Article(id=1320882118239047754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320882022160126288, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120217, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734364800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852437790, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852437790, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852437790, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852437790, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320882022160126288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='498', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852414884, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852414884, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=72, endPage=83, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320882118423597131, articleId=1320882118239047754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effect of Ultra-filtration Membrane Aperture on Storage Stability and Flavor of Bottled Huangjiu, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During the storage and sale of bottled huangjiu, precipitation caused by non-biological factors frequently compromises consumer acceptance. Ultrafiltration has been widely used to control huangjiu's non-biological stability, but this treatment's impact on the storage stability and flavor of huangjiu is unclear. In this study, bottled huangjiu was treated with ultrafiltration membranes featuring pore sizes of 50, 30, 10, 5, and 3 kDa, monitoring colloidal stability parameters (turbidity, polyphenol turbidity, centrifugal sedimentation rate, particle size, and Zeta potential) after 1, 150, and 270 days of storage. The precipitable components, antioxidant properties, physicochemical indices, and volatile and non-volatile substances of huangjiu in the later storage period (270 days) were determined, the sensory and color changes of huangjiu were evaluated, and the optimal pore size of ultrafiltration membrane was determined. Results demonstrated that ultrafiltration notably diminished turbidity, polyphenol-related turbidity, and centrifugal sedimentation rates in the huangjiu, significantly enhancing its storage stability. Both the 50 kDa membrane and smaller pore sizes yielded optimal treatment outcomes. Colloidal property assessments suggested that ultrafiltration might have eliminated large molecular proteins, resulting in a reduced mean particle size of the huangjiu colloid, a more uniform particle size distribution, and an elevated Zeta potential. Over the storage period, the 50 kDa ultrafiltration membrane more effectively preserved the flavor and color of the huangjiu, whereas membranes with 30 kDa and smaller pore sizes caused varying degrees of flavor weakening and color lightening. The retention of antioxidant activity, volatile compounds, and non-volatile constituents decreased with smaller membrane pore sizes. The 50 kDa membrane had the least impact on functional components, volatile compounds, and non-volatile constituents. This study elucidated the comprehensive effects of ultrafiltration on storage stability, precipitable components, functional constituents, and sensory properties in bottled huangjiu. Considering stability enhancement, flavor preservation, and sensory acceptance, the 50 kDa ultrafiltration membrane showed the best application potential in solving the precipitation problem in huangjiu processing, providing scientific guidance for quality optimization.

, authors=Zhiyue WANG1, 2, Lan WANG3, 4, Zhilei ZHOU1, 2, 5, Zhongwei JI1, 2, 5, Qingxi REN1, 2, Yuezheng XU3, 4, Jian MAO1, 2, 3, 5, *, authorsList=Zhiyue WANG, Lan WANG, Zhilei ZHOU, Zhongwei JI, Qingxi REN, Yuezheng XU, Jian MAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jian MAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320882121485439066, articleId=1320882118239047754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=超滤膜孔径对瓶装黄酒储藏稳定性和风味的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

瓶装黄酒在储存和销售时,常因非生物因素出现二次沉淀,影响消费者接受度。超滤是控制黄酒非生物稳定性的常用方法,但该处理对瓶装黄酒储藏稳定性和风味等的影响规律未知。本文采用50、30、10、5和3 kDa五种孔径的超滤膜处理瓶装黄酒,并在处理后储藏跟踪1、150和270 d时测定黄酒浊度、多酚浊度、离心沉淀率、粒径和Zeta电位等稳定性和胶体性质指标。测定储藏后期(270 d时)黄酒易沉淀组分、抗氧化性、理化指标、挥发性和不挥发性物质含量,评价黄酒感官和色泽变化,确定最优超滤膜孔径。结果表明,超滤处理明显降低了黄酒的浊度、多酚浊度及离心沉淀率,黄酒储藏稳定性明显提高,50 kDa及孔径更小的超滤膜均展现出了理想的处理效果。胶体性质分析显示,超滤可能去除了大分子蛋白质,使得黄酒胶体平均粒径降低、粒径分布更均匀和Zeta电位增大。超滤后黄酒的抗氧化性、挥发性和不挥发性成分保留效果随膜孔径减小而降低,50 kDa膜处理对功能性成分、挥发性和不挥发性成分影响最小。储藏期间,50 kDa超滤膜处理更好地保留了黄酒风味和色泽,而经30 kDa及孔径更小的超滤膜处理导致黄酒风味不同程度减弱、酒体颜色变浅。本研究揭示了超滤处理对瓶装黄酒储藏稳定性、易沉淀组分、功能性成分和感官特性等的影响,综合稳定性提升、风味保留及感官接受度,50 kDa超滤膜在黄酒加工中展现出最佳应用潜力,为工业化解决黄酒沉淀问题提供科学依据。

, authors=王旨越1, 2, 王兰3, 4, 周志磊1, 2, 5, 姬中伟1, 2, 5, 任青兮1, 2, 徐岳正3, 4, 毛健1, 2, 3, 5, *, authorsList=王旨越, 王兰, 周志磊, 姬中伟, 任青兮, 徐岳正, 毛健, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=毛健, authorNote=

王旨越(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工技术,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
毛健(1970−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ZeGicgyuQ+MB1ehuoOtLIA==, magXml=0im6DLI34FAgg8C0fdMn7w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=TUabQ5/3NI3Z9KKoPDbdQQ==, pdfFileSize=5853712, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=/7sPcQjuFOizwucvYiHZhw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=RH6AOgAI8+N92h3me7tOVw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320882122114584683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=625033403@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320882122202665070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, authorId=1320882122114584683, language=EN, stringName=Zhiyue WANG, firstName=Zhiyue, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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王旨越(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工技术,E-mail:

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2粮食发酵与食品生物制造国家工程研究中心(江南大学),江苏无锡 214122
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2National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology (Jiangnan University), Wuxi 214122, China
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[REN Qing, XU Jialiang, LIU Junhan. Safety risk and its control of yellow rice wine[J]. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2016, 34(3): 12−19.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320882131962810562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=REN Qing, XU Jialiang, LIU Junhan. Safety risk and its control of yellow rice wine[J]. 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注:A-超滤对瓶装黄酒浊度的影响;B-超滤对瓶装黄酒多酚浊度的影响;C-超滤对瓶装黄酒离心沉淀率的影响;图中不同字母表示同一时间点下组间差异显著(P<0.05),图2、图3同。

, figureFileSmall=tPQcWGwiSVhlvCAnfHrSLw==, figureFileBig=/7sPcQjuFOizwucvYiHZhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882126808010916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in the particle size and Zeta potential of bottled huangjiu protein colloid before and after ultra-filtration, figureFileSmall=L6FZzD4AfCU3XKuIcjHh2Q==, figureFileBig=O7cmRDJlyDa64Lty2DF+RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882126870925477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=CN, label=图2, caption=超滤前后瓶装黄酒胶体粒径和Zeta电位变化

注:A-超滤对瓶装黄酒粒径的影响;B-超滤对瓶装黄酒Zeta电位的影响;C-超滤1 d后瓶装黄酒胶体粒径分布;D-超滤150 d后瓶装黄酒胶体粒径分布;E-超滤270 d后瓶装黄酒胶体粒径分布。

, figureFileSmall=L6FZzD4AfCU3XKuIcjHh2Q==, figureFileBig=O7cmRDJlyDa64Lty2DF+RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882126967394470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Content of unstable components in bottled huangjiu stored for 270 days after ultra-filtration, figureFileSmall=G6KfbiUsD2CyHtWeV/JX2w==, figureFileBig=Risa3J/p/GIoEfD8KjvxRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882127055474855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=CN, label=图3, caption=超滤处理后储藏270 d的瓶装黄酒易沉淀组分含量

注:A-蛋白质含量;B-多糖含量;C-多酚含量;D-亚铁离子含量。

, figureFileSmall=G6KfbiUsD2CyHtWeV/JX2w==, figureFileBig=Risa3J/p/GIoEfD8KjvxRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882127130972328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Heat map of correlation between precipitation components of huangjiu and colloidal stability index, figureFileSmall=DFAHtSBpVarcDVQvJpPOkQ==, figureFileBig=azUQYydgQbuRubxBdIofbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882127248412841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=CN, label=图4, caption=瓶装黄酒易沉淀组分与稳定性指标相关性热图

注:图中*表示P<0.05有相关性,**表示P<0.01有显著相关性,***表示P<0.001有极显著相关性。

, figureFileSmall=DFAHtSBpVarcDVQvJpPOkQ==, figureFileBig=azUQYydgQbuRubxBdIofbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882127319716010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Antioxidative of bottled huangjiu stored for 270 days after ultra-filtration, figureFileSmall=QyfKIS2LYIee9d/93Q5UGg==, figureFileBig=QaWwImd/UfeHpyV2tKOZPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882127386824875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=CN, label=图5, caption=超滤处理后储藏270 d的瓶装黄酒抗氧化性

注:A-DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率;B-总抗氧化性;图中不同字母表示同一指标组间差异显著(P<0.05),图6同。

, figureFileSmall=QyfKIS2LYIee9d/93Q5UGg==, figureFileBig=QaWwImd/UfeHpyV2tKOZPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882127449739436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Changes in the total amount of volatile flavor substances in bottled huangjiu stored for 270 days after ultra-filtration, figureFileSmall=NOrqRNyIC/7+6JPimWJxWA==, figureFileBig=NUKrpSmGA3vEI10tB4e6lA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882127525236909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=CN, label=图6, caption=超滤处理后储藏270 d的瓶装黄酒挥发性风味物质总量变化, figureFileSmall=NOrqRNyIC/7+6JPimWJxWA==, figureFileBig=NUKrpSmGA3vEI10tB4e6lA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882127705591982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Color change of bottled huangjiu stored for 270 days after ultra-filtration, figureFileSmall=xBQs6s06H0W179y4IA3jcA==, figureFileBig=+TOGUh2HacHrJjTqeiYp7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882129383313584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=CN, label=图7, caption=超滤处理后储藏270 d的瓶装黄酒颜色变化

注:A-对照组;B-50 kDa;C-30 kDa;D-10 kDa。

, figureFileSmall=xBQs6s06H0W179y4IA3jcA==, figureFileBig=+TOGUh2HacHrJjTqeiYp7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320882129458811057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Regression equations of proteins, polysaccharides, polyphenols and ferrous ions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分回归方程R2
蛋白质y=0.7517x+0.051140.9987
多糖y=3.342x+0.082510.9976
多酚y=0.4049x+0.083660.9922
亚铁离子y=0.03864x0.028580.9914
), ArticleFig(id=1320882129525919922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

蛋白质、多糖、多酚和亚铁离子回归方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分回归方程R2
蛋白质y=0.7517x+0.051140.9987
多糖y=3.342x+0.082510.9976
多酚y=0.4049x+0.083660.9922
亚铁离子y=0.03864x0.028580.9914
), ArticleFig(id=1320882129588834483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Regression equations of organic acid standard products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸保留时间(min)回归方程R2
草酸4.057y=4×106x+457730.9998
酒石酸4.779y=754075x+2580.51
丙酮酸5.777y=3×106x−1311.61
苹果酸6.666y=369290x−1102.71
乳酸8.371y=240060x−3276.70.9999
乙酸9.184y=251525x−458580.9921
柠檬酸12.969y=501160x+1042.90.999
琥珀酸16.858y=261816x+4820.70.9976
), ArticleFig(id=1320882129660137652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

有机酸标品的回归方程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸保留时间(min)回归方程R2
草酸4.057y=4×106x+457730.9998
酒石酸4.779y=754075x+2580.51
丙酮酸5.777y=3×106x−1311.61
苹果酸6.666y=369290x−1102.71
乳酸8.371y=240060x−3276.70.9999
乙酸9.184y=251525x−458580.9921
柠檬酸12.969y=501160x+1042.90.999
琥珀酸16.858y=261816x+4820.70.9976
), ArticleFig(id=1320882129853075637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Typical sensory properties of huangjiu and reference sample formulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
属性参照样(0~10分标度)
酸味柠檬酸水溶液1 g/L(8分),0.4 g/L(4分)
甜味蔗糖水溶液24 g/L(8分),12 g/L(4分)
苦味奎宁溶液0.1 g/L(8分),0.05 g/L(4分)
鲜味味精水溶液0.3 g/L (8分),0.175 g/L(5分)
涩味1 g/L单宁水溶液(8分),0.5 g/L(4分)
酸香乙酸10 mL/L(10分),5 mL/L(5分)
花香β-苯乙醇10 mg/L(10分),5 mg/L(4分)
坚果香2,6-二甲基吡嗪溶液20 mg/L(6分),10 mg/L(3分)
醇香30%乙醇(10分),15%乙醇(5分)
麦曲香生麦曲10 g/100 mL(8分),5 g/100 mL(4分)
果香己酸乙酯8 mg/L(6分),4 mg/L(3分)
丁酸乙酯8 mg/L(6分),4 mg/L(3分)
), ArticleFig(id=1320882129924378806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

黄酒典型感官属性及参照样配制

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
属性参照样(0~10分标度)
酸味柠檬酸水溶液1 g/L(8分),0.4 g/L(4分)
甜味蔗糖水溶液24 g/L(8分),12 g/L(4分)
苦味奎宁溶液0.1 g/L(8分),0.05 g/L(4分)
鲜味味精水溶液0.3 g/L (8分),0.175 g/L(5分)
涩味1 g/L单宁水溶液(8分),0.5 g/L(4分)
酸香乙酸10 mL/L(10分),5 mL/L(5分)
花香β-苯乙醇10 mg/L(10分),5 mg/L(4分)
坚果香2,6-二甲基吡嗪溶液20 mg/L(6分),10 mg/L(3分)
醇香30%乙醇(10分),15%乙醇(5分)
麦曲香生麦曲10 g/100 mL(8分),5 g/100 mL(4分)
果香己酸乙酯8 mg/L(6分),4 mg/L(3分)
丁酸乙酯8 mg/L(6分),4 mg/L(3分)
), ArticleFig(id=1320882129987293367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Changes of the physicochemical indices of bottled huangjiu stored for 270 days after ultra-filtration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质GB/T 13662-2018对照组50 kDa30 kDa10 kDa
pH3.5~4.64.03±0.03b4.19±0.06a4.18±0.05a4.18±0.03a
酒精度(%vol)≥8.016.0±0.25a15.8±0.6a15.7±0.4a15.7±0.25a
氨基酸态氮(g/L)≥0.300.887±0.008a0.829±0.098a0.737±0.18a0.683±0.09a
总糖(g/L)15.1~40.028.748±0.13a27.938±0.92ab27.561±0.54b26.347±0.32c
还原糖(g/L)/16.450±0.2a15.833±0.52ab15.427±0.55ab15.040±0.81b
总酸(g/L)3.0~7.54.924±0.09a4.878±0.64a4.701±0.24a4.631±0.35a
非糖固形物(g/L)≥13.037.005±0.23a36.327±0.52ab35.593±0.33bc35.186±0.59c
), ArticleFig(id=1320882130222174392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

超滤处理后储藏270 d的瓶装黄酒各理化指标变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质GB/T 13662-2018对照组50 kDa30 kDa10 kDa
pH3.5~4.64.03±0.03b4.19±0.06a4.18±0.05a4.18±0.03a
酒精度(%vol)≥8.016.0±0.25a15.8±0.6a15.7±0.4a15.7±0.25a
氨基酸态氮(g/L)≥0.300.887±0.008a0.829±0.098a0.737±0.18a0.683±0.09a
总糖(g/L)15.1~40.028.748±0.13a27.938±0.92ab27.561±0.54b26.347±0.32c
还原糖(g/L)/16.450±0.2a15.833±0.52ab15.427±0.55ab15.040±0.81b
总酸(g/L)3.0~7.54.924±0.09a4.878±0.64a4.701±0.24a4.631±0.35a
非糖固形物(g/L)≥13.037.005±0.23a36.327±0.52ab35.593±0.33bc35.186±0.59c
), ArticleFig(id=1320882130314449081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Changes of 12 key volatile components in bottled huangjiu stored for 270 days after ultra-filtration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类香气成分含量(μg/L)
对照组50 kDa30 kDa10 kDa
酯类乳酸乙酯19549.38±131.46a19318.17±314.00a18679.53±291.63b18592.23±409.26b
乙酸乙酯16747.30±308.43a16536.92±333.79ab15960.18±521.95bc15738.89±165.99c
己酸乙酯710.70±0.60a703.52±6.13a690.09±18.23a633.59±50.53b
亚油酸乙酯311.48±1.21a300.09±9.55ab292.50±5.90bc285.69±8.27c
醛类香兰素11.95±0.85a10.77±0.62ab11.03±0.10ab10.22±0.65b
苯乙醛139.45±6.39a124.18±10.56b115.96±6.30b110.51±1.48b
苯甲醛376.67±8.75a347.91±20.93a348.99±25.78a364.08±5.97a
糠醛1270.07±126.16a1233.08±189.07ab1005.41±16.98b1008.70±22.34b
醇类苯乙醇47867.81±351.32a46358.95±224.39b45248.89±629.79c43453.91±682.15d
异戊醇8494.68±36.74a7897.56±76.35b7469.11±86.58c7423.03±22.30c
异丁醇1688.96±53.03a1665.62±57.81a1650.92±35.74a15464.20±316.56b
酸类辛酸180.58±8.32a167.86±3.20b160.84±2.65b149.78±4.42c
), ArticleFig(id=1320882130398335162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

超滤处理后储藏270 d的瓶装黄酒中12种关键挥发性成分变化情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类香气成分含量(μg/L)
对照组50 kDa30 kDa10 kDa
酯类乳酸乙酯19549.38±131.46a19318.17±314.00a18679.53±291.63b18592.23±409.26b
乙酸乙酯16747.30±308.43a16536.92±333.79ab15960.18±521.95bc15738.89±165.99c
己酸乙酯710.70±0.60a703.52±6.13a690.09±18.23a633.59±50.53b
亚油酸乙酯311.48±1.21a300.09±9.55ab292.50±5.90bc285.69±8.27c
醛类香兰素11.95±0.85a10.77±0.62ab11.03±0.10ab10.22±0.65b
苯乙醛139.45±6.39a124.18±10.56b115.96±6.30b110.51±1.48b
苯甲醛376.67±8.75a347.91±20.93a348.99±25.78a364.08±5.97a
糠醛1270.07±126.16a1233.08±189.07ab1005.41±16.98b1008.70±22.34b
醇类苯乙醇47867.81±351.32a46358.95±224.39b45248.89±629.79c43453.91±682.15d
异戊醇8494.68±36.74a7897.56±76.35b7469.11±86.58c7423.03±22.30c
异丁醇1688.96±53.03a1665.62±57.81a1650.92±35.74a15464.20±316.56b
酸类辛酸180.58±8.32a167.86±3.20b160.84±2.65b149.78±4.42c
), ArticleFig(id=1320882130649993403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Changes of organic acids of bottled huangjiu stored for 270 days after ultra-filtration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸含量(mg/L)
对照组50 kDa30 kDa10 kDa
草酸2.73±0.42a2.61±0.46a1.77±0.23b1.62±0.32b
酒石酸94.93±5.61a78.20±6.08b52.87±6.06c51.32±6.07c
丙酮酸21.51±3.61a18.26±3.70a17.44±3.62a16.93±2.09a
苹果酸66.45±6.37a49.73±8.43b43.13±4.95b43.48±5.39b
乳酸1459.51±107.46a1231.02±124.49b1219.79±101.75b1216.98±69.38b
乙酸467.95±28.03a451.18±17.23a432.52±24.68a427.14±34.56a
柠檬酸889.22±65.46a654.82±42.93b622.88±58.48b615.25±73.88b
琥珀酸13.29±1.99a12.83±0.14a12.19±3.12a12.82±0.21a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882130759045308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

超滤处理后储藏270 d的瓶装黄酒有机酸变化情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸含量(mg/L)
对照组50 kDa30 kDa10 kDa
草酸2.73±0.42a2.61±0.46a1.77±0.23b1.62±0.32b
酒石酸94.93±5.61a78.20±6.08b52.87±6.06c51.32±6.07c
丙酮酸21.51±3.61a18.26±3.70a17.44±3.62a16.93±2.09a
苹果酸66.45±6.37a49.73±8.43b43.13±4.95b43.48±5.39b
乳酸1459.51±107.46a1231.02±124.49b1219.79±101.75b1216.98±69.38b
乙酸467.95±28.03a451.18±17.23a432.52±24.68a427.14±34.56a
柠檬酸889.22±65.46a654.82±42.93b622.88±58.48b615.25±73.88b
琥珀酸13.29±1.99a12.83±0.14a12.19±3.12a12.82±0.21a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882130830348477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Changes of 17 amino acid contents of bottled huangjiu stored for 270 days after ultra-filtration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸保留时间(min)含量(μg/mL)
对照组50 kDa30 kDa10 kDa
天冬氨酸(Asp)3.033193.33±11.99a191.66±7.55a175.8±11.83a187.69±11.93a
谷氨酸(Glu)3.427321.67±20.33a291.37±40.95ab257.46±34.50b287.35±21.11ab
丝氨酸(Ser)6.40054.33±4.99a53.20±5.71ab42.43±6.21b43.54±5.36ab
组氨酸(His)7.36087.47±7.36a84.03±5.69ab69.18±9.55b81.55±6.17ab
甘氨酸(Gly)8.183258.85±8.95a246.98±29.65a207.22±34.76a240.35±45.2a
苏氨酸(Thr)8.50196.53±6.09a94.51±8.25a83.36±6.68a92.97±5.80a
精氨酸(Arg)10.105370.33±21.78a366.78±23.43a332.36±55.75a365.14±42.97a
丙氨酸(Ala)10.691458.07±30.9a454.37±42.04a386.86±41.15a436.61±40.78a
酪氨酸(Tyr)13.088235.19±33.89a227.71±30.39a185.05±24.09a221.32±24.19a
半胱氨酸(Cys-s)16.0497.73±0.18a6.51±0.48b5.37±0.63b6.18±0.78b
缬氨酸(Val)16.828213.85±40.07a209.98±25.26a178.31±31.13a204.13±26.72a
蛋氨酸(Met)17.09348.56±7.55a43.14±6.05a28.90±3.84b41.11±3.68a
苯丙氨酸(Phe)19.820273.88±21.41a268.90±11.68a239.66±25.65a264.55±9.74a
异亮氨酸(Ile)20.168113.35±20.14a110.79±14.86a95.07±3.63a109.51±20.05a
亮氨酸(Leu)21.471350.16±22.05a347.67±42.30a304.56±42.53a341.94±36.52a
赖氨酸(Lys)22.270203.02±12.01a201.84±33.10a165.37±34.96a194.51±13.31a
脯氨酸(Pro)28.962369.96±19.44a351.64±23.30ab252.35±35.45c312.25±10.85b
总氨基酸/3656.20±265.13a3551.11±348.88a3009.36±392.49a3430.70±300.56a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882131065229502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

超滤处理后储藏270 d的瓶装黄酒17种氨基酸含量变化情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸保留时间(min)含量(μg/mL)
对照组50 kDa30 kDa10 kDa
天冬氨酸(Asp)3.033193.33±11.99a191.66±7.55a175.8±11.83a187.69±11.93a
谷氨酸(Glu)3.427321.67±20.33a291.37±40.95ab257.46±34.50b287.35±21.11ab
丝氨酸(Ser)6.40054.33±4.99a53.20±5.71ab42.43±6.21b43.54±5.36ab
组氨酸(His)7.36087.47±7.36a84.03±5.69ab69.18±9.55b81.55±6.17ab
甘氨酸(Gly)8.183258.85±8.95a246.98±29.65a207.22±34.76a240.35±45.2a
苏氨酸(Thr)8.50196.53±6.09a94.51±8.25a83.36±6.68a92.97±5.80a
精氨酸(Arg)10.105370.33±21.78a366.78±23.43a332.36±55.75a365.14±42.97a
丙氨酸(Ala)10.691458.07±30.9a454.37±42.04a386.86±41.15a436.61±40.78a
酪氨酸(Tyr)13.088235.19±33.89a227.71±30.39a185.05±24.09a221.32±24.19a
半胱氨酸(Cys-s)16.0497.73±0.18a6.51±0.48b5.37±0.63b6.18±0.78b
缬氨酸(Val)16.828213.85±40.07a209.98±25.26a178.31±31.13a204.13±26.72a
蛋氨酸(Met)17.09348.56±7.55a43.14±6.05a28.90±3.84b41.11±3.68a
苯丙氨酸(Phe)19.820273.88±21.41a268.90±11.68a239.66±25.65a264.55±9.74a
异亮氨酸(Ile)20.168113.35±20.14a110.79±14.86a95.07±3.63a109.51±20.05a
亮氨酸(Leu)21.471350.16±22.05a347.67±42.30a304.56±42.53a341.94±36.52a
赖氨酸(Lys)22.270203.02±12.01a201.84±33.10a165.37±34.96a194.51±13.31a
脯氨酸(Pro)28.962369.96±19.44a351.64±23.30ab252.35±35.45c312.25±10.85b
总氨基酸/3656.20±265.13a3551.11±348.88a3009.36±392.49a3430.70±300.56a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882131191058623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Sensory change of bottled huangjiu stored for 270 days after ultra-filtration

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属性对照组50 kDa30 kDa10 kDa
醋酸味8.83±0.12a8.26±0.75a7.97±0.35a7.93±0.40a
甜味6.10±0.17a6.17±0.47a5.77±0.21a6.03±0.25a
苦味7.06±0.06a6.80±0.56a6.30±0.26a6.37±0.47a
鲜味6.57±0.12a6.07±0.31ab5.63±0.35b5.97±0.15b
涩味4.93±0.06a4.80±0.26a4.73±0.38a4.43±0.67a
酸香7.40±0.17a6.87±0.35ab6.90±0.10ab6.70±0.44b
花香6.57±0.23a6.47±0.50a6.30±0.30a6.30±0.79a
坚果香6.20±0.17a5.93±0.40a5.80±0.26a5.70±0.53a
醇香8.40±0.17a7.87±0.12ab7.70±0.82ab7.37±0.51b
麦曲香6.43±0.12a6.13±0.49a6.13±0.61a5.90±0.10a
果香5.83±0.12a5.70±0.30a5.73±0.25a5.70±0.30a
), ArticleFig(id=1320882131497242816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

超滤处理后储藏270 d的瓶装黄酒感官变化

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属性对照组50 kDa30 kDa10 kDa
醋酸味8.83±0.12a8.26±0.75a7.97±0.35a7.93±0.40a
甜味6.10±0.17a6.17±0.47a5.77±0.21a6.03±0.25a
苦味7.06±0.06a6.80±0.56a6.30±0.26a6.37±0.47a
鲜味6.57±0.12a6.07±0.31ab5.63±0.35b5.97±0.15b
涩味4.93±0.06a4.80±0.26a4.73±0.38a4.43±0.67a
酸香7.40±0.17a6.87±0.35ab6.90±0.10ab6.70±0.44b
花香6.57±0.23a6.47±0.50a6.30±0.30a6.30±0.79a
坚果香6.20±0.17a5.93±0.40a5.80±0.26a5.70±0.53a
醇香8.40±0.17a7.87±0.12ab7.70±0.82ab7.37±0.51b
麦曲香6.43±0.12a6.13±0.49a6.13±0.61a5.90±0.10a
果香5.83±0.12a5.70±0.30a5.73±0.25a5.70±0.30a
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超滤膜孔径对瓶装黄酒储藏稳定性和风味的影响
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王旨越 1, 2 , 王兰 3, 4 , 周志磊 1, 2, 5 , 姬中伟 1, 2, 5 , 任青兮 1, 2 , 徐岳正 3, 4 , 毛健 1, 2, 3, 5, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(1): 72-83
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (1) : 72 -83
超滤膜孔径对瓶装黄酒储藏稳定性和风味的影响
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2粮食发酵与食品生物制造国家工程研究中心(江南大学),江苏无锡 214122
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2粮食发酵与食品生物制造国家工程研究中心(江南大学),江苏无锡 214122
3国家黄酒工程技术研究中心,浙江绍兴 312000
5江南大学(绍兴)产业技术研究院,浙江绍兴 312000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320882121695154267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882121703542876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, companyId=1320882121695154267, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882121711931485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, companyId=1320882121695154267, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1江南大学,食品学院,江苏无锡 214122)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882121779040350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882121783234655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, companyId=1320882121779040350, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology (Jiangnan University), Wuxi 214122, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882121791623264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, companyId=1320882121779040350, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2粮食发酵与食品生物制造国家工程研究中心(江南大学),江苏无锡 214122)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882121862926433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882121867120738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, companyId=1320882121862926433, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3National Engineering Research Center for Huangjiu, Shaoxing 312000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882121875509347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, companyId=1320882121862926433, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3国家黄酒工程技术研究中心,浙江绍兴 312000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320882122022309991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, xref=5, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882122030698600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, companyId=1320882122022309991, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing 312000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320882122034892905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320882118239047754, companyId=1320882122022309991, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5江南大学(绍兴)产业技术研究院,浙江绍兴 312000)])])]
王旨越1, 2 , 王兰3, 4, 周志磊1, 2, 5, 姬中伟1, 2, 5, 任青兮1, 2, 徐岳正3, 4, 毛健1, 2, 3, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1江南大学,食品学院,江苏无锡 214122
  • 2粮食发酵与食品生物制造国家工程研究中心(江南大学),江苏无锡 214122
  • 3国家黄酒工程技术研究中心,浙江绍兴 312000
  • 4浙江古越龙山绍兴酒股份有限公司,浙江绍兴 312000
  • 5江南大学(绍兴)产业技术研究院,浙江绍兴 312000
通讯作者:
毛健(1970−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

王旨越(2000−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品加工技术,E-mail:

Effect of Ultra-filtration Membrane Aperture on Storage Stability and Flavor of Bottled Huangjiu
Zhiyue WANG1, 2 , Lan WANG3, 4, Zhilei ZHOU1, 2, 5, Zhongwei JI1, 2, 5, Qingxi REN1, 2, Yuezheng XU3, 4, Jian MAO1, 2, 3, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
  • 2National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology (Jiangnan University), Wuxi 214122, China
  • 3National Engineering Research Center for Huangjiu, Shaoxing 312000, China
  • 4Zhejiang Guyue Longshan Shaoxing Rice Wine Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312000, China
  • 5Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing 312000, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120217
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瓶装黄酒在储存和销售时,常因非生物因素出现二次沉淀,影响消费者接受度。超滤是控制黄酒非生物稳定性的常用方法,但该处理对瓶装黄酒储藏稳定性和风味等的影响规律未知。本文采用50、30、10、5和3 kDa五种孔径的超滤膜处理瓶装黄酒,并在处理后储藏跟踪1、150和270 d时测定黄酒浊度、多酚浊度、离心沉淀率、粒径和Zeta电位等稳定性和胶体性质指标。测定储藏后期(270 d时)黄酒易沉淀组分、抗氧化性、理化指标、挥发性和不挥发性物质含量,评价黄酒感官和色泽变化,确定最优超滤膜孔径。结果表明,超滤处理明显降低了黄酒的浊度、多酚浊度及离心沉淀率,黄酒储藏稳定性明显提高,50 kDa及孔径更小的超滤膜均展现出了理想的处理效果。胶体性质分析显示,超滤可能去除了大分子蛋白质,使得黄酒胶体平均粒径降低、粒径分布更均匀和Zeta电位增大。超滤后黄酒的抗氧化性、挥发性和不挥发性成分保留效果随膜孔径减小而降低,50 kDa膜处理对功能性成分、挥发性和不挥发性成分影响最小。储藏期间,50 kDa超滤膜处理更好地保留了黄酒风味和色泽,而经30 kDa及孔径更小的超滤膜处理导致黄酒风味不同程度减弱、酒体颜色变浅。本研究揭示了超滤处理对瓶装黄酒储藏稳定性、易沉淀组分、功能性成分和感官特性等的影响,综合稳定性提升、风味保留及感官接受度,50 kDa超滤膜在黄酒加工中展现出最佳应用潜力,为工业化解决黄酒沉淀问题提供科学依据。

黄酒  /  蛋白质胶体  /  易沉淀组分  /  超滤  /  储藏稳定性

During the storage and sale of bottled huangjiu, precipitation caused by non-biological factors frequently compromises consumer acceptance. Ultrafiltration has been widely used to control huangjiu's non-biological stability, but this treatment's impact on the storage stability and flavor of huangjiu is unclear. In this study, bottled huangjiu was treated with ultrafiltration membranes featuring pore sizes of 50, 30, 10, 5, and 3 kDa, monitoring colloidal stability parameters (turbidity, polyphenol turbidity, centrifugal sedimentation rate, particle size, and Zeta potential) after 1, 150, and 270 days of storage. The precipitable components, antioxidant properties, physicochemical indices, and volatile and non-volatile substances of huangjiu in the later storage period (270 days) were determined, the sensory and color changes of huangjiu were evaluated, and the optimal pore size of ultrafiltration membrane was determined. Results demonstrated that ultrafiltration notably diminished turbidity, polyphenol-related turbidity, and centrifugal sedimentation rates in the huangjiu, significantly enhancing its storage stability. Both the 50 kDa membrane and smaller pore sizes yielded optimal treatment outcomes. Colloidal property assessments suggested that ultrafiltration might have eliminated large molecular proteins, resulting in a reduced mean particle size of the huangjiu colloid, a more uniform particle size distribution, and an elevated Zeta potential. Over the storage period, the 50 kDa ultrafiltration membrane more effectively preserved the flavor and color of the huangjiu, whereas membranes with 30 kDa and smaller pore sizes caused varying degrees of flavor weakening and color lightening. The retention of antioxidant activity, volatile compounds, and non-volatile constituents decreased with smaller membrane pore sizes. The 50 kDa membrane had the least impact on functional components, volatile compounds, and non-volatile constituents. This study elucidated the comprehensive effects of ultrafiltration on storage stability, precipitable components, functional constituents, and sensory properties in bottled huangjiu. Considering stability enhancement, flavor preservation, and sensory acceptance, the 50 kDa ultrafiltration membrane showed the best application potential in solving the precipitation problem in huangjiu processing, providing scientific guidance for quality optimization.

huangjiu  /  protein colloid  /  precipitable components  /  ultra-filtration  /  storage stability
王旨越, 王兰, 周志磊, 姬中伟, 任青兮, 徐岳正, 毛健. 超滤膜孔径对瓶装黄酒储藏稳定性和风味的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (1) : 72 -83 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120217
Zhiyue WANG, Lan WANG, Zhilei ZHOU, Zhongwei JI, Qingxi REN, Yuezheng XU, Jian MAO. Effect of Ultra-filtration Membrane Aperture on Storage Stability and Flavor of Bottled Huangjiu[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (1) : 72 -83 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120217
黄酒是中国独有的传统发酵酒,是世界三大发酵酒之一,深受消费者喜爱。然而,市售瓶装黄酒在运输、储藏及销售环节中频繁出现由非生物因素引起的二次沉淀,影响了消费者的接受度与市场销售[1]。黄酒的非生物因素沉淀是由酒体中丰富的蛋白质、多糖、多酚和金属离子等物质相互作用所引起[2−4]。蛋白质作为黄酒的重要组成成分,为黄酒赋予了丰富的口感与营养价值。经鉴定瓶装黄酒中的蛋白质分子量分布主要在13.3~32.4 kDa范围内[5],且在体系中通过电荷稳定作用形成胶体网络,但一旦受到外界条件(如温度、pH、光照等)的干扰,其平衡状态可能遭到破坏,导致胶体聚沉[6−8]。黄酒中的易沉淀组分以蛋白质、多糖及一些小分子化合物为代表,在体系中通过氢键、疏水相互作用及静电作用等发生聚集,从而破坏体系稳定性[9]。因此,解析黄酒浑浊形成机制并开发有效的稳定性控制技术,对提升产品品质、拓展消费市场具有迫切需求。
针对酒体稳定性问题,目前已有多种解决方法,其中膜过滤技术因其高效、环保、易于自动化控制等特性,在酒类生产中得到了广泛应用。罗惠波[10]的研究表明,使用0.22 μm孔径的微滤膜对低度白酒进行过滤,能有效增强酒样的抗冷冻性和自然稳定性。谢广发等[11]利用孔径为0.18 μm膜过滤黄酒,酒蛋白质下降17.3%,黄酒非生物稳定性明显提高,且理化指标符合标准要求,保持了黄酒的传统风味。Hsieh等[12]则利用纳滤膜和超滤膜对米酒进行处理,提高了酒体的澄清度,同时减少了理化指标的变化。研究表明,超滤处理后,黄酒中的高分子蛋白质含量显著降低,而低分子蛋白质的相对含量增加,这有助于提高黄酒的非生物稳定性[13]。尽管膜过滤技术在黄酒生产中的应用已初见成效,文献报道孔径350~100 kDa的超滤膜处理可以有效澄清黄酒,更小孔径超滤膜仍能较好地保留黄酒独特的风味、降低杂醇油含量[14−15],但针对不同孔径超滤膜提高瓶装黄酒储藏稳定性及去除易沉淀组分效果的研究仍显不足。此外,传统研究多基于经验性浊度指标,未能从胶体科学角度揭示超滤对酒体分散体系电荷特性、粒径分布等参数的影响规律。
本研究基于胶体理论探究了黄酒在储藏过程中的稳定性问题。选取了孔径分别为50、30、10、5及3 kDa的五种超滤膜,系统研究超滤处理对黄酒储藏稳定性、易沉淀组分以及风味、色泽等多方面特性的影响。具体而言,本研究通过测定浊度、粒径分布及Zeta电位等关键参数,表征了超滤处理对黄酒储藏稳定性的影响规律;同时,通过定量分析黄酒中易沉淀组分的含量变化,对比了超滤膜处理前后黄酒中易沉淀组分的去除效果。此外,本研究还综合运用了高效液相色谱、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术、感官评价及色泽对比等多种分析手段,全面评估了超滤处理对黄酒功能性成分、风味特征、色泽表现、挥发性及不挥发性成分等多种特性的综合影响。本研究旨在提高黄酒储藏稳定性的同时,保留黄酒基本特征,以期为超滤技术在黄酒实际生产中的应用提供充足的依据,为瓶装黄酒二次沉淀控制提供新的思路与方法。
传统型三年陈半干瓶装黄酒 酒精度:16%vol、总糖:15.1~40.0 g/L、pH:4.03、氨基酸态氮:0.887±0.086 g/L、总酸:4.924±0.162 g/L、非糖固形物:37.005±1.576 g/L,符合国标GB/T 13662-2018《黄酒》中对传统型半干黄酒的要求,绍兴某黄酒公司生产;无水乙醇、盐酸(HCl)、氢氧化钠(NaOH)、过氧化氢、过硫酸钾、硫酸铜(CuSO4·5H2O)、硫酸(H2SO4)、硫酸亚铁(FeSO4)、酒石酸钾钠(C4H4O6KNa·4H2O)、氧化钙、甲醛、2-辛醇、磷酸、磷酸二氢钾、草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、乳酸、乙酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸 国药集团化学试剂有限公司;牛血清蛋白标准物(BSA) 北京索莱宝科技有限公司;没食子酸、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical,DPPH)、2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate),ABTS)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)检测试剂盒 上海源叶生物科技有限公司。
Minimate™ EVO切向流过滤系统 孔径/截留分子量(MWCO)为50、30、10、5和3 kDa的Omega聚醚砜滤膜 美国颇尔PALL有限公司;Waters e2695高效液相色谱仪 美国Waters公司;S433D全自动氨基酸分析仪 德国Sykam公司;Trace 1300气相色谱-质谱联用仪 美国Thermo Fisher科技公司;Zetasizer nano ZS纳米粒度及Zeta电位仪 英国马尔文仪器公司。
黄酒超滤处理:依次用0.1~0.5 mol/L NaOH溶液和纯水对孔径/截留分子量为50、30、10、5和3 kDa的超滤膜进行消毒清洗,再用消毒清洗后的超滤膜处理黄酒样品,收集不同孔径下的黄酒滤液。
储藏实验:对上述酒样进行为期9个月的室温(20 ℃)储藏实验,在储藏第1、150和270 d时取样测定各组样品的浊度、离心沉淀率、粒径分布、Zeta电位等指标与未超滤的样品进行比较分析。
浊度[16]:在800 nm波长下,以蒸馏水为参比(蒸馏水浊度为零),测定透光率T,以1-T作为黄酒的浊度。
$ \mathrm{A}=-\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{T} $
式中:A是吸光度;T是透光率。
多酚浊度[17]:待测样品中加入100 μL儿茶素-乙醇溶液(5% w/v)。分别测定多酚溶液加入前后的浊度(儿茶素是黄酒中最常见的多酚)。
$ \mathrm{N}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{U}={\mathrm{N}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{U}}_{1}-{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{U}}_{2} $
式中:NTU1是黄酒浊度初始值;NTU2是黄酒加入多酚后浊度值。
参考文献[18]报道的方法进行,准确量取10 mL黄酒于离心管中,在5000 r/min下离心15 min分离沉淀和上清液。
$ \mathrm{R}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{m}}_{2}}{{\mathrm{m}}_{1}}\times 100 $
式中:R为离心沉淀率(%);m1表示样品质量(g);m2表示沉淀质量(g)。
为了探究超滤前后黄酒浊度和离心沉淀率变化的原因,利用纳米粒度电位仪分析黄酒中蛋白质胶体颗粒的变化情况。分别取1 mL澄清透明的黄酒样品于粒径测定样品池和电位测定样品池中,在纳米粒度电位仪Zetasizer软件中设定合适的参数,测定黄酒粒径大小、粒径分布和Zeta电位。
具体测试参数参考文献[19]并结合样品实际情况设置:分散剂名称:酒精;分散剂系数:1.360;待测物质系数:1.330;粘度:1.1000;待测物质吸收系数:0.01;探测器角度:90.00;颗粒折射率:1.460;分散剂折射率:1.330。
蛋白质、多酚、亚铁离子含量测定参考文献[20]报道的方法进行,多糖含量测定参照国标进行。考马斯亮蓝法测定蛋白质含量:分别取0.1 mg/mL的蛋白质标准溶液0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mL,再依次加入1.0、0.8、0.6、0.4、0.2、0 mL的蒸馏水,得6个不同浓度梯度的蛋白质标准溶液,各加入5 mL考马斯亮蓝溶液,以1.0 mL蒸馏水作为空白对照,在595 nm波长处测定吸光度。
福林酚法测定多酚含量:分别取1 mg/mL没食子酸溶液0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8 mL,均用蒸馏水稀释到46 mL,得5个不同浓度梯度的没食子酸标准溶液,各加入1 mL福林-酚试剂,3 min后再加入3 mL 2% Na2CO3溶液,避光室温放置2 h,其间适时超声振荡,以46 mL蒸馏水加入1 mL福林-酚试剂和3 mL 2% Na2CO3作为空白对照,在760 nm处测定吸光值。
邻菲罗啉法测定亚铁离子:分别取0.1 g/L 亚铁标准溶液0、1.0、2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0、10.0 mL于50 mL容量瓶中,各加入10%盐酸羟胺溶液1 mL、邻菲罗啉溶液2.5 mL和醋酸钠溶液5 mL,用蒸馏水定容并摇匀。静置10~15 min,以蒸馏水作为空白对照,在510 nm处测定吸光度。
多糖含量测定:多糖含量为总糖与还原糖之差,总糖参考国标GB/T 13662-2018《黄酒》中的检测方法[21],还原糖参考国家标准GB 5009.7-2016《食品中还原糖的测定》中高锰酸钾滴定法测定[22]。
上述所有测定均以标准物质含量为横坐标,吸光度为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,计算回归方程见表1。
参考文献[23]报道的方法并作适当修改。准确配制0.1 mmol/L的DPPH·乙醇溶液,50 μg/mL和100 μg/mL的抗坏血酸(VC)溶液,在试管中分别加入2 mL的0.1 mmol/L DPPH·乙醇溶液和1.5 mL不同待测样品,混匀反应半小时,在517 nm 处测其吸光度值,以抗坏血酸作为阳性对照。
$ \mathrm{D}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{自}\mathrm{由}\mathrm{基}\mathrm{清}\mathrm{除}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\frac{{{\mathrm{A}}}_{0}-({{\mathrm{A}}}_{1}-{{\mathrm{A}}}_{2})}{{{\mathrm{A}}}_{0}}\times 100 $
式中:A0,DPPH溶液+无水乙醇的吸光度值;A1,样品+DPPH溶液的吸光度值;A2,样品+无水乙醇的吸光度值。
参考文献[24]报道的方法并作适当修改。准确配制7.4 mmol/L ABTS储备液,ABTS溶液和2.6 mmol/L的过硫酸钾溶液等体积混合,用无水乙醇将ABTS储备液在734 nm的吸光度调为0.70左右,得到ABTS储备液,将2 mL的ABTS储备液与0.20 mL不同待测样品混合,室温反应6 min后测定734 nm 处的吸光值,以抗坏血酸作为阳性对照。
$ {\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}}^+\mathrm{自}\mathrm{由}\mathrm{基}\mathrm{清}\mathrm{除}\mathrm{率}(\text{%})=\frac{{\mathrm{A}}_{2}-{\mathrm{A}}_{1}}{{\mathrm{A}}_{2}}\times 100 $
式中:A1,样品+ABTS溶液的吸光度值;A2,无水乙醇+ABTS溶液的吸光度值。
用总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)试剂盒测定总抗氧化能力。FRAP工作液:FRAP缓冲液、TPTZ和氯化铁溶液分别按10:1:1的比例混合;制备Fe2+标准梯度溶液:用蒸馏水将Fe2+标准溶液(10 mmol/L)稀释至0.05、0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9、1.2、1.5 mmol/L。将不同浓度Fe2+标准溶液和待测样品与FRAP工作液混合,37 ℃孵育30 min,测定反应溶液在593 nm处吸光度值。建立标准曲线:y=1.7473x+0.1014,R2=0.9982,结果以Fe2+的质量浓度(mg/L)表示。
pH、酒精度、非糖固形物、总酸、氨基酸态氮和总糖测定,参考国标GB/T 13662-2018《黄酒》中黄酒pH、酒精度、非糖固形物、总酸、氨基酸态氮和总糖的检测方法[21]。
HS-SPME条件:参考文献[25]报道的方法进行,取2 mL酒样,加入4 mL超纯水和2.5 g NaCl,置于20 mL顶空瓶中,加入10 μL内标(2-辛醇,100 mg/L),迅速密封。在50 ℃下平衡5 min、以300 r/min转速吸附萃取45 min,不分流进样,250 ℃下解吸5 min后进GC-MS分析。
GC条件:进样口温度为250 ℃;初始柱温40 ℃保持2 min;5 ℃/min升温至230 ℃并保持10 min;载气为高纯氦气(>99.999%),流速1.0 mL/min。
MS条件:电子电离(EI)源;电流50 μA;电子能量70 eV;传输线温度240 ℃;离子源温度280 ℃;扫描质量数范围33~350 amu。
氨基酸:参考国标GB/T 30987-2020《植物种游离氨基酸的测定》全自动氨基酸分析仪[26]。
有机酸:参考文献[27]报道的方法进行。前处理:取1 mL黄酒样品于4 mL离心管中,随后向其中加入0.2 mL浓度为300 g/L的硫酸锌溶液和0.2 mL浓度为106 g/L的亚铁氰化钾溶液,补水至4 mL;室温下静置沉淀1 h,后在室温条件下8000 r/min离心5 min。标品配制:分别配制浓度为1.016、2.033、1.054、2.094、10.223、10.03、1.068、5.063 g/L的草酸、酒石酸、丙酮酸、苹果酸、乳酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸单一有机酸标准样品液;再将上述8种酸单一标品混合并按浓度稀释1、2、5、10、25、50、125倍得混合标准溶液。检测条件:柱温30 ℃;进样量10 μL;流动相0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢钾(用磷酸调节pH2.45);流速1 mL/min;检测波长210 nm;洗脱方式为梯度洗脱;根据保留时间定性,峰面积外标法定量。以混合标准溶液浓度为横坐标,色谱峰面积为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,计算回归方程见表2。
感官评价参考文献[28]方法并适当修改,从本课题组挑选5男5女年龄在22~25岁经过专业培训的感官品评员,对黄酒的酸味、甜味、苦味、鲜味、涩味五个风味评价关键词和酸香、花香、坚果香、醇香、麦曲香、果香六个香气评价关键词进行感官评价,并进行强度打分,评分范围为0(非常弱)到10(非常强),均以未经处理的黄酒为参照。按照表3配制黄酒典型感官属性参照样,每个参照样均设置中等偏弱(3~5分)和中等偏强(6~10分)两个标度。感官品评员在评价时先嗅闻或啜饮参照样以确定标品强度,再将酒样与参照样相比较打分,以未经处理的黄酒为对照。
本研究实验设置3个平行样品,所有数据均表示为平均值±标准差,采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)计算P值,P<0.05被认为是显著,实验数据用Microsoft Excel进行统计分析和表格制作;SPSS 22.0软件进行显著性、相关性分析;Origin2024软件绘制统计图和相关性分析热图。
浊度是测量胶体溶液中悬浮颗粒对光的散射程度,若胶体稳定性良好,浊度通常较低[29]。多酚浊度则基于酒中易沉淀蛋白质与多酚间的疏水相互作用理论,用于评价体系中易沉淀蛋白含量;若体系中易沉淀蛋白含量低,多酚浊度通常较小[17]。离心沉淀率是通过胶体颗粒的沉降行为评估胶体稳定性,若胶体颗粒高分散,离心沉淀率通常较低[30−31]。
本节采用不同孔径超滤膜处理瓶装黄酒,并跟踪各组酒样储藏期间稳定性,在储藏1、150和270 d进行取样测定稳定性指标(浊度、多酚浊度和离心沉淀率)变化情况如图1所示。实验结果显示,超滤显著降低了黄酒的浊度(P<0.05),且在储藏期间,超滤实验组的浊度始终低于对照组,表明超滤有效提升了黄酒的稳定性。从多酚浊度数据来看,所有组别检测结果均为正值,说明黄酒中存在易沉淀蛋白质;使用孔径≤10 kDa超滤膜的实验组,其多酚浊度显著低于对照组及其他实验组(P<0.05),这表明该孔径范围下的超滤膜能更高效地去除易沉淀蛋白质。随着储藏时间增加,对照组多酚浊度上升明显,而实验组变化较小。离心沉淀率数据也支持了超滤的有效性,实验组沉淀率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。超滤通过去除黄酒中的悬浮物和大颗粒物质,减少了光线散射,从而显著提升了黄酒的清澈度和稳定性。整体而言,超滤处理在储藏期间持续稳定地降低了黄酒的浊度、多酚浊度和离心沉淀率,使用孔径≤50 kDa的超滤膜,在提升黄酒储藏稳定性方面均有突出效果。
平均粒径(Z-Ave nm)反映体系胶体颗粒大小,颗粒越小,体系越稳定,不易聚集沉淀。粒径分布用于表征胶体颗粒分散情况,颗粒分布越窄、体系越均一,稳定性越好。Zeta电位(mV)则反映蛋白质胶体颗粒带电情况,数值大小代表带电量,正负代表带电种类,数值越接近零,即越接近蛋白质等电点,体系越易产生沉淀,稳定性越差[32]。
本节跟踪测定了各组酒样储藏1、150和270 d的黄酒体系胶体性质(平均粒径、粒径分布和Zeta电位)变化情况如图2所示。超滤处理后,胶体平均粒径减小,表明大分子蛋白被超滤膜截留;随着储藏时间延长,各组平均粒径增大,但实验组粒径增长较慢。除5 kDa实验组外,储藏270 d后,其平均粒径仍小于1600 nm。对于粒径分布,膜孔径越小,粒径分布曲线越窄,颗粒大小更一致,分散性更好;随着储藏时间延长,未被截留的小分子蛋白质会通过静电力、范德华力等非共价作用重新聚集,导致粒径分布变宽[32]。而Zeta电位由过滤前的正值转为负值,意味着超滤前蛋白质颗粒表面带有正负电荷,超滤膜主要截留带正电荷的蛋白质,使得Zeta电位变为负值;储藏过程中超滤后酒样Zeta电位始终为负值,并呈现先远离后靠近0 mV的变化趋势。5 kDa超滤可能移除了部分带电小分子,导致体系Zeta电位显著下降,从而加速颗粒絮凝。超滤不仅去除了较大颗粒和悬浮物,还优化了胶体粒径结构。研究显示,胶体颗粒越小,其比表面积和表面电荷就越大,能增强颗粒间的排斥力,减缓颗粒相互吸引聚集;同时,Zeta电位越高,静电排斥力就越强,这有助于维持颗粒的分散状态[16]。总而言之,尽管蛋白质颗粒在储藏过程中会自然聚集,但超滤处理明显减缓了这一趋势。它通过去除带正电的大分子蛋白质,使黄酒中的蛋白质颗粒更均匀,减少了聚集倾向,从而提升了黄酒的稳定性[32−33]。
黄酒中的易沉淀组分除了蛋白质外,还包括多糖、多酚和亚铁离子。蛋白质与多糖、多酚之间的相互作用可形成难溶复合物,导致沉淀;而亚铁离子的存在也可能促进易沉淀组分的形成[20]。通过对超滤后储藏270 d时的酒样的测定,根据表1易沉淀组分标准曲线,计算易沉淀组分的含量如图3所示。结果显示,随膜孔径减小,经孔径≤30 kDa实验组蛋白质含量变化不大,但实验组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),50 kDa超滤膜已能去除大部分易沉淀蛋白。经孔径≤30 kDa膜处理后,黄酒多糖含量显著下降(P<0.05),且去除比例随膜孔径减小而增加。而多酚和亚铁离子含量略有下降,部分实验组下降趋势不明显。蛋白质的去除能降低黄酒体系中蛋白质、多酚与多糖间的交联作用,防止复合物生成,进而提升黄酒稳定性。适量多糖有助于维持胶体分散性,但浓度过高会增强颗粒相互作用,导致聚集或絮凝,因此去除多糖对提高稳定性有积极作用[34]。超滤技术能有效去除过多蛋白质和多糖,提升胶体分散性和稳定性。结合图1和图2结果,发现膜孔径并非越小越好,10~50 kDa膜处理在提高黄酒稳定性、去除易沉淀成分方面已有较理想效果。
对瓶装黄酒易沉淀组分和稳定性指标进行相关性分析见图4。所有易沉淀组分与稳定性指标均呈正相关。具体而言,蛋白质与多酚浊度有相关性(P<0.05),与离心沉淀率有显著相关性(P<0.01);多糖与多酚浊度和电位分别显著相关(P<0.01)和相关(P<0.05),与离心沉淀率和粒径呈极显著相关(P<0.001);多酚与浊度相关(P<0.05),但与其他指标无相关性;亚铁离子则与离心沉淀率和电位具有相关性(P<0.05),与浊度和粒径显著相关(P<0.01)。
前文研究表明,采用50 kDa以下超滤膜处理对提升黄酒稳定性及去除易沉淀成分效果显著。为探究超滤处理对黄酒基本性质的影响,进一步确定最佳超滤膜孔径,本节分析了经3~50 kDa超滤膜处理后储藏270 d的黄酒抗氧化性。黄酒富含多酚、多肽、多糖及色素等抗氧化活性成分,其清除自由基能力突出。通过测定DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除率及总抗氧化性,分析超滤处理对黄酒功能性成分的影响,与未超滤黄酒及不同浓度的抗坏血酸溶液进行对比,结果如图5所示。
在自由基清除率方面,经孔径<10 kDa超滤膜处理的瓶装黄酒,其DPPH自由基清除率与对照组、其他实验组及两组VC溶液相比,均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。而50 kDa与30 kDa组的DPPH自由基清除率与对照组相比则无明显变化。对于ABTS+自由基清除率,孔径≤30 kDa组与对照组和50 kDa组相比差异显著(P<0.05),清除率略有下降,且四组间差异并不显著。在总抗氧化性方面,50 kDa组与对照组间无显著差异,而其他实验组的总抗氧化性相较于对照组均有所降低。已有研究表明,黄酒中的功能性多糖主要分布在3~5 kDa分子量范围内[24],而功能性多肽、多酚的分子量则多小于1 kDa。这与本实验中,小孔径(5 kDa以下)处理后黄酒自由基清除率和抗氧化性显著下降的结果相吻合。为兼顾黄酒稳定性与功能性成分的保留,选择50 kDa、30 kDa和10 kDa孔径的实验组进行进一步评估,以确定最优超滤膜孔径。
为评价超滤处理对黄酒基本理化性质的影响,综合分析不同孔径超滤膜处理效果,本节对经过50、30、10 kDa超滤膜处理储藏270 d时的黄酒主要理化指标进行分析,参考国标GB/T 13662-2018《黄酒》中的要求,与对照组进行比较结果如表4所示。
与对照组相比,超滤处理提高黄酒pH,但均符合国标(3.5~4.6)。对于酒精度、氨基酸态氮及总酸,各实验组与对照组相比并未表现出明显变化,整体指标保持相对稳定,符合超滤对黄酒酒精度、氨基酸态氮有较高保留率以及超滤膜对有机酸截留程度较低的相关报道[35]。糖类物质中,总糖在30 kDa、10 kDa组显著降低(P<0.05),还原糖在10 kDa组显著减少(P<0.05),表明小孔径膜可能截留了多糖或糖复合物。非糖固形物含量随孔径减小逐渐降低,10 kDa组与对照组差异显著,说明小孔径膜超滤去除了部分大分子物质。综合来看,超滤对pH、酒精度、氨基酸态氮和总酸影响较小,但对糖类和非糖固形物截留显著,小孔径膜对糖类及非糖固形物去除效果最明显,可能影响黄酒的风味复杂度。
根据超滤前后瓶装黄酒稳定性和感官评价的结果,测定孔径为50 kDa、30 kDa和10 kDa的实验组的挥发性物质,以未经过滤的黄酒为对照。通过GC-MS检测分析获得基础质谱数据,并对各峰所代表的挥发性成分的化学结构和名称进行了分析。参考质谱数据库检索结果,鉴定出50种主要挥发性成分总量见图6,结合常见的评价瓶装黄酒特征香气的关键词,选择了4种酯类、4种醛类、3种醇类和1种酸共计12种关键挥发性成分并计算了其相对含量汇总为表5[25,29]。经过30 kDa和10 kDa超滤膜处理的黄酒各类主要挥发性成分总量与对照组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05),50 kDa超滤组与对照组相比则无明显差异。
对于12种关键挥发性成分,酯类物质中乙酸乙酯和己酸乙酯在10 kDa处理后与对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05),≤30 kDa处理后乳酸乙酯与对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05),而50 kDa处理则对乳酸乙酯无明显影响,即较小孔径的膜可能对这三种酯类物质有一定的截留或吸附作用;对于亚油酸乙酯,与对照组相比30 kDa和10 kDa处理均显著降低其在黄酒中的含量(P<0.05),进一步说明了膜孔径大小对特定酯类物质含量的影响。对于醛类物质和醇类物质,10 kDa膜处理显著降低了香兰素、苯乙醛和糠醛的含量(P<0.05),而30 kDa膜处理则显著降低了苯乙醇的含量(P<0.05);此外,≤50 kDa处理也降低了黄酒中的辛酸含量(P<0.05)。黄酒中的酯类物质,如乳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯和亚油酸乙酯等,作为高级脂肪酸酯,不仅为黄酒带来了独特的花香和果香,还在降低胆固醇和血脂方面展现出一定的健康效益[36]。同时,黄酒中的酯类、醛类、醇类、酸类和多糖类物质等协同作用共同构成了黄酒独特的陈酒香和陈酒味特征[37]。大孔径(50 kDa)的超滤膜处理,未使酯类物质大量减少,很大程度上保留了黄酒的风味、香气以及功能性,这也与上文中理化指标、抗氧化性及感官评价的实验结果相一致,进一步验证了50 kDa超滤膜处理在黄酒加工中的潜在应用价值。
有机酸和游离氨基酸作为黄酒中重要的不挥发性物质,对黄酒风味、色泽和营养有主要影响,根据超滤前后瓶装黄酒稳定性和感官、色泽和挥发性物质的检测结果,测定孔径为50 kDa、30 kDa和10 kDa的实验组的有机酸和游离氨基酸,以未经过滤的黄酒为对照。根据表2有机酸线性方程,计算了每组样品中各有机酸的含量,结果如表6所示。根据氨基酸色谱图采用外标法,精确计算出每组样品中氨基酸的含量,结果如表7所示。
与对照组对比,有机酸方面,草酸、酒石酸、乳酸及柠檬酸等关键成分在超滤后降低,其中小孔径膜(30 kDa、10 kDa)的截留效果更明显,而50 kDa超滤膜处理对黄酒有机酸影响较小;丙酮酸、乙酸和琥珀酸等有机酸因分子量较小,超滤后含量无显著变化。游离氨基酸方面,总氨基酸含量在超滤后呈下降趋势但差异不显著。综合来看,50 kDa膜对有机酸和氨基酸的保留效果更好,值得注意的是,与30 kDa组相比更小孔径的膜(10 kDa)处理,氨基酸含量反而有所回升。推测游离氨基酸含量先下降后回升的原因:使用30 kDa孔径膜时,虽然大部分氨基酸的分子量较小,能够通过超滤膜,但若氨基酸以与大分子复合的形式存在(如蛋白质水解后的肽段或氨基酸-金属离子络合物),这些较大的复合物会被截留,导致氨基酸浓度下降。而在10 kDa超滤后,一些被截留的大分子(如蛋白质或肽段)可能会进一步分解或释放出氨基酸,这些释放的氨基酸再次出现在滤液中,导致氨基酸含量回升。此外,超滤过程中可能存在分子筛作用不完全的情况,导致部分大分子(如肽段)被破碎或解离,释放出氨基酸,从而提高滤液中的游离氨基酸含量。
根据前文实验结果,本节对经过50、30、10 kDa超滤膜处理储藏270 d时的黄酒进行感官评价和色泽比较,并以未经过滤的黄酒作为对照,结果如表8和图7所示。
不同孔径超滤膜处理后的酒样醋酸味、甜味、苦味、涩味、花香、坚果香、麦曲香和果香与对照组相比均无明显变化,而30 kDa和10 kDa膜孔径处理的酒样鲜味与对照组相比显著减弱(P<0.05),10 kDa膜孔径处理的酒样酸香和醇香则与对照组相比显著减弱(P<0.05)。醋酸味、苦味及涩味的减弱使得黄酒的口感更为清爽;鲜味、酸香、花香、坚果香、醇香及麦曲香等风味元素是构成黄酒独特韵味与辨识度的关键所在,这些感官特征的减弱会导致黄酒失去传统特色与辨识度。总体而言,30 kDa和10 kDa膜处理在一定程度上降低了黄酒的整体口感与品质,而50 kDa膜处理对黄酒风味与香气的影响则较轻微,酒样总体上依然保持了较为鲜明的黄酒感官特征。
黄酒颜色主要源于美拉德反应生成的类黑精和外加的焦糖色。对比超滤处理前后瓶装黄酒的颜色变化,发现处理后黄酒颜色普遍变浅,特别是经30 kDa和10 kDa膜处理的酒样。这一现象与膜孔径大小密切相关,超滤膜孔径越小,处理后的黄酒颜色越浅。具体而言,使用30 kDa和10 kDa膜处理的黄酒色泽明显浅于对照组及50 kDa膜处理组。因此,30 kDa和10 kDa膜处理虽提升了黄酒稳定性,但也显著改变了其外观颜色,可能不再符合消费者对传统黄酒色泽的期望。相比之下,50 kDa膜处理的黄酒外观颜色特征未发生明显变化。
本研究基于胶体理论,探究了超滤膜孔径对瓶装黄酒储藏稳定性及风味的影响规律。结果表明,超滤处理有效提升了黄酒储藏稳定性,通过截留大分子蛋白质和悬浮物,降低了储藏期间浊度、多酚浊度及离心沉淀率,提高瓶装黄酒储藏稳定性,50 kDa及以下孔径膜均有理想效果。经过超滤的瓶装黄酒胶体的平均粒径显著减小,粒径分布均匀,调节Zeta电位至负值,增强颗粒间静电排斥,从而延缓聚集沉淀。30 kDa及以下孔径膜处理虽能深度去除多糖和蛋白质,但显著降低了抗氧化性及挥发性风味物质,影响黄酒传统风味和色泽。50 kDa膜处理后的瓶装黄酒理化指标符合国家标准,抗氧化性、挥发性成分、游离氨基酸和有机酸的含量无明显变化,更好地保留了黄酒原有的色泽和风味,从而更符合消费者感官需求。综上所述,本文通过对胶体性质的研究,为瓶装黄酒稳定性问题研究提供了新思路,并提出超滤技术作为有效的优化方案,50 kDa超滤膜在黄酒沉淀控制、风味维持及色泽保留中表现最佳,兼具技术可行性与经济适用性,为黄酒品质提升提供高效解决方案,控制瓶装黄酒在运输、储藏、销售过程中二次沉淀的产生。

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2026年第47卷第1期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2024120217
  • 接收时间:2024-12-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-17
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    1江南大学,食品学院,江苏无锡 214122
    2粮食发酵与食品生物制造国家工程研究中心(江南大学),江苏无锡 214122
    3国家黄酒工程技术研究中心,浙江绍兴 312000
    4浙江古越龙山绍兴酒股份有限公司,浙江绍兴 312000
    5江南大学(绍兴)产业技术研究院,浙江绍兴 312000

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毛健(1970−),男,博士,教授,研究方向:食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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