Article(id=1320882143224516867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030313, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742832000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852443748, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852443748, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852443748, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852443748, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=16, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882143413260548, articleId=1320882143224516867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of Konjac Glucomannan on the Structure and Gel Properties of Peanut Protein, columnId=1320882056083653432, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Papers Invited by Guest Editors-, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This work investigated how the content of konjac glucomannan (KGM) (0.5%~5.0%) affected the structure and gel properties of peanut protein, with the aim of elucidating the underlying mechanisms. Results from texture analysis, microscopic analysis, surface hydrophobicity analysis, and thiol content measurement showed that as KGM content increased, peanut protein gel hardness increased significantly (P<0.05) (by 237.58% at 5% KGM content compared to the control group), and the microstructure became finer and denser. Furthermore, protein surface hydrophobicity increased sharply (by 194.01% at 5% KGM content), and thiol content decreased. At 4% KGM content, the maximum fluorescence emission wavelength showed a significant red shift, suggesting that protein chains were more likely to extend. These changes revealed the molecular mechanism by which KGM promoting functional group aggregation and subunit structural changed of peanut protein to optimize gel properties. This provides a theoretical basis for developing low-fat functional foods.

, authors=Shuang MEI1, 2, Zihao PANG1, Mengdi GUO1, Yujie ZHOU1, Ningwei WANG1, Qin WANG1, Chao WANG1, 2, Wei LI1, *, authorsList=Shuang MEI, Zihao PANG, Mengdi GUO, Yujie ZHOU, Ningwei WANG, Qin WANG, Chao WANG, Wei LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882144960958741, articleId=1320882143224516867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=魔芋葡甘聚糖对花生蛋白结构及凝胶特性的影响, columnId=1261336280563069408, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=特邀主编专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

探究魔芋葡甘聚糖(Konjac Glucomannan,KGM)添加量(0.5%~5.0%)对花生蛋白结构及其凝胶特性的影响规律与作用机制。通过质构分析、显微结构分析、表面疏水性分析以及巯基含量测定等手段发现,随着KGM添加量增加,花生蛋白凝胶硬度显著提升(P<0.05)(5%添加量时较对照组增强237.58%),其微观结构由粗糙多孔转变为细腻致密;同时,蛋白表面疏水性急剧升高(5%添加量时提升194.01%),巯基含量下降,且在4%添加量时荧光最大发射波长显著红移,表明蛋白链更易延展。这些变化共同揭示了KGM通过促进花生蛋白官能团聚集和亚基结构改变,从而优化凝胶性能的分子机制,为开发低脂功能食品提供了理论基础。

, authors=梅爽1, 2, 庞子皓1, 郭梦迪1, 周羽洁1, 王宁伟1, 汪琴1, 汪超1, 2, 李玮1, *, authorsList=梅爽, 庞子皓, 郭梦迪, 周羽洁, 王宁伟, 汪琴, 汪超, 李玮, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李玮, authorNote=

梅爽(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品工程,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
李玮(1985−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:生物技术在植物蛋白构效关系中的研究与应用,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=sd/oXrOrCy82JLLE/Q7ulQ==, magXml=/1jA3pdclI2Go7C1xdLyEw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ZPhe3vhlNfUA2/S+/zDBQA==, pdfFileSize=3620997, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=9hkzQNhsYxTeuqjPaNi2cA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=+8gzcOOLQ1rt1yqq9l2bzQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320882145409749277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882143224516867, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1306820304@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320882147100053792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882143224516867, authorId=1320882145409749277, language=EN, stringName=Shuang MEI, firstName=Shuang, middleName=null, lastName=MEI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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注:不同的字母表示不同的KGM的添加量之间的差异性,P<0.05,图3、图4、图6、图8同。

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Intermolecular force in composite gel

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KGM 添加量
(%)
离子键
(mg/mL)
氢键
(mg/mL)
疏水作用
(mg/mL)
二硫键
(mg/mL)
Control2.39±0.06b1.10±0.06d2.55±0.06b1.44±0.23d
0.52.44±0.03b1.60±0.21b2.62±0.15a2.77±0.06a
12.57±0.01a1.85±0.10a2.65±0.58a2.74±0.12a
22.30±0.02bc1.46±0.27b2.57±0.06b2.81±0.15a
31.74±0.03c1.23±0.29c1.96±0.02c2.69±0.06b
40.98±0.03d1.19±0.12d1.76±0.12d1.94±0.21c
51.38±0.02c1.16±0.06d1.73±0.10d1.61±0.23d
), ArticleFig(id=1320882156516266337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882143224516867, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

复合凝胶的分子间作用力

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KGM 添加量
(%)
离子键
(mg/mL)
氢键
(mg/mL)
疏水作用
(mg/mL)
二硫键
(mg/mL)
Control2.39±0.06b1.10±0.06d2.55±0.06b1.44±0.23d
0.52.44±0.03b1.60±0.21b2.62±0.15a2.77±0.06a
12.57±0.01a1.85±0.10a2.65±0.58a2.74±0.12a
22.30±0.02bc1.46±0.27b2.57±0.06b2.81±0.15a
31.74±0.03c1.23±0.29c1.96±0.02c2.69±0.06b
40.98±0.03d1.19±0.12d1.76±0.12d1.94±0.21c
51.38±0.02c1.16±0.06d1.73±0.10d1.61±0.23d
), ArticleFig(id=1320882156604346722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882143224516867, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Textural properties of peanut proteins and their composite gels

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KGM添加量(%)硬度(g)咀嚼性胶粘性(g×s)弹性内聚性
Control113.81±10.08e22.22±0.02c−14.5±0.69a0.96±0.00a0.61±0.01ab
0.5130.78±22.83e26.57±0.06c−46.35±3.67b0.95±0.00a0.65±0.02a
1165.00±15.46d26.52±6.21c−99.74±3.99c0.82±0.01b0.58±0.06b
2206.48±23.69c44.28±34.15b−111.10±20.43cd0.59±0.13c0.42±0.02c
3259.68±14.12b47.26±3.04b−129.95±3.67de0.48±0.03c0.38±0.02c
4366.62±30.15a77.30±12.94a−121.69±16.28d0.51±0.05c0.42±0.05c
5270.39±12.41b56.91±3.52ab−141.7±11.66e0.49±0.01c0.43±0.02c
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花生蛋白及其复合凝胶的质构特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
KGM添加量(%)硬度(g)咀嚼性胶粘性(g×s)弹性内聚性
Control113.81±10.08e22.22±0.02c−14.5±0.69a0.96±0.00a0.61±0.01ab
0.5130.78±22.83e26.57±0.06c−46.35±3.67b0.95±0.00a0.65±0.02a
1165.00±15.46d26.52±6.21c−99.74±3.99c0.82±0.01b0.58±0.06b
2206.48±23.69c44.28±34.15b−111.10±20.43cd0.59±0.13c0.42±0.02c
3259.68±14.12b47.26±3.04b−129.95±3.67de0.48±0.03c0.38±0.02c
4366.62±30.15a77.30±12.94a−121.69±16.28d0.51±0.05c0.42±0.05c
5270.39±12.41b56.91±3.52ab−141.7±11.66e0.49±0.01c0.43±0.02c
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魔芋葡甘聚糖对花生蛋白结构及凝胶特性的影响
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梅爽 1, 2 , 庞子皓 1 , 郭梦迪 1 , 周羽洁 1 , 王宁伟 1 , 汪琴 1 , 汪超 1, 2 , 李玮 1, *
食品工业科技 | 特邀主编专栏 2026,47(1): 16-23
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食品工业科技 |特邀主编专栏 2026 , 47 (1) : 16 -23
魔芋葡甘聚糖对花生蛋白结构及凝胶特性的影响
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梅爽1, 2 , 庞子皓1, 郭梦迪1, 周羽洁1, 王宁伟1, 汪琴1, 汪超1, 2, 李玮1, *
作者信息
  • 1湖北工业大学国家“111”细胞调控与分子药物研究中心,工业发酵教育部与湖北省协同创新中心,湖北武汉 430070
  • 2武汉一元堂生物科技股份有限公司,湖北武汉 430070
通讯作者:
李玮(1985−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:生物技术在植物蛋白构效关系中的研究与应用,E-mail:。
作者简介:

梅爽(1997−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品工程,E-mail:

Effects of Konjac Glucomannan on the Structure and Gel Properties of Peanut Protein
Shuang MEI1, 2 , Zihao PANG1, Mengdi GUO1, Yujie ZHOU1, Ningwei WANG1, Qin WANG1, Chao WANG1, 2, Wei LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2Wuhan Yiyuantang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030313
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探究魔芋葡甘聚糖(Konjac Glucomannan,KGM)添加量(0.5%~5.0%)对花生蛋白结构及其凝胶特性的影响规律与作用机制。通过质构分析、显微结构分析、表面疏水性分析以及巯基含量测定等手段发现,随着KGM添加量增加,花生蛋白凝胶硬度显著提升(P<0.05)(5%添加量时较对照组增强237.58%),其微观结构由粗糙多孔转变为细腻致密;同时,蛋白表面疏水性急剧升高(5%添加量时提升194.01%),巯基含量下降,且在4%添加量时荧光最大发射波长显著红移,表明蛋白链更易延展。这些变化共同揭示了KGM通过促进花生蛋白官能团聚集和亚基结构改变,从而优化凝胶性能的分子机制,为开发低脂功能食品提供了理论基础。

魔芋葡甘聚糖  /  花生蛋白  /  分子结构  /  分子间作用力  /  凝胶特性

This work investigated how the content of konjac glucomannan (KGM) (0.5%~5.0%) affected the structure and gel properties of peanut protein, with the aim of elucidating the underlying mechanisms. Results from texture analysis, microscopic analysis, surface hydrophobicity analysis, and thiol content measurement showed that as KGM content increased, peanut protein gel hardness increased significantly (P<0.05) (by 237.58% at 5% KGM content compared to the control group), and the microstructure became finer and denser. Furthermore, protein surface hydrophobicity increased sharply (by 194.01% at 5% KGM content), and thiol content decreased. At 4% KGM content, the maximum fluorescence emission wavelength showed a significant red shift, suggesting that protein chains were more likely to extend. These changes revealed the molecular mechanism by which KGM promoting functional group aggregation and subunit structural changed of peanut protein to optimize gel properties. This provides a theoretical basis for developing low-fat functional foods.

konjac glucomannan  /  peanut protein  /  molecular structure  /  intermolecular forces  /  gel properties
梅爽, 庞子皓, 郭梦迪, 周羽洁, 王宁伟, 汪琴, 汪超, 李玮. 魔芋葡甘聚糖对花生蛋白结构及凝胶特性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 16 -23 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030313
Shuang MEI, Zihao PANG, Mengdi GUO, Yujie ZHOU, Ningwei WANG, Qin WANG, Chao WANG, Wei LI. Effects of Konjac Glucomannan on the Structure and Gel Properties of Peanut Protein[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 16 -23 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030313
近年来,超重与肥胖成为引发高血压、糖尿病、心脑血管疾病及癌症等许多慢性病的重要危险因素,受到全人类社会的广泛关注。随着人们对健康诉求增加,低脂、低糖、高蛋白的营养代餐代替节食减肥成为新时代健康减肥的首选。花生蛋白含有多种人体必需氨基酸,是一种优质代餐用蛋白质补充剂[1−4],花生蛋白作为优质植物蛋白源,其凝胶性能不足严重制约了在代餐食品中的应用[5−9]。大量研究表明,多糖与蛋白复合可有效提升蛋白凝胶的稳定性,且可以通过调控复合体系中的各种因素来形成多种凝胶网络结构,从而影响复合凝胶的品质特性[10−12]。Molina等[13]研究发现在低离子浓度条件下,κ-卡拉胶与大豆分离蛋白形成了新型的凝胶网络结构,提高了凝胶强度。杨琴[14]的研究表明在低离子强度下蛋白分子更倾向于形成细链的网络结构,而在高离子强度下则会形成颗粒网络。
目前市场上大部分代餐食品是通过提高配料中的多糖和膳食纤维含量来达到增强饱腹感作用,但大量单一食用代餐产品存在能量不足和机体活力下降的风险[15−17]。魔芋葡甘聚糖是一种非离子型水溶性多糖,与植物蛋白通过非共价的形式结合,包括疏水相互作用和氢键结合,影响植物蛋白凝胶性质[18−20]。龚加顺等[21]提出,在魔芋胶与大豆蛋白质混合形成的共混凝胶中,特别是当魔芋胶的添加量达到一定阈值时,所形成的凝胶转变为一种不可逆的三维网络结构。根据Guo等[22]的成果,适宜浓度的魔芋胶能够提升小麦面筋中的麦醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白的β-折叠结构的比例,同时降低蛋白质的变性温度,并增强凝胶的黏弹性特性。本研究拟通过KGM与花生蛋白的复合作用,突破传统蛋白凝胶性能局限,为开发高品质植物基代餐产品提供新思路。
本研究选取花生分离蛋白与魔芋葡甘聚糖为原料制备复合凝胶,运用质构仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪、荧光分光光谱仪、扫描电镜等先进技术手段,研究魔芋葡甘聚糖添加量对花生蛋白凝胶质构特性和微观结构的影响,有效拓宽花生蛋白及魔芋葡甘聚糖在食品工业中的应用领域,推动植物基辅料在食品工业中的创新应用与发展。
花生蛋白粉 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;魔芋葡甘聚糖 湖北一致魔芋科技有限公司;1-苯胺基-8-萘磺酸、氯化钠、β-巯基乙醇 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;所用试剂均为分析纯。
Vortex-Genie2涡旋振荡器 美国Scientific Industroes公司;UV-4800型紫外可见分光光度计 尤尼科科学仪器有限公司;ZLGJ-12真空冷冻干燥机 郑州科旺达生物仪器有限公司;Vertex 70傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 德国Bruker公司;F-7000荧光分光光谱仪 日本日立公司;TA-XTplus质构分析仪 英国StableMicro Systems公司。
参考马建龙等[23]的方法,采用乙醇沉淀法对魔芋葡甘聚糖进行纯化。具体步骤如下:称取魔芋粉样品50 g,在5~10 ℃下研磨60 min,研磨过程中,持续清除液面上浮的杂质,直至无新的漂浮物出现为止,然后进行过滤。过滤后,沉淀用200 mL 95%乙醇溶液室温洗涤2次,每次搅拌30 min。洗涤液经离心(8000×g,15 min),检测无杂质残留后,进行冷冻干燥(−50 ℃,0.01 mbar,48 h),获得纯净的白色固体,即KGM。
量取20 mL含质量分数20%的花生分离蛋白悬浊液,加入100 mL超纯水,300 r/min恒速搅拌30 min,依设缓慢添加悬浊液质量分数为0.5%、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%的KGM,持续搅拌15 min,滴加1 mol/L NaOH溶液调pH至10.0,转移至90 ℃水浴锅溶胀60 min,迅速冰水浴冷却15 min,4 ℃冷藏24 h构建热不可逆凝胶,以未添加KGM的花生蛋白作为空白对照。
参照Beveridge等[24]的方法略作修改进行测定。称取60.00 mg样品,溶于10.00 mL Tris-Gly标准缓冲液(pH8.0),涡旋混匀后25 ℃水浴振荡(100 r/min)反应60 min,高速冷冻离心(8000×g,4 ℃,20 min),取2 mL上清液至具塞比色管,加入50 μL Ellman试剂,涡旋30 s,室温避光静置5 min,用紫外分光光度计于412 nm测定吸光度,用试剂缓冲液作空白对照,计算游离巯基含量。
$ \mathrm{游}\mathrm{离}\mathrm{巯}\mathrm{基}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}(\text{μ}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{g})=\frac{73.53\times {\mathrm{A}}_{412}}{\mathrm{C}\times \mathrm{L}} $
式中:A412为 412 nm 处的吸光值;C为样品质量浓度,mg/mL;L为石英皿的直径,cm。
将复合凝胶于−80 ℃预冷冻12 h,转至真空冷冻干燥机−60 ℃干燥48 h,取1.00 mg干燥样品与100.00 mg干燥KBr于玛瑙研钵研磨30 min,压片(压力10 MPa,保压5 min),用傅里叶红外光谱仪(分辨率4 cm−1,扫描次数64次)在4000~500 cm−1波数范围扫描测定[25]。经基线校正和去噪处理后,采用二阶导数处理增强谱峰分辨率,通过分峰拟合确定官能团特征峰,结合标准谱图完成峰位归属,并分析特征峰位移以揭示复合凝胶的分子相互作用变化。
根据贾润红[26]的方法并稍作修改,用磷酸盐缓冲液(0.01 mol/L,pH7.0)配制0.05、0.1、0.2、0.5、1 mg/mL花生蛋白复合凝胶溶液各4 mL,分别加入20 μL 1-苯胺基-8-萘磺酸(ANS)溶液(8 mmol/L,pH7.4),涡旋10 s后立即用荧光分光光度计(激发波长390 nm,发射波长450~650 nm,狭缝宽5 nm,光电倍增管电压600 V)测定荧光强度,以蛋白浓度为横坐标、荧光强度为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,线性回归方程斜率即为蛋白质表面疏水性(H0)。
参考Wang等[27]的方法稍作修改,取适量魔芋葡甘聚糖-花生蛋白混合溶液,用0.01 mol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH7.0,经超滤脱气处理)稀释至蛋白浓度0.2 mg/mL,转移至荧光比色皿,置于荧光分光光度计,设定激发波长280 nm,扫描发射波长290~450 nm区间内的最大吸收波长及荧光强度进行测定,扫描速率1200 nm/min。
参考冯倩[28]的方法,化学作用力通过以下四个步骤测定:
离子键:准确称取1.0 g胶体样品,加入20 mL 0.6 mol/L NaCl溶液,4 ℃静置60 min,8000 r/min 离心10 min,取上清液用考马斯亮蓝法测定蛋白浓度,以未添加KGM样品为对照,收集上清液测蛋白浓度,计算离子键作用强度变化。
氢键:在离子键测定所得沉淀中加入20 mL含0.6 mol/L NaCl与1.5 mol/L尿素混合溶液,4 ℃静置60 min,8000×g离心10 min,收集上清液测蛋白浓度,分析氢键对蛋白溶出影响。
疏水相互作用:于氢键测定后沉淀加入20 mL含0.6 mol/L NaCl及8 mol/L尿素混合溶液,4 ℃静置60 min,8000×g离心10 min,取上清液测蛋白浓度,研究疏水作用变化规律。
二硫键:在前述沉淀中加入20 mL含0.6 mol/L NaCl、1.5 mol/L尿素及0.5 mol/L β-巯基乙醇混合液,4 ℃静置60 min,8000×g离心10 min,取上清液测定蛋白浓度。
将复合凝胶样品经24 h冷藏预处理后,采用真空冷冻干燥机进行48 h脱水处理,所得样品密封保存于干燥器中备用。扫描电镜测试前,将样品经导电胶固定于铜质载物台,在10−2至10−3 Pa的真空环境下,溅射电压1.1~1.2 kV,时间2~3 min,进行离子溅射镀金处理。镀金后样品经室温静置10 min平衡,随后使用扫描电子显微镜进行微观形貌观察,放大倍数为200倍,选取典型区域采集图像数据[29]。
采用TA-XTplus质构分析仪对凝胶的质构特性进行测定[30],选择TPA模式,使用P/0.5探头。测试触发力0.05 N,测试前速率1 mm/s,测试速率2 mm/s,测试后速率1 mm/s,形变量50%,压缩距离25 mm,对魔芋葡甘聚糖-花生蛋白复合凝胶3个不同部位重复测试,测定硬度、胶粘性、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性指标,仪器使用前经标准块校准,测试环境温度25 ℃,湿度50%±5%,确保测试条件标准化。
测定凝胶强度:操作条件:以P/0.5探头,力量感应量程50 N,起始力0.100 N,测试前速度1 mm/s,测中速度1 mm/s,测后速度1 mm/s,形变量25%,返回距离20 mm条件测定凝胶强度,魔芋葡甘聚糖-花生蛋白复合凝胶重复3次取平均值。
实验均独立重复三次(n=3)。实验数据以均值±标准差表示,并使用Origin 2024进行图表绘制与初步分析,Excel 2019进行数据整理。采用SPSS 27.0进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),多组间比较采用Tukey事后检验,显著性水平设为P<0.05。
KGM的添加对凝胶游离巯基含量的影响见图1。常温和90 ℃加热条件下,添加KGM后,花生分离蛋白游离巯基含量均有所下降,随着KGM添加量的增加,游离巯基含量先增加后减少,其中KGM添加量为1%时,巯基含量最多,分别为15.54±0.58 μmol/g和11.70±0.09 μmol/g。常温下,因环境中的氧气、氧化剂等氧化因素作用,及蛋白质结构变化、化学反应、酶催化、微生物影响等,会使巯基被氧化或参与其他反应,致其浓度降低。相对于常温情况下,90 ℃加热后游离巯基含量减少。巯基浓度的减少或许源于加热处理期间,它们转变为了硫含量较高的氨基酸,并经过氧化作用生成了二硫键;这种致密的构造使得巯基被封闭在蛋白质分子的内层。由二硫键构成的高分子聚合物通过动态氧化交联,在加热条件下促进蛋白质分子展开并加速巯基向二硫键的转化,从而构建更紧密的三维网络结构,显著增强凝胶特性。尽管KGM的空间位阻可能干扰蛋白直接交联,但其可能通过与蛋白分子链的相互作用形成补充性网络,最终协同强化凝胶结构[31−32]。
KGM 的高吸水性使其红外光谱中羟基的伸缩振动峰从3272 cm−1移至3303 cm−1(图2),表明氢键网络发生重排。这一变化是KGM吸水后,水分子与KGM羟基形成氢键以及分子链扩张和溶剂化作用产生新分子间相互作用的共同结果。同时,酰胺Ⅰ带峰位从1646 cm−1移至1654 cm−1,源于羰基伸缩振动受体系静电环境变化的影响。KGM吸水后可能改变离子强度或pH,进而影响蛋白质表面电荷分布,导致蛋白质二级结构变化,如α-螺旋向β-折叠的转变,最终使羰基振动频率改变,峰位向高波数移动。
复合凝胶二级结构中,随着KGM添加量的增加,α-螺旋占比先减后增,β-折叠比例呈类似变化,反映蛋白从无序卷曲向有序构象转变(图3)。在0.5% KGM添加量时,β-折叠降至27.77%±0.54%,α-螺旋维持14.76%±0.10%,无序卷曲升至21.85%±0.45%,结构转变与凝胶性能提升紧密相关。从分子振动光谱学视角解析,特征峰位移本质是KGM多糖与花生蛋白通过分子间氢键网络重构及静电屏蔽效应,打破了蛋白分子内α-螺旋/β-折叠的固有氢键体系,同时改变分子间疏水相互作用与二硫键的动态平衡。这种多尺度作用力调控触发蛋白三级结构的域间解旋,导致肽链柔顺性增强。当KGM分子链通过立体阻碍效应限制蛋白分子运动自由度时,凝胶网络形成机制发生转变,氢键和静电作用的改变,使α-螺旋、β-折叠等结构的稳定性变化,进而改变分子间相互作用模式,影响凝胶形成中分子堆积和网络稳定性[33]。
由图4可知,随着KGM添加量增加,花生蛋白表面疏水性也有所提升。常温下,当KGM添加量增至5%时,与空白组相比,表面疏水性增加194.01%。90 ℃加热条件下,KGM 添加量为3%时,表面疏水性达到峰值,增幅为77.12%。花生蛋白的疏水性变化是由于蛋白质高级结构的展开,使得原本隐藏在内部的疏水性氨基酸侧链基团被暴露出来,这表明蛋白质分子链的扩展以及疏水基团的持续外露。在凝胶的形成过程中,蛋白质表面疏水性的变化对三维网络结构的构建和稳定性起着重要作用,因此疏水相互作用是维持凝胶网络稳定性的关键指标[34−35]。Li等[36]探究表明,在6%的氯化钠环境下,蛋白的表面疏水性质呈现缓慢上升的趋势。然而,在80~90 ℃的加热条件下,这种疏水性质保持不变或明显减少。本实验中,随着KGM添加量的增加,蛋白质表面疏水性逐渐增强与蛋白质分子链的扩展以及疏水基团的外露程度密切相关[37]。
花生蛋白的荧光强度随KGM浓度的增大而呈现先降低后增加的趋势,混合体系中生物大分子的相互作用是导致荧光强度降低的主要因素,这与蛋白质分子内色氨酸所受的猝灭作用密切相关[38]。这一现象表明KGM对蛋白质的高级结构产生了显著影响,导致蛋白质中的色氨酸残基向更高极性的区域迁移。进一步观察发现,未经处理的花生蛋白在329 nm处展现出最强的发射波长,而加入4%的KGM后,这一波长位移至331.2 nm(图5)。这一波长的变化揭示了KGM与花生蛋白之间的相互作用,导致原本隐藏于蛋白质核心的色氨酸残基逐渐向外部极性环境转移,从而改变了花生蛋白的表面疏水性质,这与对疏水性的研究结果是相吻合的。
由图6可知,在花生蛋白质形成的凝胶里,疏水力和二硫键起着关键作用。花生蛋白的碱性部分内富含众多疏水性基团,加热时其分子结构伸展,使得这些疏水基团得以暴露出来。KGM亲水性极强,易与蛋白质间形成氢键。添加KGM后,二硫键含量增大,可能促进了游离巯基与二硫键间的转换。
由表1可知,随着KGM添加量的增加,复合凝胶的分子间作用力呈现先上升后下降的趋势,表明适量KGM可增强部分作用力。在KGM添加量由0.5%增加至1%时,复合凝胶的分子间作用力显著增强(P<0.05),在KGM添加量1%时达到峰值;但添加量超过2%后,各作用力逐渐呈现减弱趋势,且5%时离子键和氢键强度低于对照组,表明KGM添加量在0.5%到2%时可显著增强凝胶分子间作用力,提升凝胶稳定性和力学性能,但过量添加会适得其反,这可能是由于过量的KGM可能在体系中形成过多的氢键和离子键,干扰了蛋白质分子间原有的疏水相互作用和二硫键的形成。此外,过多的KGM可能会在蛋白质分子之间产生空间位阻效应,阻碍蛋白质分子之间的紧密堆积和相互作用,从而削弱了凝胶网络的强度。同时,过多的KGM还可能与蛋白质分子竞争结合位点,影响蛋白质分子间的疏水相互作用和二硫键的形成,进而导致分子间作用力的下降,影响了凝胶的形成和稳定性。
花生蛋白凝胶样品呈现连续疏松多孔的结构,添加KGM后,孔隙减小,呈现不规则,更加紧密的凝胶(图7)。未添加KGM的情况下,能够观察到花生蛋白整体结构疏松,联结程度较低;而当KGM含量为1%时,花生蛋白结构致密,交联程度较高;随着KGM含量的不断增加,处理组花生蛋白结构慢慢地展开,当KGM含量为5%时,与空白组相比,处理组花生蛋白结构交联度仍然很大,结构也相对紧密,表明KGM能够影响花生蛋白结构。KGM的加入会改变花生蛋白分子间的相互作用,进而影响巯基的氧化还原状态。低浓度的KGM能促进蛋白质分子有序组装,使巯基更易发生氧化反应形成二硫键,增强蛋白质间的交联程度,使凝胶结构致密。但KGM浓度过高时,会因空间位阻效应或与蛋白质竞争结合位点,干扰正常交联过程,还可能改变凝胶体系的物理化学环境,影响蛋白质聚集状态,使部分巯基无法充分参与二硫键形成,导致交联程度下降,凝胶结构逐渐展开。巯基含量变化与凝胶结构交联程度密切相关,是造成上述结构变化趋势的重要原因。
在添加KGM后,花生蛋白凝胶的稳固性得到显著提升。当KGM掺入比例达到5%时,凝胶凝结强度达到峰值,为(116.38±3.30)g×cm(图8)。KGM分子链与花生蛋白分子间存在相互作用,当KGM加入后,其分子链会与花生蛋白分子相互交织、缠绕或吸附在一起,从而在局部区域使花生蛋白分子更加集中、聚集,增加了花生蛋白分子间的碰撞和相互作用机会,有利于形成更致密的凝胶结构。同时,KGM分子链在花生蛋白网络中的相互交织作用,进一步加固了凝胶基质,使复合凝胶的整体强度增强。这种凝胶网络并非典型的互穿聚合物网络,因为互穿聚合物网络通常是由两种或多种不同的聚合物网络相互贯穿、交织形成的具有复杂结构的网络。而在本研究中,KGM主要作为添加剂或辅助成分与花生蛋白相互作用,形成的凝胶网络仍以花生蛋白为主体,KGM分子链在其中起到增强和辅助作用,使花生蛋白分子间的相互作用和网络结构更加紧密和稳固,从而提高了凝胶的强度和稳定性[14,39]。
随着KGM含量的增加,复合凝胶的硬度显著增大(表2)。当KGM含量为4%时,硬度达到最大值366.62±30.15 g。这可能是由于KGM促进了花生蛋白的结构网络扩张,增强了聚合物网络的致密性和均匀性,从而提高了硬度。与此同时,凝胶的咀嚼性也随着KGM的增加而显著提高(P<0.05),意味着凝胶的口感变得更加坚硬。而当KGM添加量增至5%时,过量的KGM可能会干扰花生蛋白分子间相互作用,破坏凝胶网络结构的稳定性与均匀性,导致网络对力的承受能力减弱,进而硬度、咀嚼性出现下降[40−44]。
然而,复合凝胶的内聚性和弹性则呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。当未添加KGM(Control)或KGM添加量较低时(<1%),此时凝胶具有较大的内聚性,当进一步添加KGM(2%~4%)时,内聚性降低。当KGM含量为5%时,凝胶的咀嚼性、硬度出现降低。 这可能是由于过量KGM干扰花生蛋白分子间相互作用,破坏凝胶网络结构稳定性与均匀性,网络对力的承受能力减弱,硬度、咀嚼性下降。内聚性是反映凝胶内部凝聚力的重要指标,其降低意味着凝胶在咀嚼过程中更易破裂,且可能出现粘牙现象,表明凝胶结构的完整性受损[45]。而弹性则随着KGM添加量的增加而持续下降,表明KGM的添加改变了凝胶网络的结构,使得凝胶在受力变形后难以恢复至初始状态。
此外,复合凝胶的胶粘性绝对值随着KGM含量的增加而总体增大,但并非线性关系。在花生蛋白复合凝胶中,胶粘性负值表明其具有粘附性。当KGM添加量在1%~5%时,胶粘性绝对值较高且相近,4%时略有下降但仍较大。这可能是因为KGM与花生蛋白形成的氢键网络增强了粘附性,而4%时凝胶网络致密性增加导致粘附性略降,但KGM的亲水性在凝胶表面形成的水合作用层维持了较强粘附性[46−48]。
综合来看,KGM的添加对花生蛋白凝胶的质构特性具有显著影响。虽然硬度和咀嚼性有所提高,但内聚性、弹性的降低,胶粘性绝对值的增大,表明凝胶与接触表面之间粘附作用的增强,而非粘附性本身的减弱。这些变化可能对凝胶在食品加工和应用中的适用性产生影响,因此在实际应用中需综合考虑KGM的添加量与所需凝胶品质之间的平衡。
本研究发现,添加KGM可改变花生蛋白官能团聚集状态,使游离巯基含量减少,荧光最大波长红移,尤其4% KGM 时花生分离蛋白链更易延展,在蛋白改性修饰上具潜力。实验结果表明,引入KGM能显著增强花生蛋白凝胶的塑形能力和稳定性,加热时促进蛋白分子结构重组,改变分子形态。电荷作用、排斥作用、氢键连接和二硫键形成对凝胶稳定至关重要,且随KGM含量增加而增强。扫描电镜图像显示KGM含量升高使复合凝胶微观构造更紧密。这些结果表明,KGM对花生蛋白分子改造有积极作用,推动了花生蛋白凝胶的改良。
当前成果揭示KGM能显著增强花生蛋白凝胶的硬度、咀嚼性,同时影响其内聚性、弹性和胶粘性,且花生蛋白分子结构经KGM作用发生改变,荧光特性及游离巯基含量发生变化,表明蛋白链更易延展。然而,KGM诱导的蛋白结构变化与功能提升的内在联系尚未完全明确。未来研究方向包括深入探究分子机制、优化KGM添加比例和改性条件,以及结合其他改性方法拓展花生蛋白的应用范围,进一步挖掘其在食品工业及生物医药领域的潜在价值。

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2026年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030313
  • 接收时间:2025-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-25
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    1湖北工业大学国家“111”细胞调控与分子药物研究中心,工业发酵教育部与湖北省协同创新中心,湖北武汉 430070
    2武汉一元堂生物科技股份有限公司,湖北武汉 430070

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李玮(1985−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:生物技术在植物蛋白构效关系中的研究与应用,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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