Article(id=1320882211054801502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110303, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732464000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852459920, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852459920, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852459920, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852459920, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=250, endPage=261, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882211247739487, articleId=1320882211054801502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Optimization of the Rice Wine Fermentation Process for Beef Jerky and Changes in Myofibrillar Proteins, columnId=1261343843090313538, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Processing Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of rice wine on the quality of beef jerky. The beef jerky fermentation process was optimized by determining the moisture content, color difference, pH, shear force, texture, and water activity, with sensory evaluation scores serving as the response variables in a response surface methodology experiment. Additionally, changes in myofibrillar proteins during fermentation were thoroughly examined using solubility measurement, surface hydrophobicity assessment, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimal processing conditions were rice wine addition 6%, fermentation time 24 h, and baking time 2.5 h. The beef jerky produced under these conditions exhibited physicochemical properties with moisture content 42.39%, pH 5.61, water activity 0.9298 and shear force 28.97 N. The fermented beef jerky prepared using this process had excellent color, moderate texture, unique flavor, and high overall quality. During the fermentation process, the solubility of myofibrillar proteins in beef gradually decreased with increasing fermentation time, whereas its surface hydrophobicity continuously increased. This phenomenon indicated that the fermentation promoted the gradual unfolding of the highly aggregated structure of myofibrillar proteins, resulting in the exposure of internal hydrophobic groups. The SDS-PAGE results demonstrated that the addition of rice wine was more conducive to the degradation of myofibrillar proteins. The findings of this study provide important theoretical support for the development of new fermented beef jerky products, and offer new insights for research in related fields.

, authors=Jia MIAO, Ziyuan ZHANG, Wenhui LIU, Baohua KONG, Qian LIU, Fangda SUN*, authorsList=Jia MIAO, Ziyuan ZHANG, Wenhui LIU, Baohua KONG, Qian LIU, Fangda SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fangda SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882215802753651, articleId=1320882211054801502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=醪糟发酵牛肉干工艺优化及肌原纤维蛋白变化研究, columnId=1261343845481066826, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=工艺技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探究醪糟发酵对牛肉干品质特性的影响。通过测定水分含量、色差、pH、剪切力、质构、水分活度,同时以感官评分为响应值进行响应面试验,优化牛肉干发酵工艺,并借助测定溶解度、表面疏水性及SDS-PAGE等方法,深入探究发酵过程中肌原纤维蛋白的变化情况。结果显示,醪糟发酵牛肉干最佳加工工艺为醪糟添加量6%、发酵时间24 h、烘烤时间2.5 h。在此条件下生产的牛肉干,其理化指标表现为水分含量42.39%、pH5.61、水分活度0.9298、剪切力28.97 N。该工艺下研制的发酵牛肉干色泽优良,口感适中,风味独特,综合品质较高。在发酵过程中,牛肉肌原纤维蛋白的溶解度随着发酵时间的延长而逐渐降低,而其表面疏水性则不断升高。这一现象表明,发酵处理促使肌原纤维蛋白的高度聚集结构逐渐展开,导致内部疏水基团暴露。同时,SDS-PAGE结果表明,添加醪糟后更有利于肌原纤维蛋白降解。本研究的发现为发酵牛肉干新产品的开发提供了重要的理论支持,也为相关领域的研究提供了新的思路。

, authors=苗嘉, 张紫媛, 刘文惠, 孔保华, 刘骞, 孙方达*, authorsList=苗嘉, 张紫媛, 刘文惠, 孔保华, 刘骞, 孙方达, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙方达, authorNote=

苗嘉(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:发酵肉制品,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙方达(1987−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=qgfJtmbzAO2Y2h5wVV9eIA==, magXml=/Lp4nBq1mS+XK7LyTOfHIA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=AWNA6imbyeSrWSvWnEjaNA==, pdfFileSize=6777290, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=HrSBv6OEQMGRVwNSopqXYA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=5xe9giF4lqKVsKhbAgsGfg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320882216385761912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1747117271@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320882216478036602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, authorId=1320882216385761912, language=EN, stringName=Jia MIAO, firstName=Jia, middleName=null, lastName=MIAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320882216629031547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, authorId=1320882216385761912, language=CN, stringName=苗嘉, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030, bio={"content":"

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注:(A)添加量对水分含量的影响;(B)添加量对pH的影响;(C)添加量对水分活度的影响;(D)添加量对剪切力的影响;图中不同小写字母代表差异显著(P<0.05),图3、图4同。

, figureFileSmall=ATnHGBJPId8tHabw7/EqUw==, figureFileBig=jIjqZrw2yjM7SZFg6yg7PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882220903027363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of fermentation time on the physicochemical properties of beef jerky, figureFileSmall=CKESpC1GxOn7Jkr05MthpA==, figureFileBig=HIdCnorgkdOpjCblKQL9LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882220965941924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=CN, label=图3, caption=发酵时间对牛肉干理化特性的影响

注:(A)发酵时间对水分含量的影响;(B)发酵时间对pH的影响;(C)发酵时间对水分活度的影响;(D)发酵时间对剪切力的影响。

, figureFileSmall=CKESpC1GxOn7Jkr05MthpA==, figureFileBig=HIdCnorgkdOpjCblKQL9LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882221054022309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of baking time on the physicochemical properties of beef jerky, figureFileSmall=NGEl1QXb1nm4Jsw6BZLhDQ==, figureFileBig=2Mz70ipvAMH811PQlypxvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882221125325478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=CN, label=图4, caption=烘烤时间对牛肉干理化特性的影响

注:(A)烘烤时间对水分含量的影响;(B)烘烤时间对pH的影响;(C)烘烤时间对水分活度的影响;(D)烘烤时间对剪切力的影响。

, figureFileSmall=NGEl1QXb1nm4Jsw6BZLhDQ==, figureFileBig=2Mz70ipvAMH811PQlypxvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882221209211559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Response surface plots of effect of different factors on sensory scores of fermented beef jerky, figureFileSmall=vW6/rMu3Twodo8vBHuy/9Q==, figureFileBig=rtS8lUNqsc5HK8Vy/txsFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882221293097640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同因素对发酵牛肉干感官评分影响的响应面图

注:A添加量与发酵时间;B添加量与烘烤时间;C发酵时间与烘烤时间。

, figureFileSmall=vW6/rMu3Twodo8vBHuy/9Q==, figureFileBig=rtS8lUNqsc5HK8Vy/txsFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882222966624937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Plot of changes in solubility of beef myofibrillar proteins at different fermentation times, figureFileSmall=IXc4gWpMLyevIHA5mXa4Wg==, figureFileBig=EVAT+mg2AmM5upZ2CkIm5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882223033733802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同发酵时间下牛肉肌原纤维蛋白溶解度的变化图

注:不同大写字母(A~B)和小写字母(a~f)表示存在显著差异(P<0.05),图7同。

, figureFileSmall=IXc4gWpMLyevIHA5mXa4Wg==, figureFileBig=EVAT+mg2AmM5upZ2CkIm5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882223113425579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Plot of changes in surface hydrophobicity of beef myofibrillar proteins at different fermentation times, figureFileSmall=WVxo16QjqTNQIu3jMvcOyQ==, figureFileBig=uiTblyaFVUuYD01+NvAJ1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882223193117356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同发酵时间下牛肉肌原纤维蛋白表面疏水性的变化图, figureFileSmall=WVxo16QjqTNQIu3jMvcOyQ==, figureFileBig=uiTblyaFVUuYD01+NvAJ1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882223256031917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=SDS-PAGE of beef myofibrillar proteins with different fermentation times, figureFileSmall=OTylMLfLob3rSXA54nbIWA==, figureFileBig=drdNV8gfWPRuC/T5QMgyfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882223339917998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同发酵时间的牛肉肌原纤维蛋白电泳图

注:(A)自然发酵,(B)醪糟发酵。

, figureFileSmall=OTylMLfLob3rSXA54nbIWA==, figureFileBig=drdNV8gfWPRuC/T5QMgyfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882223411221167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory scoring rules for fermented beef jerky

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标标准评分
色泽暗红色、颜色均一、有光泽20~16
深红色、颜色均一、光泽较差15~11
棕褐色、色泽不均匀10~6
深黑色、色泽差5~1
风味酒香味重且肉香味重20~16
酒香味淡或肉香味淡15~11
无发酵酒香味10~6
肉味淡,有异味5~1
咀嚼性容易咀嚼、弹性好、硬度适中20~16
较易咀嚼、稍硬15~11
较难咀嚼、较硬10~6
难咀嚼、很硬5~1
组织状态结构紧密、肌纤维完整、呈条状20~16
结构较紧密、肌纤维较完整、呈条状15~11
结构松散、肌纤维断裂、呈块状10~6
结构松散、表面有毛刺5~1
滋味甜咸酸度适中、回味浓郁20~16
甜咸酸度适中、回味不足15~11
偏酸、偏甜或偏咸、无异味10~6
风味不佳、偏酸或偏咸5~1
), ArticleFig(id=1320882223503495856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

发酵牛肉干感官评价细则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标标准评分
色泽暗红色、颜色均一、有光泽20~16
深红色、颜色均一、光泽较差15~11
棕褐色、色泽不均匀10~6
深黑色、色泽差5~1
风味酒香味重且肉香味重20~16
酒香味淡或肉香味淡15~11
无发酵酒香味10~6
肉味淡,有异味5~1
咀嚼性容易咀嚼、弹性好、硬度适中20~16
较易咀嚼、稍硬15~11
较难咀嚼、较硬10~6
难咀嚼、很硬5~1
组织状态结构紧密、肌纤维完整、呈条状20~16
结构较紧密、肌纤维较完整、呈条状15~11
结构松散、肌纤维断裂、呈块状10~6
结构松散、表面有毛刺5~1
滋味甜咸酸度适中、回味浓郁20~16
甜咸酸度适中、回味不足15~11
偏酸、偏甜或偏咸、无异味10~6
风味不佳、偏酸或偏咸5~1
), ArticleFig(id=1320882223599964849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Factors and levels of response surface test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
醪糟添加量(%)发酵时间(h)烘烤时间(h)
−14162
06242.5
18323
), ArticleFig(id=1320882223671268018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验因素水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平因素
醪糟添加量(%)发酵时间(h)烘烤时间(h)
−14162
06242.5
18323
), ArticleFig(id=1320882223755154099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of rice wine addition on the texture and colour of beef jerky

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
添加量(%)质构色泽
硬度(N)咀嚼性(mJ)弹性(mm)内聚性L*a*b*
015740.28±533.06a6126.05±870.23a0.67±0.02a0.61±0.03a48.62±0.39a20.69±0.36e19.66±0.83ab
215109.33±635.19a6321.57±619.06a0.69±0.05a0.60±0.01a47.23±0.54bc21.55±0.28d18.31±0.53c
412544.92±482.77b4578.75±176.20b0.60±0.04a0.60±0.04a47.60±0.22ab22.07±0.13c18.98±0.43bc
611669.06±283.04c4308.19±469.11bc0.63±0.05a0.60±0.03a46.39±0.98c22.31±0.21bc18.72±0.52c
810443.78±95.65d4056.26±228.28bc0.61±0.05a0.61±0.01a43.40±0.32d22.45±0.10ab18.47±0.18c
109806.67±707.97d3494.17±243.29c0.61±0.05a0.56±0.01a44.12±0.95d22.72±0.19a20.31±0.05a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882223860011700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

添加量对牛肉干质构和色泽的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
添加量(%)质构色泽
硬度(N)咀嚼性(mJ)弹性(mm)内聚性L*a*b*
015740.28±533.06a6126.05±870.23a0.67±0.02a0.61±0.03a48.62±0.39a20.69±0.36e19.66±0.83ab
215109.33±635.19a6321.57±619.06a0.69±0.05a0.60±0.01a47.23±0.54bc21.55±0.28d18.31±0.53c
412544.92±482.77b4578.75±176.20b0.60±0.04a0.60±0.04a47.60±0.22ab22.07±0.13c18.98±0.43bc
611669.06±283.04c4308.19±469.11bc0.63±0.05a0.60±0.03a46.39±0.98c22.31±0.21bc18.72±0.52c
810443.78±95.65d4056.26±228.28bc0.61±0.05a0.61±0.01a43.40±0.32d22.45±0.10ab18.47±0.18c
109806.67±707.97d3494.17±243.29c0.61±0.05a0.56±0.01a44.12±0.95d22.72±0.19a20.31±0.05a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882223935509173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effect of rice wine addition on sensory scores of beef jerky

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
添加量(%)色泽风味咀嚼性组织状态滋味总分
012.87±0.26d10.23±0.25d13.10±0.50d13.37±0.38c12.37±0.21e62.03±0.55e
213.67±0.21c12.70±0.17c13.43±0.32cd13.60±0.26bc13.47±0.38d66.87±0.57d
415.00±0.10b14.27±0.46b14.43±0.35b14.23±0.32ab15.23±0.21ab73.17±0.23b
615.63±0.25a15.77±0.15a15.20±0.30a14.90±0.20a15.80±0.40a77.30±0.62a
814.90±0.26b14.70±0.10b14.23±0.35b14.37±0.38a15.07±0.31b73.27±0.60b
1013.73±0.38c12.83±0.21c13.83±0.21bc13.37±0.47c14.33±0.32c68.10±0.10c
), ArticleFig(id=1320882224015200950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

添加量对牛肉干感官评分的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
添加量(%)色泽风味咀嚼性组织状态滋味总分
012.87±0.26d10.23±0.25d13.10±0.50d13.37±0.38c12.37±0.21e62.03±0.55e
213.67±0.21c12.70±0.17c13.43±0.32cd13.60±0.26bc13.47±0.38d66.87±0.57d
415.00±0.10b14.27±0.46b14.43±0.35b14.23±0.32ab15.23±0.21ab73.17±0.23b
615.63±0.25a15.77±0.15a15.20±0.30a14.90±0.20a15.80±0.40a77.30±0.62a
814.90±0.26b14.70±0.10b14.23±0.35b14.37±0.38a15.07±0.31b73.27±0.60b
1013.73±0.38c12.83±0.21c13.83±0.21bc13.37±0.47c14.33±0.32c68.10±0.10c
), ArticleFig(id=1320882224094892727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effect of fermentation time on the texture and colour of beef jerky

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间(h)质构色泽
硬度(N)咀嚼性(mJ)弹性(mm)内聚性L*a*b*
017001.87±732.52a7948.82±605.95a0.78±0.02a0.64±0.01a48.62±0.39a21.46±0.62c21.13±0.18a
815020.18±259.97b7329.44±311.39a0.80±0.03a0.60±0.04a47.23±0.54bc22.45±0.62bc19.69±0.28bc
1613550.52±153.64c6345.29±185.92b0.74±0.01a0.63±0.01a47.60±0.22ab21.95±0.52bc20.16±0.30b
2412609.65±196.68cd5559.71±442.36b0.74±0.02a0.58±0.09a46.39±0.98c22.72±1.06b19.29±0.46c
3212860.84±293.62cd5131.70±533.74c0.73±0.05a0.55±0.03a43.40±0.32d23.91±0.25a19.62±0.23bc
4011787.42±419.07d5252.17±857.40c0.74±0.09a0.56±0.05a44.12±0.95d23.01±0.33ab20.09±0.49b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882224262664888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

发酵时间对牛肉干质构和色泽的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间(h)质构色泽
硬度(N)咀嚼性(mJ)弹性(mm)内聚性L*a*b*
017001.87±732.52a7948.82±605.95a0.78±0.02a0.64±0.01a48.62±0.39a21.46±0.62c21.13±0.18a
815020.18±259.97b7329.44±311.39a0.80±0.03a0.60±0.04a47.23±0.54bc22.45±0.62bc19.69±0.28bc
1613550.52±153.64c6345.29±185.92b0.74±0.01a0.63±0.01a47.60±0.22ab21.95±0.52bc20.16±0.30b
2412609.65±196.68cd5559.71±442.36b0.74±0.02a0.58±0.09a46.39±0.98c22.72±1.06b19.29±0.46c
3212860.84±293.62cd5131.70±533.74c0.73±0.05a0.55±0.03a43.40±0.32d23.91±0.25a19.62±0.23bc
4011787.42±419.07d5252.17±857.40c0.74±0.09a0.56±0.05a44.12±0.95d23.01±0.33ab20.09±0.49b
), ArticleFig(id=1320882224346550969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Effect of fermentation time on sensory scores of beef jerky

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间(h)色泽风味咀嚼性组织状态滋味总分
014.10±0.60b9.83±0.60d12.73±0.60c13.77±0.61b12.43±0.45c62.87±0.88d
814.57±0.55ab12.50±0.61c13.60±0.60bc14.00±0.17ab13.70±0.17b68.37±0.41c
1615.30±0.40a14.87±0.35b14.47±0.35b15.13±0.26a15.03±0.26a74.60±0.41b
2415.40±0.44a16.03±0.49a15.57±0.32a15.00±0.72a15.57±0.35a77.57±0.55a
3214.90±0.26ab14.50±0.56b15.63±0.25a14.10±0.67ab15.07±0.16a74.20±0.29b
4014.17±0.25b10.47±0.93c13.73±0.78bc13.10±0.52b11.90±0.92c63.37±0.61d
), ArticleFig(id=1320882224493351610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

发酵时间对牛肉干感官评分的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发酵时间(h)色泽风味咀嚼性组织状态滋味总分
014.10±0.60b9.83±0.60d12.73±0.60c13.77±0.61b12.43±0.45c62.87±0.88d
814.57±0.55ab12.50±0.61c13.60±0.60bc14.00±0.17ab13.70±0.17b68.37±0.41c
1615.30±0.40a14.87±0.35b14.47±0.35b15.13±0.26a15.03±0.26a74.60±0.41b
2415.40±0.44a16.03±0.49a15.57±0.32a15.00±0.72a15.57±0.35a77.57±0.55a
3214.90±0.26ab14.50±0.56b15.63±0.25a14.10±0.67ab15.07±0.16a74.20±0.29b
4014.17±0.25b10.47±0.93c13.73±0.78bc13.10±0.52b11.90±0.92c63.37±0.61d
), ArticleFig(id=1320882224577237691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Effect of baking time on the texture and colour of beef jerky

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
烘烤时间(h)质构色泽
硬度(N)咀嚼性(mJ)弹性(mm)内聚性L*a*b*
1.57830.06±890.19e3059.75±592.67d0.63±0.09b0.63±0.06a51.72±0.11a20.81±1.09b18.64±0.25c
2.010758.65±220.07d4371.92±334.56c0.65±0.02b0.63±0.05a51.60±0.17a20.99±0.60b19.07±0.60bc
2.511924.21±497.71cd5102.11±205.28c0.70±0.01ab0.61±0.02a49.73±0.36b21.51±0.66ab19.08±0.37bc
3.013286.93±556.48bc5406.35±402.73c0.72±0.06ab0.52±0.08a45.42±0.35d21.98±0.51ab19.44±0.25bc
3.515562.20±281.89b6186.34±295.81b0.68±0.04ab0.60±0.04a46.64±0.53c21.95±0.52ab19.53±0.49ab
4.018168.43±334.16a8603.79±731.63a0.78±0.05a0.60±0.03a43.26±0.47e22.67±0.74a20.25±0.48a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882224677900988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

烘烤时间对牛肉干质构和色泽的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
烘烤时间(h)质构色泽
硬度(N)咀嚼性(mJ)弹性(mm)内聚性L*a*b*
1.57830.06±890.19e3059.75±592.67d0.63±0.09b0.63±0.06a51.72±0.11a20.81±1.09b18.64±0.25c
2.010758.65±220.07d4371.92±334.56c0.65±0.02b0.63±0.05a51.60±0.17a20.99±0.60b19.07±0.60bc
2.511924.21±497.71cd5102.11±205.28c0.70±0.01ab0.61±0.02a49.73±0.36b21.51±0.66ab19.08±0.37bc
3.013286.93±556.48bc5406.35±402.73c0.72±0.06ab0.52±0.08a45.42±0.35d21.98±0.51ab19.44±0.25bc
3.515562.20±281.89b6186.34±295.81b0.68±0.04ab0.60±0.04a46.64±0.53c21.95±0.52ab19.53±0.49ab
4.018168.43±334.16a8603.79±731.63a0.78±0.05a0.60±0.03a43.26±0.47e22.67±0.74a20.25±0.48a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882224765981373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Effect of baking time on sensory scores of beef jerky

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
烘烤时间(h)色泽风味咀嚼性组织状态滋味总分
1.514.73±0.47a14.03±0.32d10.63±0.31d12.97±0.23c14.37±0.25b66.73±0.68d
2.015.03±0.21a14.90±0.30bc14.03±0.32b14.13±0.19b15.60±0.26a73.70±0.36b
2.515.43±0.40a16.07±0.32a15.53±0.35a15.47±0.38a15.70±0.44a78.20±0.78a
3.015.03±0.20a15.13±0.31b14.40±0.26b14.83±0.18ab15.57±0.31a74.97±0.42b
3.513.50±0.34b14.27±0.40cd13.00±0.20c14.60±0.23ab13.80±0.26b69.17±0.96c
4.012.50±0.46c12.27±0.31e10.70±0.66d14.50±0.32b13.10±0.26c64.07±0.72e
), ArticleFig(id=1320882224845673150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

烘烤时间对牛肉干感官评分的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
烘烤时间(h)色泽风味咀嚼性组织状态滋味总分
1.514.73±0.47a14.03±0.32d10.63±0.31d12.97±0.23c14.37±0.25b66.73±0.68d
2.015.03±0.21a14.90±0.30bc14.03±0.32b14.13±0.19b15.60±0.26a73.70±0.36b
2.515.43±0.40a16.07±0.32a15.53±0.35a15.47±0.38a15.70±0.44a78.20±0.78a
3.015.03±0.20a15.13±0.31b14.40±0.26b14.83±0.18ab15.57±0.31a74.97±0.42b
3.513.50±0.34b14.27±0.40cd13.00±0.20c14.60±0.23ab13.80±0.26b69.17±0.96c
4.012.50±0.46c12.27±0.31e10.70±0.66d14.50±0.32b13.10±0.26c64.07±0.72e
), ArticleFig(id=1320882224929559231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Response surface design for fermentation process optimisation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号添加量发酵时间烘烤时间感官评分
1−1−1070.39
2−10172.28
3−10−171.66
4−11075.01
50−1172.19
60−1−171.35
700078.67
800078.20
900079.01
1000078.82
1100079.13
1201−174.44
1301174.13
141−1073.48
1510175.95
1610−173.33
1711074.31
), ArticleFig(id=1320882225013445312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

发酵工艺优化的响应面设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验号添加量发酵时间烘烤时间感官评分
1−1−1070.39
2−10172.28
3−10−171.66
4−11075.01
50−1172.19
60−1−171.35
700078.67
800078.20
900079.01
1000078.82
1100079.13
1201−174.44
1301174.13
141−1073.48
1510175.95
1610−173.33
1711074.31
), ArticleFig(id=1320882225105720001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Analysis of variance for regression model of sensory scores of fermented beef jerky

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P显著性
模型137.05915.2341.76<0.0001极显著
A-添加量7.4717.4720.480.0027**
B-发酵时间13.73113.7337.650.0005**
C-烘烤时间1.7811.784.870.0630
AB3.5913.599.850.0164*
AC1.000011.00002.740.2417
BC0.330610.33060.90670.3727
A228.36128.3677.79<0.0001**
B234.75134.7595.31<0.0001**
C234.57134.5794.82<0.0001**
残差2.5570.3646
失拟项2.0330.67605.150.0735不显著
纯误差0.524540.1311
总离差139.6016
), ArticleFig(id=1320882225197994690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882211054801502, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

发酵牛肉干感官评分的回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源平方和自由度均方F值P显著性
模型137.05915.2341.76<0.0001极显著
A-添加量7.4717.4720.480.0027**
B-发酵时间13.73113.7337.650.0005**
C-烘烤时间1.7811.784.870.0630
AB3.5913.599.850.0164*
AC1.000011.00002.740.2417
BC0.330610.33060.90670.3727
A228.36128.3677.79<0.0001**
B234.75134.7595.31<0.0001**
C234.57134.5794.82<0.0001**
残差2.5570.3646
失拟项2.0330.67605.150.0735不显著
纯误差0.524540.1311
总离差139.6016
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醪糟发酵牛肉干工艺优化及肌原纤维蛋白变化研究
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苗嘉 , 张紫媛 , 刘文惠 , 孔保华 , 刘骞 , 孙方达 *
食品工业科技 | 工艺技术 2026,47(1): 250-261
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食品工业科技 |工艺技术 2026 , 47 (1) : 250 -261
醪糟发酵牛肉干工艺优化及肌原纤维蛋白变化研究
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苗嘉 , 张紫媛, 刘文惠, 孔保华, 刘骞, 孙方达*
作者信息
  • 东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
通讯作者:
孙方达(1987−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

苗嘉(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:发酵肉制品,E-mail:

Optimization of the Rice Wine Fermentation Process for Beef Jerky and Changes in Myofibrillar Proteins
Jia MIAO , Ziyuan ZHANG, Wenhui LIU, Baohua KONG, Qian LIU, Fangda SUN*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110303
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本研究旨在探究醪糟发酵对牛肉干品质特性的影响。通过测定水分含量、色差、pH、剪切力、质构、水分活度,同时以感官评分为响应值进行响应面试验,优化牛肉干发酵工艺,并借助测定溶解度、表面疏水性及SDS-PAGE等方法,深入探究发酵过程中肌原纤维蛋白的变化情况。结果显示,醪糟发酵牛肉干最佳加工工艺为醪糟添加量6%、发酵时间24 h、烘烤时间2.5 h。在此条件下生产的牛肉干,其理化指标表现为水分含量42.39%、pH5.61、水分活度0.9298、剪切力28.97 N。该工艺下研制的发酵牛肉干色泽优良,口感适中,风味独特,综合品质较高。在发酵过程中,牛肉肌原纤维蛋白的溶解度随着发酵时间的延长而逐渐降低,而其表面疏水性则不断升高。这一现象表明,发酵处理促使肌原纤维蛋白的高度聚集结构逐渐展开,导致内部疏水基团暴露。同时,SDS-PAGE结果表明,添加醪糟后更有利于肌原纤维蛋白降解。本研究的发现为发酵牛肉干新产品的开发提供了重要的理论支持,也为相关领域的研究提供了新的思路。

发酵牛肉干  /  醪糟  /  感官品质  /  响应面优化  /  肌原纤维蛋白

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of rice wine on the quality of beef jerky. The beef jerky fermentation process was optimized by determining the moisture content, color difference, pH, shear force, texture, and water activity, with sensory evaluation scores serving as the response variables in a response surface methodology experiment. Additionally, changes in myofibrillar proteins during fermentation were thoroughly examined using solubility measurement, surface hydrophobicity assessment, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimal processing conditions were rice wine addition 6%, fermentation time 24 h, and baking time 2.5 h. The beef jerky produced under these conditions exhibited physicochemical properties with moisture content 42.39%, pH 5.61, water activity 0.9298 and shear force 28.97 N. The fermented beef jerky prepared using this process had excellent color, moderate texture, unique flavor, and high overall quality. During the fermentation process, the solubility of myofibrillar proteins in beef gradually decreased with increasing fermentation time, whereas its surface hydrophobicity continuously increased. This phenomenon indicated that the fermentation promoted the gradual unfolding of the highly aggregated structure of myofibrillar proteins, resulting in the exposure of internal hydrophobic groups. The SDS-PAGE results demonstrated that the addition of rice wine was more conducive to the degradation of myofibrillar proteins. The findings of this study provide important theoretical support for the development of new fermented beef jerky products, and offer new insights for research in related fields.

fermented beef jerky  /  rice wine  /  sensory quality  /  response surface optimization  /  myofibrillar protein
苗嘉, 张紫媛, 刘文惠, 孔保华, 刘骞, 孙方达. 醪糟发酵牛肉干工艺优化及肌原纤维蛋白变化研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 250 -261 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110303
Jia MIAO, Ziyuan ZHANG, Wenhui LIU, Baohua KONG, Qian LIU, Fangda SUN. Optimization of the Rice Wine Fermentation Process for Beef Jerky and Changes in Myofibrillar Proteins[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 250 -261 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110303
牛肉富含优质蛋白质,其氨基酸组成与人体需求高度匹配,是重要的营养来源[1]。然而,生鲜牛肉的高水分含量易引发微生物增殖,导致贮藏期短、品质劣变等问题[2]。传统干制肉制品通过较低的水分含量(水分含量<20%)抑制微生物活性以延长保质期[3],但过度脱水会导致质地坚硬、适口性差,且长时间干燥工艺显著增加能耗成本[4]。相比之下,半干型肉干(水分含量20%~50%)在硬度与贮藏性之间取得平衡,逐渐成为研究热点[5]。传统肉干生产依赖自然晾晒或热风干燥,易受环境温湿度波动和杂菌污染影响,导致产品品质不稳定[6]。为此,发酵技术被引入肉干加工:通过特定微生物代谢调控体系pH、分解大分子物质并抑制腐败菌生长,可同步提升产品风味、安全性和功能特性[7−9]。例如,杨晓钢等[10]通过复配肉葡萄球菌、植物乳杆菌和酵母菌开发发酵牛肉,显著提高游离氨基酸含量并改善色泽;周亚军等[11]证实清酒乳杆菌与木糖葡萄球菌可延缓脂质氧化,促进特征风味形成。然而,现有研究多采用商业菌种定向接种,对天然复合发酵剂(如富含多菌系的传统醪糟)的挖掘不足,限制了风味多样性和工艺经济性。
醪糟是以谷物为原料经米酒曲发酵制成的低酒精食品,其菌群组成复杂(包括霉菌、酵母菌和乳酸菌等),能分泌淀粉酶、蛋白酶等功能性酶系,将底物转化为糖类、氨基酸及风味前体物质[12−14]。研究表明,醪糟中霉菌与酵母菌的协同作用可加速基质降解并形成独特香甜风味,而乳酸菌代谢产生的有机酸能赋予产品柔和酸味[15−17]。近年来,醪糟作为天然发酵剂在肉制品中的应用潜力逐渐显现:四川传统发酵香肠通过添加醪糟缩短成熟周期并提升风味层次[18];Mikami等[19]发现清酒糟中的微生物与酶可改善发酵香肠质构。然而,目前针对醪糟发酵牛肉干的系统性研究较少。
基于此,本研究以牛臀肉为原料,创新性引入醪糟作为发酵剂,利用其天然菌群与酶系实现牛肉的定向发酵,通过单因素和响应面法优化试验探究发酵牛肉干制备的最佳工艺条件,并分析添加醪糟后的牛肉干制品的水分、pH、剪切力、质构、色差等以及发酵过程中牛肉肌原纤维蛋白变化情况,为醪糟的利用、发酵牛肉新产品的研究开发和工业化生产提供一定理论基础。
牛臀后腿肉、调味料 购自当地生鲜超市;亚硝酸盐(食品级) 市售;醪糟 成都王家巷;氯化钠(NaCl)、氯化镁(MgCl2)、磷酸氢二钠(Na2HPO4)、磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4)、乙二醇双四乙酸(EGTA) 分析纯,天津科密欧化学试剂有限公司;溴酚蓝(Bromophenol blue,BPB) 分析纯,上海源叶生物科技有限公司。
AL104精密电子天平 上海梅特勒-托利多仪器设备有限公司;ZE6000色差仪 日本日立有限公司;TA-XT plus型质构分析仪 英国Stable Micro System公司;DELTA 320 pH计 美国Mettler Toledo公司;DZ-600/2S真空包装机 山东康贝特食品包装机械有限公司;AquaLab智能水分活度仪 美国 Decagon Devices公司;DHG-90003A热风干燥箱 吴江市宏泰电热设备有限公司;Labshark水平垂直电泳仪 比克曼生物有限公司。
酒精度测定:参考GB 5009.225-2023《食品安全国家标准 酒和食用酒精中乙醇浓度的测定》[20]。总酸测定:参考GB 12456-2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总酸的测定》[21]。总糖测定:采用苯酚-硫酸法[22]。pH测定:pH计法。大肠杆菌测定:参考GB 4789.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验大肠菌群计数》[23]。沙门氏菌测定:参考GB 4789.4-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》[24]。
参考张玉[25]的方法,并有所修改,发酵牛肉干工艺流程见图1。
原料肉预处理:选用新鲜的牛臀肉,去除筋膜和多余脂肪,切成6 cm×1.5 cm×1.5 cm的条状。
清洗浸泡:将切好的牛肉条用清水浸泡,以去除血水和杂质。
添加配料:根据配方,向100 g牛肉中添加食盐1.2 g、白砂糖1 g、葡萄糖0.5 g、酱油3 g、料酒2 g、十三香0.4 g、姜粉0.3 g、味精0.2 g、亚硝酸盐0.015 g调味料,充分搅拌均匀后进行腌制。
腌制:将调味后的牛肉在4 ℃条件下腌制18 h,使调味料充分渗透到肉中,增强风味。
发酵:将打碎的醪糟按比例涂抹到腌制好的牛肉中,混合均匀,25 ℃恒温发酵。
蒸制:发酵好的肉干转移至蒸箱中蒸制30 min,确保肉干完全变熟。
烘烤:将蒸熟后的肉干转至鼓风干燥箱中烘干,烘烤温度为75 ℃,去除多余的水分。
包装:干燥后的牛肉干冷却至室温,进行真空包装。
选取3个对醪糟发酵牛肉干品质影响较大的因素,醪糟添加量、发酵时间、烘烤时间进行单因素实验,测定产品的水分含量、色差、pH、剪切力等理化特性,同时进行感官评价,确定单因素最适条件。醪糟添加量对肉干品质的影响:分别设定醪糟的添加量为肉重的0%、2%、4%、6%、8%、10%,发酵时间为24 h,烘烤时间为2.5 h。发酵时间对肉干品质的影响:分别设定发酵时间为0、8、16、24、32、40 h,醪糟添加量为6%,烘烤时间为2.5 h。烘烤时间对肉干品质的影响:分别设定烘烤时间为1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0 h,醪糟添加量为6%,发酵时间为24 h。
参考GB 5009.3-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》,采用直接干燥法进行测定[26]。
样品的色泽采用色差仪反射模式测定,检测前将仪器分别用黑井和白板校准,光源采用D65/2。取切碎的牛肉均匀铺满样品盒底部,置于载样台上进行测定。测定时将样品盒沿一个方向旋转三次,测定三次,分别记录样品的亮度值(L*)、红度值(a*)和黄度值(b*),输出值为其三次的平均值。
称取10 g搅碎肉样,加10 mL蒸馏水涡旋1 min,静置30 min过滤,用pH计测定上清液的pH,每次测定重复三次。
肉样的剪切力通过TA.XT Plus 质构仪进行测定。将处理好的肉块放置于仪器的测试台上,调整刀片探头和肉样方向,使刀片垂直于肌纤维方向进行剪切测试。剪切力(SF)分析测前和测后速度为5 mm/s,返回速度为1 mm/s。刀片穿透距离为8 mm,触发力为30.0 g。于肉干不同位置测定8次,并计算其平均剪切力值,表示为N。
将各个处理组的牛肉切成1 cm3肉块,选择P50探头(36 mm不锈钢圆柱体)测定质构,参数设置为测试速度为1 mm/s,压缩率为50%。测前和测后速度均为5 mm/s,返回速度为1 mm/s。两次压缩之间的测试间隔设置为5 s。
将处理组的牛肉室温下切成肉末并铺满样品盒底部,仪器稳定后读数。
由10男和10女(年龄在20~25岁)组成20人感官小组,进行专业感官评估,评分细则如表1所示。每组选择粗细均一的牛肉干置于直径为20 cm的托盘中,并随机编号。感官评价在常温(约25 ℃)下进行,另向成员提供娃哈哈纯净水来避免混淆不同样品之间的风味。
在单因素实验的基础上,将醪糟添加量、发酵时间、烘烤时间作为自变量,感官评分为响应值,进行三因素三水平响应面试验,对发酵牛肉干的发酵工艺参数进行优化。各因素水平如表2所示。
根据董智铭等[27]的方法稍作修改,提取肌原纤维蛋白(MP)。每隔8 h称取醪糟处理的牛肉100 g,加入400 mL提取缓冲液(10 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液,2 mmol/L MgCl2,0.1 mol/L NaCl,1 mmol/L EGTA,pH7.0),用组织捣碎机,在8000 r/min下匀浆1 min。将匀浆以3500×g离心15 min,弃去上清液,加入400 mL提取缓冲液。重复此步骤三次。将所得沉淀加入400 mL洗液(0.1 mol/L NaCl)中,以8000 r/min匀浆60 s,并以3500×g离心15 min。在最后一次离心之前用4层纱布过滤去除结缔组织。收集所有滤液,用0.1 mol/L HCl调节pH至6.25,以3500×g离心15 min。弃去上清液,得到糊状沉淀物为MP。用牛血清蛋白(BSA)制作标准曲线,以BSA浓度(mg/mL)为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,根据牛血清蛋白线性回归方程y=0.0515x+0.0027(R2=0.9998)计算MP含量。
依据Zhang等[28]的方法,略有修改。将肌原纤维蛋白悬液7500×g离心15 min。蛋白溶解度为离心后上清液的蛋白含量(Ca)与离心前悬液的蛋白含量(Cb)的比值。
$ \rm 溶解度({\text{%}}) =\frac{C_a}{C_b}\times 100 $
依据Yin等[29]的方法,稍有修改,取5 mg/mL的蛋白稀释液5 mL(稀释于20 mmol/L的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中)于10 mL的离心管中,随后加入1 mg/mL的溴酚蓝溶液(BPB)100 μL,涡旋混合。于5000 r/min下离心10 min,吸取上清液,继续离心,吸取上清液置于波长595 nm处测其吸光度为A样品,并用稀释的磷酸盐缓冲溶液作为空白样品,通过相同的方法,测其吸光度为A对照,表面疏水性用BPB的结合量来表示,计算方法如下。
$ {\mathrm{BPB}}结合量({\text{μg}}) =\frac{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{对}\mathrm{照}-\mathrm{A}\mathrm{样}\mathrm{品}}{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{对}\mathrm{照}}\times 100 $
根据Pan等[30]的方法,稍作修改。将肌原纤维蛋白用缓冲溶液稀释至4 mg/mL,各取1 mL蛋白溶液分别与1 mL的SDS-PAGE溶解液混合均匀,振荡1 min后,于100 ℃煮沸3 min,之后冷却至室温,最终蛋白浓度为2 mg/mL。使用电泳预制胶进行电泳。上样量为10 μL。电泳开始时电压为80 V,样品进入分离凝胶后改为120 V。电泳结束后取出胶片用染色液染色20 min,用脱色液脱至透明,随后进行拍照。
所得数据采用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行方差分析和邓肯多重比较分析(P<0.05),统计表利用Excel表格进行绘制,Origin 2019软件分析绘图。独立生产三批牛肉干,对每批牛肉干所有指标进行三次重复测定。结果表示为平均数±标准差。运用Design Expert 10软件进行Box-Behnken试验设计。
醪糟的酒精度为2.4%vol,总酸含量为0.68±0.02 g/100 g,总糖含量为117.11±9.51 mg/mL,pH为3.69±0.03,未检测出大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌。其理化指标和微生物指标均符合NY/T 1885-2017《绿色食品米酒》的要求[31]。
如图2(A)所示,随着醪糟添加量的增加,发酵牛肉干的水分含量呈逐渐下降趋势。当添加量从0%增加到10%时,水分含量从约44%降至38%。这可能是由于微生物在生长繁殖过程中吸收了环境中的水分,从而导致含水量降低。如图2(B)所示,随着醪糟添加量的增加,牛肉干的pH显著降低(P<0.05)。当添加量为10%时,牛肉干的pH达到最低。这可能是由于醪糟中的乳酸菌在发酵过程中产酸,进而降低了肉干的pH。这一结果与于立梅[32]研究乳酸菌发酵里脊火腿的pH变化一致。 水分活度是发酵肉制品的重要安全指标之一。如图2(C)所示,随着醪糟添加量的增加,牛肉干的水分活度也呈现下降趋势。这可能是由于经醪糟发酵后,牛肉干中酸性物质增多,而蛋白质在酸性环境下持水能力相对较弱,进而导致牛肉干的水分活度降低[33]。如图2(D)所示,随着醪糟添加量的增加,牛肉干的剪切力显著下降(P<0.05)。这是由于发酵导致肌原纤维蛋白降解,蛋白质之间的分子结合力减弱,致使肌肉结构松散,因此剪切力下降。这一结果与Zhou等[34]的研究结果相一致。
如表3所示,发酵牛肉干的质构变化与剪切力的结果相似。随着醪糟添加量的增加,硬度和咀嚼性显著下降(P<0.05)。这可能是由于发酵过程中乳酸菌和霉菌的共同作用导致水分流失,加剧了蛋白质的消耗,从而使其硬度降低[35]。牛肉干色泽的形成与pH、加热时间、微生物数量等多种因素相关,其中肌肉结构的松散程度也是影响牛肉干亮度的主要原因之一[36];在发酵过程中,随着醪糟添加量的增加,发酵牛肉干的L*值下降,a*值增加,而b*值无明显规律。
如表4所示,随着醪糟添加量的增加,感官评分呈现先升高后降低的趋势。在适宜的醪糟添加量下,醪糟中的微生物可将蛋白质分解为小分子物质,如氨基酸和脂肪酸,这些物质是牛肉干特殊风味的主要来源。然而,过量添加醪糟,由于醪糟本身的风味过强,可能会掩盖牛肉干的发酵香气,从而导致感官评分降低。综上所述,醪糟添加量对发酵牛肉干的理化性质和感官品质均有显著影响。过高或过低的添加量均不利于牛肉干的风味形成,且可能对色泽和质构产生不利影响。因此,本研究选取添加量4%、6%、8%作为响应面优化水平,以期获得最佳的发酵牛肉干品质。
如图3(A)所示,随着发酵时间的延长,发酵牛肉干的水分含量呈逐渐下降趋势。较低的水分含量是确保发酵牛肉干安全性的关键因素之一。如图3(B)所示,发酵时间对牛肉pH的影响显著(P<0.05),pH随着发酵时间的延长而不断降低,在发酵40 h时,pH降至约5.60。酸性环境能够有效抑制有害微生物的生长,从而提高食品的安全性。Mikami等[19]在将清酒糟添加至发酵香肠的研究中发现,香肠的pH随着时间的延长而降低,这与本研究结果一致。如图3(C)所示,随着发酵时间的延长,牛肉干的水分活度逐渐降低。较低的水分活度可以有效抑制有害菌的生长,进一步保障发酵牛肉干的安全性。如图3(D)所示,发酵时间对牛肉干剪切力的影响显著(P<0.05),随着发酵的进行,牛肉干的剪切力呈现先下降后上升的趋势。在发酵初期,醪糟中的微生物促进肌肉蛋白分解,使肌纤维变得松散,从而导致剪切力下降;发酵进行到一定程度后,由于微生物的活动导致产品的水分含量和水分活度大幅降低,引起肌肉收缩,进而导致剪切力增加。这一结果与赵改名等[37]对接种沙克乳杆菌发酵的牛肉干的研究结果一致。发酵牛肉干的质构变化与发酵过程中的微生物活动及水分流失密切相关。
如表5所示,随着发酵的进行,牛肉干的硬度和咀嚼性呈现降低的趋势。这是由于发酵过程中微生物的生长代谢产生的蛋白酶促进了肉蛋白的降解,使牛肉的硬度下降,肌纤维变松散。而内聚性和弹性无显著变化,这与Przybylski等[38]的研究结果一致。在发酵过程中,随着发酵时间的延长,发酵牛肉干的L*值下降,a*值增加,而b*值无明显规律。L*值降低可能是由于发酵过程中产生的酸性物质破坏了肉的表面结构,使肉变暗,这与李金等[39]对驼肉干的研究结果相似。a*值不断增大,一方面可能是亚硝酸盐分解产生的NO与肉中的肌红蛋白结合转化为亚硝基肌红蛋白,使发酵牛肉干的a*值增大,着色也更加稳定[40];另一方面,发酵期间微生物的快速繁殖使肉中碳水化合物分解为乳酸等小分子有机酸,形成的酸性环境进一步促进生成亚硝基肌红蛋白,使肉色变红[41],这与王俊钢等[42]的研究结果相似。
如表6所示,随着发酵时间的延长,感官评分呈现先升高后降低的趋势。在适宜的发酵时间下,生产出的发酵牛肉干香气浓郁,软硬适中、颜色良好。然而,过度发酵,会产生不良气味,咀嚼性下降,从而导致感官评分降低。综上所述,发酵时间对发酵牛肉干的理化性质和感官品质均有显著影响。发酵时间过短不利于风味的产生,发酵时间过长则易产生不良风味。因此,本研究选取发酵时间16、24、32 h作为响应面优化水平,以期获得最佳的发酵牛肉干品质。
如图4(A)所示,随着烘烤时间的延长,发酵牛肉干的水分含量呈逐渐下降趋势。在烘烤1.5~2.5 h期间,水分含量下降较快;而当烘烤时间延长至2.5~4.0 h时,水分含量下降则较为缓慢,从44%降至38%。这种现象可能是因为在烘烤初期,肉中的自由水大量流失,导致水分含量迅速下降。然而,随着烘烤的进行,肉干中的自由水逐渐散失殆尽,剩余的结合水和不易流动水难以进一步散失,因此水分含量的下降速率逐渐变慢。李军年等[43]研究发现,肉中的肌原纤维蛋白会在持续加热过程中发生变性,从而降低其对水分子的约束力,促使水分蒸发流失。如图4(B)所示,随着烘烤时间的增加,pH显著下降(P<0.05)。这可能是由于长时间加热会加速产品的脂质氧化。如图4(C)所示,随着烘烤时间的延长,水分活度呈逐渐下降的趋势。这可能是因为加热会使牛肉肌原纤维蛋白变性,进而导致其对水分的束缚能力减弱,水分活度随之降低。较低的水分活度能够有效抑制腐败菌的生长,从而延长发酵牛肉干的货架期[44]。如图4(D)所示,随着烘烤时间的延长,牛肉干的剪切力逐渐增大。这可能是由于长时间加热引起的蛋白质变性与水分的流失,导致肌纤维收缩,从而使剪切力升高。这一结果与Shi等[45]的研究结果一致。
如表7所示,当烘烤时间较短时,咀嚼性与硬度较低。然而,随着烘烤时间的延长,牛肉干的硬度和咀嚼性呈现显著上升的趋势(P<0.05)。这是因为牛肉中的水分逐渐蒸发,水分含量不断降低,肌纤维收缩,形成了更致密的肌纤维结构,进而导致牛肉干的硬度增大。弹性也有上升的趋势,这可能是因为蛋白质在加热过程中发生变形和凝结,从而使弹性增大[46]。随着烘烤时间的延长,牛肉干的L*值逐渐下降,a*值逐渐增加。这主要是因为烘烤过程中的热氧化及脂质氧化作用,会促使肌红蛋白生成褐色的高铁肌红蛋白,同时水分含量的显著降低也会使肉色变暗[47]。这一结果与董雪等[48]的研究一致。
如表8所示,随着烘烤时间的延长,感官评分呈现先升高后降低的趋势。在适宜的烘烤时间下,生产出的发酵牛肉干颜色怡人、香气浓郁,软硬适中。然而,过度烘烤会导致脂质氧化,使肉色变暗,同时水分的过度散失会使牛肉干过硬,不利于咀嚼,从而导致感官评分降低。综上所述,烘烤时间对发酵牛肉干的理化性质和感官品质均有显著影响。因此,本研究选取烘烤时间2、2.5、3 h作为响应面优化水平,以期获得最佳的发酵牛肉干品质。
在单因素的基础上对其进行响应面优化,设计三因素三水平共17组优化方案,见表9。
利用Design-Expert 11软件对表9的数据进行拟合后得到模型的二元多项回归方程:以感官评分为响应值,利用软件Design Expert 10对表中的试验结果进行二次多项式回归分析,拟合得到发酵牛肉干的感官评分与醪糟添加量(A)、发酵时间(B)、烘烤时间(C)之间关系的三元二次回归方程如下:感官评分=78.77+0.9663A+1.31B+0.4713C−0.9475AB+0.5AC−0.2875BC−2.6A2−2.87B2−2.87C2。
由表10可知,感官评分回归模型的P<0.0001,模型极显著;失拟项P值为0.0735>0.05,不显著,说明此方程不失拟,试验结果受未知因素影响较小;决定系数R2=0.9817,校正决定系数Adj R2=0.9582,方程较为可靠,综上可得该回归模型拟合较好,可用于预测和分析发酵牛肉干感官评分的变化。各因素中AB对模型影响显著(P<0.05),一次项A、B与二次项A2、B2、C2对模型影响极显著(P<0.01)。经F检验,三因素对发酵牛肉干感官评分影响程度由大到小依次为:发酵时间、醪糟添加量、烘烤时间。
利用Design Expert 11软件根据回归模型绘制3D响应面图,可清晰直观反映各个因素及其交互作用对响应值的影响,来探寻和预测最佳发酵工艺参数范围。响应面随自变量变化的灵敏程度可由响应面坡度变化反映,单因素对响应值的影响越显著,曲面会相对越陡峭,图5展示了各因素对发酵牛肉干感官评分影响的响应面图。当添加量固定时,感官评分随着发酵时间的增加呈现先上升后降低的趋势,当添加量固定时,感官评分随着烘烤时间的延长呈现先上升后降低的趋势。
利用Design Expert 11软件对回归方程联合求解,感官评分为Maximize,最优工艺(添加量为6.318%、发酵时间为25.579 h、烘烤时间2.543 h,感官评分预测值为78.992)略微修正调整后,得到发酵牛肉干最佳发酵工艺参数为:添加量为6%、发酵时间为24 h、烘烤时间2.5 h。在最佳发酵工艺参数条件下,通过三组平行试验来验证模型的可靠性,得到发酵牛肉干感官评分均值为78.50,与预测值相对误差小于5%,符合模型预测结果,表明响应面优化试验建立的二次多项回归模型拟合程度较好,具有实际应用价值,同时证实了应用响应面法优化醪糟发酵牛肉干的发酵工艺是可行的。此工艺下牛肉干的水分含量为42.39%±0.48%、pH为5.61±0.02、水分活度为0.9298±0.0012、剪切力为28.97±0.83 N。
蛋白的溶解度反映了内部结构的聚集程度及变性程度[49]。图6是自然发酵和醪糟发酵的蛋白溶解度的变化。自然发酵0~40 h时,溶解度从35.03%降低到13.56%,醪糟发酵0~40 h时,溶解度从36.03%降低到14.03%。随着发酵时间延长,肌原纤维蛋白在酶的作用下逐渐变性,其天然构象被破坏,内部的疏水基团暴露,暴露的疏水基团倾向于相互结合,形成疏水相互作用,导致蛋白质分子间的聚集,溶解度降低[50]。此外,在发酵过程中,微生物代谢产生乳酸,使环境pH下降,接近肌原纤维蛋白的等电点,在等电点附近,蛋白质分子表面净电荷减少,静电排斥力减弱,分子间更容易通过疏水相互作用或氢键聚集,形成沉淀,溶解度降低[51]。醪糟发酵组的溶解度高于自然发酵组,可能是长时间发酵导致引发氧化反应,蛋白质中的巯基(-SH)氧化形成二硫键(-S-S-)[52],加入醪糟后能够抑制氧化反应,氧化程度降低,从而使其溶解度升高。
蛋白的表面疏水性反映的是蛋白质构象的变化,用溴酚蓝的结合量来显示表面疏水性的大小,结合量越多表示变性程度越大[53]。如图7所示,溴酚蓝的结合量随着发酵时间的延长不断增大,即蛋白质的表面疏水性增强,表明发酵会引起肌原纤维蛋白结构的变化,原本包埋在内部的疏水基团暴露,导致表面疏水性增强。另一方面,发酵过程中微生物会产生蛋白酶,蛋白酶的水解作用使蛋白质结构展开,从而导致疏水基团暴露。这可能是由于蛋白质氧化致使空间结构发生改变,疏水的基团暴露出来,从而引起表面疏水性增大[54]。醪糟发酵组的疏水性低于自然发酵组,可能是由于醪糟的添加可能会抑制发酵过程中氧化对肌原纤维蛋白产生的结构损伤,有助于蛋白质三级结构中疏水基团的稳定[55]。
蛋白质降解是牛肉发酵过程中重要的生化反应。图8为不同发酵时间下自然发酵和醪糟发酵的牛肉肌原纤维蛋白凝胶电泳图。从电泳图谱中可看出,6组样品条带清晰可见,随着发酵时间的延长,两组的245、100和48 kDa处的条带颜色依次变浅甚至消失,而分子量低于25 kDa的小分子蛋白条带颜色变深,数量变多。证明随着发酵的进行,蛋白质逐渐降解,但醪糟发酵组降解程度更深,这可能是添加了醪糟里面的乳酸菌和根霉菌促进了肌肉蛋白的降解,并促使了小分子量蛋白的累积。接种微生物会引起内源酶和微生物酶的增多,进而导致蛋白质的降解程度变深,这与王秀丽等[56]的研究结果相似。
本研究采用单因素实验结合响应面法,系统优化了醪糟发酵牛肉干的加工工艺,并深入探究了发酵过程中肌原纤维蛋白的结构变化。结果表明,醪糟发酵牛肉干的最佳工艺参数为:醪糟添加量6%、发酵时间24 h、烘烤时间2.5 h。在此条件下,产品色泽红润,质地柔韧,风味独特,综合品质显著提升。发酵过程中,牛肉肌原纤维蛋白结构出现变化,引起表面疏水性上升,从电泳图谱中可看出,小分子蛋白不断累积,与自然发酵相比,醪糟的发酵能有效缓解氧化并使蛋白降解程度更深。综上所述,以醪糟为发酵剂制作牛肉干,能够显著改善牛肉干的品质和风味,为醪糟在牛肉干加工领域的应用提供了有力参考。然而,由于醪糟中微生物体系较为复杂,特定菌种与蛋白质之间的相互作用机制仍需进一步深入研究。

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2026年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024110303
  • 接收时间:2024-11-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-25
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    东北农业大学食品学院,黑龙江哈尔滨 150030

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孙方达(1987−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:畜产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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