Article(id=1320882323994816771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100314, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730044800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852486846, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852486846, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852486846, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852486846, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=54, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882325563486468, articleId=1320882323994816771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Different Proteases on the Enzymatic Hydrolysis Efficiency and Structure of Wheat Gluten, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the enzymatic hydrolysis effects of papain, alkaline protease, neutral protease, alkaline protease TG enzyme combination, and papain alkaline protease combination on gluten protein and their impact on its structure. The degree of hydrolysis, trichloroacetic acid nitrogen solubility index (TCA-NSI), and molecular weight distribution were used as evaluation indicators to the enzymatic hydrolysis. The surface hydrophobicity, free thiol groups, and protein microstructure were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, and other methods, and the structural changes of enzymatic hydrolysis products were systematically characterized. The results showed that enzymatic hydrolysis significantly increased the degree of hydrolysis of wheat gluten protein. The increase in surface hydrophobicity and free thiol content indicated significant changes in the protein's tertiary structure. Secondary structure analysis showed that in wheat gluten protein, the β-folding structure was transformed into irregular curls. The comparison of molecular weight distribution before and after enzymatic hydrolysis showed that the papain alkaline protease combination could more effectively hydrolyze wheat soluble protein. In addition, changes in the microstructure indicated that enzymatic hydrolysis altered the conformation of protein molecules. Therefore, this study provides theoretical support for the study of structural changes in wheat gluten after protein hydrolysis, and provides scientific basis for the development of high solubility and high functionality gluten protein products.

, authors=Xiangjun LIU1, Yuting ZHANG2, 3, Xuedong WANG2, 3, *, Yan WU2, 3, *, Ku LI1, Huai XU1, authorsList=Xiangjun LIU, Yuting ZHANG, Xuedong WANG, Yan WU, Ku LI, Huai XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuedong WANG, Yan WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882327752913177, articleId=1320882323994816771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=不同蛋白酶酶解对小麦面筋蛋白酶解效果及结构的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文旨在研究木瓜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶+TG酶组合和木瓜蛋白酶+碱性蛋白酶组合酶解对面筋蛋白的酶解效果及对其结构的影响。研究以水解度、三氯乙酸氮溶指数(TCA-NSI)和分子量分布等为指标,判断酶解效果。利用傅里叶红外光谱、内源荧光光谱、紫外光谱等方法,测定了表面疏水性、游离巯基和蛋白质微观结构,系统表征了酶解产物的结构变化。结果表明,酶解处理显著提高了小麦面筋蛋白的水解度;表面疏水性和游离巯基含量的增加表明蛋白质三级结构发生显著改变;二级结构分析显示,小麦面筋蛋白中,β-折叠结构减少,无规则卷曲增加;对比酶解前后分子量分布结果表明,木瓜蛋白酶+碱性蛋白酶组合能够更有效地水解小麦醇溶蛋白;此外,微观结构变化也表明酶解处理显著改变了蛋白质分子的构象。因此,本研究为小麦面筋蛋白酶解后结构变化的研究提供了理论支持,并为开发高溶解度、高功能性的面筋蛋白产品提供了科学依据。

, authors=刘向军1, 张雨婷2, 3, 王学东2, 3, *, 吴艳2, 3, *, 李库1, 胥怀1, authorsList=刘向军, 张雨婷, 王学东, 吴艳, 李库, 胥怀, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王学东, 吴艳, authorNote=

刘向军(1986−),男,硕士,研究方向:植物蛋白开发与利用,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王学东(1974−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:谷物食品的研究与开发,E-mail:。
吴艳(1989−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:谷物食品的研究与开发,E-mail:。
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注:图中不同小写字母表示组间差异显著(P<0.05),图7、图8同。

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注:A:未处理组;B:木瓜蛋白酶处理组;C:中性蛋白酶处理组;D:碱性蛋白酶处理组;E:碱性蛋白酶与TG酶交联处理组;F:木瓜蛋白酶与碱性蛋白酶处理组;图10同。

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Optimal hydrolysis conditions for proteases

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酶种类最适温度(℃)最适pH
木瓜蛋白酶507
碱性蛋白酶558
中性蛋白酶507
TG酶508
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蛋白酶最适酶解条件

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酶种类最适温度(℃)最适pH
木瓜蛋白酶507
碱性蛋白酶558
中性蛋白酶507
TG酶508
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Different enzyme treatment group

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组别酶水解底物浓[S](%)加酶量(U/g)酶解时间(h)
1木瓜蛋白酶840003
2中性蛋白酶840003
3碱性蛋白酶840003
4碱性蛋白酶+TG酶84000+40003+3
5木瓜蛋白酶+碱性蛋白酶84000+40003+3
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不同酶处理组

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组别酶水解底物浓[S](%)加酶量(U/g)酶解时间(h)
1木瓜蛋白酶840003
2中性蛋白酶840003
3碱性蛋白酶840003
4碱性蛋白酶+TG酶84000+40003+3
5木瓜蛋白酶+碱性蛋白酶84000+40003+3
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不同蛋白酶酶解对小麦面筋蛋白酶解效果及结构的影响
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刘向军 1 , 张雨婷 2, 3 , 王学东 2, 3, * , 吴艳 2, 3, * , 李库 1 , 胥怀 1
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(1): 54-62
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (1) : 54 -62
不同蛋白酶酶解对小麦面筋蛋白酶解效果及结构的影响
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刘向军1 , 张雨婷2, 3, 王学东2, 3, * , 吴艳2, 3, * , 李库1, 胥怀1
作者信息
  • 1安琪酵母股份有限公司,酵母功能湖北省重点实验室,湖北宜昌 443000
  • 2武汉轻工大学,农产品加工与转化湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉 430000
  • 3武汉轻工大学,大宗粮油精深加工教育部重点实验室,湖北武汉 430000
通讯作者:
王学东(1974−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:谷物食品的研究与开发,E-mail:。
吴艳(1989−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:谷物食品的研究与开发,E-mail:。
作者简介:

刘向军(1986−),男,硕士,研究方向:植物蛋白开发与利用,E-mail:

Effect of Different Proteases on the Enzymatic Hydrolysis Efficiency and Structure of Wheat Gluten
Xiangjun LIU1 , Yuting ZHANG2, 3, Xuedong WANG2, 3, * , Yan WU2, 3, * , Ku LI1, Huai XU1
Affiliations
  • 1The Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, Angel Yeast Co., Ltd., Yichang 443000, China
  • 2Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430000, China
  • 3Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430000, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100314
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本文旨在研究木瓜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶+TG酶组合和木瓜蛋白酶+碱性蛋白酶组合酶解对面筋蛋白的酶解效果及对其结构的影响。研究以水解度、三氯乙酸氮溶指数(TCA-NSI)和分子量分布等为指标,判断酶解效果。利用傅里叶红外光谱、内源荧光光谱、紫外光谱等方法,测定了表面疏水性、游离巯基和蛋白质微观结构,系统表征了酶解产物的结构变化。结果表明,酶解处理显著提高了小麦面筋蛋白的水解度;表面疏水性和游离巯基含量的增加表明蛋白质三级结构发生显著改变;二级结构分析显示,小麦面筋蛋白中,β-折叠结构减少,无规则卷曲增加;对比酶解前后分子量分布结果表明,木瓜蛋白酶+碱性蛋白酶组合能够更有效地水解小麦醇溶蛋白;此外,微观结构变化也表明酶解处理显著改变了蛋白质分子的构象。因此,本研究为小麦面筋蛋白酶解后结构变化的研究提供了理论支持,并为开发高溶解度、高功能性的面筋蛋白产品提供了科学依据。

小麦面筋蛋白  /  酶法改性  /  水解度  /  分子量分布  /  结构

This study aimed to investigate the enzymatic hydrolysis effects of papain, alkaline protease, neutral protease, alkaline protease TG enzyme combination, and papain alkaline protease combination on gluten protein and their impact on its structure. The degree of hydrolysis, trichloroacetic acid nitrogen solubility index (TCA-NSI), and molecular weight distribution were used as evaluation indicators to the enzymatic hydrolysis. The surface hydrophobicity, free thiol groups, and protein microstructure were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, and other methods, and the structural changes of enzymatic hydrolysis products were systematically characterized. The results showed that enzymatic hydrolysis significantly increased the degree of hydrolysis of wheat gluten protein. The increase in surface hydrophobicity and free thiol content indicated significant changes in the protein's tertiary structure. Secondary structure analysis showed that in wheat gluten protein, the β-folding structure was transformed into irregular curls. The comparison of molecular weight distribution before and after enzymatic hydrolysis showed that the papain alkaline protease combination could more effectively hydrolyze wheat soluble protein. In addition, changes in the microstructure indicated that enzymatic hydrolysis altered the conformation of protein molecules. Therefore, this study provides theoretical support for the study of structural changes in wheat gluten after protein hydrolysis, and provides scientific basis for the development of high solubility and high functionality gluten protein products.

wheat gluten protein  /  enzymatic modification  /  degree of hydrolysis  /  molecular weight distribution  /  structure
刘向军, 张雨婷, 王学东, 吴艳, 李库, 胥怀. 不同蛋白酶酶解对小麦面筋蛋白酶解效果及结构的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 54 -62 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100314
Xiangjun LIU, Yuting ZHANG, Xuedong WANG, Yan WU, Ku LI, Huai XU. Effect of Different Proteases on the Enzymatic Hydrolysis Efficiency and Structure of Wheat Gluten[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 54 -62 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100314
小麦是世界上消费量第二大的粮食作物,也是全球产量第三大的作物,占全球谷物产量的30%,仅次于玉米和水稻[1]。我国是小麦种植面积最大、总产量最多的国家,2023年我国小麦总产量约为1.34×108吨[2]。小麦面粉中的蛋白质含量为9%~14%[3],根据溶解特性不同分为清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白[4]。醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白统称为小麦面筋蛋白[5]。麦谷蛋白是一种大分子聚合体,分子质量约为40~300 kDa[6]。不同小麦品种的麦谷蛋白均由17~20种不同的多肽亚基组成,它们通过分子内和分子间的二硫键连成纤维状[7]。小麦面筋蛋白含有大量人体必需氨基酸[8],具有低过敏性、较好的乳化稳定性和泡沫稳定性等特点[9]。然而由于面筋蛋白独特的结构及其氨基酸主要为疏水性氨基酸,降低了其在水中的溶解度,使得小麦蛋白的应用受到一定程度的限制[10]。
酶解技术的发展为提高面筋蛋白溶解性提供了一条有效途径。近年来,生物酶解法改性小麦蛋白已经成为小麦蛋白深加工研究领域中的热点之一[11]。魏芸锦等[12]研究了分步酶解小麦面筋蛋白制备低苦味肽粉的工艺。董彩虹等[13]对复合酶法制备小麦面筋蛋白咸味酶解液的工艺进行了优化研究。雷声等[14]利用蛋白酶对小麦面筋蛋白进行可控酶解制备最适美拉德反应前体肽。从上述报道可以看出,目前对面筋蛋白的研究集中在酶解工艺优化及酶解产物功能性质方面,缺乏系统报道酶解对小麦面筋蛋白的溶解性及结构的影响。
本研究将对比木瓜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶-TG酶组合、木瓜蛋白酶-碱性蛋白酶组合酶解对面筋蛋白的酶解效果,并利用傅里叶红外光谱、内源荧光光谱、紫外光谱等技术,测定其表面疏水性、游离巯基及蛋白质微观结构的变化情况,旨在为改善小麦面筋蛋白的溶解性和功能特性提供科学依据,并为开发新型功能性食品原料奠定理论基础。
小麦面筋蛋白 封丘县华丰粉业有限公司;AP-200A碱性蛋白酶、NP-100a中性蛋白酶、PA-2木瓜蛋白酶、GLU100谷氨酰胺转氨酶 食品级,安琪酵母股份有限公司;Page Ruler预染蛋白Marker 赛默飞世尔科技公司;SDS-PAGE电泳凝胶配制试剂盒、SDS-PAGE电泳5×上样缓冲液 碧云天生物;SDS-PAGE电泳缓冲液、考马斯亮蓝快速染色液、二硫苏糖醇 广州硕谱生物科技有限公司;十二烷基硫酸钠、邻苯二甲醛、丝氨酸、8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸、5,5'-二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸) 分析级,阿拉丁试剂有限公司;溴化钾 光谱级,阿拉丁试剂有限公司;十水四硼酸钠、三氯乙酸、盐酸、氢氧化钠、无水乙醇、三羟甲基氨基甲烷 分析级,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;Tricine-SDS-PAGE 2×上样缓冲液、Tricine-SDS-PAGE凝胶配制试剂盒、超低分子量Marker 北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
SHJ-6D磁力搅拌水浴锅 常州金坛良友仪器有限公司;DYY-600c蛋白电泳仪 北京东方瑞利电泳设备有限公司;Universal Hood Ⅲ凝胶成像仪 美国伯乐公司;ME104E/02电子天平 梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司;TGL-20bR高速冷冻离心机 上海安亭科学仪器厂;EnSpire多功能酶标仪、Frontier傅里叶红外光谱 美国PerkinElmer仪器有限公司;LGJ-10C真空冷冻干燥机 四环福瑞科仪科技发展有限公司;F4600荧光分光光度计、SU8600扫描电子显微镜 株式会社日立制作所。
选取木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶对小麦面筋蛋白进行单酶水解。经过预实验,底物浓度为8%,选取碱性蛋白酶+TG酶,木瓜蛋白酶+碱性蛋白酶两种双酶分步水解(其中碱性蛋白酶、TG酶及木瓜蛋白酶加酶量如表1所示),在最适条件下酶解小麦面筋蛋白。酶解实验过程参照本实验室任秋燕[15]的方法进行。具体操作如下:称取小麦面筋蛋白和去离子水于250 mL的烧杯中,在磁力搅拌水浴锅内匀浆配制成相应浓度的悬浮液,待悬浮液中心温度升至蛋白酶作用最适温度后,用1 mol/L NaOH/HCl调节至最适pH(±0.02),加入蛋白酶在最适温度下反应。反应过程中不断搅拌并加入1 mol/L NaOH/HCl保证体系pH恒定。酶解完成后于100 ℃水浴中加热10 min灭酶,冷却至室温后滴定至中性,8500 r/min离心20 min。上清液冷冻干燥保存待用。
双酶分段水解实验操作如表2所示:第一段酶解反应结束后,100 ℃水浴中加热10 min灭酶,冷却后置于第二种酶的最适温度中预热15 min,用1 mol/L NaOH/HCl调节至最适pH后加入第二种酶,后续操作同单酶酶解实验。
参照刘海梅等[16]的方法,配制15%的三氯乙酸溶液,与等体积的酶解液混合均匀静置30 min。8000 r/min离心20 min。取上清液,采用BCA法测定其中蛋白质含量。利用公式(1)计算其TCA-NSI:
$ {\mathrm{TCA}} - {\mathrm{NSI}}({\text{%}}) = \frac{{\mathrm{N}}}{{{{\mathrm{N}}_0}}} \times 100 $
式中:N为上清液中总氮含量,g;N0为酶解液中总氮含量,g。
使用OPA(邻苯二甲醛)法测定酶解液的水解度[17]。
OPA试剂:称取7.62 g十水四硼酸钠、0.2 g SDS,完全溶解于150 mL超纯水中,0.16 g邻苯二甲醛完全溶解于4 mL无水乙醇中,转移至上述溶液中,最后加入0.176 g DTT,超纯水定容至200 mL。
丝氨酸标准溶液:称取0.02 g丝氨酸标准品,超纯水定容至200 mL。
样品溶液:称取约0.1 g样品冻干粉(精确记录样品质量),超纯水定容至100 mL。
分别将400 μL超纯水、丝氨酸标准液、样品溶液与3 mL OPA试剂混合,避光反应60 s,反应时间严格读秒,在340 nm处读取吸光度值。每个反应做3次平行。根据公式(2)~(4)计算样品水解度。
$ \begin{split}\text{SerineNH}_2= & \frac{样品\text{OD}-空白\text{OD}}{标品\text{OD}-空白\text{OD}}\times \frac{0.9516\mathrm{\ meqv}}{\mathrm{L}}\times \\ & \frac{0.1\times 100}{\mathrm{X}\times \mathrm{P}}\mathrm{L}/\text{protein}\end{split} $
式中:Serine NH2为mmol serine NH2/g蛋白;X为样品重量;P为样品中的蛋白含量;L为体积;0.1为样品体积转换成L的系数。
h的测定:
$ {\text{h}} = \left(\frac{{{\text{SerineN}}{{\text{H}}_{{2}}} - \beta }}{\alpha }\right){\text{meqv/g protein}} $
式中:α=1.00;β=0.40。
水解度(DH)的计算:
$ {\text{DH(\%)}}=\frac{{{{\text{h}}_{{1}}} - {{\text{h}}_{{0}}}}}{{{{\text{h}}_{{\text{tot}}}}}} \times 100 $
式中:h0为水解反应前相对原始底物的水解度;h1为水解反应后相对原始底物的水解度;htot为8.30。
采用SDS-PAGE和Tricine-SDS-PAGE分析蛋白质分子量分布。
根据Pi等[18]的方法,使用SDS-PAGE测定酶解前后样品的分子量分布。按照试剂盒说明制备底物浓度为12%的分离胶和5%的浓缩胶。将样品溶液和5×上样缓冲液以1:4体积涡旋混匀,100 ℃煮沸8 min,8000 r/min离心5 min后取上清液上样。在电泳槽中加入适量电泳液,电泳初始电压设置为80 V,运行30 min后调整为120 V,直至溴酚蓝前沿接近凝胶底部时停止电泳。取下凝胶置于考马斯亮蓝染色液中染色2 h,转入纯水中脱色,期间数次更换水,直至凝胶背景清晰透明。使用凝胶成像仪对染色后的凝胶进行拍照,通过与预染蛋白质标准品的分子量对比,确定酶解前后小麦面筋蛋白的分子量分布变化。
Tricine-SDS-PAGE参考赵瑞芳[19]的方法进行。分离胶配制浓度为16.5%,夹层胶配制浓度为10%,浓缩胶配制浓度为4%。将待测蛋白配制成30 μg/μL的溶液,取20 μL的样品溶液与等体积2×Tricine-SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液混合并振荡30 min,于100 ℃下加热8 min,涡旋混匀,冷却后以8000 r/min离心60 s。将制备好的凝胶放入电泳槽中,拔掉梳子。内槽加入阴极缓冲液,外槽加入阳极缓冲液。将Marker与样品依次点入孔中。连通电泳仪电源,设置初始电压为30 V,当样品到达分离胶上沿后,将电压调至100 V,继续电泳直至溴酚蓝到达凝胶底部后关闭电源。电泳结束后,取下分离胶并放入固定液中固定1 h,然后转移至考马斯亮蓝染色液染色2 h。染色完成后进行脱色处理,脱色至背景完全干净后在凝胶成像系统进行结果分析。
二级结构的测定参考Rincón-aguirre等的方法[20],采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)进行分析。准确称取5 mg样品粉末和0.5 g溴化钾研磨成粉末,放入模具置于压力机下压成半透明的均匀薄片,将样品片用夹片固定于红外光谱仪中扫描测定,以大气为扫描背景。扫描频率为 500~4000 cm−1,以分辨率为4 cm−1的频率扫描次数64次,每个样品进行3次平行实验。通过蛋白酰胺I带(1600~1700 cm−1)评估小麦面筋蛋白二级结构相对含量的变化。用Peakfit分析样品的α-螺旋(1650~1660 cm−1)、β-折叠(1618~1640 cm−1和1670~1690 cm−1)、β-转角(1660~1670 cm−1和1690~1700 cm−1)和无规则卷曲(1640~1650 cm−1)的相对含量。
蛋白样品的紫外光谱也是反映蛋白三级结构变化的一种常用指标。将不同蛋白样品配制成浓度为1 mg/mL的溶液,测定250~400 nm波长段的吸收强度。
采用荧光分光光度计分析不同处理的蛋白三级结构的变化。参考Liu等[21]的方法,用65%的乙醇将样品配制成浓度为0.5 mg/mL的样品溶液并置于光谱仪的样品槽中扫描,激发波长为280 nm,发射波长为300~500 nm,扫描速度为1200 nm/min,反应时间为0.5 s,PMT电压为500 V,激发和发射间隙波长为5 nm。
参考Yan等[22]的方法,使用ANS作为荧光探针测定样品的表面疏水性。首先,使用磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS,0.01 mol/L,pH7.0)将蛋白冻干粉末配制为浓度范围为0.1~0.5 mg/mL的浓度梯度。再使用同样的PBS溶液制备浓度为8 mmol/L的ANS溶液。然后,将20 μL ANS溶液与4 mL待测样品溶液混匀,在25 ℃下避光反应25 min。最后,利用荧光光谱仪设定激发波长为370 nm,发射波长为470 nm,狭缝宽度为5 nm,测定并记录待测溶液的相对荧光强度。荧光强度与蛋白质浓度曲线的初始斜率被记作H0。
采用Ellman(DTNB)试剂法测定样品的游离巯基含量[23]。首先,将3 mg样品溶于5 mL Tris-Gly-EDTA(10.42 g Tris,6.9 g甘氨酸,1.2 g EDTA定容至1000 mL,调节pH为8.0)缓冲液反应30 min,再加入40 μL Ellman试剂,在室温25 ℃下反应30 min。最后,使用紫外分光光度计在412 nm处测定吸光值,使用Tris-Gly-EDTA缓冲液作为空白。根据公式(5)计算样品游离巯基(SH)的含量。
$ {\mathrm{SH}}({\text{μmol/g}}) = \frac{{73.53 \times {{\mathrm{A}}_{412}} \times {\mathrm{D}}}}{{\mathrm{C}}} $
式中:A412为412 nm处的吸光值;D为稀释系数;C为蛋白样品的浓度(mg/mL);73.53为由106/(1.36×104)计算得出,1.36×104为摩尔吸收率。
将样品经过冷冻干燥后,使用双面碳带将样品粉末的薄层置于铜样品保持器上,并镀上10 nm厚的金以使样品导电。采用扫描电子显微镜在15 kV的加速电压放大500倍观察样品的微观结构。
每个实验重复三次,实验数据以“平均值±标准差”表示,所得数据采用Excel、Minitab进行分析处理,显著性(P<0.05)检验方法为Duncan多重比较。使用Origin进行绘图。
水解度是检测蛋白质水解效果的重要指标,酶解过程中,蛋白质被水解为较短的多肽或游离氨基酸,这些肽段和氨基酸的N-末端均为α-氨基。由图1可知,经过不同酶解处理的产物的水解度存在显著差异(P<0.05),木瓜蛋白酶酶解水解度最低,碱性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶+碱性蛋白酶组合和碱性蛋白酶+TG酶组合水解度较高。这是因为木瓜蛋白酶属于半胱氨酸蛋白酶,其作用位点相对单一,主要水解精氨酸、赖氨酸等碱性氨基酸的羧基端肽键。由于它能识别的肽键种类少,对蛋白质的切割不够全面,因此水解度低。而碱性蛋白酶属于丝氨酸蛋白酶,作用位点更广泛。它能水解多种氨基酸(如丙氨酸、亮氨酸等)形成的肽键,对蛋白质的切割更充分,因此单独使用时水解度显著高于木瓜蛋白酶(P<0.05)。两种酶组合使用时,会通过 “互补切割” 进一步提升水解度,效果优于单一酶。
三氯乙酸(TCA)能够沉淀大分子蛋白质和较长的肽段,一般采用10%~15%的TCA处理水解物,可以沉淀大部分分子量大于5 kDa的多肽。因此TCA氮溶指数(TCA-NSI)可以用来表征水解产物中小分子肽的相对含量,小分子肽含量越高,蛋白质酶解情况越好。由图1结果可知,木瓜蛋白酶+碱性蛋白酶组合显示出最高的TCA-NSI,达到49.78%±0.02%,这说明木瓜蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶的组合中的小分子多肽含量更高,这与其较高的水解度结果一致。
不同蛋白酶由于酶切位点不同,会产生不同组成和结构的水解产物。为了探究不同酶处理方案对小麦面筋蛋白分子量分布的影响,利用SDS-PAGE和Tricine-SDS-PAGE分析经过不同酶解方案处理后的蛋白样品的分子量分布特征[24]。
通过不同酶解方案处理的蛋白样品的SDS-PAGE图谱如图2所示,可以看出,与未处理的小麦面筋蛋白相比,所有酶解样品中均不存在分子量大于40 kDa的蛋白质组分。然而,对于小于40 kDa的蛋白质组分,各组表现出差异。这说明经过木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶处理后,小麦面筋蛋白被裂解为小分子蛋白。但因为酶解程度的不同,木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物主要集中在40 kDa以下,中性蛋白酶酶解产物集中在20 kDa以下,碱性蛋白酶酶解产物集中在15 kDa以下,这与它们的水解度趋势一致。在这三组单酶处理样品中,均残留35~40 kDa的蛋白条带,这提示着在三种单酶处理组中,可能仍然存在着一定的γ-醇溶蛋白(35~38 kDa)和低分子量谷蛋白(~40 kDa)[25]。碱性蛋白酶复合TG酶处理的样品由于TG酶的交联作用,小分子蛋白质重新聚合,使蛋白条带较碱性蛋白酶单酶处理有所加深,且仍然存在35~40 kDa的蛋白条带。而小麦面筋蛋白经过木瓜蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶双酶处理后条带几乎消失,仅在10 kDa附近有少量残留。35~40 kDa的蛋白也被充分水解,这说明木瓜蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶组合能比其他酶解方案更有效地水解小麦醇溶蛋白。
Tricine-SDS-PAGE利用Tricine代替了甘氨酸并使用Tricine缓冲体系,对于小分子蛋白质有更高的分辨率,常用来分析消化产物和酶解产物[26]。本文利用Tricine-SDS-PAGE进一步分析酶解产物在30 kDa以下的分布情况,如图3所示。木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶复合TG酶处理的样品在31 kDa以下存在明显条带,这说明在经过这些处理后的酶解产物中同工麦胚凝集素(~21 kDa)、抑制蛋白(~14 kDa)、氧硫还蛋白(~13.3 kDa)、非特异性脂转移蛋白酶(~9 kDa)、α-嘌呤硫蛋白(~12 kDa)等仍然未被降解[27]。经过碱性蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶双酶处理的酶解产物只有3.3 kDa处有蛋白阴影,结合SDS-PAGE结果,木瓜蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶双酶处理已将小麦面筋蛋白绝大部分蛋白降解为3.3 kDa以下的小肽。
蛋白质红外光谱由酰胺 Ⅰ带、酰胺II 带、酰胺 III 带、酰胺Ⅳ、酰胺Ⅴ、酰胺 Ⅵ、酰胺Ⅶ、酰胺A带及酰胺B带组成,在9个特征吸收带中酰胺Ⅰ带(1600~1700 cm−1)对蛋白质二级结构的研究最有意义[28]。为了得到不同处理方案对小麦面筋蛋白二级结构的影响,对红外光谱中酰胺I带进行去卷积和二阶导数拟合分析。在蛋白质的二级结构中,α-螺旋和β-折叠是组成蛋白质基本骨架的关键结构,具有较高的紧密度和稳定性[29]。通过计算不同处理条件下小麦面筋蛋白中α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲等二级结构的相对含量,可以定量评估各处理方案对蛋白质构象的影响。经过不同处理的小麦面筋蛋白二级结构相对含量如图4所示。实验结果表明,未经处理的小麦面筋蛋白中β-折叠相对含量最高。经酶解处理后,β-折叠相对含量呈现不同程度的下降,而无规则卷曲的比例则相应升高。这一结果说明酶解处理使小麦面筋蛋白二级结构发生了相互转化。这种转化意味着蛋白质分子的空间构象变得更加松散和无序。
经过不同酶处理方案的样品紫外吸收光谱如图5所示,可知所有样品在280 nm处都有吸收峰。与未处理的小麦面筋蛋白相比,所有经过酶处理的样品在280 nm都出现了蓝移现象,这也证明酶解处理使蛋白质的构象改变,导致色氨酸发色团被置于极性较低、疏水性较强的微环境中[30]。此外,在280 nm附近出现的最大峰通常与蛋白质中酪氨酸和色氨酸残基的数量有关[31]。而其中未处理的小麦面筋蛋白吸光度值最低,这可能是由于小麦面筋蛋白在PBS中溶解度较差。
在经过不同酶解处理后,样品在280 nm处的吸光度值存在明显差异。木瓜蛋白酶处理组在280 nm处的吸光度值最低,碱性蛋白酶和经碱性蛋白酶和TG酶组合处理的吸光度值最高,这可能是由经过不同处理后蛋白质的结构不同导致的。由于碱性蛋白酶水解程度较高,对蛋白质结构的破坏能力更强,导致更多的芳香族基团暴露于溶剂中,故紫外吸收强度最高。由于谷氨酰胺转氨酶的交联作用,可能掩埋了部分发色基团,导致吸光度值下降。
通过测定蛋白质的内源荧光可以反映蛋白质结构内的氨基酸微环境,有助于了解蛋白质的性质和三级结构的变化。
图6显示了不同酶解处理样品的荧光光谱,未处理的小麦面筋蛋白最大发射波长(λmax)为350.4 nm,经过木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和TG酶、木瓜蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶双酶组处理后,样品的λmax分别为350.8、351.2、353.4、353.2、353.6 nm,均出现了不同程度的红移,这一结果表明,不同酶处理方案对蛋白构象造成了不同的影响。此外,荧光强度与发射荧光的基团暴露程度有关,因此可以反映蛋白质中生色团基团的变化[23]。其中未处理的小麦面筋蛋白在不同发射波长下的荧光强度与王淑敏[32]的研究相似。一方面是由于小麦面筋蛋白的溶解度差,另一方面是因为具有荧光性的氨基酸被包裹在小麦面筋蛋白内部,从而显示出较低的荧光强度。经过酶解处理后的蛋白荧光值均显著增大,这是因为酶解处理影响了蛋白质的空间结构,使荧光发射基团暴露至亲水环境,导致氨基酸微环境极性增加。但不同酶解处理的样品荧光强度出现差异,这可能是因为不同蛋白酶的酶切作用位点不同导致酶解产物中肽段分布产生差异,受静电作用和疏水作用不同,从而在结构的再分配中出现差异,呈现出不同的荧光强度[23]。
ANS荧光探针与蛋白质中暴露的疏水基团结合,通过测定荧光强度的变化可以表征蛋白质三级结构的改变。
由图7可知,经不同酶解处理后的小麦面筋蛋白的表面疏水性都有不同程度的增加,这可能是由于小麦面筋蛋白在酶解过程中蛋白质的三级结构被破坏,肽链展开,暴露更多的疏水性位点。在单酶处理组中,可以观察到表面疏水性与蛋白质水解程度呈相反的趋势,木瓜蛋白酶处理的样品H0最大,碱性蛋白酶处理的样品H0最小。这可能是由于疏水基团与亲水基团的暴露程度是导致蛋白质结构重排的重要因素,若蛋白质在重排过程中过度水解,疏水基团暴露过多,疏水相互作用增加而导致展开的肽链又聚集,此时测得的H0会降低[33]。此外,在双酶处理组中,碱性蛋白酶和TG酶交联处理组呈现出较大的表面疏水性,这可能归因于TG酶能够催化蛋白质形成共价键,促进蛋白质分子间或分子内发生共价交联,交联作用使更多的亲水基团被包埋在致密的网络结构中,从而使疏水相互作用增大[34]。木瓜蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶双酶处理组表现出了最低的表面疏水性,这与从单酶处理组中得到的规律不一致,可能是由于两种蛋白酶的互补作用,产生了更多小分子肽和游离氨基酸。虽然游离氨基酸分子由于具有疏水基团导致疏水性较高,但在水溶液环境中,它们的极性基团会与水分子发生强烈的亲和作用,使氨基酸分子在水溶液中的总体疏水性降低。此外,过度水解可能会破坏肽段间可能形成的疏水作用力,进一步降低疏水性[25]。
小麦面筋蛋白中的二硫键是决定小麦面筋蛋白结构和功能特性的关键因素之一[27]。图8显示了小麦面筋蛋白经过不同酶解方案处理后游离巯基的变化情况。
在单酶处理组中,碱性蛋白酶处理组游离巯基含量从未处理组的3.92±0.32 μmol/g上升到5.88±0.20 μmol/g。薛腊梅[24]也在试验中发现,经过碱性蛋白酶处理后游离巯基含量上升。这是由于蛋白质在酶解过程中肽键被水解,结构破坏导致被埋藏在结构内部的半胱氨酸残基暴露,侧链上的巯基数量增加,从而引起游离巯基含量上升。与之相反的是,经过木瓜蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶处理后,游离巯基含量反而下降。可以推测,在水解时木瓜蛋白酶可能更多切割了含巯基的肽键,导致巯基含量降低。中性蛋白酶处理组游离巯基含量下降的结果也可能与其特异性酶切位点有关。
在双酶分段处理的样品组中,与碱性蛋白酶单酶处理相比,经过TG酶交联后,游离巯基的含量下降,这是由于TG酶的交联作用,形成分子内和分子间的共价键,导致原本暴露的半胱氨酸被掩盖,使巯基不再暴露,故游离巯基含量下降[35]。而首先经过木瓜蛋白酶水解,然后经过碱性蛋白酶水解,碱性蛋白酶会在第一段酶解的基础上将蛋白质继续降解为更多更小的多肽片段和游离氨基酸,同时也会产生游离的半胱氨酸。在溶液中,游离的半胱氨酸容易与其他氨基酸结合形成胱氨酸或二硫键,从而进一步降低游离巯基的含量[36]。
图9和图10展示了经过不同酶解方案处理的小麦面筋蛋白经过冷冻干燥后的宏观和微观图片。从宏观形态可以看出,未处理的小麦面筋蛋白呈淡黄色粉末,质地细腻,吸湿性一般。通过扫描电镜观察,在500倍放大倍数下,可以观察到蛋白分子呈不规则碎石状,这可能是由于研磨时的机械力所导致。经木瓜蛋白酶酶解后,样品呈肉眼可见的白色片状,微观结构也显示蛋白质分子为具有锋利边缘的片状,体积较大。中性蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶单酶处理后都呈现块状混合不规则片状的形态。其中,碱性蛋白酶组还存在深褐色团状聚集颗粒,且整体颜色更深,这可能与水解程度有关。
经过TG酶交联处理后,除了片状蛋白质分子以外,还出现了聚集状蛋白分子。TG酶的交联作用促使了蛋白质发生聚集,改变了蛋白质的构象。而木瓜蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶双酶处理组的蛋白微观结构中,既存在破碎的大体积片状分子,也有小体积的蛋白质碎块。这可能是由于木瓜蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶的协同作用,将蛋白质水解为更小的肽段或游离氨基酸。此外,在实验过程中,还观察到酶解后的样品出现不同程度的吸潮现象,并且这一现象与水解程度具有一定相关性,这是由于酶解后亲水基团的暴露增大了蛋白质的溶解性。
酶改性法是改善小麦面筋蛋白结构和功能特性的有效方法。对不同酶解产物的结构进行比较,结果表明木瓜蛋白酶与碱性蛋白酶双酶水解组几乎将绝大部分蛋白降解为3.3 kDa以下的小肽,比其他酶解方案更有效地水解小麦醇溶蛋白;酶解处理后,小麦面筋蛋白主要的β-折叠结构减少,无规则卷曲结构增加;紫外和荧光光谱显示不同酶解处理使蛋白质的三级结构发生不同程度的改变,可能发生构象表位的破坏;表面疏水性和游离巯基含量也证明酶解后蛋白质二硫键断裂,木瓜蛋白酶与碱性蛋白酶组合处理组含有更多小肽段和游离氨基酸;微观结构也显示酶解处理改变了蛋白质分子的微观结构。这些结果为小麦面筋蛋白的改性提供了新的依据,可为小麦蛋白的深加工利用提供理论参考。

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2026年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024100314
  • 接收时间:2024-10-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-28
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    1安琪酵母股份有限公司,酵母功能湖北省重点实验室,湖北宜昌 443000
    2武汉轻工大学,农产品加工与转化湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉 430000
    3武汉轻工大学,大宗粮油精深加工教育部重点实验室,湖北武汉 430000

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王学东(1974−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:谷物食品的研究与开发,E-mail:。
吴艳(1989−),女,博士,讲师,研究方向:谷物食品的研究与开发,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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