多聚糖,具有生物降解性、生物相容性、抑菌、增强免疫等多种生理功能[7],被广泛研究用于制药和生物领域,作为药物、蛋白质、疫苗、DNA、基因的递送和靶向载体[11]。CS基纳米颗粒的制备方法主要包括离子凝胶法、聚电解质络合法、反向胶束法、纳米沉淀法等[12]。其中,聚电解质络合法、反向胶束法、纳米沉淀法通常采用有机溶剂且过程相对复杂,而离子凝胶法的制备过程简易且迅速、成本低、反应条件温和、生物相容性高,具有广泛的应用前景[13]。使用三聚磷酸钠(sodium tripolyphosphate,TPP)作为交联剂的离子凝胶法是近年来探索最多的壳聚糖纳米颗粒(chitosan nanoparticles,CNP)的设计方法之一[14]。带正电荷的CS氨基(NH3+)与带负电荷的TPP磷酸基团(PO43−)之间通过静电相互作用形成纳米颗粒,促进活性物质的递送[15]。DU等[16]通过CS-TPP纳米颗粒包埋蛋清肽,结果表明当CS分子量为100 kDa、CS浓度为0.5 mg/mL、pH为3、CS与TPP质量比为3:1时,所制得纳米颗粒粒径约210 nm,多肽与体系通过氢键和静电相互作用形成纳米颗粒。郑昌亮等[17]通过CS与TPP成功制备了壳聚糖-鳙鱼肽纳米颗粒,包埋率达79.6%,粒径为212 nm,被包封后的鳙鱼肽经胃肠消化后保留率高于75%。由此可见,通过构建多肽-多糖递送体系促进生物活性肽本身的有效递送具有一定的研究可行性。
本研究以CS为壁材,采用离子凝胶法制备纳米颗粒包埋OP。优化并探究壳聚糖-牡蛎肽纳米颗粒(chitosan-oyster peptide nanoparticles,CONP)的制备工艺和胶体特性,并对纳米颗粒进行表征、对其稳定性和体外模拟消化特性进行研究。以期为OP在开发高生物利用度的功能食品等领域的应用提供理论依据。
OP 肽含量:64.57%±0.39%,酸性氨基酸含量:27.21%,海南盛美诺生物技术有限公司;CS(分子量50 kDa,脱乙酰度≥95%)、TPP(98%)、冰乙酸(99.5%) 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;福林酚试剂(BR)、Folin-酚试剂甲-A液、Folin-酚试剂甲-B液 上海易恩化学技术有限公司;人工胃液、人工小肠液 上海源叶生物科技有限公司。
HJ-6AS六联恒速恒温磁力加热搅拌器 常州金坛良友仪器有限公司;UV-19001紫外可见分光光度计 岛津仪器(苏州)有限公司;TGL-20M高速冷冻离心机 上海卢湘仪离心机仪器有限公司;ZEN3700纳米粒度电位仪 英国马尔文仪器有限公司;Nicolet iS10傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 赛默飞世尔科技公司;DSC-300C差式扫描量热仪 南京大展检测仪器有限公司;JSM-7610F热场发射扫描电镜 日本电子株式会社;X`Pert PRO X射线衍射仪 荷兰帕纳科公司。
参考WU等[18]的方法并稍作修改。首先称取一定量CS加入1%(v/v)乙酸溶液中,900 r/min磁力搅拌30 min得到不同浓度的CS溶液,用1 mol/L的NaOH调节CS溶液的pH,经0.45 µm孔径的滤膜过滤后备用。配制不同浓度的OP水溶液,取5 mL OP水溶液与5 mL CS溶液混匀,得到不同质量比的CS/OP溶液。配制不同浓度的TPP水溶液,在500 r/min磁力搅拌下将5 mL的TPP水溶液匀速缓慢滴入CS/OP溶液中,反应结束后持续搅拌30 min。将所获得的CS-OP纳米颗粒悬浮液离心(8000 r/min,4 ℃,15 min)并冻干,得到CONP。以不含OP的纳米颗粒为空白,标记为CNP。
参考HASHAD等[19]的方法并稍作修改。将所制得的纳米颗粒在8000 r/min、4 ℃下离心15 min。吸取1 mL上清液通过福林酚法测定未包埋的OP的含量(以牛血清蛋白为标品测得标准曲线:Y=0.5155X−0.0114,R2=0.9934),以CNP的上清液为空白。将1 mL待测上清液与1 mL Folin-酚试剂甲(Folin-酚试剂甲A液:B液=50:1,现配现用)迅速混匀并在室温下反应10 min。随后加入5 mL福林酚试剂(乙液),55 ℃水浴5 min,最后冰浴10 min。通过紫外可见分光光度计于650 nm处测定吸光值。根据公式(1)计算包埋率EE:
$ \rm EE({\text{%}})=\frac{{M-m}}{\text{M}} \times 100 $
式中:EE代表包埋率,%;M代表OP加入的总量,mg;m代表上清液中OP的含量,mg。
根据前期预实验结果,选择CS分子量(30、50、100、150、200 kDa)、CS与TPP质量比(3:1、4:1、5:1、6:1、7:1)、CS浓度(1、2、3、4、5 mg/mL)、CS与OP质量比(1:3、1:2、1:1、2:1、3:1)、CS溶液pH(4、4.5、5、5.5、6)进行单因素实验。每一水平实验中固定其他四个因素的条件,仅改变一个因素。其中相对固定CS分子量为50 kDa、CS与TPP质量比为5:1、CS浓度为3 mg/mL、CS与OP质量比为1:2、CS溶液pH为5.5。
参考孙海涛[20]的方法并稍作修改,以包埋率和粒径双指标简化为单指标综合评分设计Box-Behnken试验。响应面试验因素水平见表1。包埋率和粒径对于综合评分的权重各占50%,包埋率数值越大越好,为正效应,粒径数值越小越好,为负效应,根据公式(2)计算综合评分Y:
$ \rm Y=\left(\frac{\text{E}}{{\text{E}}_{\max }}+\frac{{\text{S}}_{\min }}{\text{S}}\right)\times 50 $
式中:Y代表综合评分;E代表测得的包埋率,%;Emax代表响应面试验组中测得的最大包埋率,%;S代表测得的粒径,nm;Smin代表响应面试验组中测得的最小粒径,nm。
利用ZEN3700马尔文纳米粒度电位仪测定粒径、PDI和Zeta电位。测定前,将制备的CONP稀释100倍,使得最终测定时的attenuator值在7~10之间。测定结果取三次平均值。
利用SEM对CNP、CONP的微观形貌进行分析。将样品固定在载物台的导电胶上,并进行喷金处理,在加速电压15 kV下观察其形貌。
取适量CS、OP和冻干后的CNP、CONP,分别与溴化钾混合研磨并压片。FTIR分辨率为4 cm−1,扫描次数为32次,测试波数范围为4000~400 cm−1。
取2~5 mg CS、OP和冻干后的CNP、CONP于铝坩埚中,在氮气的保护下,在30~300 ℃范围内以10 ℃/min的加热速率记录DSC曲线,以空坩埚为参考。
使用XRD对CS、OP和干燥的CNP、CONP粉末进行晶体结构分析。将待测的干燥样品研磨并过100目筛,取少量样品放置于样品盖上并压紧。设置管压为35 kV、管流为30 mA,扫描范围为2θ=10°~80°。
参考韩倩云等[21]的方法并稍作修改。将1 mL纳米分散体系(CNP、CONP)分别与1 mL NaCl溶液(0、50、100、150、200 mmol/L)混合均匀,最终获得一系列含有各种NaCl浓度的纳米分散液。4 ℃过夜储存后,按照1.2.5.1的方法测定粒径、电位、PDI。
参考徐冰欣等[22]的方法并稍作修改。将1 mL纳米分散体系(CNP、CONP)分别与1 mL pH为2、3、4、5、6、7、8的磷酸盐缓冲液混合,4 ℃过夜储存后,按照1.2.5.1的方法测定粒径、电位、PDI。
参考劳颖仪等[23]的方法并稍作修改。取5 mL纳米分散体系(CNP、CONP)于样品瓶,在70、80、90 ℃的水浴孵育0、30、60、90、120 min,按照1.2.5.1的方法测定粒径、电位、PDI。
参考KUANG等[24]的方法并稍作修改。首先准确称取5 mg的CONP分别放入5 mL的模拟胃液(pH2)和模拟肠液(pH6.8)中,并于恒温振荡培养箱中放置24 h(37 ℃,150 r/min),并于设定时间取样,同时补加等量的模拟液。样品取出后离心(10000 r/min,10 min),并经0.45 µm滤膜过滤后,用紫外分光光度法于214 nm测定OP浓度,计算累积释放率,以CNP为空白(以未包埋的OP测得标准曲线:Y=9.9882X+0.0205,R2=0.9997)。此外,模拟胃肠道连续释放实验先将5 mg的CONP置于5 mL的模拟胃液中释放2 h,然后补充等量的模拟肠液继续释放4 h,并于设定时间取样,同时补加等量的模拟液。样品取出后于214 nm测定OP浓度,计算累积释放率,以CNP为空白。
为了阐明CONP在模拟胃肠消化过程中的释放机制,采用4种释放动力学模型分析了CONP在模拟胃液、模拟肠液中的释放数据,如表2所示。其中即使累积释放率大于60%,Ritger-Peppas模型也仅适用于对前60%的数据进行拟合[25]。
每组实验重复3次,结果以“平均值±标准偏差”表示,通过IBM SPSS Statistics 26和Origin 2021软件进行统计分析及绘图,采用单因素ANOVA检验中的Duncan多重比较进行显著性分析,表示数据间的显著性差异,P<0.05为显著。
如图1A1、A2所示,随着CS分子量的增大,CONP的粒径和PDI逐渐增大,而包埋率和电位没有明显变化。粒径和PDI的变化归因于高分子量CS的分子链更长、黏度更大、交联位点更多,导致长分子链间相互缠绕及交联不均。分子量为50 kDa时制备的纳米颗粒的电位最高。当纳米颗粒具备较小的粒径和PDI以及较大的包埋率和电位时,更有利于生物活性物质的递送。因此,后续选用分子量为50 kDa的CS进行试验。
如图1B1、B2所示,随着CS与TPP质量比增大,CONP的包埋率、粒径和PDI均逐渐减小。包埋率的减小归因于体系内氨基逐渐过量,而TPP磷酸基团不足,导致不足以完全交联形成纳米颗粒。邢承宇[26]的研究也发现体系内氨基与磷酸基团含量变化显著影响包埋率,包埋率随体系TPP含量的减小而减小。粒径的减小是因为体系内未反应的氨基增多,颗粒间静电排斥增强,抑制交联形成纳米颗粒。电位的变化也证实了这一结论,过量的正电荷氨基未参与反应,从而提高体系的电荷量。当CS与TPP质量比为5:1时,制得的CONP稳定性和均一性较好。
如图1C1、C2所示,CONP的包埋率、粒径、PDI和电位随CS浓度的增大而逐渐增大。包埋率的增大归因于CS与OP之间的静电相互作用逐渐增强,分子间缠绕加剧高效捕获OP。此外,CS浓度越高,体系氨基增多导致电位增加;溶液黏度增大、分子链增多导致分子扩散受阻、分子链间缠结加剧而增大粒径和PDI。这一结论与LUO等[27]的研究一致,表明包埋率、粒径、PDI、电位与CS浓度呈正相关。当CS溶液浓度为3 mg/mL时,所制得的CONP具备较高的包埋率和电位、较小的粒径和PDI。
如图1D1、D2所示,CONP的包埋率随OP相对浓度的增加而增大。这主要归因于更多带负电荷的OP分子与CS分子相互作用。随着CS与OP质量比逐渐增大,电位和PDI呈现先上升后下降的趋势。电位和PDI的升高归因于氨基逐渐增多,导致电荷中和效应减弱及分子扩散受阻;后期电位和PDI的下降归因于氨基逐渐过量,与TPP竞争性结合中和了电荷,逐渐形成均一的CS-TPP空白纳米颗粒。AZEVEDO等[28]也观察到体系内CS、TPP和胰岛素之间竞争性结合导致电位和PDI的非线性变化。粒径的增大归因于体系内CS相对含量增加,分子链间缠结加剧。当CS与OP质量比为1:2时,制得的CONP具备较高的包埋率,且稳定性和均一性较好。
如图1E1、E2所示,在pH4.0~5.0范围内,包埋率随pH的增大而增大,粒径和电位随pH的增大而减小。包埋率的增大归因于OP的-COOH去质子化为-COO−,与CS之间的静电作用增强。冯坤[29]的研究也发现胰岛素纳米颗粒的包埋率与pH之间在一定范围内呈正相关。粒径和电位的减小也归因于OP逐渐去质子化而带负电荷,体系静电相互作用增强。当CS溶液pH为5.5时,所制得的CONP具备较低的粒径和PDI、较高的包埋率和电位,综合性能最佳。
包埋率和粒径是纳米颗粒设计与应用的重要指标[30]。小粒径需致密结构,可能限制包埋率;高包埋率需增大内核空间,导致粒径增加。因此协同优化包埋率和粒径尤为重要。根据单因素实验结果,设计四因素三水平的Box-Behnken试验,以包埋率和粒径综合评分筛选最优条件。试验设计及结果见表3。
利用Design-Expert 13对表3中的试验数据进行方差分析,得到二次多项式回归方程为:Y=97.18−5.75A−3.21B−5.03C+2.57D−0.9344AB−9.25AC−1.80AD+0.0996BC+5.72BD−7.08CD−4.35A2−2.65B2−10.70C2−9.81D2。响应面回归方程方差分析见表4。
由表4可知,该模型的P<0.0001,失拟项的P=0.1594>0.05,R2=0.9771,CV=2.59%<15%,表明回归模型极显著,拟合程度较高,实际值与预测值相关性较高,试验具有良好的重复性和可行性。因此,该模型可以较好地反映各因素与综合评分的关系并预测最佳制备工艺。
通过分析表4,各因素对综合评分影响的大小为:A>C>B>D。图2中,a、b、c图的响应曲面十分陡峭,并且映射的等高线图呈椭圆形。结合表4可以得出,CS与TPP质量比和CS与OP质量比、CS浓度和CS溶液pH、CS与OP质量比和CS溶液pH对综合评分的交互作用极为显著(P<0.01)。二次项A2、C2、D2与综合评分存在极显著的相关性(P<0.01)。综上所述,各实验因素与综合评分之间不仅仅是简单的线性关系,而是二次性和交互性关系[31],四个因素对综合评分均产生显著的影响。
通过响应面试验预测纳米颗粒的最佳制备工艺为:CS与TPP质量比为4.880:1,CS浓度为2.419 mg/mL,CS与OP质量比为1:2.070,CS溶液pH为5.465,Y值为98.983。考虑到实际操作,将最佳制备工艺调整为:CS与TPP质量比为4.8:1,CS浓度为2.4 mg/mL,CS与OP质量比为1:2,CS溶液pH为5.5。在此条件下进行验证实验,制备的纳米颗粒的包埋率为85.44%±1.24%,粒径为259.67±14.11 nm。根据公式(2)计算得综合评分Y为100.896±3.20,与预测Y值之间仅存在1.93%误差,表明响应面优化的结果可信度较高。
CNP及CONP的形貌如图3A所示。CONP呈现更加密集稳定的网络结构。这归因于带负电荷的OP分子参与反应,分子间相互作用增强,进而形成更加密集稳定的结构。单个CNP表面平整光滑,呈类似椭圆形,负载OP后呈不规则椭圆形。单个CONP的几何尺寸约100 nm。CNP及CONP的粒径分布如图3B所示,两者粒径分布均匀,CONP的平均粒径显著小于CNP的平均粒径。SEM观察到的颗粒尺寸小于粒度仪测得的尺寸,这是因为SEM的测量是在颗粒冻干后进行,而粒度仪的测量是在水介质中进行,会导致颗粒膨胀。这一结论与dos SANTOS等[11]的研究结果一致。
CS、OP、CNP及CONP的红外图谱如图4所示。CS在3600~3200 cm−1(O-H和N-H伸缩)、2875 cm−1(C-H不对称伸缩)、1633和1550 cm−1(酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带)、1153和1076 cm−1(C-O-C和C-O伸缩)显示出特征峰[13]。OP在3600~3200 cm−1(O-H和N-H伸缩)、2930 cm−1(C-H伸缩振动)、1662和1568 cm−1(酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带)、1400 cm−1(COO−对称伸缩)、1037 cm−1(C-O拉伸和弯曲)显示特征峰[2]。CS在3469 cm−1处的峰转移到了CNP中3437 cm−1处,分子内、分子间氢键作用使得伸缩振动频率向低波数移动,峰形变宽,表明CS与TPP之间的静电和氢键相互作用加强,交联生成CNP[31]。CNP中3437 cm−1处的O-H拉伸在CONP中移动到更低波数3430 cm−1处,可归因于带负电荷的OP分子与带正电荷的CS之间的静电相互作用[32]。相比于OP在1662 cm−1处的吸收峰,CONP向更低的波数1631 cm−1处移动,表明OP的-C=O与CS的-NH3+发生氢键相互作用[33]。结果表明,CONP的形成是静电和氢键相互作用的结果。CS质子化的-NH3+与OP去质子化的-COO−导致两者产生静电相互作用,CS的-NH3+作为氢键的供体,OP的-C=O作为氢键的受体,导致两者产生氢键相互作用。随后TPP与CS又产生静电和氢键相互作用,这种分子间的相互作用使得体系交联形成紧密且稳定的网络结构。DU等[16]和HOSSEINI等[34]的研究也发现纳米颗粒的合成过程中CS与肽类产生静电和氢键相互作用。
CS、OP、CNP及CONP的DSC曲线如图5所示。在30~120 ℃范围内,CS、CNP、CONP都显示出不同程度的吸热峰,这归因于水分蒸发[35]。CS、OP、CNP、CONP量热曲线的主要热事件都是200 ℃以后的放热峰,这归因于样品主链降解[36]。OP和CONP的放热峰值温度分别为228和265 ℃,OP包埋后主链降解温度升高了37 ℃。CS放热峰值温度在300 ℃以后,CNP和CONP曲线中CS特征放热峰的消失证实了CS与TPP、CS与OP之间的静电和氢键相互作用[37]。DSC曲线中均无尖锐的吸热峰代表样品的非晶态结构[38],说明OP以无定形态存在。
CS、OP、CNP及CONP的XRD分析如图6所示。在XRD图谱中,特征衍射峰的消失代表各组分存在较强的相互作用[39]。CS和OP在20°附近呈宽弱峰,为典型的弱结晶状态。相比于CS和OP,CNP和CONP的峰更宽、强度更低。这种变化归因于CS与OP产生相互作用,不仅阻碍OP分子长程有序排列,还消除彼此内部分子间静电作用和氢键网络,从而生成无定形的纳米颗粒[40]。无定形态递送体系可克服传统晶型材料固有的溶解差、吸收利用低的局限性,可通过设计响应性载体提高吸收性和生物利用度,实现精准释放[41]。
如图7A1、A2所示,随着盐离子浓度的增加,CNP和CONP的粒径和PDI均逐渐增大,电位没有发生显著变化。当NaCl浓度达100 mmol/L时,CNP的粒径剧烈增大至1262 nm。在较高盐离子浓度下(≥100 mmol/L),CNP表现出较差的稳定性。这主要归因于离子对聚电解质间静电相互作用的屏蔽效应[42]。盐离子在溶液中形成离子氛,屏蔽了CS和TPP之间的静电引力,导致颗粒稳定性下降。在盐离子的影响下,CONP比CNP具备更小的粒径和PDI。当NaCl浓度达200 mmol/L时,CONP的粒径为709 nm。OP的载入提供了静电和氢键相互作用,部分缓冲盐离子对静电交联的破坏作用,从而增强纳米颗粒在高离子强度下的稳定性。
如图7B1、B2所示,随着体系pH由2升至6,CNP和CONP的粒径和PDI均逐渐增大,而电位逐渐减小。当pH2时,CONP表现出极高的稳定性,粒径为431 nm。CS氨基在较低pH条件下高度质子化带强正电,与TPP、OP产生静电和氢键相互作用,甚至部分抵消了PBS溶液中离子屏蔽效应的影响。当pH6时,CONP的粒径达到峰值8172 nm,PDI达到1。此时CS氨基去质子化,OP与TPP静电相斥,导致体系完全解聚[43]。这还可以用来解释对于pH的变化,CONP比CNP表现出更大的粒径和PDI。综上所述,CONP表现出极强的pH响应性,即在酸性条件下表现出较强的稳定性,在弱酸性和中性条件下表现出强溶胀行为。
巴氏杀菌和煮沸灭菌等热处理在生产过程中必不可少的[24],如图7C1、C2所示,显示了CNP和CONP在不同温度和处理时间下的稳定性。随着热处理时间和温度的增加,CNP和CONP的粒径和PDI均逐渐增大。这主要归因于热能破坏作用,高温削弱了静电交联和氢键作用等稳定纳米颗粒的作用力,同时增强了布朗运动及颗粒碰撞能量和频率,导致粒径和PDI增大。CNP经过70 ℃、120 min处理后粒径和PDI分别为1132 nm和0.45,显著小于经过80和90 ℃、120 min处理后的(P<0.05),表明CNP在70 ℃环境中具备较强的热稳定性。随着热处理时间和温度的增加,CONP比CNP具备更小的粒径和PDI,OP的载入显著增强了体系的热稳定性。CONP在经过70、80、90 ℃,120 min处理后的粒径分别为304、311、338 nm,PDI分别为0.35、0.36、0.41,体系未发生聚集和解聚,表明CONP在热环境下具备较强的稳定性,这一点也验证了DSC的分析。OP的载入提供了静电和氢键相互作用,有效抵抗热解体、减缓聚集速率。
CONP在连续模拟胃肠液中的释放曲线如图8A所示。结果显示,CONP经模拟胃液消化120 min后,仅释放11.81%的OP,继续经模拟肠液消化30 min,累积释放率陡增至22.33%。最终经连续消化360 min,累积释放率达70.80%。此外,经过24 h的单独模拟胃肠消化,CONP在模拟胃液中的释放率明显低于在模拟肠液中的。结合结构表征和稳定性分析可知,CONP在酸性环境时(模拟胃液)内部分子间的相互作用更强烈,表现出极高的稳定性,而在中性环境时(模拟肠液)内部分子间的相互作用减弱,表现出溶胀行为,从而快速释放OP。DU等[16]也得出了类似的研究结果。
通过4种释放动力学模型拟合图8,结果如图8C、D、E、F所示。其中,Ritger-Peppas模型仅适用于对前60%的数据进行拟合[25]。模拟胃消化阶段拟合结果最高的是Ritger-Peppas模型(R2=0.95742,n=0.38)和Higuchi模型(R2=0.92447),模拟肠消化阶段拟合结果最高的是Ritger-Peppas模型(R2=0.98637,n=0.96)和一级动力学模型(R2=0.98147)。对于模拟胃消化而言,Ritger-Peppas模型n=0.38<0.45,表明CONP在模拟胃液中释放OP的机制是以Fick扩散主导的。对于模拟肠消化而言,Ritger-Peppas模型n=0.96>0.89,表明模拟肠消化的释放机制遵循Super Case Ⅱ运输,是以强溶胀行为主导的、扩散和侵蚀行为参与的复杂的过程[44]。具体而言,CONP在强酸性环境中稳定性极强,OP仅通过聚合物链间隙扩散释放;在中性环境中表现出溶胀行为,聚合物发生解聚,触发Super Case Ⅱ释放。综上所述,CONP因其分子间的静电和氢键相互作用及体系的无定形态,在强酸性条件下(模拟胃液)表现出极高的稳定性,在中性条件下(模拟肠液)表现出溶胀行为,OP快速释放,CONP具备较强的pH响应性。
本研究以OP为芯材,CS为壁材,制得pH响应型纳米颗粒,最佳制备条件为:CS与TPP质量比为4.8:1,CS浓度为2.4 mg/mL,CS与OP质量比为1:2,CS溶液pH为5.5。此条件下CONP的包埋率为85.44%±1.24%,粒径为259.67±14.11 nm。表征实验证实了CONP的形成机制和特性:OP与CS通过静电和氢键结合,随后CS与TPP进一步交联生成无定型CONP,包埋后的OP热稳定性显著提高。CONP呈不规则的椭圆形,几何尺寸约100 nm,粒径分布均匀。CONP因其分子间静电和氢键相互作用及体系的无定形态,在稳定性实验中证实了较高的离子强度稳定性、热稳定性和pH响应性,在模拟消化实验中证实了在模拟胃液条件下表现出极高的稳定性并遵循Fick扩散,在模拟肠液条件下表现出溶胀行为并遵循Super Case Ⅱ释放,OP快速释放,CONP具备较强的pH响应性。本研究结果可为多糖-肽类纳米颗粒的结构和性质提供理论基础,为多肽类生物活性物质的递送提供理论依据。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070305
  • 接收时间:2025-07-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-25
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    1广东海洋大学食品科技学院,国家贝类加工技术研发分中心(湛江),广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室,广东省海洋生物制品工程实验室,广东省海洋食品工程技术研究中心,广东省水产预制食品加工与品质控制工程技术研究中心,广东湛江 524088
    2海洋食品精深加工关键技术省部共建协同创新中心,大连工业大学,辽宁大连 116034

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曹文红(1977−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:海洋生物资源利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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