Article(id=1320882292046807641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120316, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735142400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852479229, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852479229, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852479229, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852479229, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=477, endPage=487, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882292218774106, articleId=1320882292046807641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Visual Analysis of L-Theanine Research and Progress in Its Functional Activity and Food Application, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

L-Theanine (LTA), a distinctive free amino acid in tea, is the major contributor to the sweet and fresh taste in tea infusions. As a novel food ingredient, it exhibits a wide range of biological activities. This study screens the Web of Science Core Collection and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases of LTA-related literature from 2014 to 2024 and utilizes Citespace and VOSviewer for a visual analysis. Keyword density and contribution mapping indicate that LTA research predominantly centers on tea varieties, stress responses, and the biological activities of LTA. Consequently, this review synthesizes the factors influencing LTA content in tea and elucidates the mechanisms underlying LTA's biological activities, including antioxidant, heat stress resistance, antidepressant, metabolic regulation, anti-cancer, immune regulation, gut microbiota modulation, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective and intestinal protective effects. The collective evidence indicates that LTA mediates its biological functions primarily through the modulation of signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Furthermore, the current applications of LTA in the food industry are summarized. This review aims to provide direction for LTA research and development and offer a reference for the formulation of LTA-based functional foods.

, authors=Jiayin FU1, Longhua WANG1, Ruirui YAN1, Hanyue YANG1, Yongkun LI1, Fei YAN1, 2, 3, *, Dong QU1, 3, *, authorsList=Jiayin FU, Longhua WANG, Ruirui YAN, Hanyue YANG, Yongkun LI, Fei YAN, Dong QU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fei YAN, Dong QU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882295356113516, articleId=1320882292046807641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=L-茶氨酸研究的可视化分析及其功能活性和食品应用研究进展, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

L-茶氨酸(L-Theanine,LTA)是茶叶中独特的游离氨基酸,是茶汤鲜爽味的主要来源,具有多种生物活性,属于新食品原料。本文基于Citespace和VOSviewer对Web of Science核心数据库和中国知网数据库,对2014~2024年LTA相关文献进行可视化分析,其中关键词密度和贡献图谱结果显示LTA相关研究集中在茶叶类型、胁迫反应、LTA的生物活性等方面。因此,本文综述了茶叶LTA含量的影响因素,并重点阐述LTA生物活性作用机制,包括抗氧化、抗热应激、抗抑郁、调节代谢、抗癌、调节免疫、调节肠道菌群、保护神经系统、保护肝脏和保护肠道的作用机制,发现LTA主要通过调控核因子κB(Nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)、信号传导及转录激活因子(Signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)等信号通路发挥生物活性功能,并总结了当前LTA在食品产业中的实际应用。本文可为LTA的研究和发展提供方向,并为开发LTA功能性食品提供一定的参考。

, authors=付佳音1, 王龙华1, 闫瑞瑞1, 杨涵越1, 李永焜1, 燕飞1, 2, 3, *, 曲东1, 3, *, authorsList=付佳音, 王龙华, 闫瑞瑞, 杨涵越, 李永焜, 燕飞, 曲东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=燕飞, 曲东, authorNote=

付佳音(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
燕飞(1982−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:茶叶加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
曲东(1982−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:茶叶加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
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Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
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注:c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK);信号传导及转录激活因子(Signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT);超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD);谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶1(Glutathione peroxidase 1,Gpx1);过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT);丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK);凋亡信号调节激酶1(Apoptosis signal regulating kinase-1,ASk1);核因子κB(Nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB);肿瘤坏死因子α(Tumour necrosis factor-α,TNF-α);白细胞介素-6(Interleukin 6,IL-6);白细胞介素-1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β);环氧合酶-2(Cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2);下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,HPA);单胺氧化酶(Monoamine oxidase,MAO);5-羟色胺(5-Hydroxytryptamine,5-HT);去甲肾上腺素(Norepinephrine,NE);多巴胺(Dopamine,DA);脑源性神经营养因子(Brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF);β-内啡肽(β-Endorphin,β-EP);磷酸果糖激酶(Phosphofructokinase,PFK);胰岛素受体(Insulin receptor,IR);胰岛素受体底物(Insulin receptor substrate,IRS);肝激酶 B1(Liver kinase B1,LKB1);哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(Mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR);核糖体蛋白S6K1(Ribosomal protein S6 kinase1,S6K1);苏黎世杆菌属(Turicibacter);肠杆菌属(Faecalibaculum);双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium),乳酸菌属(Lactobacillus);脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio);上皮间充质转化(Epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT);表皮生长因子受体(Epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR);蛋白激酶B(Protein kinase B,AKT);蛋白激酶A(Protein kinase A,PKA);γ-氨基丁酸(γ-Aminobutyric acid,GABA);细胞周期蛋白D1(Cyclin D1);谷氨酸(Glutamic acid,Glu);白细胞介素10(Interleukin10,IL-10));类视黄醇相关孤儿受体γt(Retinoic acid receptor -re-lated orphan receptor gamma,RORγt);辅助性T细胞(Helper T cell,Th);谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,r-glutamyl cysteingl+glycine,GSH);精原细胞(Spermatogonia stem cell,SSC);精子活力(Sperm motility,SM);血红素氧合酶1(Heme oxygenase 1,HO-1);核因子E2相关因子2(Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2);细胞外调节蛋白激酶(Extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK);紧密连接蛋白(Claudin);闭锁小带蛋白(Zonula occludens,ZO);Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4);蛋白激酶C(Protein kinase C,PKC);细胞间粘附分子1(Intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1);白细胞介素33(Interleukin 33,IL-33)。

, figureFileSmall=+ttcznlxZtVlPQKj0MHbzg==, figureFileBig=3Hm0OlpeDLpUldf5RiJLpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882303312708279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882292046807641, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physicochemical properties of LTA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物理化学性质特性及参数
分子式C7H14N2O3
分子量174.189 g/mol
熔点214~215 ℃
密度1.2±0.1 g/cm3
水溶性溶于水,不溶于乙醇、乙醚
外观白色针状结晶固体
气味鲜味、甘甜味
味觉阈值0.06%
比旋光度[α]D20=0.7°
溶解度易溶于水,不溶于无水乙醇和无水乙醚
以及低极性有机溶剂
稳定性在酸性条件下稳定,在碱性条件下不稳定
), ArticleFig(id=1320882303388205752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882292046807641, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

LTA的理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物理化学性质特性及参数
分子式C7H14N2O3
分子量174.189 g/mol
熔点214~215 ℃
密度1.2±0.1 g/cm3
水溶性溶于水,不溶于乙醇、乙醚
外观白色针状结晶固体
气味鲜味、甘甜味
味觉阈值0.06%
比旋光度[α]D20=0.7°
溶解度易溶于水,不溶于无水乙醇和无水乙醚
以及低极性有机溶剂
稳定性在酸性条件下稳定,在碱性条件下不稳定
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L-茶氨酸研究的可视化分析及其功能活性和食品应用研究进展
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付佳音 1 , 王龙华 1 , 闫瑞瑞 1 , 杨涵越 1 , 李永焜 1 , 燕飞 1, 2, 3, * , 曲东 1, 3, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(1): 477-487
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (1) : 477 -487
L-茶氨酸研究的可视化分析及其功能活性和食品应用研究进展
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付佳音1 , 王龙华1, 闫瑞瑞1, 杨涵越1, 李永焜1, 燕飞1, 2, 3, * , 曲东1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1陕西理工大学生物科学与工程学院,陕西省资源生物重点实验室,陕西汉中 723000
  • 2陕西理工大学,陕南秦巴山区生物资源综合开发协同创新中心,陕西汉中 723001
  • 3陕西理工大学,秦巴生物资源与生态环境省部共建国家重点实验室,陕西汉中 723001
通讯作者:
燕飞(1982−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:茶叶加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
曲东(1982−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:茶叶加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

付佳音(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品营养与健康,E-mail:

Visual Analysis of L-Theanine Research and Progress in Its Functional Activity and Food Application
Jiayin FU1 , Longhua WANG1, Ruirui YAN1, Hanyue YANG1, Yongkun LI1, Fei YAN1, 2, 3, * , Dong QU1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Shaanxi Key Laboratory Bio-resources, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
  • 2Qinling-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development Collaborative Innovation Center, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
  • 3Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120316
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L-茶氨酸(L-Theanine,LTA)是茶叶中独特的游离氨基酸,是茶汤鲜爽味的主要来源,具有多种生物活性,属于新食品原料。本文基于Citespace和VOSviewer对Web of Science核心数据库和中国知网数据库,对2014~2024年LTA相关文献进行可视化分析,其中关键词密度和贡献图谱结果显示LTA相关研究集中在茶叶类型、胁迫反应、LTA的生物活性等方面。因此,本文综述了茶叶LTA含量的影响因素,并重点阐述LTA生物活性作用机制,包括抗氧化、抗热应激、抗抑郁、调节代谢、抗癌、调节免疫、调节肠道菌群、保护神经系统、保护肝脏和保护肠道的作用机制,发现LTA主要通过调控核因子κB(Nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)、信号传导及转录激活因子(Signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)等信号通路发挥生物活性功能,并总结了当前LTA在食品产业中的实际应用。本文可为LTA的研究和发展提供方向,并为开发LTA功能性食品提供一定的参考。

L-茶氨酸  /  可视化分析  /  功能活性  /  作用机制  /  食品应用

L-Theanine (LTA), a distinctive free amino acid in tea, is the major contributor to the sweet and fresh taste in tea infusions. As a novel food ingredient, it exhibits a wide range of biological activities. This study screens the Web of Science Core Collection and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases of LTA-related literature from 2014 to 2024 and utilizes Citespace and VOSviewer for a visual analysis. Keyword density and contribution mapping indicate that LTA research predominantly centers on tea varieties, stress responses, and the biological activities of LTA. Consequently, this review synthesizes the factors influencing LTA content in tea and elucidates the mechanisms underlying LTA's biological activities, including antioxidant, heat stress resistance, antidepressant, metabolic regulation, anti-cancer, immune regulation, gut microbiota modulation, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective and intestinal protective effects. The collective evidence indicates that LTA mediates its biological functions primarily through the modulation of signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Furthermore, the current applications of LTA in the food industry are summarized. This review aims to provide direction for LTA research and development and offer a reference for the formulation of LTA-based functional foods.

L-theanine  /  visual analysis  /  functional activity  /  mechanism of action  /  food application
付佳音, 王龙华, 闫瑞瑞, 杨涵越, 李永焜, 燕飞, 曲东. L-茶氨酸研究的可视化分析及其功能活性和食品应用研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 477 -487 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120316
Jiayin FU, Longhua WANG, Ruirui YAN, Hanyue YANG, Yongkun LI, Fei YAN, Dong QU. Visual Analysis of L-Theanine Research and Progress in Its Functional Activity and Food Application[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 477 -487 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120316
L-茶氨酸(L-Theanine,LTA),别名N-乙基-γ-谷氨酰胺,1950年首次从绿茶中分离得到的一种非蛋白、水溶性氨基酸。LTA约占茶叶中游离氨基酸总量的50%以上[1]。作为茶叶中的一种特征氨基酸,LTA不仅对茶的鲜味和焦糖味具有很大贡献,还能缓解茶叶中咖啡因的苦味[2]。LTA还是茶叶中独特的次级代谢产物,是茶叶风味的主要来源,有助于茶挥发物的产生,可作为评价茶叶新鲜度的重要指标之一[3]。此外,LTA还具有多种健康益处,如抗氧化、抗炎、神经保护、抗癌、调节肠道菌群、调节代谢、心血管保护、肝脏保护、肠道保护和免疫调节等作用[4−5]。这些作用表明LTA在改善人体健康和预防疾病方面具有一定的潜力。
日本和美国于1964年和1985年允许LTA作为食品添加剂使用,并且美国食品药品监督管理局确认LTA是一般公认为安全的物质(Generally recognized as safe,GRAS),故对LTA在食品中的使用没有特定用量限制[6−7]。2014年中国国家卫生计生委批准LTA为新食品原料,并规定在符合卫生条件的情况下,LTA每天食用量≤0.4 g[8]。目前,LTA在食品中主要被用作饮料成分和膳食补充剂,以增加风味和营养[9]。LTA作为一种绿色天然且具有广泛生物活性的物质,应当充分发挥其功能特性,促进其在功能型食品和特医食品中的应用。另一方面,LTA市场规模正在全球范围内持续扩大,据北京恒州博智国际信息咨询有限公司(QY Research)统计,2018~2025年全球LTA的市场规模复合年增长率为7.8%,预计2025年全球LTA市场规模达到1226.94吨。中国在过去几年中一直是世界上最大的LTA消费国,在2018年,中国市场约占全球市场的43.31%,其次是北美,约占22.98%[10]。LTA市场规模有望继续保持较好的增长动力,这一趋势不仅促进了LTA的发展,也进一步推动了茶产业的发展。
VOSviewer是一款基于Java的应用程序,由Nees Jan van Eck和 Ludo Waltman于2010年开发并发布,能够生成基于网络数据的可视化图,并广泛应用于文献计量学的可视化分析[11]。关键词是对文章内容的高度概括,是文章核心思想的集中体现,可帮助读者快速了解该研究的方向及核心内容。本研究以LTA为主题和关键词,整合Web of Science核心合集与中国知网2014~2024年间的高质量研究成果,构建LTA研究的知识图谱,以解析LTA研究的现状和发展趋势。本文旨在阐明LTA的研究领域及热点,预测其发展方向,介绍影响LTA含量的因素,探讨LTA的功能活性及其分子作用机制,并对LTA在食品中的实际应用进行简要概括。本文综述可为LTA的进一步研究发展提供方向,并为其在功能型食品和特医食品中的开发提供坚实的科学依据。
文献计量学是评估某一领域学术进展的有效方法和重要工具,利用文献计量学可对文献的内容、方向、时间等进行具体统计,还能快速获取各种研究方向的前沿成果和研究进展,并在一定程度上预测该研究未来的发展趋势[12]。Citespace和VOSviewer是两款常用的软件。本文采用以上两款软件对2014~2024年国内外有关LTA的研究进行可视化分析,探究LTA研究热点及未来发展趋势。
通过检索2014年11月1日~2024年11月1日国内外LTA相关文献并进行筛选,筛选参数如图1所示。WOS数据库以“L-Theanine”为主题的文献共计566篇,中国知网中以“L-茶氨酸”为主题的文献共计146篇,合计712篇(图2)。结果分析表明,2014~2024年WOS数据库以“L-Theanine”为主题的文献量呈现明显的稳定上升趋势,整体发文量保持较高水平,2015年发文量最低,2024年发文量最高。2014~2024年中国知网内收录的“L-茶氨酸”主题文献量出现小幅度的上下浮动,2015年发文量最低,2016年发文量最高,整体发文量趋势较为稳定。结合WOS数据库和中国知网数据库2014~2024年总发文量分析,得出年总发文趋势线呈现整体增长趋势。由此可见,LTA的研究已受到越来越多学者的关注。
通过VOSviewer对2014~2024年WOS数据库和知网检索的“LTA”文献进行关键词聚类分析,以最低出现次数n=5为阈值,得到关于“LTA”研究领域中关键词密度可视化图(图3,图4)。密度可视化是在图上使用不同颜色显示关键词的热度分布,每个关键词拥有一块区域,研究热点从低到高的颜色分别为蓝色-黄色-红色,其研究热点的高低与关键词出现的频次有关[13]。结果显示,WOS数据库中有关LTA的研究多集中在LTA、绿茶、氧化应激、抗氧化活性、炎症、压力和脑等方面。中国知网检索结果集中在L-茶氨酸、茶叶、氧化应激、生长性能、营养干预、热应激、断奶仔猪和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶等方面。
图5和图6是基于Citespace的“LTA”研究领域关键词共现图谱。每个节点代表一个关键词,节点的大小代表关键词出现的频次。如图5所示,WOS数据库中“LTA”被分成9个聚类主题,高频关键词有茶树、氧化应激、肠道微生物、信号通路、LTA和谷氨酰胺甲基酰胺合成酶;图6结果显示,中国知网中“LTA”被分为8个聚类主题,高频关键词有氧化应激、抗氧化、营养干预、生长性能和发酵优化。有关“LTA”的可视化分析结果表明,国内外对于“LTA”的研究集中在其功能活性和茶叶发酵优化方面。
LTA在自然界中被认为是一种独特的氨基酸。在茶树中,LTA是由谷氨酸和乙胺在茶氨酸合成酶作用下,在茶树根部合成,随后转运至茶叶积累,其合成途径如图7所示[10]。LTA的物理化学性质(表1)可为LTA的提纯、合成和加工提供理论基础[14]。
LTA的含量与茶叶的风味、品质、茶树生长、功能活性呈正相关[15]。如LTA有助于乌龙茶制备过程中甲基吡嗪和2,5-二甲基吡嗪的产生,增加茶叶香味[16];山茶花根部分泌的LTA可通过塑造根部微生物组的结构来调节土壤中的元素循环,促进茶树的生长[17];随着茶叶叶片的变老,其LTA的含量也随之下降,因此,LTA的含量可作为评价茶叶新鲜度的指标[18]。
茶树中LTA的含量在不同品种和组织间存在显著差异。研究表明,小叶种茶树的LTA含量普遍高于大叶种茶树[19]。以安吉白茶为例,其茎、根、芽中的LTA含量分别为2.15、22.5和27.86 mg/g,显示出组织间的显著差异[20]。此外,白化黄茶中的LTA含量显著高于普通绿茶,这一现象被认为与白化黄茶中LTA分解代谢的缓慢性密切相关[21]。LTA含量与相关代谢基因的表达水平密切相关。在已鉴定的17个与LTA代谢相关的基因中,GsTS2、GsGS1和GsGDH2的转录水平与LTA含量呈正相关,而CsALT、CsSAMDC、CsADC、CsCuAO、CsPAO等基因则呈负相关[20]。温度和季节也对LTA含量有重要影响。研究发现,褪黑素在30~35 ℃的温度范围内可促进茶树光合作用,从而增加茶叶中LTA的生物合成[22]。转录组学和代谢组学分析显示,春季茶叶中的LTA含量显著高于夏季和秋季。进一步研究表明,季节性LTA含量的变化主要受到光照强度的调控,同时与相关转录因子和结构基因的表达密切相关[23]。Tan等[24]对58种中国白茶的定量分析显示,早春生产的银针白茶的LTA含量高于晚春生产的白牡丹白茶和秋季生产的寿眉白茶,进一步揭示了LTA含量与季节密切相关。茶树的生长期也显著影响LTA含量。研究发现,随着叶片的成熟,芽中的LTA含量最高,而茎中的LTA含量最低[10]。此外,对不同生长期的竹露茶叶进行分析发现,60 d生长期的茶叶中LTA含量达到峰值[25]。综上所述,茶树中LTA含量受多种因素的综合影响,包括光照强度、温度、生长期和相关合成代谢基因的表达水平以及不同组织的特性。这些因素共同决定了LTA在茶树中的分布和积累。
LTA作为一类具有广泛生物活性的天然物质,它具有抗氧化、抗热应激、抗抑郁、调节代谢、抗癌、调节免疫、调节肠道菌群、保护神经系统、保护肝脏和保护肠道等功能活性,其作用机制如图8所示。通过深入了解其作用机制,可为开发功能型LTA提供基础研究资料。
LTA可通过多种途径来发挥抗氧化、抗热应激和抗炎作用。研究表明,LTA可通过激活JAK2/STAT3信号通路来抑制氧化应激,从而减轻心肌缺血再灌注诱导的心脏损伤[26]。Deng等[9]研究表明,LTA会促进CAT和 Gpx1 mRNA及蛋白的表达,增加SOD、Gpx1和CAT的活性,降低感染产肠毒素大肠杆菌小鼠的氧化水平。表明LTA可调节相关抗氧化酶基因的转录和翻译来发挥抗氧化作用。在热应激小鼠模型中,LTA通过下调ASk1的表达来抑制p38/MAPK信号通路,从而抑制NF-κB和热休克蛋白27(Heat shock protein 27,HSP27)的表达,降低TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β等炎症因子的水平,增加抗氧化酶SOD和CAT的含量,从而改善热应激引起的氧化应激和炎症[27]。Wang等[28]研究表明,LTA通过抑制NF-κB信号通路,降低TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β等炎症因子的水平,从而减轻脂多糖诱导的小鼠炎症。此外,在12-O-十四烷酰佛波醇-13-乙酸酯诱导的耳水肿小鼠模型中,LTA可下调PECAM-1的表达,减少IL-1β、TNF-α和COX-2的产生,改善中性粒细胞的浸润和活化来降低炎症,表明LTA在抑制急性炎症方面具有一定潜力[29]。综上,LTA具有一定的抗氧化、抗热应激和抗炎活性,这与激活JAK2/STAT3信号通路、抑制ASk1蛋白的表达和下调p38/MAPK以及NF-κB信号通路有关,可降低TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β等炎症因子的水平,并促进抗氧化酶基因的转录和翻译,增加抗氧化能力。
抑郁症(Depression)是一种具有高发病率的精神障碍疾病。LTA蕴含着极为丰富的生物活性,这可为抑郁症的治疗提供新的思路与方向。研究表明,LTA可通过抑制过度活跃的下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,HPA)、降低单胺氧化酶(Monoamine oxidase,MAO)水平、增加肠道菌群的富集,以及促进微生物-肠-脑轴活动来改善抑郁症[30]。在慢性不可预知温和刺激(Chronic unpredictable mild stress,CUMS)模型大鼠抑郁症状中,LTA与γ-氨基丁酸(γ-Aminobutyric acid,GABA)联用可通过提高5-羟色胺(5-Hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)、多巴胺(Dopamine,DA)、脑源性神经营养因子(Brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)、β-内啡肽(β-Endorphin,β-EP)的含量,降低IL-6的水平改善CUMS诱导的大鼠抑郁[31]。Shen等[32]研究表明,LTA可增加抑郁症SD大鼠边缘-皮质-纹状体-苍白球-丘脑(Limbic-cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic,LCSPT)回路相关大脑区域的5-HT、去甲肾上腺素(Norepinephrine,NE)和DA的水平,从而缓解大鼠的抑郁症行为。此外,LTA可通过增加前额叶皮层的神经递质水平、抑制神经元凋亡和降低皮质酮的水平来缓解慢性抑制应激诱导的小鼠抑郁[33]。以肠-脑轴为出发点的研究中,LTA可通过增加瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)和乳酸菌属(Lactobacillus)的丰度,提高肠道菌群的多样性,降低炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6的水平,以及增加5-HT的水平来缓解CUMS大鼠模型的抑郁行为[34]。以上研究结果表明,LTA在抗抑郁中具有多方面的积极作用,如抑制PHA的过度活跃,降低MAO、TNF-α、IL-6的水平,增加5-HT、NE、BDNF、β-EP和DA的水平和调节肠道菌群,可为抗抑郁治疗提供一种安全有效的选择。
营养物质的吸收对人体健康至关重要,LTA可以有效调节新陈代谢。研究表明,LTA可促进胰岛β细胞的增殖,增加胰岛素的分泌[35]。此外,LTA还能促进人支持细胞的增殖,增加葡萄糖代谢[36]。刘宝贵等[37]研究表明,LTA能增加血清载脂蛋白A1、SOD、CAT的水平,降低肝脏甘油三酯(Triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(Total cholesterol,TC)的含量,能有效抑制高脂饮食大鼠体重和血脂水平的升高。这表明LTA具有减肥和降糖作用。Lin等[38]研究表明,LTA通过上调PFK、CPT1、IR、IRS和LKB1的mRNA表达,促进腺苷5′-单磷酸活化蛋白激酶(Adenosine5‘-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase,AMPK)磷酸化来改善SD大鼠葡萄糖、脂质和蛋白质的代谢。LTA与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯联用可上调肝脏葡萄糖激酶和糖原合成酶的表达,降低脂肪酸合成酶和硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶1的水平,减少肝脏甘油三酯的积累,改善肥胖大鼠的糖代谢紊乱[39]。此外,LTA可上调氨基酸转运蛋白(EAAT3、EAAT1、4F2hc、yLAT1、CAT1)mRNA的表达,促进mTOR/S6K1通路磷酸化,增加肠道氨基酸的吸收,促进蛋白质代谢[40]。以上研究结果表明,LTA可以通过上调氨基酸转运蛋白和PFK、IR、PFK、LKB1和IRS的mRNA表达,增加抗氧化能力,并调节mTOR/S6K1信号通路来调节葡萄糖、脂质和蛋白质的代谢,对改善糖尿病和肥胖具有积极的影响。
肠道菌群可参与宿主免疫系统调节,直接影响肠道功能,间接调节肝、脑、肾等肠外器官功能,在人类健康中发挥重要作用[41]。Xu等[42]研究显示,LTA通过增加Lactobacillus、Alloprevotella、Prevotellaceae_NK3B31和Clostridia_UCG-014等有益菌的丰度,促进短链脂肪酸、胆汁酸和色氨酸的产生来改善溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative colitis,UC),表明LTA可恢复肠道菌群的结构,增加有益的肠道菌群代谢产物,提升肠道免疫力。在热应激引起的肠道菌群紊乱中,LTA恢复了Turicibacter、Faecalibaculum、Bifidobacterium和norank_f_Muribaculaceae等有益菌的丰度,降低了有害菌Desulfovibrio的丰度,并增加了肠道菌群的α多样性[43]。此外,He等[44]研究表明,LTA显著降低了高脂饮食(High-fat diet,HFD)小鼠粪便中厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门的比例,表明其对HFD诱导的肠道菌群失调具有一定的调节作用。以上研究结果表明,LTA可调节肠道菌群的组成,增加有益菌的丰度,抑制有害菌的生长,改善肠道屏障和间接调节脂质代谢。
LTA在癌细胞增殖、凋亡和转移过程中表现出有益的影响[45]。LTA可抑制前列腺癌中上皮间质转化(Epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)的发生发展,降低癌细胞侵袭力和细胞间的黏附能力,并抑制ERK/NF-κB信号通路降低EMT相关转录因子的表达,如锌指蛋白SNAI1、基质金属蛋白酶9和N-钙粘蛋白[46]。表明LTA在前列腺癌转移过程中具有一定抑制能力。Jin等[47]研究表明,LTA可抑制肺癌细胞对顺式二氯二氨合铂的耐药性,并抑制肺癌细胞的迁移。此外,LTA及其衍生物能降低宫颈癌细胞中EGFR、Akt和NF-κB的表达,可有效阻止人宫颈癌细胞的生长和迁移[48]。Shojaei-zarghan等[49]研究表明,LTA下调Akt/mTOR信号通路,从而抑制结肠癌的发生。LTA还可通过人HepG2肝母细胞瘤细胞和HeLa腺癌细胞的线粒体通路诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡[50]。以上结果表明,LTA可通过线粒体途径和EMT途径诱导癌细胞凋亡,并抑制Akt/mTOR、JAK2/STAT3、EGFR和NF-κB信号通路的表达,从而降低癌细胞的增殖、转移和分化。
LTA在免疫调节方面具有一定的有益作用,给SD大鼠每天灌胃LTA溶液(400 mg/kg)可增加大鼠脾脏质量,促进Th1/Th2细胞因子的平衡,降低血清皮质酮水平和增加大脑中多巴胺和5-羟色胺(5-Hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)的水平,并调节心脏中磷脂酶C异构体mRNA的表达,提高免疫功能[51]。此外,在膳食纤维喂养条件下的SD大鼠中,LTA可增加总短链脂肪酸的含量并调节肠粘膜免疫[52]。Gong等[53]研究表明,LTA可通过抑制核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域、IL-1β和TNF-α的过表达,并降低NF-κB p65的蛋白水平和抑制ERK1/2磷酸化,从而调节产肠毒素大肠杆菌(Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli,ETEC)诱导的免疫应激小鼠的先天免疫。大麻素受体1(Cannabinoid receptor 1,CB1)作为LTA的体内结合位点,它能导致LTA和CB1发生拮抗作用,从而降低CB1活性,增加CB1对COX-2的表达,并降低炎症因子TNF-α水平和上调抗炎因子IL-10的表达,使LTA对正常和产肠毒素大肠杆菌E44813应激大鼠的免疫功能表现出有益影响[54]。此外,LTA可促进空肠CD4+T细胞分化为Th1和调节T细胞(Regulatory T cell,Treg),下调RORγt和GATA结合蛋白3的表达,并抑制Th2和Th17的分化,从而提高肠道特异性免疫来缓解卵清蛋白诱导的过敏[55]。综上,LTA可以调节Th2/Th1的平衡和免疫细胞的分化,以及相关蛋白的表达来发挥作用。
LTA通过减少Glu释放、增加GABA水平以及甘氨酸和多巴胺的释放对大脑健康产生积极作用[56]。LTA可以作用于谷氨酸GABA受体,调节DA、血清素、甘氨酸(Glycine,Gly)和GABA在内的神经递质的水平,缓解睡眠障碍[57]。GABA是一种重要的抑制性神经递质。研究表明,LTA和GABA的混合物可促进GABA受体的表达,从而改善咖啡因诱导的大鼠睡眠障碍[58]。此外,LTA可通过预防神经元丢失、促进线粒体活性,并通过抗氧化、抗炎和神经调节特性改善多巴胺和GABA的水平,减轻由曲马多诱导的帕金森(Parkinson’s disease,PD)Wister大鼠的神经性衰退[59]。LTA和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯联合可通过抑制炎症,下调p-mTOR和细胞周期蛋白D1(Cyclin D1)蛋白的表达,促进线粒体活性和能量代谢,使分化的神经细胞保持稳定状态,促进神经细胞的修复和再生[60]。LTA与氧化石墨烯制成的复合膜可促进神经干细胞的存活、增殖和神经元分化,表明其治疗中枢神经系统损伤具有一定潜力[61]。Zhu等[62]研究表明,LTA可通过激活多巴胺D1/5受体-PKA通路来缓解阿尔兹海默症(Alzheimer's disease,AD)小鼠的海马体损伤和记忆障碍。在3-硝基丙酸诱导的亨廷顿病(Huntington's disease,HD)大鼠模型中,LTA通过减少一氧化氮的产生和抑制纹状体中神经递质的变化,如减少谷氨酸的水平,增加GABA和腺苷的水平,从而改善3-硝基丙酸引起的神经性损伤[63]。以上研究表明,LTA不仅对改善睡眠障碍和记忆障碍有良好的神经保护作用,而且对预防神经病变和修复神经也有一定作用。此外,LTA对AD、HD、PD等神经退行性疾病有显著的影响,可为预防和治疗其他神经性疾病提供理论参考。
LTA对多种因素引起的肝脏疾病具有一定的保护作用。Liu等[64]研究表明,LTA可上调急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝脏中ADH6、ALDH1B1、ALDH2、CAT mRNA和蛋白的表达来加速酒精代谢,并下调CYP2E1 mRNA和蛋白的表达来减少肝脏中ROS的积累,以及下调肝脏NF-κB p65、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA和蛋白质的表达来缓解酒精引起的肝脏氧化应激和炎症。在ETEC诱导的肝损伤小鼠模型中,LTA显著降低了谷丙转氨酶(Alanine aminotransferase,AST)和谷草转氨酶(Aspartate aminotransferase,ALT)的水平,这是肝功能受损的两种标志性酶。其次,LTA通过抑制ERK1/2和JNK1/2信号通路增加了肝细胞中B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)mRNA和蛋白的表达,抑制肝细胞的凋亡,表明LTA可通过介导细胞凋亡来发挥保肝作用[65]。Zeng等[66]研究表明,LTA通过增加SOD、GSH和CAT等抗氧化酶的水平,从而增加抗氧化能力;并降低肝脏中的丙二醛和一氧化氮合酶的水平,减少晚期糖基化终末产物(Advanced glycosylation end products,AGEs)的水平和抑制NF-κB的表达,下调TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β等炎症因子的水平来改善D-半乳糖诱导的肝损伤。此外,LTA可抑制NF-κB的表达,下调炎症细胞因子(IL-1β和IL-6)和促纤维化介质(转化生长因子-β、结缔组织生长因子),以及增加抗炎细胞因子IL-10的表达来减轻四氯化碳诱导的肝损伤[67]。以上研究证明,LTA对肝脏具有一定的保护作用,其作用机制是主要通过抑制NF-κB、ERK1/2和JNK1/2通路,并增加SOD、GSH、CAT等抗氧化酶的水平和抑制纤维化介质来发挥作用。
最近研究表明,LTA在动物模型中具有肠道保护作用。Wang等[68]研究表明,LTA可增加结肠组织中的杯状细胞数量,上调结肠组织Occludin、Claudin-1、ZO-1 mRNA和蛋白质的表达,以及促进粘蛋白基因(Muc2、Muc4)mRNA的表达来保护肠道屏障的完整性;下调结肠TLR4、NF-κB、肌球蛋白轻链激酶(Myosin light-chain kinase,MYLK)mRNA及蛋白的表达来降低肠道炎症。此外,LTA通过抑制结肠NF-κB/MAPK通路磷酸化,并增加结肠粪便中有益菌Blautia coccoides和Lactobacillus murinus的丰度,从而缓解高脂饮食(High-fat diet,HFD)诱导的肠道菌群紊乱和结肠炎[69]。在UC小鼠模型中,LTA能减轻结肠炎症,增加产生短链脂肪酸、胆汁酸和色氨酸微生物群的丰度,以及降低树突状细胞、巨噬细胞和单核细胞以主要组织相容性复合体-Ⅱ(Major histocompatibility complex-Ⅱ,MHC-Ⅱ)向结肠T细胞呈递微生物群抗原的能力,从而缓解UC[42]。综上所述,LTA主要通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK通路,增加肠道紧密连接蛋白Occludin、Claudin-1、ZO-1的表达,以及调节肠道菌群来保护肠屏障,从而发挥对肠道的保护作用。
已有文献表明,LTA对泌尿生殖系统表现出一定的保护作用,能预防慢感神经多动症患者的膀胱功能障碍[70]。热应激引起的小鼠睾丸损伤模型中,LTA可通过抑制NF-κB,促进Nrf2/HO-1通路来缓解睾丸炎症和氧化应激,从而增加睾丸器官指数、精子活力、激素水平和顶体完整性[71]。Tsai等[72]研究表明,LTA可通过抑制PKC/ERK/NF-κB/ICAM-1/IL-33的信号转导,从而降低炎症、氧化应激、细胞凋亡和自噬,改善P物质(Substance P,SP)诱导的膀胱损伤。此外,在环磷酰胺(Cyclophosphamide,CP)诱导的小鼠睾丸损伤模型中,LTA减轻了CP诱导的睾丸精原细胞、上皮细胞、生精小管和基底膜的损伤,表明LTA作为一种天然活性物质,可预防CP诱导的睾丸毒性[73]。治疗增加了睾丸中的抗氧化酶活性并降低了氧化和炎症应激的标志物。综上所述,LTA可通过调节生殖激素、氧化应激和炎症相关信号通路,抑制膀胱功能亢进,增加生殖激素水平、保护精子活力等发挥对泌尿生殖系统的保护作用。
自国内外相继批准LTA可作为食品添加剂应用于食品中以来,LTA在食品工业中展现出广泛的应用潜力。作为茶叶中的关键成分,LTA不仅具有独特的风味和口感,还具备多种健康益处和特性,这使其在食品领域的需求日益增长。其应用范围包括改善食品风味及品质、食品中的健康功效和改良食品功能。
LTA能够赋予食品独特的风味特性。例如,将LTA添加至咖啡、啤酒和辣味食品中,能有效减少这些食品中苦、辣等不良风味,从而提高整体食品风味[74]。Narukawa等[75]通过人体感官评价发现,LTA的鲜甜味可抑制食物中苦味、酸味等不良风味,从而提升食品的口感和接受度。在小麦面包中添加浓缩的富含LTA的茶粉,可抑制大肠杆菌的生长,延长面包的保质期[35]。在冰糕中加入LTA可以增强其抗氧化性并提高冰糕口感[76]。中国的茶酒则通过添加LTA来稳定高度数酒的品质[77]。综上所述,LTA在改善食品风味、延长保质期以及满足消费者对健康食品需求方面展现出一定的应用潜力,为食品工业提供了更多创新的可能性。
随着消费者对健康食品需求的日益增长,LTA作为一种功能性添加剂或补充物,在食品中的应用前景广阔。研究表明,以LTA为原料制作的营养饮料,能够显著降低36名受试者的主观压力,有效缓解神经紧张[78]。含有LTA、松皮和黑加仑的饮料可以减少运动过程中的精神疲劳,保持大脑清晰和提高注意力,有效缓解运动员的紧张情绪[79]。动物实验和临床试验表明,食用含有LTA的抹茶饼干具有降压、降糖作用[80]。Phongnarisorn等[81]研究表明,含有LTA的酥饼饼干不仅能降低血清中甘油三酯的水平,口感上还更受消费者的喜欢。此外,食用富含LTA的小麦粉,可有效降低乳糜泻患者肠道中谷蛋白刺激引起的T细胞免疫反应,且能保留谷蛋白的功能[82]。富含LTA的黑醋栗粉可提高睡眠效率,改善健康老年人的睡眠质量[83]。综上所述,LTA作为一种多功能性食品添加剂,其在健康食品市场中扮演重要角色。随着技术创新和市场需求的推动,LTA有望在功能性饮料、饼干、谷物粉等领域实现更广泛的应用。
LTA能够通过氢键和范德华力与 β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白结合,从而改变蛋白质的聚集状态和分子结构,包括减少不规则聚集和促使蛋白质的二级结构由α-螺旋和β-转角向β-折叠转变[84]。这些结构变化显著提升了大豆分离蛋白的凝胶强度和持水能力,增强了其在食品中的功能性和应用潜力。二酰基甘油(Diacyl glycerol,DAG)因其功能特性常被用作食品中的脂肪替代品,但其乳化和氧化稳定性较差,限制了其广泛应用。研究表明,LTA与β-乳球蛋白结合可作为DAG的表面稳定剂,有效提高其乳化稳定性和抗氧化能力[85]。另一方面,LTA与EGCG联合能够通过氢键和范德华力与α-淀粉酶结合,降低其活性,从而对淀粉消化率产生协同抑制作用[86]。此外,Hao等[87]的研究进一步表明,LTA可以改变淀粉消化酶的二级结构和多肽链构象,从而显著降低酶活性,对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的半抑制浓度(Half maximal inhibitory concentration,IC50)分别为1.22 mmol/L和2.77 mmol/L,这表明LTA是一种潜在的淀粉消化酶抑制剂。综上所述,LTA与蛋白质的相互作用、对DAG的稳定作用以及对淀粉消化酶的抑制作用,为开发低脂高蛋白食品和低血糖生成指数(Glycemic index,GI)食品提供了新的方向。
LTA是茶叶中的关键成分,不仅对健康具有多种益处,也是评估茶叶品质的重要指标。本文基于文献计量学方法,检索了2014~2024年WOS核心合集与CNKI的高质量研究成果,并进行可视化分析。结果表明,LTA的功能活性作用是主要研究热点,其次是不同茶叶类型发酵对LTA含量的影响。这为LTA的未来研究和发展提供了方向。基于上述研究,本文综述了影响茶树中LTA含量的因素,包括光照强度、温度、生长期、相关合成代谢基因的表达水平以及不同组织的特性。深入探讨了LTA在抗炎、抗氧化、调节代谢、增强免疫、调节肠道菌群、保护神经以及保护肝脏、肾脏和泌尿生殖系统等方面的积极作用。同时,还概括了LTA在食品领域中的实际应用,包括改善食品风味及品质、食品中的健康功效和改良食品功能。此外,鉴于当前研究中的不足与挑战,本文提出以下展望,旨在为LTA的深入探索和发展提供可行的参考依据。a.深入研究影响LTA含量的因素:利用多因素试验设计和数据分析方法,探讨不同因素(如光照强度、温度、生长期等)对LTA含量的定量影响,以及这些因素之间的相互作用,为优化茶叶种植和加工提供科学依据。b.增加临床试验:当前研究多基于细胞或动物实验,人体临床试验数据匮乏,限制了LTA在功能性食品或药物开发中的转化应用。后续应开展基于人体的临床试验,评估LTA在抗炎、抗氧化、代谢调节等方面的人体有效性,建立剂量-效应模型及安全性数据库。c.推动LTA在食品应用中的成果转化:尽管LTA在食品领域中应用广泛,但大多都处于理论或小规模试验中。后续应加强相关产品转化,并进行市场推广。同时,建立质量控制标准,确保产品的安全性和稳定性。综上所述,本文可为开发高附加值的茶叶深加工产品提供理论支持,有助于提高茶叶的综合利用价值,并为茶产业的可持续发展提供方向。

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2026年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120316
  • 接收时间:2024-12-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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    1陕西理工大学生物科学与工程学院,陕西省资源生物重点实验室,陕西汉中 723000
    2陕西理工大学,陕南秦巴山区生物资源综合开发协同创新中心,陕西汉中 723001
    3陕西理工大学,秦巴生物资源与生态环境省部共建国家重点实验室,陕西汉中 723001

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燕飞(1982−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:茶叶加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
曲东(1982−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:茶叶加工与质量控制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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