Article(id=1320882248195358914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120381, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735488000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852468775, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852468775, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852468775, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852468775, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=433, endPage=442, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882248447017155, articleId=1320882248195358914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Probiotic Formulation on Symptoms and Intestinal Microecology in Mice with Atopic Dermatitis, columnId=1261343846965830077, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Nutrition and Healthcare, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of probiotic formulation on symptoms of atopic dermatitis (AD), probiotic strains (have been reported to be associated with immune responses in dermatitis), as well as plant-derived compounds (including fructo-oligosaccharides) were selected based on preliminary experimental results and related reports. To investigate the synergistic enhancement based combinatorial treatment strategies for probiotics and plant-derived compounds, the effects of mixed probiotics, mixed plant-derived compounds, and a probiotic-phytochemical synbiotic formulation (a combination of the aforementioned mixed probiotics and mixed plant-derived compounds) on AD were assessed. The results indicated that compared with the mixed probiotic and mixed plant compound treatments, the probiotic–phytochemical synbiotic formulation contributed to a more pronounced alleviation of AD symptoms, characterized by a significantly stronger inhibition of inflammatory cell infiltration in AD-like skin lesions (P<0.001), a more substantial reduction in total levels of immunoglobulin E in serum and content of inflammatory cytokines in dorsal skin tissues, and a more significant elevation of interferon-γ. Additionally, analyses of the gut microbiota revealed that compared with the AD model group, intervention using the probiotic–phytochemical synbiotic formulation promoted increases in the relative abundances of beneficial bacterial genera, including Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Turicibacter, and Faecalibaculum, whereas at the OTU level, there was a significant elevation in the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium animalis (P<0.05). Furthermore, microbe–microbe network and correlation analyses revealed a significant association between the enriched gut bacterial composition following intervention with the probiotic–phytochemical synbiotic formulation and the levels of immune-inflammatory factors (P<0.05). In summary, compared with mixed probiotics and plant-derived compounds, a probiotic–phytochemical synbiotic formulation was more effective in alleviating AD, conferring measurable synergistic effects and contributing to the amelioration of AD via routes involving the modulation of both immune responses and the gut microbiota.

, authors=Xihua YU1, 2, Yi WANG1, 2, Liuruolan LI1, 2, Ning WANG3, Yue XIAO3, Hongchao WANG3, *, authorsList=Xihua YU, Yi WANG, Liuruolan LI, Ning WANG, Yue XIAO, Hongchao WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongchao WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882253157220582, articleId=1320882248195358914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=益生菌制剂对特应性皮炎小鼠症状及肠道微生态的影响, columnId=1261343850979779009, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=营养与保健, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究益生菌制剂对特应性皮炎症状的影响,本研究选择了与皮炎相关免疫关联的多种潜在益生菌以及包括低聚糖在内的多种植物化合物,评估了混合益生菌,混合植化物和混合益生菌制剂(上述两种混合益生菌和混合植化物的组合)对特应性皮炎(Atopic Dermatitis,AD)的缓解作用,以探究益生菌和植化物复配的协同增效作用。结果表明,相比混菌组和混合植化物组,混合益生菌制剂对AD症状的缓解效果最为突出,表现为对AD样皮损中炎症细胞浸润的更显著抑制(P<0.001),血清总免疫球蛋白E和背部皮肤组织中炎症细胞因子水平的更大幅度降低,干扰素-γ水平的更大幅度升高。此外,肠道菌群分析结果表明,与AD模型组小鼠对比,混合益生菌制剂干预在属水平上提高了Akkermansia、Bifidobacterium、Turicibacter和Faecalibaculu等有益菌的相对丰度,在OTU水平上显著提高了Bifidobacterium animalis等的相对丰度(P<0.05)。肠道菌群互作网络和关联性分析结果表明,混合益生菌制剂干预富集的肠道菌与免疫炎症因子的改变显著相关(P<0.05)。综上,相比单独的混合益生菌和混合植化物,混合益生菌制剂显示出更优的皮炎缓解作用,实现了协同增效,有助于通过调节免疫炎症反应和肠道菌群来缓解AD。

, authors=喻喜华1, 2, 王一1, 2, 李刘若兰1, 2, 王宁3, 肖越3, 王鸿超3, *, authorsList=喻喜华, 王一, 李刘若兰, 王宁, 肖越, 王鸿超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王鸿超, authorNote=

喻喜华(1985−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:药品及食品产品开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王鸿超(1985−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=wYR9ZadCOUMLu00PQYOkRA==, magXml=CUNu73ajqO1h7Ekum6aQRg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=YAdC2EFC/WrOllPPgyxQ8Q==, pdfFileSize=28402120, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=s2I8Yxwsnr10xCzoS50iFQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=A9XGTqU+tilqT/nt3amq7g==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320882253912195313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882248195358914, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yuxihua100@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320882254012858612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882248195358914, authorId=1320882253912195313, language=EN, stringName=Xihua YU, firstName=Xihua, middleName=null, lastName=YU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Sinopharm Xingsha Pharmaceuticals (Xiamen) Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361026, China
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注:*表示与模型组有显著差异,* P<0.05,** P<0.01,*** P<0.001。

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figureFileBig=NpLHnvvA1LM+lQ4rtTU+/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882258777588027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882248195358914, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Correlation analysis between gut microbiota and immune-inflammatory factors (Spearman model), figureFileSmall=D0NHtMGrUXfoDek9t6YB+g==, figureFileBig=P12a6Qi9Tl9Md3bp5JZkxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882258861474108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882248195358914, language=CN, label=图17, caption=肠道菌群与免疫炎症因子相关性分析(Spearman模型)

注:*P<0.05,**P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=D0NHtMGrUXfoDek9t6YB+g==, figureFileBig=P12a6Qi9Tl9Md3bp5JZkxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882258936971581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882248195358914, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Animal grouping information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别灌胃物质
空白组实验第8~28 d,灌胃0.1 mL生理盐水
模型组实验第8~28 d,灌胃0.1 mL生理盐水
混菌组实验第8~28 d,灌胃干酪乳杆菌CCFM1073+格氏乳杆菌CCFM1182+植物乳杆菌CCFM1050+长双歧杆菌CCFM1029+动物双歧杆菌CCFM1155,每种灌胃活菌数约为109 CFU
植化物组实验第8~28 d,灌胃低聚木糖+低聚果糖+低聚半乳糖+菊粉+青苹果粉,每种植化物的灌胃量是500 mg/(kg·bw)/d,总灌胃植化物为2.5 g/(kg·bw)/d[19](植化物比例为1:1:1:1:1[20])
益生菌制剂组实验第8~28 d,灌胃干酪乳杆菌CCFM1073+格氏乳杆菌CCFM1182+植物乳杆菌CCFM1050+长双歧杆菌CCFM1029+动物双歧杆菌CCFM1155+低聚木糖+低聚果糖+低聚半乳糖+菊粉+青苹果粉,每种灌胃活菌数为~109CFU(与混菌组剂量保持一致),总灌胃植化物为2.5 g/(kg·bw)/d(与植化物组比例保持一致)
), ArticleFig(id=1320882259012469054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882248195358914, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

动物分组信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别灌胃物质
空白组实验第8~28 d,灌胃0.1 mL生理盐水
模型组实验第8~28 d,灌胃0.1 mL生理盐水
混菌组实验第8~28 d,灌胃干酪乳杆菌CCFM1073+格氏乳杆菌CCFM1182+植物乳杆菌CCFM1050+长双歧杆菌CCFM1029+动物双歧杆菌CCFM1155,每种灌胃活菌数约为109 CFU
植化物组实验第8~28 d,灌胃低聚木糖+低聚果糖+低聚半乳糖+菊粉+青苹果粉,每种植化物的灌胃量是500 mg/(kg·bw)/d,总灌胃植化物为2.5 g/(kg·bw)/d[19](植化物比例为1:1:1:1:1[20])
益生菌制剂组实验第8~28 d,灌胃干酪乳杆菌CCFM1073+格氏乳杆菌CCFM1182+植物乳杆菌CCFM1050+长双歧杆菌CCFM1029+动物双歧杆菌CCFM1155+低聚木糖+低聚果糖+低聚半乳糖+菊粉+青苹果粉,每种灌胃活菌数为~109CFU(与混菌组剂量保持一致),总灌胃植化物为2.5 g/(kg·bw)/d(与植化物组比例保持一致)
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益生菌制剂对特应性皮炎小鼠症状及肠道微生态的影响
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喻喜华 1, 2 , 王一 1, 2 , 李刘若兰 1, 2 , 王宁 3 , 肖越 3 , 王鸿超 3, *
食品工业科技 | 营养与保健 2026,47(1): 433-442
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食品工业科技 |营养与保健 2026 , 47 (1) : 433 -442
益生菌制剂对特应性皮炎小鼠症状及肠道微生态的影响
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喻喜华1, 2 , 王一1, 2, 李刘若兰1, 2, 王宁3, 肖越3, 王鸿超3, *
作者信息
  • 1国药控股星鲨制药(厦门)有限公司,福建厦门 361026
  • 2厦门市母婴健康营养产品重点实验室,福建厦门 361026
  • 3江南大学食品学院,江苏无锡 214122
通讯作者:
王鸿超(1985−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

喻喜华(1985−),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向:药品及食品产品开发,E-mail:

Effects of Probiotic Formulation on Symptoms and Intestinal Microecology in Mice with Atopic Dermatitis
Xihua YU1, 2 , Yi WANG1, 2, Liuruolan LI1, 2, Ning WANG3, Yue XIAO3, Hongchao WANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Sinopharm Xingsha Pharmaceuticals (Xiamen) Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361026, China
  • 2Xiamen Key Laboratory of Maternal and Infant Health and Nutrition Products, Xiamen 361026, China
  • 3School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120381
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为探究益生菌制剂对特应性皮炎症状的影响,本研究选择了与皮炎相关免疫关联的多种潜在益生菌以及包括低聚糖在内的多种植物化合物,评估了混合益生菌,混合植化物和混合益生菌制剂(上述两种混合益生菌和混合植化物的组合)对特应性皮炎(Atopic Dermatitis,AD)的缓解作用,以探究益生菌和植化物复配的协同增效作用。结果表明,相比混菌组和混合植化物组,混合益生菌制剂对AD症状的缓解效果最为突出,表现为对AD样皮损中炎症细胞浸润的更显著抑制(P<0.001),血清总免疫球蛋白E和背部皮肤组织中炎症细胞因子水平的更大幅度降低,干扰素-γ水平的更大幅度升高。此外,肠道菌群分析结果表明,与AD模型组小鼠对比,混合益生菌制剂干预在属水平上提高了Akkermansia、Bifidobacterium、Turicibacter和Faecalibaculu等有益菌的相对丰度,在OTU水平上显著提高了Bifidobacterium animalis等的相对丰度(P<0.05)。肠道菌群互作网络和关联性分析结果表明,混合益生菌制剂干预富集的肠道菌与免疫炎症因子的改变显著相关(P<0.05)。综上,相比单独的混合益生菌和混合植化物,混合益生菌制剂显示出更优的皮炎缓解作用,实现了协同增效,有助于通过调节免疫炎症反应和肠道菌群来缓解AD。

益生菌制剂  /  特应性皮炎  /  肠道微生物群  /  免疫调节  /  合生元

To investigate the effects of probiotic formulation on symptoms of atopic dermatitis (AD), probiotic strains (have been reported to be associated with immune responses in dermatitis), as well as plant-derived compounds (including fructo-oligosaccharides) were selected based on preliminary experimental results and related reports. To investigate the synergistic enhancement based combinatorial treatment strategies for probiotics and plant-derived compounds, the effects of mixed probiotics, mixed plant-derived compounds, and a probiotic-phytochemical synbiotic formulation (a combination of the aforementioned mixed probiotics and mixed plant-derived compounds) on AD were assessed. The results indicated that compared with the mixed probiotic and mixed plant compound treatments, the probiotic–phytochemical synbiotic formulation contributed to a more pronounced alleviation of AD symptoms, characterized by a significantly stronger inhibition of inflammatory cell infiltration in AD-like skin lesions (P<0.001), a more substantial reduction in total levels of immunoglobulin E in serum and content of inflammatory cytokines in dorsal skin tissues, and a more significant elevation of interferon-γ. Additionally, analyses of the gut microbiota revealed that compared with the AD model group, intervention using the probiotic–phytochemical synbiotic formulation promoted increases in the relative abundances of beneficial bacterial genera, including Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Turicibacter, and Faecalibaculum, whereas at the OTU level, there was a significant elevation in the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium animalis (P<0.05). Furthermore, microbe–microbe network and correlation analyses revealed a significant association between the enriched gut bacterial composition following intervention with the probiotic–phytochemical synbiotic formulation and the levels of immune-inflammatory factors (P<0.05). In summary, compared with mixed probiotics and plant-derived compounds, a probiotic–phytochemical synbiotic formulation was more effective in alleviating AD, conferring measurable synergistic effects and contributing to the amelioration of AD via routes involving the modulation of both immune responses and the gut microbiota.

probiotic formulation  /  atopic dermatitis  /  gut microbiota  /  immunomodulation  /  synbiotics
喻喜华, 王一, 李刘若兰, 王宁, 肖越, 王鸿超. 益生菌制剂对特应性皮炎小鼠症状及肠道微生态的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 433 -442 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120381
Xihua YU, Yi WANG, Liuruolan LI, Ning WANG, Yue XIAO, Hongchao WANG. Effects of Probiotic Formulation on Symptoms and Intestinal Microecology in Mice with Atopic Dermatitis[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 433 -442 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120381
特应性皮炎(Atopic Dermatitis,AD),作为一种常见的过敏性皮肤疾病,其特征为持续性皮肤干燥、剧烈瘙痒以及反复发作的湿疹样皮疹。在全球范围内,AD是疾病负担较重的非致命性皮肤疾病之一,对患者生活质量影响较大。患者常因生理痛苦而伴随焦虑、抑郁和睡眠障碍等心理负担,这些症状进一步影响生活质量。随着过敏性疾病在全球的发病率不断攀升,AD已成为公共卫生领域亟需关注的问题。传统的预防和治疗手段包括避免接触过敏原、增加身体锻炼、提高免疫力以及接种疫苗等。在急性发作期,常用的治疗方法包括使用抗过敏药物,例如糖皮质激素、抗组胺药和肥大细胞稳定剂[1]。然而,长期使用这些药物可能会带来一系列不良反应,如嗜睡、代谢紊乱和胃酸过多,尤其在婴幼儿和孕妇中更为明显[2]。
众多研究已经证实,益生菌具有激活免疫细胞的免疫调节功能,有助于维持免疫系统的稳定状态[3−5]。它们能够通过调节肠道微生物群落改善胃肠道健康[6−8],并可能成为预防和治疗过敏性疾病的潜在有效疗法。益生菌抗过敏作用的核心机制可能涉及改变抗原呈递细胞的行为或调节辅助性T细胞1型(T helper 1 cell,Th1)/辅助性T细胞2型(T helper 2 cell,Th2)细胞的平衡[9−10]。除此之外,益生菌还因其成本效益高、副作用较少,以及能够缓解传统抗过敏药物的副作用等优势而受到青睐。
目前已发现和报道的具有抗过敏作用的益生菌主要来源于乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)。乳杆菌属中的嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)、鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus)、干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)、副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)、罗伊乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)和植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)等[11−13],双歧杆菌属中的短双歧杆菌M-16V(Bifidobacterium breve M-16V)和长双歧杆菌BB536(Bifidobacterium longum BB536)等都已被证实具有抗过敏特性[14−15]。除了利用单菌缓解过敏性疾病之外,多种益生菌搭配成复合制剂也可用于减轻过敏症状[4]。此外,低聚木糖能够调节肠道菌群,并增强肠道屏障功能。这有助于减少过敏原的吸收,同时降低免疫系统的过度反应[16];低聚果糖可以调节细胞因子的分泌,从而降低过敏反应中的炎症水平[17]。因此,这些植物化合物与益生菌联合使用,可能是减轻过敏症状的有效策略。
已有研究表明,干酪乳杆菌CCFM1073和长双歧杆菌CCFM1029可直接缓解过敏性疾病[18];而格氏乳杆菌CCFM1182、植物乳杆菌CCFM1050及动物双歧杆菌CCFM1155则通过维护肠道屏障功能、改善睡眠质量等途径间接干预特应性皮炎(AD)。本研究基于上述发现,将五株益生菌复配为复合制剂,同时添加具有菌群调控和免疫调节功能的植物成分(低聚木糖、低聚果糖、青苹果粉)[16−17],系统评估其对AD模型小鼠的干预效果。通过进一步的研究,期望开发出更加精准和个性化的益生菌制剂,以更有效地管理和治疗AD,改善患者的生活质量。
2,4-二硝基氟苯(2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene,DNFB) 购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司;小鼠血清IgE、炎症因子检测试剂盒 购自R&D公司;BCA蛋白定量检测试剂盒、蛋白酶抑制剂 购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司;酵母提取物、D-无水葡萄糖、磷酸二氢钾、七水合硫酸镁、一水合硫酸锰、无水乙酸钠、胰蛋白胨、L-半胱氨酸、吐温80、甘油、橄榄油、丙酮、氯化钠 购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司;培养皿、保菌管、离心管等实验室常规耗材 采购于南通海之星实验器材有限公司;Fast DNA SPIN Kit for Feces试剂盒 购自美国MP Biomedals公司;胶回收试剂盒 购自杭州倍沃医学科技有限公司;6周龄的无特定病原体级(specific pathogen-free,SPF)雌性小鼠 购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限责任公司;小鼠动物饲料 购自江苏省协同医药生物工程有限责任公司;低聚果糖、低聚半乳糖、低聚木糖、菊粉、青苹果粉 购自上海博飞美科化学科技有限公司;干酪乳杆菌CCFM1073、格氏乳杆菌CCFM1182、植物乳杆菌CCFM1050、长双歧杆菌CCFM1029、动物双歧杆菌CCFM1155 来自江南大学食品生物技术中心菌种保藏中心。
SW-CJ-1FD超净工作台 苏州安泰空气技术有限公司;DG250厌氧工作站 英国Don Whitley Scientific公司;SX-300高压蒸汽灭菌锅 日本Tomy;GR60DA立式自动压力蒸汽灭菌器 致微(厦门)仪器有限公司;PANNORMIC MIDI数字切片扫描仪 匈牙利3DHistech有限公司;SCIENTZ-48高通量组织研磨器 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司。
实验选用40只6周龄、体重18~20 g的SPF级雌性C57BL/6J小鼠,随机分为5组,每组8只,分别是空白组、模型组、混菌组、植化物组和益生菌制剂组。小鼠在江南大学实验动物中心饲养,环境条件为室温24~26 ℃,相对湿度40%~70%,噪音≤60 dB,光照强度15~20 LX,12 h昼夜循环。小鼠自由摄食标准商业饲料和饮水。所有动物实验经江南大学动物福利与伦理管理委员会审批,伦理审批编号JN.No20230615c0960729[283]。
小鼠先进行7 d适应期,适应饲养环境。适应期后,将小鼠随机分为5组,每组8只。除空白组外,其余组均进行造模。实验共28 d,前7 d为适应期,第8 d开始干预,直至实验结束,干预方式见表1。在第28 d牺牲小鼠,观察小鼠耳朵肿胀程度及病理组织学变化,收集肠道内容物、耳部皮肤样本和血液。
AD小鼠造模流程如图1所示,第14 d用剃毛器将小鼠背部皮肤毛发剃去,第15 d开始造模。将DNFB与基础液(丙酮:橄榄油=4:1,v/v)混合,分别制成规格为0.5%和0.2%的致敏溶液。第15 d将0.5%致敏溶液涂于小鼠刮过毛的背部皮肤和左耳上,再分别于第19、22、25、28 d,在小鼠相同部位涂抹0.2%致敏溶液,诱导AD症状。空白组小鼠涂抹等量的基础液。当造模组小鼠背部皮损出现严重的结痂,脱落,其后转变为鳞屑,疤痕,同时造模组小鼠耳朵逐渐变硬,厚度增加,则证明AD模型造模成功[18]。
灌胃用菌株首先划线接种到固体培养基,置于37 ℃恒温厌氧工作站中培养至单菌落出现;挑取单菌落至液体培养基,相同条件下培养至稳定期完成第一次活化;再将活化后的菌液接种于对应培养基继续活化两次后进行扩大培养,在厌氧工作站中37 ℃下培养,每次24~36 h,得到细菌培养物。
动物实验前,使用平板计数法测定活细菌数。取适量菌液进行10倍系列稀释,从每个稀释度中取100 µL菌液,均匀涂布于MRS固体培养基(含0.05%(w/v)L-半胱氨酸),置于37 ℃恒温厌氧工作站中培养48 h,统计菌落形成单位(CFU),根据稀释倍数计算每毫升菌液中的活菌数(CFU/mL)。最后用0.9%(w/v)无菌生理盐水洗涤并重悬稀释至1×1010 CFU/mL。混菌组灌胃所使用的混菌制剂皆是预先制备的。
动物实验中,每只小鼠每天灌胃100 µL上述制备的菌液,保证灌胃菌量为109 CFU/只/d[20−22]。
用电子游标卡尺对小鼠左耳中间部位进行厚度测量,并记录。
吸入1%~1.5%异氟烷麻醉后,采集脱毛处皮肤,放入4%多聚甲醛中固定,将多聚甲醛固定完成的皮肤组织利用石蜡包埋,然后切成5 µm厚的切片,通过烤片,系列酒精脱水,HE染色,脱色,二甲苯透明,封片等步骤制成病理切片,切片病理症状通过专业人员进行评价。
将5 µm厚的切片经过烤片,系列酒精脱水之后,利用肥大细胞染色液进行染色,之后经分化,透明后封片制成病理切片,使用PANNORAMIC全景切片扫描仪成像,成像完成后使用Image-Pro Plus 6.0分析软件,以毫米作为标准单位,分别测量每张切片3个200倍视野内肥大细胞数量,并测量组织的面积,计算出单位面积内肥大细胞数量=肥大细胞数量/组织面积。
将小鼠麻醉后进行眼部静脉丛取血,在4 ℃条件下以4500 r/min离心15 min收集血清,分离的血清依照ELISA试剂盒说明书测定小鼠血清总免疫球蛋白E水平。将小鼠造模部位皮肤组织称重,计数,然后用RIPA裂解液与蛋白酶抑制剂混合液进行匀浆,4 ℃下12000 r/min离心15 min,将上清液依照ELISA试剂盒说明书测定组织中炎症因子的含量,通过外标法获得标准曲线,从而根据吸光度计算出样品中所含待测物质的浓度。
按照DNA提取试剂盒操作说明,提取粪便菌群的DNA。使用引物(341F:5’-CCTAYGGGRBGCASCAG-3’,806R:5’-GGACTACNNGGGTATCTAAT-3’)进行V3-V4区PCR扩增,PCR条件包括:①95 ℃的初始变性5 min,②在95 ℃下变性30 s,③在52 ℃下退火30 s,④在72 ℃下延伸30 s(②~④重复30个循环),⑤反应在72 ℃下维持10 min,⑥在12 ℃下维持10 min,同时设置一组以去离子无菌水为模板的阴性对照。通过凝胶电泳纯化DNA,用DNA凝胶回收试剂盒回收PCR产物(465 bp),所有纯化的DNA样本使用Illumina测序平台进行测序,最后用Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology 2(QIIME2)中的DADA2包进行下机数据处理和质量控制。Beta多样性使用未加权Unifrac距离(unweighted Unifrac distance)计算,并在联川生物云平台(https://www.omicstudio.cn/tool)上进行主坐标分析(Principal Coordinates Analysis,PCoA)图的可视化。线性判别分析效应大小(Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size,LEfSe)分析在微科盟生科云(https://www.bioincloud.tech/)上进行,并基于线性判别分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis,LDA)结果识别差异菌属/种。肠道菌群互作通过相关性网络(Spearman模型)在生科云网站上进行分析。
菌群相关图采用微科盟生科云和联川生物云平台在线网站绘制,其余图则采用GraphPad Prismversion 8软件绘制。对于满足方差齐性和正态分布的两组数据集,采用T检验,多组数据集采用ANOVA分析,Dunnett's Multiple Comparison检验被用作ANOVA的事后检验。对于不满足正态分布和方差齐性的数据采用Mann-Whitney U检验。所有统计分析均采用SPSS 26.0软件进行。结果以平均值±标准误差表示。当组间差异具有统计学意义时,P<0.05用“*”表示,定义为显著;P<0.01用“**”表示,定义为高度显著;P<0.001用“***”表示,定义为极显著。
通过HE切片病理染色发现,空白组皮肤组织表皮完整,结构清晰,并可见角化层,真皮层胶原纤维排列整齐,未见炎性细胞浸润(图2)。第29 d,造模结束后,DNFB破坏小鼠皮肤屏障,导致小鼠背部皮损出现严重的结痂、脱落及溃烂等病理特征(图3),表明造模成功。相较于模型组,植化物、混菌和益生菌制剂干预不同程度改善了特应性皮炎小鼠皮肤病理症状,小鼠背部皮肤受损区域出现修复迹象,且益生菌制剂干预组小鼠造模皮肤区域周围可见新生毛发再生。模型组皮肤组织损伤处结构不清,表皮缺失,可见大面积嗜酸性坏死物(图2黑色箭头处),角质层增厚,大量结缔组织、纤维细胞及成纤维细胞增生,并伴有较多坏死碎片、淋巴细胞及粒细胞浸润。植化物组小鼠皮肤厚度降低,伴有少量坏死碎片、淋巴细胞及粒细胞浸润。混菌组小鼠皮肤厚度降低,皮肤坏死碎片减少。益生菌制剂组小鼠经一段时间干预后,皮肤厚度降低、炎症细胞浸润明显改善。
肥大细胞在AD的发病机制中扮演着重要角色,不仅参与炎症和免疫反应,还可能在AD的瘙痒症状中发挥作用[18],因此,测定了AD小鼠皮肤组织中的肥大细胞数。如图3、4、5所示,相较于空白组,模型组小鼠背部皮损处出现了极显著的肥大细胞炎症浸润的病理症状(P<0.001)。植化物高度显著降低了小鼠皮肤肥大细胞的炎症浸润(P<0.01),混菌也在一定程度上缓解了皮肤炎症,但是无统计显著性。益生菌制剂极显著降低了小鼠背部皮肤肥大细胞的数量(P<0.001),缓解了小鼠皮肤肥大细胞的浸润,从而有助于缓解小鼠背部的特应性皮炎的临床皮损症状。以上结果表明,益生菌制剂干预显著抑制皮损处炎症细胞的浸润,且效果优于植化物和混菌。
DNFB的局部反复使用能够诱导小鼠皮肤出现AD的临床症状,小鼠耳朵厚度的变化反映了局部炎症浸润导致的耳朵肿胀程度。与空白组相比(图6),DNFB显著诱导小鼠耳朵厚度极显著增加(P<0.001),而混菌组、植化物组、益生菌制剂组的小鼠经过干预后,耳朵肿胀程度均显著降低,且益生菌制剂组小鼠耳朵厚度降低程度高于其他干预组(P<0.001)。
免疫球蛋白E(Immunoglobulin E,IgE)介导的过敏反应是AD发病机制的一部分。过敏原诱导IgE结合的FcεRI发生交联,引起肥大细胞的脱颗粒反应,推动过敏性疾病的发生[20],因此,测定了小鼠血清总IgE水平(图7a)。与空白组相比,模型组小鼠总IgE水平极显著增加(P<0.001)。相比于模型组,植化物、混菌和益生菌制剂干预均能降低小鼠血清中IgE水平。其中,益生菌制剂组降低血清中总IgE水平的效果最显著(P<0.001)。
AD发生的核心免疫机制是Th2型免疫应答反应过度,Th2免疫细胞通过释放白细胞介素-4(Interleukin-4,IL-4),IL-13等细胞因子诱导IgE的合成以及炎症细胞的浸润,从而破坏正常的皮肤屏障,导致严重皮损的病理症状[23−24],因此,测定了皮肤组织中IL-4和IL-13水平。DNFB诱导的AD小鼠皮肤组织中的炎症因子IL-4极显著增加(P<0.001),与模型组相比,干预各组均能降低IL-4水平,但益生菌制剂组具有显著性(P<0.05)(图7b)。与空白组相比,模型组小鼠皮肤组织中IL-13水平显著增加(P<0.05)。在混菌、植化物和益生菌制剂干预后,小鼠皮肤组织中IL-13水平均有一定程度降低,但不具有统计显著性(图7c)。
胸腺基质淋巴生成素(Thymic stromal lymphopoietin,TSLP)是炎症反应的重要调节因子,能够刺激树突状细胞分化为Th2细胞,从而促进Th2型炎症反应[25]。与空白组相比,AD模型小鼠皮肤组织中的TSLP水平极显著增加(P<0.001)。与模型组相比,植化物组、混菌组和益生菌制剂组TSLP水平均有一定程度的降低,尤其是益生菌制剂组效果更为显著(P<0.01)(图7d)。
Th1型免疫反应相关的干扰素-γ(Interferon-γ,IFN-γ)的表达可以抑制IgE合成,Th2细胞分化,以及IL-4受体的表达[26]。IFN-γ水平升高有助于恢复Th1和Th2之间免疫反应的平衡[27]。相比于空白组,模型组中观察到IFN-γ的浓度有显著下降,达到了统计学意义(P<0.05)。进一步分析发现,通过益生菌制剂的干预,能够有效增强小鼠皮肤组织中IFN-γ的水平,但不具有显著性(图7e)。
通过综合评估植化物组、混菌组和益生菌制剂组对AD相关免疫炎症因子的调节效果,结果表明植化物显著调节lgE和TSLP水平,混菌组对免疫炎症因子的调节不具有统计显著性,而益生菌制剂能显著调节lgE、IL-4和TSLP水平(P<0.05),因此益生菌制剂组对AD相关免疫炎症因子的调节效果最好。
为评估AD小鼠肠道微生物群落的多样性的变化,测定了Alpha多样性指数(图8)。分析结果显示,与模型组相比,植化物干预显著增加了Shannon指数(P<0.05)。此外,其他干预组也不同程度提高了Shannon指数,Observed指数,Faith pd指数和Evenness指数,尽管这些变化没有达到统计学上的显著性。
为了研究益生菌制剂对肠道微生物群落结构的影响,本研究采用了主坐标分析(PCoA)方法。分析结果显示(图9),在属水平上,与空白组相比,模型组小鼠肠道菌群结构并未发生明显改变。这一结果与Tran等[28]的研究结论具有一致性,该研究发现环境干预(如饮食调整)对肠道菌群β-多样性的整体影响有限,而核心菌群的组成比例变化可能是介导生理功能改变的关键。这提示AD模型小鼠的肠道菌群紊乱可能更倾向于特定菌群的丰度改变而非整体结构重塑,与本研究后续门或属水平的差异分析结果形成呼应。
如图10所示,小鼠肠道微生物群落在门分类层面上以厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为主。相较于空白组,DNFB诱导的AD模型小鼠中疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)的相对丰度有所下降,而益生菌的补充极大程度提高了该菌门的丰度。疣微菌门中的Akkermansia muciniphila已被报道与肠道屏障功能改善和抗炎作用相关,其丰度下降可能与AD相关的肠道屏障损伤和免疫失调有关[29]。此外,植化物组、混菌组以及益生菌制剂组均在不同程度上促进了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的增长,该菌门中包含多种条件致病菌,其过度增长常与肠道菌群失调和炎症状态相关,提示干预可能通过调节菌群结构影响AD病程[30],考虑到干预后AD症状的显著缓解及其他有益菌群的富集,这种变形菌门的增长可能反映了肠道微生态系统在调整过程中的一种功能性动态,而非典型的菌群失调标志。
如图11所示,在属水平上,与空白组相比,DNFB诱导的AD小鼠肠道中Akkermansia的相对丰度减少,Bacteroides的相对丰度增加。已有研究表明,Akkermansia的减少与肠道屏障功能受损和免疫调节能力下降有关,而Bacteroides的过度增殖可能与Th2型免疫偏倚和AD发病机制相关[29,31]。而植化物组、混菌组和益生菌制剂组均不同程度增加了Akkermansia的丰度,降低了Bacteroides的丰度,提示干预措施可能通过调节关键菌属的平衡,改善AD相关的肠道微生态与免疫状态。
如图12、13所示,LEfSe分析结果表明,相比于模型组,益生菌制剂干预显著富集了Akkermansia、Bifidobacterium、Turicibacter、Faecalibaculu和Catabacter(P<0.05),其中Akkermansia是潜在的益生菌,其丰度与肠道屏障功能和抗炎作用密切相关[29]。Bifidobacterium能够调节免疫功能,它通过产生抗炎细胞因子IL-22来抑制过度的Th2型免疫反应,并有效促进调节性T细胞的活化,从而增强机体的免疫防御[32]。Turicibacter与宿主的免疫反应有关,它们可能通过合成短链脂肪酸维持肠道屏障的完整性[33]。此外,Faecalibacterium prausnitzii是丁酸的重要生产者之一,具有抗炎作用[31]。因此,益生菌制剂的补充可能通过调整肠道微生物群的组成,调节免疫反应,进而减轻AD病理症状。
为了进一步在更精细分辨率探究益生菌制剂对菌群的调节作用,进行了OTU水平(即种水平)的分析[26,19−34]。如图14所示,在OTU水平上,PCoA分析结果表明,AD小鼠的肠道微生物群落结构与健康小鼠存在差异,但未发生明显改变,表明AD疾病模型不会导致肠道菌群结构的显著变化。如图15所示,在OTU水平上,LEfSe分析结果表明,相比于模型组,益生菌制剂干预富集了Bifidobacterium animalis、g_Akkermansia: s_uncultured bacterium、g_Faecalibaculum: s_uncultured bacterium等具有免疫调节作用和抗炎作用的菌种[29−31],这可能与AD异常的Th2型免疫反应的改善密切相关。
肠道菌群对宿主的影响与菌群之间的相互作用密切相关。因此,进一步进行了微生物网络分析,以整合和可视化肠道菌群之间的相互作用。如图16所示,在60个肠道微生物节点中,有18个与肠道微生物群形成了超过20个连接,其中OTU10(s_Bacteroides acidifaciens)的连接数最多(32个连接)。Bacteroides acidifaciens及其衍生的外泌体能够减轻硫酸葡聚糖诱导的结肠炎,通过减少结肠组织粘膜损伤、降低炎症反应、促进粘膜屏障修复、恢复肠道菌群多样性和平衡来发挥作用[28]。在属水平上,Bifidobacterium是连接最多的节点,其次是Turicibacter和Akkermansia。这些菌在调节宿主免疫反应方面均具有重要作用[29,32−33]。
为探究益生菌制剂干预引起的肠道细菌相对丰度的改变与炎症反应之间的相关性,进行了关联性分析(图17),在选择菌群进行分析时,保留了相对丰度大于0.01%的种属,并展示了相关性排名前50的种属。结果表明,Bifidobacterium和Akkermansia、Faecalibaculum与IgE、IL-4、IL-13水平呈显著负相关(P<0.05),OTU6(g_Turicibacter; s_uncultured bacterium)、OTU19(Bifidobacterium animalis)和Turicibacter与IgE、IL-4水平呈显著负相关(P<0.05),OTU23(g_Candidatus Saccharimonas; s_uncultured bacterium)与IFN-γ的表达水平呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。相关研究发现,动物双歧杆菌乳亚种XLTG11能够调节细胞免疫因子水平,提高IFN-γ的含量[35];Turicibacter的丰度变化与宿主的免疫调节密切相关,可能通过影响细胞因子水平来调节免疫反应[33];Akkermansia能够通过其磷脂成分诱导宿主的稳态免疫反应,从而增强肠道屏障功能[30]。这些结果共同表明益生菌制剂可能通过改变肠道菌群组成和相对丰度调节了免疫炎症反应。
本研究聚焦于特应性皮炎(AD)的管理,创新性地采用复配策略,开发出一种包含多种益生菌和多种植化物的复合制剂,旨在通过协同作用更有效地缓解AD症状。研究全面评估了混菌、植化物及益生菌制剂对AD的缓解作用,发现益生菌复合制剂在缓解AD症状方面表现优异,不仅能显著改善皮肤病理症状、减少肥大细胞浸润(P<0.05),还能有效降低血清总IgE水平,抑制异常的Th2型免疫反应。
未来研究将着重于深入解析益生菌制剂中起关键作用的具体成分或菌株,以及它们精确调节免疫系统和肠道微生物群的机制。同时,鉴于个体差异对益生菌制剂有效性和安全性的影响,大规模临床试验的开展至关重要,以明确其对AD患者的具体疗效及适用人群,为AD的精准治疗提供科学依据,进一步提升患者的生活质量。

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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120381
  • 接收时间:2024-12-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-30
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    1国药控股星鲨制药(厦门)有限公司,福建厦门 361026
    2厦门市母婴健康营养产品重点实验室,福建厦门 361026
    3江南大学食品学院,江苏无锡 214122

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王鸿超(1985−),男,博士,副研究员,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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