Article(id=1320882185045918430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120344, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735142400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852453719, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852453719, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852453719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852453719, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=94, endPage=103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882185519874783, articleId=1320882185045918430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation and Stability of Soy Protein Isolate-Xanthan Gum Composite and Bilayer Emulsions, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the stability of emulsions prepared with soybean protein isolate (SPI) as the sole emulsifier, this study developed composite sunflower seed oil emulsions (SPI-XG-e) and bilayer emulsions (SPI-e/XG) using SPI and xanthan gum (XG) as co-emulsifiers. The primary objective was to investigate the effects of XG concentration on the physical characteristics of the emulsions, including mean particle size, Zeta potential, and turbidity, as well as their overall stability. The findings revealed that at a XG concentration of 1.0%, the bilayer emulsion demonstrated superior physical properties, characterized by a more uniform particle size distribution, a smaller mean particle diameter (0.63±0.03 μm), a higher absolute Zeta-potential value (46.70±0.25 mV), and a lower centrifugal stability constant (0.70%±0.46%). Comparative analysis of the composite and bilayer emulsions revealed that the latter exhibited enhanced environmental stress tolerance. Particularly, the bilayer emulsion prepared with 1.0% XG could maintain homogeneity for 7 days of storage at 4 ℃ with no detectable phase separation. After thermal treatment at 90 ℃, it retained a high absolute Zeta-potential value (44.47±0.31 mV) and showed no flocculation following three freeze-thaw cycles, demonstrating robust stability. This study provides actionable guidelines for developing highly stable oil-in-water emulsions in food manufacturing processes.

, authors=Yiming SUN1, Mengqi SHEN1, Man ZHANG1, Mengjie LI1, Baocheng XU1, 2, 3, *, Lili LIU1, 2, 3, authorsList=Yiming SUN, Mengqi SHEN, Man ZHANG, Mengjie LI, Baocheng XU, Lili LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Baocheng XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882190024557304, articleId=1320882185045918430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=大豆分离蛋白-黄原胶复合/双层乳液的制备及稳定性研究, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高以大豆分离蛋白(Soybean protein isolate,SPI)为单一乳化剂所制备乳液的稳定性,本研究采用大豆分离蛋白和黄原胶(Xanthan gum,XG)为乳化剂,制备葵花籽油复合乳液(SPI-XG-e)和双层乳液(SPI-e/XG),并重点考察了黄原胶浓度对乳液的物理特性(平均粒径、Zeta-电位、浊度)及稳定性的影响。结果表明:在黄原胶浓度为1.0%时,双层乳液具有优良的物理特性,表现为更均匀的粒径分布,较小的平均粒径(0.63±0.03 μm),较高的Zeta-电位绝对值(46.70±0.25 mV)以及低的离心稳定常数(0.70%±0.46%)。在对比复合乳液和双层乳液的稳定性时,后者显示出更好的环境适应性,特别是在1.0%的黄原胶浓度下制备的双层乳液,能够在4 ℃下存放7 d而不出现分层,并且在经过90 ℃的热处理后仍保持较高的Zeta-电位绝对值(44.47±0.31 mV),三次冻融循环后未出现絮凝等现象,具有较高的稳定性。本研究可为食品加工领域开发高稳定性水包油乳液提供参考和依据。

, authors=孙一鸣1, 沈梦琪1, 张曼1, 李梦杰1, 徐宝成1, 2, 3, *, 刘丽莉1, 2, 3, authorsList=孙一鸣, 沈梦琪, 张曼, 李梦杰, 徐宝成, 刘丽莉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=徐宝成, authorNote=

孙一鸣(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能性食品开发,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
徐宝成(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:脂质化学与营养,E-mail:。
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孙一鸣(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能性食品开发,E-mail:

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孙一鸣(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能性食品开发,E-mail:

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2Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Luoyang 471000, China
3National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Food Processing and Safety, Luoyang 471003, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320882193866539804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882185045918430, authorId=1320882193640047383, language=CN, stringName=徐宝成, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院,河南洛阳 471003
2河南省食品绿色加工与质量安全控制国际联合实验室,河南洛阳 471000
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注:A、C代表SPI-XG-e;B、D代表SPI-e/XG。图中不同小写字母代表差异显著(P<0.05),图3、图4、图6、图8~图11同。

, figureFileSmall=aN9zkMpem2MipJpNEMKeWg==, figureFileBig=TQuGe/ylL4nVpZ0poPH1NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882198044066610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882185045918430, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of xanthan gum concentration on Zeta-potential value of different sunflower oil emulsions, figureFileSmall=mtz4uMMi3pdnrWtqvn2Itw==, figureFileBig=gWc1Y9FfvexSPD3WvBO7NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882198123758387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882185045918430, language=CN, label=图3, caption=黄原胶浓度对不同葵花籽油乳液Zeta-电位的影响

注:A代表SPI-XG-e;B代表SPI-e/XG。

, figureFileSmall=mtz4uMMi3pdnrWtqvn2Itw==, figureFileBig=gWc1Y9FfvexSPD3WvBO7NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882198199255860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882185045918430, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of xanthan gum concentration on turbidity of different sunflower oil emulsions, figureFileSmall=d4f0CXJWwwctuVPWk5v+ow==, figureFileBig=HnEy26sBXzL3E5QlWr84Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882198459302709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882185045918430, language=CN, label=图4, caption=黄原胶浓度对不同葵花籽油乳液浊度的影响

注:A代表SPI-XG-e;B代表SPI-e/XG。

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注:A代表SPI-XG-e;B代表SPI-e/XG。

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注:A代表SPI-XG-e;B代表SPI-e/XG。

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注:A代表SPI-XG-e;B代表SPI-e/XG。

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注:A、C代表SPI-XG-e;B、D代表SPI-e/XG。

, figureFileSmall=5SYxjA5lsKKg55ZaG++a2w==, figureFileBig=3JZ8Pv8Y2WQimBv5tTj0ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882201244320579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882185045918430, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Effect of freeze-thaw treatment and xanthan gum concentration on average particle size and Zeta-potential value of different sunflower oil emulsions, figureFileSmall=ctCG+KM7+DWn90UjnF/rRA==, figureFileBig=6AAd2yjbr9VQ/hwk7A4ByA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882201332400964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882185045918430, language=CN, label=图11, caption=冻融处理和黄原胶浓度对不同葵花籽油乳液平均粒径和Zeta-电位的影响

注:A、C代表SPI-XG-e;B、D代表SPI-e/XG。

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大豆分离蛋白-黄原胶复合/双层乳液的制备及稳定性研究
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孙一鸣 1 , 沈梦琪 1 , 张曼 1 , 李梦杰 1 , 徐宝成 1, 2, 3, * , 刘丽莉 1, 2, 3
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(1): 94-103
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (1) : 94 -103
大豆分离蛋白-黄原胶复合/双层乳液的制备及稳定性研究
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孙一鸣1 , 沈梦琪1, 张曼1, 李梦杰1, 徐宝成1, 2, 3, * , 刘丽莉1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院,河南洛阳 471003
  • 2河南省食品绿色加工与质量安全控制国际联合实验室,河南洛阳 471000
  • 3食品加工与安全国家级实验教学示范中心,河南洛阳 471003
通讯作者:
徐宝成(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:脂质化学与营养,E-mail:。
作者简介:

孙一鸣(2001−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能性食品开发,E-mail:

Preparation and Stability of Soy Protein Isolate-Xanthan Gum Composite and Bilayer Emulsions
Yiming SUN1 , Mengqi SHEN1, Man ZHANG1, Mengjie LI1, Baocheng XU1, 2, 3, * , Lili LIU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
  • 2Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Luoyang 471000, China
  • 3National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Food Processing and Safety, Luoyang 471003, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120344
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为提高以大豆分离蛋白(Soybean protein isolate,SPI)为单一乳化剂所制备乳液的稳定性,本研究采用大豆分离蛋白和黄原胶(Xanthan gum,XG)为乳化剂,制备葵花籽油复合乳液(SPI-XG-e)和双层乳液(SPI-e/XG),并重点考察了黄原胶浓度对乳液的物理特性(平均粒径、Zeta-电位、浊度)及稳定性的影响。结果表明:在黄原胶浓度为1.0%时,双层乳液具有优良的物理特性,表现为更均匀的粒径分布,较小的平均粒径(0.63±0.03 μm),较高的Zeta-电位绝对值(46.70±0.25 mV)以及低的离心稳定常数(0.70%±0.46%)。在对比复合乳液和双层乳液的稳定性时,后者显示出更好的环境适应性,特别是在1.0%的黄原胶浓度下制备的双层乳液,能够在4 ℃下存放7 d而不出现分层,并且在经过90 ℃的热处理后仍保持较高的Zeta-电位绝对值(44.47±0.31 mV),三次冻融循环后未出现絮凝等现象,具有较高的稳定性。本研究可为食品加工领域开发高稳定性水包油乳液提供参考和依据。

大豆分离蛋白  /  黄原胶  /  双层乳液  /  复合乳液  /  稳定性

To enhance the stability of emulsions prepared with soybean protein isolate (SPI) as the sole emulsifier, this study developed composite sunflower seed oil emulsions (SPI-XG-e) and bilayer emulsions (SPI-e/XG) using SPI and xanthan gum (XG) as co-emulsifiers. The primary objective was to investigate the effects of XG concentration on the physical characteristics of the emulsions, including mean particle size, Zeta potential, and turbidity, as well as their overall stability. The findings revealed that at a XG concentration of 1.0%, the bilayer emulsion demonstrated superior physical properties, characterized by a more uniform particle size distribution, a smaller mean particle diameter (0.63±0.03 μm), a higher absolute Zeta-potential value (46.70±0.25 mV), and a lower centrifugal stability constant (0.70%±0.46%). Comparative analysis of the composite and bilayer emulsions revealed that the latter exhibited enhanced environmental stress tolerance. Particularly, the bilayer emulsion prepared with 1.0% XG could maintain homogeneity for 7 days of storage at 4 ℃ with no detectable phase separation. After thermal treatment at 90 ℃, it retained a high absolute Zeta-potential value (44.47±0.31 mV) and showed no flocculation following three freeze-thaw cycles, demonstrating robust stability. This study provides actionable guidelines for developing highly stable oil-in-water emulsions in food manufacturing processes.

soy protein isolate  /  xanthan gum  /  bilayer emulsion  /  composite emulsion  /  stability
孙一鸣, 沈梦琪, 张曼, 李梦杰, 徐宝成, 刘丽莉. 大豆分离蛋白-黄原胶复合/双层乳液的制备及稳定性研究. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 94 -103 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120344
Yiming SUN, Mengqi SHEN, Man ZHANG, Mengjie LI, Baocheng XU, Lili LIU. Preparation and Stability of Soy Protein Isolate-Xanthan Gum Composite and Bilayer Emulsions[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 94 -103 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120344
乳液因油相可以在水相中均匀分散,多用于脂溶性功能因子的递送。传统乳液虽然制备简单,但在面对外部环境压力时仍具有极大的不稳定性,易发生絮凝、聚结等现象[1]。目前广泛使用的合成表面活性剂,如吐温 20和司盘 80等,虽能提升乳液的稳定性,但其可能对环境及健康构成潜在的风险,促使人们更倾向于使用天然蛋白(如乳清分离蛋白、大豆分离蛋白和玉米蛋白)来进行代替[2]。其中,大豆分离蛋白因其来源广泛、价格低廉和高营养的特性[3],在食品行业中有较好的应用前景。然而,冻融、温度等环境因素的变化很容易促使大豆分离蛋白变性,进而导致制备的乳液不稳定[4]。为了解决这一问题,国内外研究者已经进行了许多尝试来开发蛋白质-多糖二元组合,构建一种新型的乳液体系,以提高乳液的稳定性和功能特性[5−9]。Zhang等[10]利用阴离子多糖、豆科蛋白与油混合均质后制备的复合乳液,其稳定性较单独使用豆科蛋白制备的乳液更高。这是由于蛋白与多糖非共价复合能够显著增强蛋白的乳化性能,其中阴性及中性多糖的稳定效果要优于阳性多糖[11]。
黄原胶作为一种阴离子多糖,因其出色的高黏度特性及优异的冻融稳定性,被广泛应用在食品工业中[12]。研究表明,在酸性环境下,当黄原胶的浓度超过0.12%时,乳清分离蛋白与黄原胶形成的复合物会吸附在油滴的表面,有助于增强复合乳液的稳定性[13]。黄欢等[14]采用酪蛋白酸钠和黄原胶混合而成的乳化剂,成功制备出了稳定性优异的椰子油复合型乳液。此外,黄原胶和果胶等多糖包裹在小麦醇溶蛋白包被的油滴表面,制备出的双层乳液能抵抗高离子强度和酸性pH带来的不利影响[15]。由此可见,乳液界面层的构建是决定其稳定性的关键性因素,设法促进乳液形成双层界面结构,增加界面层厚度及致密性,是提高乳液物理及氧化稳定性的有效途径。
尽管目前使用多糖协助蛋白来增强乳液稳定性已被广泛研究,但基于多糖与大豆分离蛋白共同构建不同界面层乳液及其对乳液稳定性的影响鲜有报道。因此,本研究以大豆分离蛋白和黄原胶为原料,制备了两种不同界面结构的乳液(复合乳液、双层乳液),通过比较乳液的粒径、表面电荷分布、浊度和流变学等特性,探讨黄原胶浓度对乳液性质以及稳定性的影响,以期为食品加工领域开发高稳定性水包油乳液提供参考和依据。
大豆分离蛋白、黄原胶 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;葵花籽油 中粮福临门;盐酸、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钾、氢氧化钠 均为分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
GJJ-0.03/60高压均质机 上海台驰轻工装备有限公司;DHR-2流变仪 美国沃特斯公司;Bettersize2600激光粒度仪、BeNano 90 Zeta纳米粒度及Zeta电位分析仪 丹东百特仪器有限公司;UV-1800紫外可见分光光度计 日本岛津公司;DF-101S集热式恒温加热磁力搅拌器 巩义予华仪器有限责任公司;PHS-3E台式pH计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司。
参考张程超等[16]的方法并进行适当修改。先制备单层乳液,再制备双层乳液。配制2.0wt%的SPI溶液,水合一夜后在室温条件下以1000 r/min的转速进行磁力搅拌,时间为30 min,使其温度恢复至室温,并促进蛋白分散均匀,然后4000 r/min离心10 min后取清液作为水相。将水相倒入烧杯中,再加入体积分数为10%的油相,以12000 r/min的转速高速剪切3 min,制备出粗乳液。再在40 MPa的压力下高压均质循环三次(全部乳液通过高压均质机腔视为一次循环),形成单层乳液SPI-e。配制一定浓度(0%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%)的XG溶液,将XG溶液和SPI-e的pH调至4。随后以7:3的体积比将XG溶液和SPI-e混合,并在12000 r/min的转速下剪切3 min。最后在40 MPa的压力下高压均质循环三次,形成双层乳液SPI-e/XG(图1)。进行3次重复制备,以用于同一测定。
配制2.0 wt%的SPI溶液,水合一夜后在室温条件下以1000 r/min的转速进行磁力搅拌,时间为30 min,使其温度恢复至室温,并促进蛋白均匀分散,之后以4000 r/min的转速离心10 min,取上清液于烧杯中备用。将一定浓度的XG溶液和SPI上清液的pH调至4。随后以7:3的体积比将XG溶液和SPI上清液混合,搅拌30 min,使两者充分混合,然后加入10%的油相,并在12000 r/min的转速下剪切,时间为3 min,制备出粗乳液。最后在40 MPa下高压均质循环三次,形成复合乳液SPI-XG-e(图1)。进行3次重复制备,以用于同一测定。
利用Bettersize2600激光粒度仪测定乳液的粒径大小及分布状况。将乳液样品逐滴加入样品池中,直至遮光度达到10%~15%范围时进行测定。相对折光率为1.095,测试温度25 ℃,平衡时间120 s。
用蒸馏水将1 mL的乳液样品稀释10倍,将1 mL稀释过后的样品置于毛细管样品池内,设定测试温度为25 ℃,平衡时间120 s。
参考江连洲等[17]的方法并进行适当修改。使用磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7、0.05 mol/L)将乳液进行40倍稀释,测定其在600 nm处的吸光度,浊度计算公式如式(1)所示:
$ \mathrm{T}\left({{\mathrm{cm}}}^{-1}\right)=\frac{1.302\mathrm{A}\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{I}} $
式中:A表示稀释乳液样品在600 nm处的吸光度;V表示稀释倍数(40倍);I表示光程差,取1 cm。
参考Wang等[18]的方法并进行适当修改。选用直径为40 mm的平板,取适量样品放置在样品台上,测试温度设为25 ℃。动态频率扫描模式的频率范围设为0.1~10 Hz。
使用去离子水将乳液进行100倍稀释,并在500 nm处测定其吸光度;以3000 r/min的转速将稀释后的乳液样品离心20 min,取下层样品在500 nm处测定吸光度。离心稳定性的计算公式如式(2)所示:
$ \mathrm{K}\mathrm{e}\left({\text{%}}\right)=\left(\frac{\mathrm{A}-{\mathrm{A}}_{0}}{\mathrm{A}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:Ke表示离心稳定常数;A表示乳液(离心前)在500 nm波长处的吸光度;A0表示乳液(离心后)在500 nm波长处的吸光度。
分别取10 mL新鲜乳液于玻璃瓶中,在4 ℃储存7 d后,分别记录乳液的粒径与Zeta-电位,并观察乳液的外观变化。
分别取10 mL新鲜乳液于玻璃瓶中,使用磁力搅拌器分别加热至不同的温度:45、60、75、90 ℃。加热30 min(避光恒温)之后立即取样,待其冷却至室温,测定乳液粒径和Zeta-电位的变化[19]。
分别取10 mL的新鲜乳液于离心管中,将其放置于−22 ℃的冰箱内进行冷冻,持续48 h,冷冻完毕之后在20 ℃环境中解冻48 h。循环三次,并在每个循环后对乳液的粒径和Zeta-电位进行测定。
所有实验重复三次,最终结果以平均值±标准差(SD)表示。采用SPSS 26.0进行显著性分析,显著性水平P<0.05。采用Origin 2022进行绘图。
复合乳液的粒径随着XG浓度的增加表现出先增加后减小的趋势,其中当XG浓度为0.2%时,其平均粒径显著增加(P<0.05),出现这种现象的原因可能是乳液体系中存在非吸附性的XG分子,当液滴因布朗运动接近,且间距小于XG分子直径时,XG将会被排除出去。因此,液滴间距小于XG分子直径的区域内的XG浓度为零,并与周围连续相产生渗透压,为降低渗透压,液滴之间的相互作用力随之增强,发生排斥絮凝现象[20]。随着XG浓度的增加,乳液网络结构相应增强,从而减弱布朗运动并阻止液滴的聚集絮凝,粒径随之降低。然而,双层乳液的平均粒径随着XG浓度的增加逐渐减小,并未出现排斥絮凝现象,这种差异主要是因为在双层乳液中,XG能更有效地覆盖在初级乳液液滴的外层,增强液滴间的静电排斥力,进而有效防止了液滴的聚集及絮凝现象[21]。此外,XG与SPI相互作用不仅产生了空间位阻效应,还提高了蛋白在油水界面的吸附能力[22],进一步稳定了乳液结构。
同时,复合乳液与双层乳液的粒径分布表现存在显著差异。复合乳液的粒径均呈多峰分布(图2C),表明液滴分布不均匀,易聚集或沉淀,不利于乳液的长期稳定[23]。随XG浓度的增加,平均粒径减小的速度越来越慢,且在XG浓度为1.0%时降至最小,为22.52±0.74 μm(图2A)。相比之下,双层乳液的粒径分布较为均匀(图2D)且在XG浓度为1.0%时,粒径达到最小,为0.63±0.03 μm(图2B),表明其具有更优的稳定性,可适用于多种食品加工场景中。
乳液的Zeta-电位绝对值越大,乳液体系越稳定[24]。XG浓度对复合乳液和双层乳液Zeta-电位的影响如图3所示。复合乳液和双层乳液的Zeta-电位均为负值,这是乳液的pH超过了SPI的等电点导致的[25]。
复合乳液和双层乳液的Zeta-电位值差异明显,反映了两种乳液结构对稳定性的影响。随着XG浓度增加至1.0%,复合乳液的Zeta-电位绝对值从较低水平显著增加至36.06±0.57 mV(P<0.05),这是由于XG带负电荷,随着浓度的增加,乳液中负电基团的数量上升,从而导致Zeta-电位绝对值相应增加[26]。此外,由于结构上的差异,双层乳液在酸性条件(pH4)下,带正电荷的SPI可以通过静电力吸引XG覆盖在单层乳液的外层,进而会导致Zeta-电位发生明显的变化[27]。而由图3可知,在添加了相同浓度的XG后,双层乳液的Zeta-电位绝对值均明显高于复合乳液,故可以初步判断出XG已经吸附在了SPI上并形成第二层膜,经过一段时间的静置,乳液仍保持稳定的形态且未出现分层,由此推断形成了双层乳液的结构[16]。总的来说,双层乳液由于其更高的Zeta-电位绝对值和更强的静电排斥机制,展现出比复合乳液更优的稳定性。
浊度是评估乳液体系分散程度和聚集情况的关键指标。从图4A可以看出,随着XG浓度的增加,复合乳液的浊度逐渐增大,在XG浓度为1.0%时达到最大值103.76±0.21 cm−1。另一方面,图4B显示了当XG浓度为1.0%时,双层乳液的浊度最小,为74.34±0.03 cm−1。结果表明复合乳液相比双层乳液有更高的浊度,这是由于双层乳液经过了两次高压均质处理,而均质过程中产生的剪切力和空化现象有效破坏了蛋白质的聚集,进而降低了乳液的浊度。彭群等[28]探究不同均质次数对纳米乳液的影响,结果表明随着均质次数的增加,乳液的平均粒径及浊度均相应降低。此外,Lee等[29]研究发现,未被处理的SPI溶液的溶解度较低且浊度较高,但经均质处理之后,其蛋白质的溶解度显著增加,浊度有所降低。
如图5所示,当XG浓度在0.2%~1.0%范围内,复合乳液和双层乳液储能模量(G′)和损耗模量(G″)随着XG浓度的提高而增加,表明乳液的网络结构强度逐渐增强[30]。在0.1~10 Hz的频率范围内,所有样品的G′均高于G″,表现出固体特性和黏弹性。这表明含有较高浓度的XG比较低浓度的XG的乳液形成了更好的凝胶网络结构。在探究食品乳液体系时发现,相较于那些使用较低浓度黄原胶的乳液,当黄原胶浓度提升到较高水平时,往往能够构建更为稳固且致密的凝胶网络结构,这一规律在多种包含聚合物成分的乳液系统中均得到了重复验证[31]。
乳液的离心稳定常数越小,表示其离心稳定性越好,且低于20%时被认为是相对稳定的[32]。由图6A可知,复合乳液的离心稳定常数(Ke)随着XG浓度的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势。当XG浓度为0.4%时,离心稳定常数为57.98%±5.79%,此时低浓度的XG无法提供充分的乳化作用,导致油滴颗粒较大或分布不均匀。而当XG浓度为1.0%时,离心稳定常数降低至3.30%±0.97%,说明高浓度的XG可以通过双重机制有效提升乳液的稳定性,一方面是XG浓度的提高增加了连续相的黏度并抑制液滴迁移,另一方面是当XG达到一定的浓度时可以促进SPI在油-水界面上的吸附,降低界面张力,并通过空间位阻和静电排斥抑制液滴聚集,从而提高乳液的稳定性[33]。由图6B可知,随着XG浓度的增加,双层乳液的离心稳定常数呈现逐渐降低的趋势。这主要是因为XG浓度的提高使得其在SPI单层乳液液滴表面的覆盖度增加,从而增强了乳液的物理稳定性[34]。当XG浓度为0.4%~1.0%时,离心稳定常数降低到极低水平且差异不显著,分别为:0.81%±0.17%、0.42%±0.30%、0.31%±0.06%和0.70%±0.46%。这进一步证实了双层结构在提高乳液稳定性方面的优势。这种结构通过增加油水界面的保护层,减少了油滴在离心过程中的聚集和沉淀,使乳液更稳定。
两种乳液样品在4 ℃下储藏7 d后,测试其外观、粒径以及Zeta-电位的变化以评估两种乳液的储藏稳定性。由图7A可以看出,复合乳液在XG浓度低于0.2%时出现分层现象,而在XG浓度高于0.2%时外观保持稳定,未观察到明显变化,表明较高浓度的XG有助于增强复合乳液的储藏稳定性。相比之下,双层乳液低温贮藏7 d后并未发生分层现象,展示出更高的储藏稳定性。这种差异源于双层结构更有效的界面保护和油水层之间更均匀的力学性质分布,使其在储存期间保持更好的稳定性。
复合乳液低温储藏7 d后,粒径呈多峰分布(图8B),反映出乳液液滴的不均匀性。结合其外观图(图7A)来看,可能是乳液中的一些成分发生沉淀或分离,导致原本单峰的分布(图8A)逐渐趋于多峰。由图8C和图8D可以看出,储藏7 d后的复合乳液的平均粒径增大,Zeta-电位绝对值减小,这是因为复合乳液液滴之间的静电排斥作用力减小,液滴之间更易形成大的颗粒。这些变化凸显了复合乳液在储存过程中稳定性的下降。
如图9A和图9B所示,即使在低温储藏7 d后,添加XG的双层乳液仍然保持单峰粒径分布。当XG浓度达到1.0%时,双层乳液的平均粒径从0.63 μm上升至1.04 μm(图9C),Zeta-电位绝对值从46.7 mV降低到44.90 mV(图9D)。这表明虽然XG的增加略微增大了粒径并降低了Zeta-电位绝对值,但双层乳液仍表现出良好的储藏稳定性。
为了解热处理对乳液稳定性的影响,本研究对复合乳液和双层乳液分别进行了45、60、75和90 ℃的热处理,每个温度处理30 min并观察其粒径和Zeta-电位的变化。如图10A和图10B所示,复合乳液和双层乳液的粒径都随着温度的升高而逐渐增大。这种变化是由于在加热过程中,虽然乳液的整体结构保持完整,但是液滴运动加剧,碰撞机会增加,从而引发聚集,粒径变大。此外热处理也可能使蛋白质变性,其结构展开,疏水基团暴露,进而促使蛋白质分子通过疏水相互作用聚集,导致粒径增大[35−36]。双层乳液添加XG后的平均粒径增幅较小,这是因为XG的加入增加了连续相的黏度,增大了空间位阻,从而增强了乳液的热稳定性[37]。
如图10C和图10D所示,复合乳液和双层乳液的Zeta-电位绝对值随温度的升高呈现逐渐减小的趋势,其中未添加XG的复合乳液在90 ℃时Zeta-电位绝对值降至最低,为2.00±0.50 mV,这表明高温破坏了SPI的结构,从而降低了乳液的稳定性。当XG为1.0%,加热温度为90 ℃时,复合乳液Zeta-电位绝对值为29.42±0.23 mV,双层乳液Zeta-电位绝对值为44.47±0.31 mV。说明XG的加入增强了乳液的耐热性,但SPI-e/XG的热稳定性要优于SPI-XG-e。这是因为在高温条件下,热处理会导致蛋白质的二级结构展开,复合乳液很快失稳,而双层乳液的SPI膜外额外覆盖了一层XG膜,能够减少高温带来的不利影响,使得双层乳液在高温条件下的稳定性更好[38]。
冻融稳定性是评估乳液食品稳定性的关键因素。冻融过程中形成的冰晶可能导致乳液絮凝或聚结,从而影响其稳定性[39]。本研究对两种乳液的冻融稳定性进行了分析,结果如图11所示。
在经过一次冻融循环处理后,复合乳液的平均粒径均表现出上升(图11A),并在未添加XG的复合乳液中观察到了层析现象。然而,当XG浓度达到或超过0.4%时,乳液保持均匀状态,未见分层,显示出较好的稳定性。相比之下,添加了XG的双层乳液即使经过三次冻融循环后,也未出现絮凝或层析等失稳现象。这与其平均粒径表现相一致,由图11B可知,随着XG浓度的增加,即使在经过三次冻融循环处理后,双层乳液的平均粒径仍保持在较低水平。这与Zhang等[40]的结果相似,其利用SPI和葡聚糖的美拉德反应共价复合物制备双层乳液,并与SPI乳液、SPI/葡聚糖混合物乳液的冻融稳定性进行了对比分析,结果表明,双层乳液的冻融稳定性显著优于另外两种乳液。同时,复合乳液较双层乳液而言,其Zeta-电位增幅较大,这是因为复合乳液中的单层乳化剂形成的保护层易在冷冻中破裂,导致大冰晶生成,降低了乳液稳定性。相反,双层乳液外由双层乳化剂形成的保护层能够有效抵抗冷冻过程中的冰晶生成,使乳液更加稳固不易受到破坏[40]。
针对仅由单一大豆分离蛋白作为乳化剂制备的乳液不稳定的问题,本研究制备了大豆分离蛋白-黄原胶葵花籽油复合乳液与双层乳液,并深入探讨了黄原胶浓度对乳液的物理性质及环境稳定性的影响。当黄原胶浓度为1.0%时,复合乳液和双层乳液的粒径最小、电位绝对值最大,且双层乳液的稳定性显著高于复合乳液。相比复合乳液而言,双层乳液有良好的储藏稳定性、热稳定性和冻融稳定性,即面临不同的环境不易出现失稳现象。后续可将其应用于不同食品加工场景,探讨其对食品品质、感官的影响,为食品加工领域开发高稳定性水包油乳液提供参考和依据。

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2026年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120344
  • 接收时间:2024-12-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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    1河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院,河南洛阳 471003
    2河南省食品绿色加工与质量安全控制国际联合实验室,河南洛阳 471000
    3食品加工与安全国家级实验教学示范中心,河南洛阳 471003

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徐宝成(1976−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:脂质化学与营养,E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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