Article(id=1320882206034211084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320881884691808691, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060206, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750176000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852458722, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1782835200000, pubDateStr=2026-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852458722, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852458722, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852458722, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320881884691808691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='522', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782835200000', pubDateStr='2026-07-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852382109, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852382109, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=468, endPage=478, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882206252314893, articleId=1320882206034211084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Camellia oleifera Seed Cake Protein and Its Prospect in Food Application, columnId=1261343851327906245, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the full potential of Camellia oleifera seed cake protein (COSCP), this paper reviews the nutritional value, functional properties, bioactivity, functional modification, and food applications of COSCP, which reveals that COSCP is a food ingredient with high nutritional value, excellent functional properties, and sustainability, poised to play a key role in the development of functional foods and ingredients. The present paper sets out the current research priorities for COSCP, including the development of efficient extraction techniques, the deepening of understanding of its functional properties to enable innovative applications across food categories, and the exploration of its nutritional composition and potential health benefits. In addition, future research should concentrate on the advancement of fast-moving consumer goods development, the conducting of consumer acceptance studies, the assessment of environmental impacts, the investigation of effective methods to enhance COSCP stability and palatability, and the optimisation of its functional characteristics for a range of food applications. The above findings provide significant references for the high-value utilisation of Camellia seed cake meal.

, authors=Wei WU1, 2, Yanxin CHEN1, Siyi DENG1, Zixin WEN1, Yanan LONG1, Huaguo ZHU1, 2, *, authorsList=Wei WU, Yanxin CHEN, Siyi DENG, Zixin WEN, Yanan LONG, Huaguo ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huaguo ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882207313473812, articleId=1320882206034211084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=油茶饼粕蛋白研究进展及在食品应用中的展望, columnId=1261343852603031688, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=专题综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为充分挖掘油茶饼粕中的蛋白资源,本文从油茶饼粕蛋白(Camellia oleifera seed cake protein,COSCP)的营养价值、功能特性、生物活性、功能修饰以及在食品中的应用等方面进行了梳理,发现COSCP是一种具有高营养价值、优异功能特性和可持续性的食品原料,有望在功能性食品和原料的开发中发挥关键作用;指出COSCP的研究重点包括开发高效的提取技术、深入发掘其功能特性以实现在各类食品中的创新应用,以及探索其营养组成和潜在健康益处等方面。此外,推动快消食品的开发、开展消费者接受度调查以及评估其环境影响,以及进一步研究提高COSCP稳定性和适口性的有效手段,并优化其在各类食品应用中的功能特性是今后的重点研究方向。上述结果为油茶饼粕的高值化利用提供了重要参考。

, authors=吴伟1, 2, 陈颜馨1, 邓思怡1, 文子欣1, 龙亚南1, 朱华国1, 2, *, authorsList=吴伟, 陈颜馨, 邓思怡, 文子欣, 龙亚南, 朱华国, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱华国, authorNote=

吴伟(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物功效物质基础研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
朱华国(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:植物遗传改良与综合利用,E-mail:。
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Nutrients and amino acid composition of CSC, soybean meal, and rapeseed meal[19−24]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学组成油茶饼粕豆粕油菜籽粕
干物质(%)97.088.088.0
粗蛋白(%)20.044.035.1
粗脂肪(%)6.01.72.8
粗纤维(%)6.36.412.6
灰分(%)5.36.46.6
碳水化合物(%)459.49.3
必需氨基酸(g/100 g蛋白质)
赖氨酸2.342.631.73
甲硫氨酸0.131.301.00
苯丙氨酸3.262.151.45
组氨酸1.601.100.98
异亮氨酸2.841.931.40
亮氨酸5.913.172.42
苏氨酸2.261.641.44
色氨酸1.570.570.51
缬氨酸1.932.011.76
非必需氨基酸(g/100 g蛋白质)
蛋氨酸1.390.560.69
精氨酸9.493.082.36
丙氨酸2.661.881.34
甘氨酸2.712.031.53
天冬氨酸7.874.803.78
谷氨酰胺21.49−−
脯氨酸1.702.281.83
丝氨酸2.511.921.34
), ArticleFig(id=1320882212099174730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882206034211084, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

油茶饼粕、豆粕和油菜籽粕的营养成分含量和氨基酸组成[19−24]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化学组成油茶饼粕豆粕油菜籽粕
干物质(%)97.088.088.0
粗蛋白(%)20.044.035.1
粗脂肪(%)6.01.72.8
粗纤维(%)6.36.412.6
灰分(%)5.36.46.6
碳水化合物(%)459.49.3
必需氨基酸(g/100 g蛋白质)
赖氨酸2.342.631.73
甲硫氨酸0.131.301.00
苯丙氨酸3.262.151.45
组氨酸1.601.100.98
异亮氨酸2.841.931.40
亮氨酸5.913.172.42
苏氨酸2.261.641.44
色氨酸1.570.570.51
缬氨酸1.932.011.76
非必需氨基酸(g/100 g蛋白质)
蛋氨酸1.390.560.69
精氨酸9.493.082.36
丙氨酸2.661.881.34
甘氨酸2.712.031.53
天冬氨酸7.874.803.78
谷氨酰胺21.49−−
脯氨酸1.702.281.83
丝氨酸2.511.921.34
), ArticleFig(id=1320882212174672203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882206034211084, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

COSCP modification method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
改性方法处理方法原理优势效能瓶颈参考文献
物理改性蒸汽爆破高压蒸汽对原料浸润后,瞬间泄压使原料内部蒸汽瞬间膨胀而“爆破”,使纤维断裂、细胞破碎等。提高了起泡性和乳化性能等,减少了植物蛋白中营养物质的流失,增强
谷物和膳食蛋白质功能。
极端高温会导致蛋白质结构发生不可逆变化,存在改性效果不理想和产业化难等不足。[13,67]
超声波超声波的空化效应和机械效应影响蛋白质的分子结构,破坏分子间
作用力。
提高了蛋白质凝胶的硬度及弹性。极端高温会对蛋白质的结构,影响活性。[68–69]
化学改性磷酸化蛋白质氨基酸侧链加上磷酸基团后,增强其表面负电荷并改变构象,从而增加功能特性。提高了蛋白溶解性、持水力和持油能力。化学试剂残留可能会引起食品污染。[55,25]
超声辅助糖基化高强度超声将部分蛋白结构展开,暴露更多糖基化位点并最终促进糖基化反应。改善了蛋白质界面性能及乳剂容易脂质氧化而酸败等问题。研究仍处于实验室规模。[58–59,70]
生物改性酶改性蛋白质与酶作用后发生交联与水解,构象发生改变。提高了蛋白质的乳化性、凝胶性、抗氧化性等。蛋白水解物易被人体
消化、吸收。
改性范围有限,且酶生产成本
偏高、不稳定。
[54,66,71]
), ArticleFig(id=1320882212266946892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882206034211084, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

COSCP改性方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
改性方法处理方法原理优势效能瓶颈参考文献
物理改性蒸汽爆破高压蒸汽对原料浸润后,瞬间泄压使原料内部蒸汽瞬间膨胀而“爆破”,使纤维断裂、细胞破碎等。提高了起泡性和乳化性能等,减少了植物蛋白中营养物质的流失,增强
谷物和膳食蛋白质功能。
极端高温会导致蛋白质结构发生不可逆变化,存在改性效果不理想和产业化难等不足。[13,67]
超声波超声波的空化效应和机械效应影响蛋白质的分子结构,破坏分子间
作用力。
提高了蛋白质凝胶的硬度及弹性。极端高温会对蛋白质的结构,影响活性。[68–69]
化学改性磷酸化蛋白质氨基酸侧链加上磷酸基团后,增强其表面负电荷并改变构象,从而增加功能特性。提高了蛋白溶解性、持水力和持油能力。化学试剂残留可能会引起食品污染。[55,25]
超声辅助糖基化高强度超声将部分蛋白结构展开,暴露更多糖基化位点并最终促进糖基化反应。改善了蛋白质界面性能及乳剂容易脂质氧化而酸败等问题。研究仍处于实验室规模。[58–59,70]
生物改性酶改性蛋白质与酶作用后发生交联与水解,构象发生改变。提高了蛋白质的乳化性、凝胶性、抗氧化性等。蛋白水解物易被人体
消化、吸收。
改性范围有限,且酶生产成本
偏高、不稳定。
[54,66,71]
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油茶饼粕蛋白研究进展及在食品应用中的展望
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吴伟 1, 2 , 陈颜馨 1 , 邓思怡 1 , 文子欣 1 , 龙亚南 1 , 朱华国 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 专题综述 2026,47(13): 468-478
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食品工业科技 |专题综述 2026 , 47 (13) : 468 -478
油茶饼粕蛋白研究进展及在食品应用中的展望
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吴伟1, 2 , 陈颜馨1, 邓思怡1, 文子欣1, 龙亚南1, 朱华国1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1黄冈师范学院生物与农业资源学院,湖北黄冈 438000
  • 2黄冈师范学院经济林木种质改良与资源综合利用湖北省重点实验室,湖北黄冈 438000
通讯作者:
朱华国(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:植物遗传改良与综合利用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

吴伟(1979−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:天然产物功效物质基础研究,E-mail:

Research Progress of Camellia oleifera Seed Cake Protein and Its Prospect in Food Application
Wei WU1, 2 , Yanxin CHEN1, Siyi DENG1, Zixin WEN1, Yanan LONG1, Huaguo ZHU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China
  • 2Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China
出版时间: 2026-07-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060206
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为充分挖掘油茶饼粕中的蛋白资源,本文从油茶饼粕蛋白(Camellia oleifera seed cake protein,COSCP)的营养价值、功能特性、生物活性、功能修饰以及在食品中的应用等方面进行了梳理,发现COSCP是一种具有高营养价值、优异功能特性和可持续性的食品原料,有望在功能性食品和原料的开发中发挥关键作用;指出COSCP的研究重点包括开发高效的提取技术、深入发掘其功能特性以实现在各类食品中的创新应用,以及探索其营养组成和潜在健康益处等方面。此外,推动快消食品的开发、开展消费者接受度调查以及评估其环境影响,以及进一步研究提高COSCP稳定性和适口性的有效手段,并优化其在各类食品应用中的功能特性是今后的重点研究方向。上述结果为油茶饼粕的高值化利用提供了重要参考。

油茶饼粕  /  蛋白质  /  功能修饰  /  食品应用

In order to explore the full potential of Camellia oleifera seed cake protein (COSCP), this paper reviews the nutritional value, functional properties, bioactivity, functional modification, and food applications of COSCP, which reveals that COSCP is a food ingredient with high nutritional value, excellent functional properties, and sustainability, poised to play a key role in the development of functional foods and ingredients. The present paper sets out the current research priorities for COSCP, including the development of efficient extraction techniques, the deepening of understanding of its functional properties to enable innovative applications across food categories, and the exploration of its nutritional composition and potential health benefits. In addition, future research should concentrate on the advancement of fast-moving consumer goods development, the conducting of consumer acceptance studies, the assessment of environmental impacts, the investigation of effective methods to enhance COSCP stability and palatability, and the optimisation of its functional characteristics for a range of food applications. The above findings provide significant references for the high-value utilisation of Camellia seed cake meal.

Camellia oleifera seed cake  /  protein  /  functional modification  /  food application
吴伟, 陈颜馨, 邓思怡, 文子欣, 龙亚南, 朱华国. 油茶饼粕蛋白研究进展及在食品应用中的展望. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (13) : 468 -478 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060206
Wei WU, Yanxin CHEN, Siyi DENG, Zixin WEN, Yanan LONG, Huaguo ZHU. Research Progress of Camellia oleifera Seed Cake Protein and Its Prospect in Food Application[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (13) : 468 -478 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060206
到2050年,全球人口预计将达到100亿人,对富含蛋白的食物需求预计将上升30%以上[1]。蛋白质是重要的常量营养素之一,在生物体的能量供应、促进生长发育和组织修复方面发挥着重要的作用[2]。蛋白质也广泛应用于食品领域,主要作为乳化剂、起泡剂和胶凝剂,以改善食品的质地,增强感官特性和功能[3]。随着消费者对食品蛋白需求的不断提升,畜牧业逐渐发展壮大,牲畜的养殖、运输和屠宰过程给全球的水资源、土地和能源供应带来越来越大的挑战[4]。同时,肉类中的高脂肪含量可能与血脂异常、动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、高血压等心血管疾病和癌症有关[5]。因此,人们致力于寻找健康、环保和可持续的蛋白质来源[6]。植物蛋白由于其可获得性、可持续性、低成本和高营养价值[7],已被广泛用作食品工业的替代蛋白,开发新型植物替代蛋白已成为一种新兴的研究趋势。
在中国,油茶(Camellia oleifera)种植面积已突破467万公顷,油茶籽产量约400万吨[8]。油茶籽主要用于榨油,而油茶饼粕(Camellia oleifera seed cake,COSC)是油茶榨油过程中产生的主要副产物,我国每年产生的约70万吨饼粕大部分被废弃[9],造成了极大的资源浪费和环境污染[10]。研究表明,COSC含有14%~20%的粗蛋白质,且含有丰富的必需氨基酸。此外,与传统植物蛋白(如大豆蛋白)相比,油茶饼粕蛋白(Camellia oleifera seed cake protein,COSCP)呈现出更优异的持水持油能力、发泡性能和乳化性能[11−12],更强的消化稳定性[13−14],表明其具备成为高功能特性蛋白质的潜力[9]。尽管COSCP具有以上优点,但其应用仍然非常有限。因此,本文梳理了COSCP的营养价值、功能特性、生物活性、功能修饰和在食品中的应用,深入分析其在食品应用方面存在的困难和挑战,并提出策略,以期为其高值化应用提供参考。
作为最重要的油料作物之一,油茶籽含油量达到40%~50%。将油茶籽压榨后,可直接获得优质茶籽油,而其主要副产物COSC中约含45%的碳水化合物、20%的粗蛋白、10%~20%的茶皂素、6.3%的粗脂肪、5.3%的灰分以及2%~3%的多酚类物质[15]。其中,碳水化合物、蛋白质、皂苷和多酚作为主要的生物活性成分,在化工、农业、水产养殖、医药及健康产业方面具有较好的应用前景。研究表明,COSCP的体外消化率达到76.6%,表明其具有高营养价值与营养特性[16]。COSCP主要包含四个组分:白蛋白(45.86%)、谷蛋白(40.33%)、球蛋白(5.62%)和醇溶蛋白(4.25%)[11,17]。其中,主要组分谷蛋白由于其价格低廉且富含多种必需氨基酸等优点,被认为是一种优质的植物蛋白来源[13,18]。COSCP属于优质蛋白质,富含赖氨酸(2.34 g/100 g 蛋白质)、色氨酸(1.57 g/100 g)、苏氨酸(2.26 g/100 g)、亮氨酸(5.91 g/100 g)、异亮氨酸(2.84 g/100 g)、组氨酸(1.32 g/100 g)、苯丙氨酸(3.26 g/100 g)和缬氨酸(1.93 g/100 g)等必需氨基酸[16]。其中,较于豆粕和油菜籽粕蛋白,其色氨酸的含量更高。色氨酸对人体蛋白质的合成、神经系统、免疫系统、消化系统都具有重要的意义。因此,COSCP可作为一种色氨酸营养强化剂,在功能食品领域有较好的应用前景。油茶饼粕、豆粕和油菜籽粕的营养成分含量和氨基酸组成对比见表1。
COSCP的功能特性是设计新型功能食品的关键因素。研究表明,COSCP具备优异的溶解性、持水持油性、乳化性和发泡性以及凝胶化性能,使其在食品体系的多样化应用中展现出巨大潜力。
蛋白质的溶解度直接决定了其乳化、发泡和胶凝等功能特性,对于开发高性能食品至关重要。COSCP的溶解度水平受磷酸化、pH和温度的影响。COSCP主要由谷蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和白蛋白等4个组分组成,其中谷蛋白约占40.33%,其溶解性仅为5.86%±0.48%,可能是因为大分子表面的低电荷引起分子间的弱排斥作用,从而影响了谷蛋白的起泡性、乳化性、消化性等特性,限制了其在食品工业中的应用[25–26]。然而,谷蛋白磷酸化后其溶解度显著增加,在pH为9.0时磷酸化后溶解度达到最大值58.08%±1.75%,这可能是由于谷蛋白的磷酸化程度增强,导致其表面富集更多的负电荷,增加了谷蛋白大分子之间的排斥力,以及谷蛋白表面的亲水磷酸基团可以与水分子形成氢键,促进水和蛋白质相互作用,从而增加溶解度[27]。COSCP的溶解性也受蛋白等电点的影响,COSC中提取的多数蛋白质呈U型溶解度曲线,在等电点附近(pH3~4)溶解度最低,在等电点以外的碱性pH条件存在最大溶解度[28–29]。此外,温度也是影响COSCP的溶解度的重要因素,温度低于热变性中值时,可以通过增强蛋白质与水的相互作用来改善COSCP的溶解度。
持水力(water holding power,WHC)和持油力(oil holding capacity,OHC)表示单位质量的蛋白质内部结构所能容纳的水或油的量。天然COSCP的WHC受蛋白质分子磷酸化的影响,未磷酸化谷蛋白的持水力显著低于磷酸化谷蛋白,这可能是因为磷酸化改变了蛋白和水分子间的界面,增强了其水合能力,从而降低了蛋白中α-螺旋的含量[30]。天然COSCP中白蛋白和谷蛋白的WHC主要受大分子表面亲水性基团和带电基团数量的影响。蛋白质表面亲水基团和带电基团与水分子形成氢键可有效提高蛋白质WHC,从而提高食品的感官品质且延长食品货架期,大大增强了蛋白类功能食品的应用潜力[19]。研究表明,COSCP的OHC显著高于大豆分离蛋白,这可能与其表面疏水性有关,因COSCP含较多的表面亲脂基团,易与脂类中羟基结合,促进对脂肪的吸收能力,改善食品风味[31–32]。因此,高OHC特性有利于COSCP更有效掺入到增肉剂、植物基肉类类似物等高含油量的食品中,进一步拓展了COSCP的应用领域。
乳化性和发泡性受pH、离子浓度、表面疏水性和净电荷等因素影响。COSCP优异的乳化发泡性能使其在食品工业中具有较好的应用前景。乳化特性是指通过降低油水界面的界面张力以及形成包裹液滴的保护层来防止液滴聚结,当蛋白质吸附到油水界面时,会最大限度地发生构象变化以有利于与各相的相互作用。COSCP的乳化能力在一定范围内随pH增大而增大,COSCP的乳化活性指数在pH 9时达到最大值,可能原因是溶解度的增加使COSCP能够快速吸附在油水界面促进乳液形成;同时蛋白质表面的负电荷随着pH的增加而增多,阻止了蛋白质的聚集,提高了乳化性[32–33]。此外,pH在8~12时,乳液的稳定性最强,原因是多肽链在碱性溶液中展开,使蛋白质溶解度增大,结构更为灵活,从而更好地吸附于油水界面[13]。Cui等[12]和Zhang等[34]研究发现,获得稳定乳液的最佳COSCP浓度范围为0.5%~3%(w/v),当浓度高于3%时,未吸附的蛋白质部分会发生絮凝、聚集和沉淀;而较低的浓度会导致在液滴表面的蛋白吸附不足,影响乳液的稳定性。研究发现,与大豆分离蛋白相比,COSCP乳化稳定性更强[35]。因此,COSCP乳液稳定性高的特性,既有利于延长乳制品、饮料等产品的货架期,又可以进一步拓展其在肉类、冰激凌及烘焙产品中的应用。发泡性是指蛋白质在气-液界面形成坚韧薄膜,使大量气泡并入并保持稳定的能力。泡沫存在于许多食品中,为食物提供了独特的质地和味道,蛋白质作为发泡剂可以促使泡沫形成,提高泡沫的稳定性[36–37]。此外,在食品生产中,泡沫因其轻盈的口感提升了整体的食用体验,如啤酒、香槟等饮品,泡沫增添了饮品的层次感。研究表明,溶液pH为7时,COSCP的发泡性强于大豆分离蛋白,但起泡稳定性较差。这可能是因为油茶籽蛋白中还残存少部分茶皂素[35]。因此,通过去除茶皂素可以进一步提升COSCP的发泡性能,从而有效提升食品的品质。
蛋白质凝胶化是指蛋白质分子通过物理或化学作用形成三维网络结构的过程,该结构能够截留大量水分并呈现介于液体与固体之间的凝胶状态。天然COSCP凝胶制备过程中热诱导导致蛋白质变性,以及油脂提取过程中蛋白质与皂苷的络合作用,都削弱了蛋白质展开及重组成凝胶结构的能力。然而,通过添加其他聚合物增强COSCP凝胶性能的研究已经取得了进展。Nie等[38]研究发现,虽然单独使用COSCP无法形成凝胶,但通过以甘油作为增塑剂和柠檬酸作为交联剂,可成功将COSCP与壳聚糖结合制备出凝胶。Lu等[39]研究发现,适量的添加卡拉胶可促进网络中的分子相互作用,凝胶强度得到了增强;添加多糖也可以提高COSCP凝胶的性能。综上,虽然天然COSCP凝胶性能有所不足,但通过添加剂的合理搭配,可大大拓展其应用领域,在食品、制药及其他行业功能性凝胶的制备方面有较好的应用前景。
蛋白质组分的抗氧化活性主要取决于其结构构象、水解度、疏水性和氨基酸组成,蛋白质的氨基酸组成如蛋氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸、组氨酸、半胱氨酸、脯氨酸等,在自由基清除活性方面表现出不同的作用机制。COSCP由于富含天冬氨酸和谷氨酸,展现出较强的抗氧化潜力[40–41]。体内实验结果显示,碱性蛋白酶水解COSC得到的小分子肽,能显著增强四氯化碳中毒小鼠肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性,并降低丙二醛(MDA)水平,展现出较强的抗氧化活性[42]。利用风味酶、胰蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶分别对COSCP进行水解,所得水解产物具有不同的DPPH自由基清除能力和铁离子螯合能力[16]。以上结果为利用COSCP开发抗衰老、抗疲劳等功能性食品提供了新的视角,也展现了在治疗某些慢性疾病如心血管疾病等方面具有潜在的应用价值。
当前,糖尿病的流行成为严重的公共卫生问题之一。科学研究表明,不健康饮食、超重和肥胖等是高血糖症的主要危险因素,而饮食干预被认为是一种有效的控制血糖的措施。COSCP用碱性蛋白酶水解后得到GHSLESIK(869.4607 Da)、GLTSLDRYK(1051.5662 Da)和SPGYYDGR(913.3930 Da)三种小分子肽,这些肽段均通过氢键和盐桥相互作用表现出较强的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,其中Asp542被确定为关键作用靶点[43]。Zhang等[44]利用碱性蛋白酶水解COSCP后,分离纯化获得LVLYYEY和LLLLPSY两种肽段,但它们在抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶时呈现出不同的作用机制,LLVLYYEY属于非竞争性α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂,而LLLLPSYSEF则是混合型α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂。进一步研究表明,COSC肽段即使在模拟胃肠消化后仍能维持其抑制活性[44],表现出在抗糖尿病应用方面的良好应用前景,为降血糖膳食补充剂的开发提供了一种天然来源。
血脂异常是指血浆中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)等指标的异常改变。高脂血症与动脉粥样硬化、冠心病及中风等心脑血管疾病存在明确的因果关系。降血脂的有效方法包括合理饮食、适量运动和药物治疗,可以有效帮助管理高血脂问题,而通过膳食补充剂或保健食品辅助降血脂则是安全性极高的降脂疗法之一。COSC蛋白提取物能够吸附胆酸盐,并抑制胰脂肪酶(PL)和胆固醇酯酶活性[45]。通过碱性蛋白酶水解COSCP得到的多肽可显著降低高脂血症SD大鼠的血脂水平,在以1000 mg/kg剂量给药后,血清中TC和TG水平分别降低了52.35%和34.48%;血浆HDL-C水平升高了30.77%,动脉粥样硬化指数(AI)下降了74.24%[46]。上述结果为降血脂功能性健康食品的开发提供了新的视角。
食源性降血压肽可作为血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制剂的潜在替代品,用于预防和治疗高血压。使用碱性蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶水解COSCP得到的小分子肽,其ACE抑制活性分别为71.52%和58.91%,显示了良好的抗高血压潜力,且肽中疏水氨基酸比例越高则ACE抑制活性越强[42,47];郭显荣[48]研究发现,利用双酶复合水解COSCP可以增强ACE抑制活性,碱性蛋白酶首次水解的肽显示出44.5%的ACE抑制活性,继续用胰凝乳蛋白酶水解后活性增加到60.4%。以上结果显示,COSC多肽可能适合作为治疗高血压及相关心血管疾病的药物。然而,目前关于COSC多肽抗高血压的作用机制仍不明确。高血压的病理效应是多方面的,未来进一步发掘抗高血压及其相关合并症的新药物靶点,对于开发新型抗高血压肽具有更积极的意义。
近年来,免疫调节活性是功能肽生物活性研究的热点。免疫活性肽主要通过调节淋巴细胞的功能,影响抗体的产生、单核巨噬细胞的功能,调节细胞因子的分泌,以及通过影响淋巴细胞内钙离子的传导、第二信使cAMP和cGMP的活性,以及巨噬细胞中一氧化氮和诱导型一氧化氮合酶的分泌等方式,来调节机体的免疫功能。研究报道,多种植物源肽类和蛋白质能够影响细胞因子的产生、抗体的生成以及免疫系统的发育,这些刺激作用都与肽类和蛋白质对活性氧的影响有关[7]。研究发现,经碱性蛋白酶水解得到的COSC多肽可增强环磷酰胺诱导小鼠的脾淋巴细胞增殖能力;在迟发型超敏反应试验中,正常小鼠的特异性细胞免疫应答也显著提高,凸显了其免疫调节的潜力[49]。综上,COSC蛋白及多肽在增强疾病预防能力和维持身体健康方面有较好的应用前景。
COSCP的持水力和溶解度较低,限制了其在食品领域的应用[13,25],通过糖基化、磷酸化、蒸汽爆破、超声波、酶改性、酸碱化、酰基化、电离辐射和超临界等多种修饰方法可以改善其在不同食品体系中的适应性(图1、表2)[50]。
超声波、微波、超微粉碎、热处理等技术手段,以及近年来用于蛋白改性的创新方法如超滤、电离辐射、脉冲电场、超临界等物理修饰可以增强蛋白的溶解性、乳化性、起泡性及凝胶性等。Zhang等[13]研究了蒸汽爆破对COSCP功能特性的影响,结果表明热处理影响了蛋白质的二级和三级结构,导致蛋白质肽链的刚性降低,柔韧性增加,热处理后COSCP的乳化活性指数和乳液稳定性指数比对照组分别提高了1.94倍和2.37倍,起泡性和乳化性均优于天然COSCP。超声波(350 W)连续处理COSCP 60 min后,二级结构产生变化,离子键含量的占比提升,乳化性、起泡性及蛋白质凝胶的硬度及弹性均有不同程度的提高[51]。可见,物理修饰不会影响蛋白质一级结构,且安全性高、耗能低、高效,对蛋白质的营养功能影响小[52],通过改变COSCP的二级或三级结构,提高蛋白的溶解性、乳化活性、热稳定性等。包括超声、微波、高压处理在内的新型物理处理技术虽然被认为是未来极具潜力物理改性方法[53],但也存在局限性,例如超声处理等方法所需设备复杂,工业化生产难以实现;热处理改性强度相对较小且效果具有可逆性,时间延长可能导致蛋白重新团聚。
蛋白质化学改性是通过改变蛋白质的结构、静电荷力、疏水基团等,从而改变其功能性质。化学改性方法包括酸碱化、酰基化、磷酸化、糖基化等[54],在改善植物蛋白功能方面取得了显著的成效。磷酸化是指将磷酸基团加到蛋白质中特定氨基酸的侧链上,增强表面负电荷并改变蛋白质的构象[55]。碱处理通常用于加速磷酸化反应,通过破坏蛋白质的非共价键,使蛋白质上更多的位点暴露于磷酸化反应中[56]。Yu等[25]研究表明,碱辅助磷酸化改性COSCP,溶解度最大为58.08%±1.75%,可能是磷酸化导致蛋白表面带有更多负电荷,增加了大分子之间的排斥力,使其更容易分散到水中。同时,表面的亲水磷酸基团可以与水分子形成氢键,增加蛋白质与水的相互作用,提高溶解度[27]。COSCP磷酸化后其WHC显著高于对照组,可能是由于磷酸化改变了蛋白-水界面,增强了蛋白的水合作用,从而降低了蛋白中α-螺旋的含量[30]。此外,蛋白质氨基和还原糖羰基之间的糖基化反应是一种简便、环境友好的增强植物蛋白功能特性的方法。通过超声(300 W,20 min)辅助糖基化(65 ℃,90 min)共处理可显著增强植物蛋白的乳化特性,在适当的加热条件下促进美拉德反应,改善水合作用,使溶解度显著高于天然蛋白[57−60],可能是由于蛋白质氨基酸残基与多糖醛基之间的共价键结合,增加了水和蛋白质的相互作用[61]。此外,亲水性多糖可能在蛋白质周围形成保护层,减少蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用和交联,从而提高蛋白质的溶解度[62]。综上,化学修饰虽然操作相对简便,改性效果较好,但也存在化学试剂残留,产生副产物等问题,这对食品级蛋白质的安全性仍是巨大挑战。
酶修饰是指使用特定的蛋白水解酶改变蛋白质的结构特性,可用于分解或构建蛋白质结构,以实现特定的功能特性。酶修饰为定制蛋白质功能提供了一种可控的解决方法,从而改善食品的营养和功能特性。蛋白水解酶(如胃蛋白酶等)在水解过程中切断一级氨基酸序列中的肽键,释放出小分子短链肽[19],而非蛋白水解酶(如转谷氨酰胺酶)则通过促进蛋白质交联提高蛋白质的凝胶性、乳化性和持水能力[63–64]。酶水解过程受酶类型、底物性质、酶与底物比例、pH、温度、压力等多种因素的影响[65]。因此,为了平衡食品应用中COSCP所需的功能特性,按需选择和优化酶促水解条件至关重要[66]。虽然酶修饰的改性效果较好,但也存在改性范围有限,酶生产成本偏高、不稳定等局限性。
COSCP作为一类兼具营养价值和功能特性的天然植物蛋白,因其独特的表面活性作用在食品领域中展现出广阔的应用前景,近年来已成功地应用于保鲜膜、乳化剂、蛋白补充剂和食品包封递送系统等方面(图2)。
COSCP在生物活性化合物包封及靶向递送的纳米载体设计方面展现出了巨大潜力。Huang等[72]成功制备了一种含3%COSCP的皮克林乳液,对表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)的保护作用十分显著,肠道生物可及性提高了30.8%。此外,Yu等[11]采用COSCP白蛋白通过自组装设计纳米粒子用于叶黄素的包封和递送,包封效率达到43.82%±5.69%,载药量为5.89%±0.78%,且生物可及性从最初的26.8%±4.4%提高到57.3%±9.6%。通过使用转谷氨酰胺酶对COSCP进行交联,最终获得了分散良好、呈球形的负载阿霉素COSCP纳米粒子,平均粒径约为65 nm,通过舒张血管,使更多的阿霉素在肿瘤部位聚集,增强了其对癌症的治疗效果[73]。以上结果凸显了COSCP作为可持续原料用于递送系统设计的潜力,表明其在食品和制药领域有较好的应用前景。
作为高价值的副产物,COSCP在食品工业中作为添加剂展现出了巨大的应用潜力[74]。研究人员已成功利用COSCP开发出了健康食品,如COSCP牛奶,其风味与普通牛奶和豆奶相似[75]。在冰淇淋生产中,用COSCP替代20%的全脂奶粉,在维持诱人外观和细腻质地的同时,冰淇淋的膨胀率达到98.5%,融化率为38.16%。同时,感官评价得分达到76.3±1.13,表明消费者接受度较高[76]。此外,还可用于开发植物性乳制品替代品,如非乳制奶精、牛奶和酸奶。除了营养价值外,由于其乳化特性,COSCP作为功能性成分在植物性肉类增补剂和肉类类似物产品中也展现出良好的应用潜力。然而,COSCP在植物性肉类中的应用也面临一些挑战,例如需要解决凝胶能力相对较差以及持水能力较低等问题。
植物源蛋白、多糖及其复合物在成本效益、可持续性和生物降解性方面相较于传统的石油基塑料薄膜具有优势[77]。Nie等[38]评估了添加COSCP的壳聚糖基生物膜的性能,表现出优异的生物降解性(20 d内可降解),并且在吸水性、拉伸强度、柔韧性、水分稳定性等方面性能得到提升。此外,生物膜基质中添加COSCP显著提高了其抗氧化和抗菌功效,能有效抑制大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和副溶血性弧菌等病原菌的生长,显著延长了草莓等易腐水果的货架期[78]。此外,与用于可食用薄膜生产的乳清蛋白等相比,使用COSCP可在不添加额外活性成分的情况下制备功能性薄膜,是优化COSC高质化利用、应对可持续发展需求以及推动绿色材料研究的一项有效策略。
COSCP作为一种兼具营养价值和功能特性的天然植物蛋白,其独特的表面活性作用在食品领域中展现出广阔的应用前景。随着植物性蛋白的需求不断增长,COSCP在开发营养食品和研发食品配方方面为制造商提供了新的选择。然而,COSCP在实际应用中还面临抗营养因子、分离纯化难度大、稳定性弱、适口性差及市场接受度低等问题,可以通过微生物降解、酶辅助提取、高温处理、微生物发酵、酶解、冷等离子体、超声波辅助提取以及临床干预研究等方法应对挑战(图3)。
COSCP中主要存在的抗营养因子包括皂苷、植酸、单宁等。皂苷是一类三萜类或甾体类化合物,广泛存在于豆类、谷物等多种作物中,具有苦味,高浓度时具有毒性。皂苷通过抑制某些代谢或消化酶活性,并与铁、锌、维生素E等必需营养素结合,从而影响机体对营养的吸收。此外,皂苷可能导致低血糖,并抑制蛋白质消化及维生素、矿物质的吸收,进而引发肠漏症[69]。此外,茶皂素因具有强烈的表面活性和溶血作用,直接接触或食用一定剂量可能会导致肠胃不适,严重时将引起炎症、呕吐、腹泻等症状。植酸以肌醇六磷酸的形式存在于多种植物中。作为次级代谢产物,它天然富集于豆类、谷物、油籽及所有植物性食物的种子中。在种子内,植酸以植素或植酸盐的形式储存在种皮中。植酸会阻碍铁、锌、镁和钙等矿物质的吸收[79],同时也会抑制胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶等消化酶的功能[80]。植酸的带负电结构会与铁、镁、钙、锌等带正电的离子结合形成复合物,从而降低这些矿物质的吸收率,进而减少其生物利用度。作为一种螯合剂,植酸被认为是一种重要的ANFs[81]。单宁是一类分子量约为500 Da的植物多酚化合物。作为次级代谢产物,单宁在叶片、果实和树皮中含量尤为丰富[82]。已知单宁可通过其羟基与蛋白质的羰基形成复合物,从而影响蛋白质消化率,并抑制必需氨基酸和矿物质的吸收利用[83]。天然存在的单宁主要分为两类:a.可水解单宁—由没食子单宁和鞣花单宁组成;b.缩合单宁—以原花青素为主要成分。豆类麸皮等农产品中富含单宁,通过形成单宁-蛋白质复合物显著降低蛋白质消化率[84]。
食品中的ANFs不仅会降低营养素利用率导致营养不良,在高剂量摄入时还具有毒性。由于COSCP中的ANFs限制了其在食品领域的应用,因此去除ANFs对COSCP高值化利用至关重要。现有的植物源食品中ANFs消除方法各具优劣:高温处理对抗原蛋白、蛋白酶抑制剂等不稳定的ANFs尤为有效;脱壳工艺则有助于去除主要存在于种壳中的单宁等ANFs。化学法因毒性及潜在环境危害应用受限,而酶制剂在稳定ANFs去除方面效果显著,目前已广泛应用于食品工业。微生物降解法较酶解法效率更高,但其效果取决于菌种类型、添加量及发酵条件,深入研究不同菌株在发酵中的具体作用机制及菌株间互作效应,对开发具有高营养价值的植物源食品至关重要。
COSC中粗蛋白质结构复杂、易与酚类化合物等杂质形成偶联物,从中回收高纯度、高生物利用度的蛋白质具有一定难度,要实现COSC中蛋白质资源的高值化利用,亟需开发高效、低成本的分离纯化技术。三相分配提取(TPP)、高压放电提取(HVED)和酶辅助提取(EAE)等新型植物蛋白提取技术可用于COSCP提取。Qiu等[85]采用TPP技术进行COSCP提取时,硫酸铵用量为40%(w/v),料液与叔丁醇比为1:1(v/v),液固比为40:1(v/w),提取温度为40 ℃,溶液pH为6.0,提取时间为1.5 h时,最终COSCP得率为15.17%(w/w)。Li等[86]采用HVED技术从COSC中提取蛋白质,在较短的提取时间内获得了相对较高的蛋白质提取率(5.65%),高于对照样品(4.24%),同时,获得的蛋白质平衡产率和质量传递系数更高。相较于传统提取技术,HVED具有细胞破壁率高,溶剂消耗量少,操作条件温和,提取物的抗氧化活性强等优点。吕静等[51]采用超声波辅助酶法提取COSCP,在最佳工艺条件下回收率最高可达83.3%±0.6%,较对照组提高了54%,且蛋白展现出较好的抗氧化特性和体外降脂能力。EAE通过酶解细胞膜释放蛋白质,提高了COSCP的提取率,方法简单环保,具有较强的应用性。再借助超声波和微波辅助处理,能大幅缩短提取时间,增加蛋白提取率。后续可尝试联合深共晶溶剂(DES)方法等进一步提高COSCP提取率,缩短提取时间,减少试剂损耗。
从COSC中分离和纯化蛋白的方法存在回收率低、纯度低、成本高、易产生膜污染与生物污染、工艺耗时等问题,可能导致如蛋白变性、溶解性和乳化能力降低等问题。目前已有研究报道通过蛋白酶解法生成蛋白衍生肽可以改善其他植物蛋白乳化能力及稳定性,而且与非热加工技术联用也取得了较好的效果,例如高压静水压(HHP)和超声波等食品加工技术已被用于改善马铃薯蛋白/肽的乳化性能与稳定性[87–88]。建议未来COSCP稳定性研究主要聚焦以下三点:a.探索其他新兴食品加工技术(如冷等离子体)在COSCP上的应用;b.发掘利用发酵工艺生产具有强乳化能力及稳定性高的COSCP衍生肽,这可能为酶解法提供一种更经济的替代方案;c.着力开发针对COSCP及衍生肽与食品基质中其他成分相互作用的新分析方法,对于阐明其在加工前、加工中及加工后的整体生物活性具有重要意义。
植物蛋白所带有的不良风味和气味,如苦味、青草味等是影响消费者接受度的主要因素,常见异味物质主要通过脂质氧化、乙醇发酵以及美拉德反应多种途径形成[89]。多种加工技术(如发酵、酶处理、挤压加工、压力处理)以及不同的储存与包装条件可以减少植物蛋白食品异味的形成,其中微生物发酵是一种被广泛采用的生物技术方法,用于改变植物蛋白食品的风味化学特性和挥发性成分。用多种乳酸菌和酵母发酵豌豆蛋白分离物,可将己醛、丁醛和非醛降低至检测限以下,并将含量最丰富的“青草味”挥发性物质2-戊基呋喃浓度降低至未接种组的六分之一[90]。在食品加工过程中,也可以通过酶处理减少异味前体物质和挥发性化合物的含量。Yoo等[91]的研究表明,对经过预加热处理的大豆分离蛋白使用复合酶 Protamex®进行处理后,己醛、戊醇和己醇的含量显著降低,同时“豆腥味”的感官评分也有所下降。综上,以上研究也为改善COSCP适口性提供了思路。
消费者对COSCP营养价值、可持续特性及其益处的理解程度,直接影响了人们的购买意愿。目前仍缺乏验证含植物蛋白食品功效的临床干预研究,开展此类研究将有助于广大消费群体更清晰地认知和理解功能性食品基质。相较于经过生物营养强化的传统食品,单纯补充剂对消费者的吸引力明显不足。因此,必须通过科学证据证实植物蛋白基食品宣传的生物活性功能。通过持续向消费人群传递COSCP健康优势和环境友好性质,推动功效验证以提升价值感知和信任度;制定精准的营销沟通策略是有效克服认知不足、激发需求增长,最终推动COSCP在食品行业广泛应用的关键路径。
COSCP是一种具有高营养价值、优异功能特性和可持续性特点的食品原料。随着植物基蛋白需求的不断增长,COSCP为食品制造商提供了一个新的选择。通过探索COSCP在各类食品中的应用潜力,可以充分发挥其多功能特性的优势,助力构建更加可持续和健康的食品体系。同样,COSCP在食品技术中的应用也具有多样性和广阔前景。从植物基肉制品替代品到无乳制品,再到无麸质烘焙食品,COSCP为满足日益增长的创新食品需求提供了一种可持续且营养的解决方案。随着植物基蛋白领域研究与开发的不断深入,COSCP有望在功能性食品和原料的开发中发挥关键作用。当前的研究重点包括开发高效的提取技术、深入发掘其功能特性以实现在各类食品中的创新应用,以及探索其营养组成和潜在健康益处。推动快消食品的开发、开展消费者接受度调查以及评估其环境影响,对于促进COSCP在食品系统中的可持续整合至关重要。因此,需要进一步研究提高COSCP稳定性和适口性的有效手段,并优化其在各类食品应用中的功能特性。

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2026年第47卷第13期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025060206
  • 接收时间:2025-06-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-07-01
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    1黄冈师范学院生物与农业资源学院,湖北黄冈 438000
    2黄冈师范学院经济林木种质改良与资源综合利用湖北省重点实验室,湖北黄冈 438000

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朱华国(1979−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:植物遗传改良与综合利用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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